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Karmakar A, Burgreen GW, Rydquist G, Antaki JF. A homogenized two-phase computational framework for meso- and macroscale blood flow simulations. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 247:108090. [PMID: 38394788 PMCID: PMC11018323 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Owing to the complexity of physics linked with blood flow and its associated phenomena, appropriate modeling of the multi-constituent rheology of blood is of primary importance. To this effect, various kinds of computational fluid dynamic models have been developed, each with merits and limitations. However, when additional physics like thrombosis and embolization is included within the framework of these models, computationally efficient scalable translation becomes very difficult. Therefore, this paper presents a homogenized two-phase blood flow framework with similar characteristics to a single fluid model but retains the flow resolution of a classical two-fluid model. The presented framework is validated against four different sets of experiments. METHODS The two-phase model of blood presented here is based on the classical diffusion-flux framework. Diffusion flux models are known to be less computationally expensive than two-fluid multiphase models since the numerical implementation resembles single-phase flow models. Diffusion flux models typically use empirical slip velocity correlations to resolve the motion between phases. However, such correlations do not exist for blood. Therefore, a modified slip velocity equation is proposed, derived rigorously from the two-fluid governing equations. An additional drag law for red blood cells (RBCs) as a function of volume fraction is evaluated using a previously published cell-resolved solver. A new hematocrit-dependent expression for lift force on RBCs is proposed. The final governing equations are discretized and solved using the open-source software OpenFOAM. RESULTS The framework is validated against four sets of experiments: (i) flow through a rectangular microchannel to validate RBC velocity profiles against experimental measurements and compare computed hematocrit distributions against previously reported simulation results (ii) flow through a sudden expansion microchannel for comparing experimentally obtained contours of hematocrit distributions and normalized cell-free region length obtained at different flowrates and inlet hematocrits, (iii) flow through two hyperbolic channels to evaluate model predictions of cell-free layer thickness, and (iv) flow through a microchannel that mimics crevices of a left ventricular assist device to predict hematocrit distributions observed experimentally. The simulation results exhibit good agreement with the results of all four experiments. CONCLUSION The computational framework presented in this paper has the advantage of resolving the multiscale physics of blood flow while still leveraging numerical techniques used for solving single-phase flows. Therefore, it becomes an excellent candidate for addressing more complicated problems related to blood flow, such as modeling mechanical entrapment of RBCs within blood clots, predicting thrombus composition, and visualizing clot embolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Karmakar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Greg W Burgreen
- Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Grant Rydquist
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - James F Antaki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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2
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Sun X, Li S, He Y, Liu Y, Ma T, Zeng R, Liu Z, Chen Y, Zheng Y, Liu X. Effects of cardiac function alterations on the risk of postoperative thrombotic complications in patients receiving endovascular aortic repair. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1114110. [PMID: 36703931 PMCID: PMC9871241 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1114110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Chronic heart disease (CHD) is a common comorbidity of patients receiving endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) for abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). The explicit relationship between ventricular systolic function and EVAR complication of thrombotic events is unknown. Methods: In this study, we proposed a three-dimensional numerical model coupled with the lumped-elements heart model, which is capable of simulating thrombus formation in diverse systolic functions. The relation of cardiac functions and the predicted risk of thrombus formation in the aorta and/or endograft of 4 patients who underwent EVAR was investigated. Relative risks for thrombus formation were identified using machine-learning algorithms. Results: The computational results demonstrate that thrombus tended to form on the interior side of the aorta arch and iliac branches, and cardiac function can affect blood flow field and affect thrombus formation, which is consistent with the four patients' post-operative imaging follow-up. We also found that RRT, OSI, TAWSS in thrombosis area are lower than whole average. In addition, we found that the thrombus formation has negative correlations with the maximum ventricular contractile force (r = -.281 ± .101) and positive correlations with the minimum ventricular contractile force (r = .238 ± .074), whereas the effect of heart rate (r = -.015 ± .121) on thrombus formation is not significant. Conclusion: In conclusion, changes in ventricular systolic function may alter the risk of thrombotic events after EVAR repair, which could provide insight into the selection of adjuvant therapy strategies for AAA patients with CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Sun
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Siting Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan He
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianxiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhili Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehong Zheng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Yuehong Zheng, ; Xiao Liu,
| | - Xiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Yuehong Zheng, ; Xiao Liu,
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3
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Zhussupbekov M, Méndez Rojano R, Wu WT, Antaki JF. von Willebrand factor unfolding mediates platelet deposition in a model of high-shear thrombosis. Biophys J 2022; 121:4033-4047. [PMID: 36196057 PMCID: PMC9675031 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis under high-shear conditions is mediated by the mechanosensitive blood glycoprotein von Willebrand factor (vWF). vWF unfolds in response to strong flow gradients and facilitates rapid recruitment of platelets in flowing blood. While the thrombogenic effect of vWF is well recognized, its conformational response in complex flows has largely been omitted from numerical models of thrombosis. We recently presented a continuum model for the unfolding of vWF, where we represented vWF transport and its flow-induced conformational change using convection-diffusion-reaction equations. Here, we incorporate the vWF component into our multi-constituent model of thrombosis, where the local concentration of stretched vWF amplifies the deposition rate of free-flowing platelets and reduces the shear cleaning of deposited platelets. We validate the model using three benchmarks: in vitro model of atherothrombosis, a stagnation point flow, and the PFA-100, a clinical blood test commonly used for screening for von Willebrand disease (vWD). The simulations reproduced the key aspects of vWF-mediated thrombosis observed in these experiments, such as the thrombus location, thrombus growth dynamics, and the effect of blocking platelet-vWF interactions. The PFA-100 simulations closely matched the reported occlusion times for normal blood and several hemostatic deficiencies, namely, thrombocytopenia, vWD type 1, and vWD type 3. Overall, this multi-constituent model of thrombosis enables macro-scale 3D simulations of thrombus formation in complex geometries over a wide range of shear rates and accounts for qualitative and quantitative hemostatic deficiencies in patient blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansur Zhussupbekov
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | | | - Wei-Tao Wu
- Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - James F Antaki
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
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4
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Zhussupbekov M, Wu WT, Jamiolkowski MA, Massoudi M, Antaki JF. Influence of shear rate and surface chemistry on thrombus formation in micro-crevice. J Biomech 2021; 121:110397. [PMID: 33845357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Thromboembolic complications remain a central issue in management of patients on mechanical circulatory support. Despite the best practices employed in design and manufacturing of modern ventricular assist devices, complexity and modular nature of these systems often introduces internal steps and crevices in the flow path which can serve as nidus for thrombus formation. Thrombotic potential is influenced by multiple factors including the characteristics of the flow and surface chemistry of the biomaterial. This study explored these elements in the setting of blood flow over a micro-crevice using a multi-constituent numerical model of thrombosis. The simulations reproduced the platelet deposition patterns observed experimentally and elucidated the role of flow, shear rate, and surface chemistry in shaping the deposition. The results offer insights for design and operation of blood-contacting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansur Zhussupbekov
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Wei-Tao Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Megan A Jamiolkowski
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories (OSEL), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Mehrdad Massoudi
- U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - James F Antaki
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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5
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Lukitsch B, Ecker P, Elenkov M, Janeczek C, Jordan C, Krenn CG, Ullrich R, Gfoehler M, Harasek M. Suitable CO 2 Solubility Models for Determination of the CO 2 Removal Performance of Oxygenators. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:bioengineering8030033. [PMID: 33801555 PMCID: PMC8000709 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CO2 removal via membrane oxygenators during lung protective ventilation has become a reliable clinical technique. For further optimization of oxygenators, accurate prediction of the CO2 removal rate is necessary. It can either be determined by measuring the CO2 content in the exhaust gas of the oxygenator (sweep flow-based) or using blood gas analyzer data and a CO2 solubility model (blood-based). In this study, we determined the CO2 removal rate of a prototype oxygenator utilizing both methods in in vitro trials with bovine and in vivo trials with porcine blood. While the sweep flow-based method is reliably accurate, the blood-based method depends on the accuracy of the solubility model. In this work, we quantified performances of four different solubility models by calculating the deviation of the CO2 removal rates determined by both methods. Obtained data suggest that the simplest model (Loeppky) performs better than the more complex ones (May, Siggaard-Anderson, and Zierenberg). The models of May, Siggaard-Anderson, and Zierenberg show a significantly better performance for in vitro bovine blood data than for in vivo porcine blood data. Furthermore, the suitability of the Loeppky model parameters for bovine blood (in vitro) and porcine blood (in vivo) is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lukitsch
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (P.E.); (C.J.); (M.H.)
- CCORE Technology GmbH, 1040 Vienna, Austria; (M.E.); (C.J.); (C.G.K.); (R.U.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Paul Ecker
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (P.E.); (C.J.); (M.H.)
- CCORE Technology GmbH, 1040 Vienna, Austria; (M.E.); (C.J.); (C.G.K.); (R.U.)
- Institute of Engineering Design and Product Development, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Martin Elenkov
- CCORE Technology GmbH, 1040 Vienna, Austria; (M.E.); (C.J.); (C.G.K.); (R.U.)
- Institute of Engineering Design and Product Development, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Christoph Janeczek
- CCORE Technology GmbH, 1040 Vienna, Austria; (M.E.); (C.J.); (C.G.K.); (R.U.)
- Institute of Engineering Design and Product Development, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Christian Jordan
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (P.E.); (C.J.); (M.H.)
| | - Claus G. Krenn
- CCORE Technology GmbH, 1040 Vienna, Austria; (M.E.); (C.J.); (C.G.K.); (R.U.)
- Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roman Ullrich
- CCORE Technology GmbH, 1040 Vienna, Austria; (M.E.); (C.J.); (C.G.K.); (R.U.)
- Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Margit Gfoehler
- Institute of Engineering Design and Product Development, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Michael Harasek
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (P.E.); (C.J.); (M.H.)
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Carvalho V, Rodrigues N, Ribeiro R, Costa PF, Teixeira JCF, Lima RA, Teixeira SFCF. Hemodynamic study in 3D printed stenotic coronary artery models: experimental validation and transient simulation. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2020; 24:623-636. [PMID: 33225743 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2020.1842377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease that can significantly reduce blood supply to vital organs, being one of the main causes of death worldwide. In this work, a numerical and experimental study in 3D printed stenotic coronary arteries, considering both steady and pulsatile blood flow conditions, is presented. The results revealed that a degree of stenosis superior to 50% creates disturbed flows downstream of the contraction, with an accented increase in the wall shear stress measurements at the stenosis throat. Finally, the multiphase mixture was investigated and compared with a single-phase modelling, and only slight differences were observed right after the stenosis throat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Carvalho
- MEtRICs Research Center, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nelson Rodrigues
- ALGORITMI Research Center, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Rui A Lima
- MEtRICs Research Center, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal.,CEFT, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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7
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Wu WT, Aubry N, Antaki JF, Massoudi M. Simulation of blood flow in a sudden expansion channel and a coronary artery. JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS 2020; 376:112856. [PMID: 34703076 PMCID: PMC8545272 DOI: 10.1016/j.cam.2020.112856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we numerically simulate the flow of blood in two benchmark problems: the flow in a sudden expansion channel and the flow through an idealized curved coronary artery with pulsatile inlet velocity. Blood is modeled as a suspension (a non-linear complex fluid) and the movement of the red blood cell (RBCs) is modeled by using a concentration flux equation. The viscosity of blood is obtained from experimental data. In the sudden expansion flow, the predicted velocity profiles for two different Reynolds numbers (based on the inlet velocity) agree well with the available experiments; furthermore, the numerical results also show that after the sudden expansion there exists a RBCs depletion region. For the second problem, the idealized curved coronary artery, it is found that the RBCs move towards and concentrate near the inner surface where the viscosity is higher and the shear stress lower; this phenomenon may be related to the atherosclerotic plaque formation which usually occurs on the inside surface of the arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Tao Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, J.S., 210094, China
| | - Nadine Aubry
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - James F. Antaki
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Mehrdad Massoudi
- U. S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), Pittsburgh, PA, 15236, USA
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8
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Wu WT, Zhussupbekov M, Aubry N, Antaki JF, Massoudi M. Simulation of thrombosis in a stenotic microchannel: The effects of vWF-enhanced shear activation of platelets. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE 2020; 147:103206. [PMID: 34565829 PMCID: PMC8462794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijengsci.2019.103206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to develop a numerical/computational simulation of von Willebrand Factor (vWF) - mediated platelet shear activation and deposition in an idealized stenosis. Blood is treated as a multi-constituent mixture comprised of a linear fluid component and a porous solid component (thrombus). Chemical and biological species involved in coagulation are modeled using a system of coupled convection-reaction-diffusion (CRD) equations. This study considers the cumulative effect of shear stress (history) on platelet activation. The vWF activity is modeled as an enhancement function for the shear stress accumulation and is related to the experimentally-observed unfolding rate of vWF. A series of simulations were performed in an idealized stenosis in which the predicted platelets deposition agreed well with previous experimental observations spatially and temporally, including the reduction of platelet deposition with decreasing expansion angle. Further simulation indicated a direct relationship between vWF-mediated platelet deposition and degree of stenosis. Based on the success with these benchmark simulations, it is hoped that the model presented here may provide additional insight into vWF-mediated thrombosis and prove useful for the development of more hemo-compatible blood-wetted devices in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Tao Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, J.S., 210094, China
| | - Mansur Zhussupbekov
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Nadine Aubry
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - James F Antaki
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Mehrdad Massoudi
- U. S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), Pittsburgh, PA, 15236, USA
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9
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Abstract
The rheological behavior of cement slurries is important in trying to prevent and eliminate gas-migration related problems in oil well applications. In this paper, we review the constitutive modeling of cement slurries/pastes. Cement slurries, in general, behave as complex non-linear fluids with the possibility of exhibiting viscoelasticity, thixotropy, yield stress, shear-thinning effects, etc. The shear viscosity and the yield stress are two of the most important rheological characteristics of cement; these have been studied extensively and a review of these studies is provided in this paper. We discuss the importance of changing the concentration of cement particles, water-to-cement ratio, additives/admixtures, shear rate, temperature and pressure, mixing methods, and the thixotropic behavior of cement on the stress tensor. In the concluding remarks, we propose a new constitutive model for cement slurry, considering the basic non-Newtonian nature of the different models.
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10
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Wu WT, Aubry N, Antaki JF, Massoudi M. A non-linear fluid suspension model for blood flow. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NON-LINEAR MECHANICS 2019; 109:32-39. [PMID: 31447489 PMCID: PMC6707772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Motivated by the complex rheological behaviors observed in small/micro scale blood vessels, such as the Fahraeus effect, plasma-skimming, shear-thinning, etc., we develop a non-linear suspension model for blood. The viscosity is assumed to depend on the volume fraction (hematocrit) and the shear rate. The migration of the red blood cells (RBCs) is studied using a concentration flux equation. A parametric study with two representative problems, namely simple shear flow and a pressure driven flow demonstrate the ability of this reduced-order model to reproduce several key features of the two-fluid model (mixture theory approach), with much lower computational cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Tao Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, J.S., 210094, China
| | - Nadine Aubry
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James F. Antaki
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Mehrdad Massoudi
- U. S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), Pittsburgh, PA, 15236, USA
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12
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Numerical Simulation of Red Blood Cell-Induced Platelet Transport in Saccular Aneurysms. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7050484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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13
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Wu WT, Jamiolkowski MA, Wagner WR, Aubry N, Massoudi M, Antaki JF. Multi-Constituent Simulation of Thrombus Deposition. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42720. [PMID: 28218279 PMCID: PMC5316946 DOI: 10.1038/srep42720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present a spatio-temporal mathematical model for simulating the formation and growth of a thrombus. Blood is treated as a multi-constituent mixture comprised of a linear fluid phase and a thrombus (solid) phase. The transport and reactions of 10 chemical and biological species are incorporated using a system of coupled convection-reaction-diffusion (CRD) equations to represent three processes in thrombus formation: initiation, propagation and stabilization. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations using the libraries of OpenFOAM were performed for two illustrative benchmark problems: in vivo thrombus growth in an injured blood vessel and in vitro thrombus deposition in micro-channels (1.5 mm × 1.6 mm × 0.1 mm) with small crevices (125 μm × 75 μm and 125 μm × 137 μm). For both problems, the simulated thrombus deposition agreed very well with experimental observations, both spatially and temporally. Based on the success with these two benchmark problems, which have very different flow conditions and biological environments, we believe that the current model will provide useful insight into the genesis of thrombosis in blood-wetted devices, and provide a tool for the design of less thrombogenic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Tao Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Megan A Jamiolkowski
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William R Wagner
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nadine Aubry
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mehrdad Massoudi
- U. S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), PA, 15236, USA
| | - James F Antaki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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14
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Ou C, Huang W, Yuen MMF, Qian Y. Hemodynamic modeling of leukocyte and erythrocyte transport and interactions in intracranial aneurysms by a multiphase approach. J Biomech 2016; 49:3476-3484. [PMID: 27717549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hemodynamics has been recognized as an important factor in the development, growth, and rupture of cerebral aneurysms, and investigated by computational fluid dynamics techniques using a single phase approach. However, flow-dependent cell transport and interactions are usually ignored in single phase models, in which blood is usually treated as a single phase Newtonian fluid. For getting better insight into the underlying pathology of intracranial aneurysm, cell transport and interactions should be covered in hemodynamic studies. In the present study, a multiphase hemodynamic model incorporating cell transport and interactions was developed, in which blood was modeled as multiphase fluid having a continuous phase (plasma) and two particulate phases (erythrocytes and leukocytes). The model showed good agreement with experimental data and observations in the literature, and was applied to four patient-specific aneurysms in a pulsatile manner. Leukocyte accumulations were predicted at locations with flow disturbance and low wall shear stress. The concentrations of leukocyte at accumulation sites were found to exceed 200 to 500% of normal physiological level on three unstable aneurysms, including two ruptured aneurysms and a growing aneurysm where accumulation was observed near a daughter sac and a secondary aneurysm. This suggested that aneurysms with complex secondary flow patterns could be prone to leukocyte accumulation on the wall. As this is the first study to characterize cell transport and interactions in aneurysm hemodynamics, our model can serve as a foundation for future intracranial aneurysm models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chubin Ou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Matthew Ming-Fai Yuen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong; Division of Biomedical Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong.
| | - Yi Qian
- The Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
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15
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Wu WT, Martin AB, Gandini A, Aubry N, Massoudi M, Antaki JF. Design of microfluidic channels for magnetic separation of malaria-infected red blood cells. MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS 2016; 20:41. [PMID: 27761107 PMCID: PMC5066816 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-016-1707-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study is motivated by the development of a blood cell filtration device for removal of malaria-infected, parasitized red blood cells (pRBCs). The blood was modeled as a multi-component fluid using the computational fluid dynamics discrete element method (CFD-DEM), wherein plasma was treated as a Newtonian fluid and the red blood cells (RBCs) were modeled as soft-sphere solid particles which move under the influence of drag, collisions with other RBCs, and a magnetic force. The CFD-DEM model was first validated by a comparison with experimental data from Han et al. 2006 (Han and Frazier 2006) involving a microfluidic magnetophoretic separator for paramagnetic deoxygenated blood cells. The computational model was then applied to a parametric study of a parallel-plate separator having hematocrit of 40% with a 10% of the RBCs as pRBCs. Specifically, we investigated the hypothesis of introducing an upstream constriction to the channel to divert the magnetic cells within the near-wall layer where the magnetic force is greatest. Simulations compared the efficacy of various geometries upon the stratification efficiency of the pRBCs. For a channel with nominal height of 100 µm, the addition of an upstream constriction of 80% improved the proportion of pRBCs retained adjacent to the magnetic wall (separation efficiency) by almost 2 fold, from 26% to 49%. Further addition of a downstream diffuser reduced remixing, hence improved separation efficiency to 72%. The constriction introduced a greater pressure drop (from 17 to 495 Pa), which should be considered when scaling-up this design for a clinical-sized system. Overall, the advantages of this design include its ability to accommodate physiological hematocrit and high throughput - which is critical for clinical implementation as a blood-filtration system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Tao Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Andrea Blue Martin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Alberto Gandini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Nadine Aubry
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mehrdad Massoudi
- U. S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), PA, 15236, USA
| | - James F. Antaki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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Wu WT, Yang F, Antaki JF, Aubry N, Massoudi M. Study of blood flow in several benchmark micro-channels using a two-fluid approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE 2015; 95:49-59. [PMID: 26240438 PMCID: PMC4521229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijengsci.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
It is known that in a vessel whose characteristic dimension (e.g., its diameter) is in the range of 20 to 500 microns, blood behaves as a non-Newtonian fluid, exhibiting complex phenomena, such as shear-thinning, stress relaxation, and also multi-component behaviors, such as the Fahraeus effect, plasma-skimming, etc. For describing these non-Newtonian and multi-component characteristics of blood, using the framework of mixture theory, a two-fluid model is applied, where the plasma is treated as a Newtonian fluid and the red blood cells (RBCs) are treated as shear-thinning fluid. A computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation incorporating the constitutive model was implemented using OpenFOAM® in which benchmark problems including a sudden expansion and various driven slots and crevices were studied numerically. The numerical results exhibited good agreement with the experimental observations with respect to both the velocity field and the volume fraction distribution of RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Tao Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - James F. Antaki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Nadine Aubry
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mehrdad Massoudi
- U. S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), PA, 15236, USA
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