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Puri N, Sahane P, Phatale V, Khairnar P, Shukla S, Priyadarshinee A, Jain A, Srivastava S. Nano-chameleons: A review on cluster of differentiation-driven immune cell-engineered nanoarchitectonics for non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2025; 310:143440. [PMID: 40280523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.143440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2025] [Accepted: 04/21/2025] [Indexed: 04/29/2025]
Abstract
Cancer, being one of the most outrageous diseases, contributed to 48 % of the mortality in 2022, with lung cancer leading the race with a 12.4 % incidence rate. Conventional treatment modalities like radio-, chemo-, photo-, and immunotherapy employing nanocarriers often face several setbacks, such as non-specific delivery, off-site toxicity, rapid opsonization via the host immune system, and greater tumor recurrence rates. Moreover, the heterogeneous variability in the tumor microenvironment is responsible for existing therapy failure. With the advent of biomimetic nanoparticles as a novel and intriguing platform, researchers have exploited the inherent functionalities of the Cluster of Differentiation proteins (CD) as cell surface biomarkers and imparted the nanocarriers with enhanced homologous tumor targetability, immune evasion capability, and stealth properties, paving the way for improved therapy and diagnosis. This article explores pathogenesis and the multifaceted role of immune cells in non-small cell lung cancer. Moreover, the agenda of this article is to shed light on biomimetic nanoarchitectonics with respect to their fabrication, evaluation, and applications unraveling their synergistic effect with conventional therapies. Further discussion mentions the hurdles in clinical translation with viable solutions. The regulatory bottlenecks underscore the need for a regulatory roadmap with respect to commercialization. We believe that biomimetic nanoarchitectonics will be a beacon of hope in warfare against lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niharika Puri
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Prajakta Sahane
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Vivek Phatale
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Pooja Khairnar
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Shalini Shukla
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Abhipsa Priyadarshinee
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Akshita Jain
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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Abraham N, Pandey G, Kolipaka T, Negi M, Srinivasarao DA, Srivastava S. Exploring advancements in polysaccharide-based approaches: The cornerstone of next-generation cartilage regeneration therapeutics. Int J Biol Macromol 2025; 306:141352. [PMID: 39986526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.141352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2025] [Accepted: 02/19/2025] [Indexed: 02/24/2025]
Abstract
Cartilage regeneration poses a formidable challenge in orthopaedics due to continuous wear and tear exertion and its limited intrinsic healing capacity, which demand exploration beyond current clinical approaches. Polysaccharides emerged as promising agents for cartilage regeneration, offering biocompatibility, biodegradability, bioactivity, and ECM mimicry. This article provides an overview of the pathophysiology of cartilage diseases and current clinical approaches, followed by polysaccharide-based strategies for cartilage repair, delineating the chemical and biological properties of various polysaccharides like alginates, hyaluronic acid, and chondroitin sulfate. The emphasis lies on innovative strategies such as sulphated and cross-linked polysaccharides, with injectable polysaccharide hydrogels offering adjustable mechanical properties and easy administration. Growth factor and cellular incorporation into hydrogels enhance their therapeutic potential. At the same time, biofabrication techniques, such as filamented light biofabrication, cartilage spheroid generation, and 3D printing, offer precise control over cartilage architecture, with bio-inks comprising alginate, gelatin, and hyaluronic acid showing promise. These advancements underscore the potential of polysaccharides to revolutionize cartilage regeneration strategies, offering hope for improved patient outcomes in the future. The article concludes by addressing regulatory hurdles and the future perspective of polysaccharide-based approaches in clinical translation for cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noella Abraham
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Giriraj Pandey
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Tejaswini Kolipaka
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Mansi Negi
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Dadi A Srinivasarao
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India.
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Kanaujia KA, Wagh S, Pandey G, Phatale V, Khairnar P, Kolipaka T, Rajinikanth PS, Saraf SA, Srivastava S, Kumar S. Harnessing marine antimicrobial peptides for novel therapeutics: A deep dive into ocean-derived bioactives. Int J Biol Macromol 2025; 307:142158. [PMID: 40107127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.142158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2025] [Revised: 03/12/2025] [Accepted: 03/14/2025] [Indexed: 03/22/2025]
Abstract
Marine antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are potent bioactive compounds with broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, viruses, and fungi, offering a promising alternative to traditional antibiotics. These small, cationic, and amphiphilic peptides (3-50 amino acids) are key components of marine organisms' immune defenses, adapted to harsh oceanic environments. Discovered in the 1980s, marine AMPs have garnered interest for their unique structures and potential applications in human health. However, despite the ocean's vast biodiversity, they remain underexplored compared to land-based AMPs. This review emphasizes the therapeutic potential of marine AMPs, including their modes of action, structural variety, and applications in drug development, tissue regeneration, and cancer treatment. Moreover, it discusses their antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and antiparasitic properties. Additionally, the review addresses strategies to enhance the therapeutic potential of marine AMPs and the challenges associated with their development. By examining the promising future of marine AMPs, this review aims to pave the way for new approaches to combat antimicrobial resistance and develop innovative treatments for various infectious diseases. The potential of marine AMPs as the "medicine bank of the new millennium" remains vast, providing a valuable resource for future drug discovery and sustainable practices across industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Agam Kanaujia
- Institute of Pharmacy, Dr Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh 224133, India
| | - Suraj Wagh
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Giriraj Pandey
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Vivek Phatale
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Pooja Khairnar
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Tejaswini Kolipaka
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - P S Rajinikanth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India
| | - Shubhini A Saraf
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli 226002, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Shailendra Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Dr Rammanohar Lohia Avadh University, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh 224133, India.
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Li L, Zheng R, Sun R. Hierarchical Self-Assembly of Short Peptides: Nanostructure Formation, Function Tailoring, and Applications. Macromol Biosci 2025; 25:e2400523. [PMID: 39887542 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202400523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2024] [Revised: 12/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2025]
Abstract
This article explores the hierarchical self-assembly of short peptides, which refers to the structured spatial arrangements of these molecules over long distances. This phenomenon is commonly found in nature and has important implications for biological structure and function. Short peptides are preferred for self-assembly because they have the ability to spontaneously create various nanostructures. This process, known as bottom-up assembly, allows for the addition of functional groups at the carboxyl or amine ends of the peptides. These functional groups enable specific functions that are extremely valuable in the fields of biotechnology and biomedicine. This text discusses the basic processes involved in the self-assembly of short peptides, such as the characteristics of amino acid side chains, the categorization of short peptides according to their chemical structure, the influence of intermolecular forces, and the dynamic nature of the self-assembly process. In addition, the paper discusses the various uses of short peptides in the disciplines of biomedicine and optoelectronics, including stimulus-responsive hydrogels, tissue engineering, and drug delivery. The article also suggests rational design principles for controlling the hierarchical self-assembly of short peptides, creating new commercial applications, particularly with functional hydrogels, and offers insights into the future of the discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangchun Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Renlin Zheng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Rongqin Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
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Yadav S, Arya DK, Kanaujiya S, Kumar S, Kushwaha D, Kumar A, Pandey P, Kapoor DD, Kumar A, Gupta RK, Ahmed IZ, Rajinikanth PS. Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Polycaprolactone Nanofiber Enriched with Lichenysin against Multidrug-Resistance Bacterial Infection in Wound Healing: In Vitro Studies and In Vivo Evaluation in Wistar Rats. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2025; 8:2847-2866. [PMID: 40074674 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c01532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2025]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) infectious wounds are a major concern due to drug resistance, leading to increased patient morbidity. Lichenysin (LCN), a lipopeptide and biosurfactant obtained from certain strains of Bacillus licheniformis, has demonstrated an excellent antimicrobial property. The present study focuses on the fabrication and comprehensive evaluation of LCN-incorporated poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/polycaprolactone (PCL)-based nanofiber scaffolds using an electrospinning technique as a potential wound healing biomaterial for the treatment of MDR infectious wounds in diabetic rats. The LCN-loaded PVA-PCL nanofiber scaffolds were characterized for their physicochemical, antimicrobial, in vitro cell line on L-929, hemocompatibility, flow cytometry, in vivo infectious wound healing, and enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA). Morphological analysis via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images confirmed smooth and porous nanofibers with diameters in the range 200-300 nm. Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results demonstrated the structural integrity, chemical compatibility, and amorphous nature of developed scaffolds. The scaffolds loaded with LCN demonstrated excellent water retention, moderate biodegradability, and sustained release of LCN for up to 72 h. Mechanical characterization demonstrated a robust tensile strength conducive to wound healing applications. Antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) showed substantial antibacterial and antibiofilm activity. In vitro cell line studies showed enhanced cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, and viability, signifying the cytocompatibility of these scaffolds. In vivo studies demonstrated exceptional infectious wound healing potential in diabetic rats. These findings indicate that LCN-enriched PVA-PCL scaffolds hold significant potential as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of MDR infectious wounds in diabetic rats through a multifaceted approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India
| | - Dilip Kumar Arya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India
| | - Shubham Kanaujiya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India
| | - Deepshikha Kushwaha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India
| | - Anit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India
| | - Prashant Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India
| | - Deshraj Deepak Kapoor
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India
| | - Ravi Kr Gupta
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India
| | - Iffat Zareen Ahmed
- Department of Bioengineering, Natural Products Laboratory, IIRC 2, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India
| | - Parauvathanahalli Siddalingam Rajinikanth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India
- School of Pharmacy, Taylor's University, Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Kuala Lumpur 47500, Malaysia
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Inada A, Sawao A, Shinoda M, Oshima T. Sequence optimization of lipid-modified amphiphilic tetrapeptides as anticancer drug carriers. J Pharm Sci 2025; 114:103768. [PMID: 40120676 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2025.103768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2025] [Accepted: 03/17/2025] [Indexed: 03/25/2025]
Abstract
In this study, 19 tetrapeptides, each consisting of four amino acid residues, were designed and modified with oleic acid to serve as amphiphilic dispersants for anticancer drug delivery. The lipid-modified peptides (Ole-pep) were evaluated for their ability to disperse paclitaxel (Ptx), a poorly water-soluble anticancer drug. The water dispersibility of Ptx was significantly increased when peptides with two or more positively or negatively charged functional groups were used as dispersants. One specific Ole-pep demonstrated a critical micelle concentration of 0.0682 × 10-3 mol/dm3, confirming its excellent amphiphilic properties and capacity to encapsulate Ptx. Cytotoxicity studies in HeLa cells, a cell line derived from human cervical cancer cells, confirmed that the complexes with Ptx were highly cytotoxic regardless of the peptide used. Additionally, the results suggested that certain peptides, particularly those with a high number of Lys residues, exhibited cytotoxicity on their own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Inada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.
| | - Ayane Sawao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Mizuki Shinoda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Oshima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.
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Famta P, Shah S, Dey B, Kumar KC, Bagasariya D, Vambhurkar G, Pandey G, Sharma A, Srinivasarao DA, Kumar R, Guru SK, Raghuvanshi RS, Srivastava S. Despicable role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer metastasis: Exhibiting de novo restorative regimens. CANCER PATHOGENESIS AND THERAPY 2025; 3:30-47. [PMID: 39872366 PMCID: PMC11764040 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpt.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2025]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent cancer in women globally. Anti-cancer advancements have enabled the killing of BC cells through various therapies; however, cancer relapse is still a major limitation and decreases patient survival and quality of life. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is responsible for tumor relapse in several cancers. This highly regulated event causes phenotypic, genetic, and epigenetic changes in the tumor microenvironment (TME). This review summarizes the recent advancements regarding EMT using de-differentiation and partial EMT theories. We extensively review the mechanistic pathways, TME components, and various anti-cancer adjuvant and neo-adjuvant therapies responsible for triggering EMT in BC tumors. Information regarding essential clinical studies and trials is also discussed. Furthermore, we also highlight the recent strategies targeting various EMT pathways. This review provides a holistic picture of BC biology, molecular pathways, and recent advances in therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paras Famta
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Saurabh Shah
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Biswajit Dey
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Kondasingh Charan Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Deepkumar Bagasariya
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Ganesh Vambhurkar
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Giriraj Pandey
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Anamika Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Dadi A. Srinivasarao
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Guru
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | | | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
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Khairnar P, Phatale V, Shukla S, Tijani AO, Hedaoo A, Strauss J, Verana G, Vambhurkar G, Puri A, Srivastava S. Nanocarrier-Integrated Microneedles: Divulging the Potential of Novel Frontiers for Fostering the Management of Skin Ailments. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:2118-2147. [PMID: 38660711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The various kinds of nanocarriers (NCs) have been explored for the delivery of therapeutics designed for the management of skin manifestations. The NCs are considered as one of the promising approaches for the skin delivery of therapeutics attributable to sustained release and enhanced skin penetration. Despite the extensive applications of the NCs, the challenges in their delivery via skin barrier (majorly stratum corneum) have persisted. To overcome all the challenges associated with the delivery of NCs, the microneedle (MN) technology has emerged as a beacon of hope. Programmable drug release, being painless, and its minimally invasive nature make it an intriguing strategy to circumvent the multiple challenges associated with the various drug delivery systems. The integration of positive traits of NCs and MNs boosts therapeutic effectiveness by evading stratum corneum, facilitating the delivery of NCs through the skin and enhancing their targeted delivery. This review discusses the barrier function of skin, the importance of MNs, the types of MNs, and the superiority of NC-loaded MNs. We highlighted the applications of NC-integrated MNs for the management of various skin ailments, combinational drug delivery, active targeting, in vivo imaging, and as theranostics. The clinical trials, patent portfolio, and marketed products of drug/NC-integrated MNs are covered. Finally, regulatory hurdles toward benchtop-to-bedside translation, along with promising prospects needed to scale up NC-integrated MN technology, have been deliberated. The current review is anticipated to deliver thoughtful visions to researchers, clinicians, and formulation scientists for the successful development of the MN-technology-based product by carefully optimizing all the formulation variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Khairnar
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Vivek Phatale
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Shalini Shukla
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Akeemat O Tijani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614, United States
| | - Aachal Hedaoo
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Jordan Strauss
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614, United States
| | - Gabrielle Verana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614, United States
| | - Ganesh Vambhurkar
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Ashana Puri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614, United States
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
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