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Aanish Ali M, Rehman N, Park TJ, Basit MA. Antiviral role of nanomaterials: a material scientist's perspective. RSC Adv 2022; 13:47-79. [PMID: 36605642 PMCID: PMC9769549 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06410c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present world continues to face unprecedented challenges caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Collaboration between researchers of multiple disciplines is the need of the hour. There is a need to develop antiviral agents capable of inhibiting viruses and tailoring existing antiviral drugs for efficient delivery to prevent a surge in deaths caused by viruses globally. Biocompatible systems have been designed using nanotechnological principles which showed appreciable results against a wide range of viruses. Many nanoparticles can act as antiviral therapeutic agents if synthesized by the correct approach. Moreover, nanoparticles can act as carriers of antiviral drugs while overcoming their inherent drawbacks such as low solubility, poor bioavailability, uncontrolled release, and side effects. This review highlights the potential of nanomaterials in antiviral applications by discussing various studies and their results regarding antiviral potential of nanoparticles while also suggesting future directions to researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aanish Ali
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Space Technology Islamabad 44000 Pakistan
| | - Nagina Rehman
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Allama Iqbal Road Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Tae Joo Park
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University Ansan 15588 Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Abdul Basit
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Space Technology Islamabad 44000 Pakistan
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2
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Bohlbro AS, Mendes AM, Sifna A, Gomes V, Rudolf F, Wejse C. Incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in suburban Bissau, Guinea-Bissau between 2004 and 2020: a prospective cohort study. Infection 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s15010-022-01958-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bastos Ferreira AP, do Nascimento ADFS, Sampaio Rocha-Filho PA. Cerebral and spinal cord changes observed through magnetic resonance imaging in patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis: a systematic review. J Neurovirol 2022; 28:1-16. [PMID: 34981435 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-01043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To verify brain and spinal changes using magnetic resonance imaging in patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. This was a systematic review. The descriptors used were tropical spastic paraparesis and magnetic resonance image. The keyword HTLV-1-associated myelopathy was also used. Twenty-three articles were included: 16 detected brain changes and 18 detected spinal changes. White matter lesions were the most frequent finding in the brain. Brain injuries were most frequently identified in the periventricular region, in the subcortical region, in the centrum semiovale, in the brain stem, and corpus callosum. Atrophy was the most frequent finding of the spinal cord, affecting the thoracic and cervical regions, and was associated with a longer evolution of myelopathy. White matter lesions in these regions were also observed. Cortical white matter lesions and thoracic spinal cord atrophy were the most frequently reported changes in patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Patrícia Bastos Ferreira
- Post-Graduation Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Posneuro), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil.,Rua Carlos Pereira Falcão, 1136, Recife, 51021-350, Brazil
| | - Ana Dolores Firmino Santos do Nascimento
- Post-Graduation Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Posneuro), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil.,Rua Arlindo Gouveia, 145, Recife, 50720-595, Brazil
| | - Pedro Augusto Sampaio Rocha-Filho
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil. .,Rua General Joaquim Inácio, Pernambuco- CEP, 1412 - Edifício The Plaza Business Center, Recife, Sala, 83052011-270, Brazil.
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Seegert AB, Patsche CB, Sifna A, Gomes VF, Wejse C, Storgaard M, Rudolf F. Hypertension is associated with increased mortality in patients with tuberculosis in Guinea-Bissau. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 109:123-128. [PMID: 34224869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tuberculosis (TB) is associated with a number of non-communicable co-morbidities, which can complicate treatment and impair outcome. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of hypertension on disease severity, treatment outcome and survival in a cohort of patients with TB. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted in Guinea-Bissau. Patients newly diagnosed with TB between November 2003 and June 2016 were included. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg. Disease severity was assessed using the Bandim TBscore. Survival was assessed at the end of treatment and 2 years after treatment initiation. RESULTS In total, 1544 patients were included in this study. Hypertension was present in 12.8% of patients at inclusion. Patients with hypertension had slightly less severe TB, but were less likely to have a successful treatment outcome and had 64% higher mortality at 2-year follow-up (adjusted hazard ratio 1.64, 95% confidence interval 1.15-2.34). Mortality rates were highest in hypertensive female patients and patients aged ≥ 45 years. CONCLUSION Patients with high blood pressure at the start of TB treatment had a higher mortality rate at 2-year follow-up. Mortality rates were highest in hypertensive females and patients aged ≥ 45 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Seegert
- Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau; Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; GloHAU, Centre for Global Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - C B Patsche
- Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau; GloHAU, Centre for Global Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - A Sifna
- Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - V F Gomes
- Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau; National Tuberculosis Programme, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - C Wejse
- Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau; Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; GloHAU, Centre for Global Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - M Storgaard
- Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau; Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - F Rudolf
- Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau; Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Selimin DS, Ismail A, Ahmad N, Ismail R, Mohd Azman NF, Azman A. Tuberculosis Treatment Outcome in Patients with TB-HIV Coinfection in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. J Trop Med 2021; 2021:9923378. [PMID: 34194511 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9923378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious health threat to people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This study aimed to identify the characteristics, unsuccessful TB treatment rate, and determinants of unsuccessful TB treatment outcome among patients with TB-HIV coinfection in Kuala Lumpur. Methods This was a cross-sectional study. The data of all patients with TB-HIV in the federal territory of Kuala Lumpur from 2013 to 2017 were collected and reviewed. The data were retrieved from the national database (TB Information System) at the Kuala Lumpur Health Department from 1 March 2018 to 31 May 2018. Results Out of 235 randomly selected patients with TB-HIV, TB treatment outcome was successful in 57.9% (cured and completed treatment) and unsuccessful in 42.1% (died, failed, or lost to follow-up). Patients who did not receive DOTS (directly observed treatment, short course) (adjusted odds ratio: 21.71; 95% confidence interval: 5.36–87.94) and those who received shorter treatment duration of <6 months (aOR: 34.54; 95% CI: 5.97–199.93) had higher odds for unsuccessful TB treatment outcome. Conclusions Nearly half of the patients with TB-HIV had unsuccessful TB treatment outcome. Therefore, it is important to ensure that such patients receive DOTS and continuous TB treatment of >6 months. It is crucial to strengthen and widen the coverage of DOTS, especially among high-risk groups, in healthcare settings. Strict follow-up by healthcare providers is needed for patients with TB-HIV to gain treatment adherence and for better rates of successful TB treatment.
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Peetluk LS, Ridolfi FM, Rebeiro PF, Liu D, Rolla VC, Sterling TR. Systematic review of prediction models for pulmonary tuberculosis treatment outcomes in adults. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e044687. [PMID: 33653759 PMCID: PMC7929865 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review and critically evaluate prediction models developed to predict tuberculosis (TB) treatment outcomes among adults with pulmonary TB. DESIGN Systematic review. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Google Scholar were searched for studies published from 1 January 1995 to 9 January 2020. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Studies that developed a model to predict pulmonary TB treatment outcomes were included. Study screening, data extraction and quality assessment were conducted independently by two reviewers. Study quality was evaluated using the Prediction model Risk Of Bias Assessment Tool. Data were synthesised with narrative review and in tables and figures. RESULTS 14 739 articles were identified, 536 underwent full-text review and 33 studies presenting 37 prediction models were included. Model outcomes included death (n=16, 43%), treatment failure (n=6, 16%), default (n=6, 16%) or a composite outcome (n=9, 25%). Most models (n=30, 81%) measured discrimination (median c-statistic=0.75; IQR: 0.68-0.84), and 17 (46%) reported calibration, often the Hosmer-Lemeshow test (n=13). Nineteen (51%) models were internally validated, and six (16%) were externally validated. Eighteen (54%) studies mentioned missing data, and of those, half (n=9) used complete case analysis. The most common predictors included age, sex, extrapulmonary TB, body mass index, chest X-ray results, previous TB and HIV. Risk of bias varied across studies, but all studies had high risk of bias in their analysis. CONCLUSIONS TB outcome prediction models are heterogeneous with disparate outcome definitions, predictors and methodology. We do not recommend applying any in clinical settings without external validation, and encourage future researchers adhere to guidelines for developing and reporting of prediction models. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was registered on the international prospective register of systematic reviews PROSPERO (CRD42020155782).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S Peetluk
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Felipe M Ridolfi
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Peter F Rebeiro
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dandan Liu
- Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Valeria C Rolla
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Timothy R Sterling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Abstract
Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have revolutionized biomedical domain and are still developing rapidly. Hence, this perspective elaborates SeNPs properties, synthesis, and biomedical applications, together with their potential for management of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanya Nayak
- Department of Biotechnology
- Faculty of Science
- Indira Gandhi National Tribal University
- Amarkantak
- India
| | - Kshitij RB Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Govt. V. Y. T. PG. Autonomous College
- Durg
- India
| | - Ajaya Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Govt. V. Y. T. PG. Autonomous College
- Durg
- India
| | - Ravindra Pratap Singh
- Department of Biotechnology
- Faculty of Science
- Indira Gandhi National Tribal University
- Amarkantak
- India
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Oudeng G, Benz M, Popova AA, Zhang Y, Yi C, Levkin PA, Yang M. Droplet Microarray Based on Nanosensing Probe Patterns for Simultaneous Detection of Multiple HIV Retroviral Nucleic Acids. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:55614-55623. [PMID: 33269927 PMCID: PMC7724762 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Multiplexed detection of viral nucleic acids is important for rapid screening of viral infection. In this study, we present a molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheet-modified dendrimer droplet microarray (DMA) for rapid and sensitive detection of retroviral nucleic acids of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and human immunodeficiency virus-2 (HIV-2) simultaneously. The DMA platform was fabricated by omniphobic-omniphilic patterning on a surface-grafted dendrimer substrate. Functionalized MoS2 nanosheets modified with fluorescent dye-labeled oligomer probes were prepatterned on positively charged amino-modified omniphilic spots to form a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) sensing microarray. With the formation of separated microdroplets of sample on the hydrophobic-hydrophilic micropattern, prepatterned oligomer probes specifically hybridized with the target HIV genes and detached from the MoS2 nanosheet surface due to weakening of the adsorption force, leading to fluorescence signal recovery. As a proof of concept, we used this microarray with a small sample size (<150 nL) for simultaneous detection of HIV-1 and HIV-2 nucleic acids with a limit of detection (LOD) of 50 pM. The multiplex detection capability was further demonstrated for simultaneous detection of five viral genes (HIV-1, HIV-2, ORFlab, and N genes of SARS-COV-2 and M gene of Influenza A). This work demonstrated the potential of this novel MoS2-DMA FRET sensing platform for high-throughput multiplexed viral nucleic acid screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerile Oudeng
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Maximilian Benz
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems—Functional Molecular
Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, German
| | - Anna A. Popova
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems—Functional Molecular
Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, German
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department
of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Victoria 3000, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Changqing Yi
- Key Laboratory of
Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments (Guangdong Province),
School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen
University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Pavel A. Levkin
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems—Functional Molecular
Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, German
| | - Mo Yang
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
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Nasrollahzadeh M, Sajjadi M, Soufi GJ, Iravani S, Varma RS. Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology-Associated Innovations against Viral Infections with a Focus on Coronaviruses. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:E1072. [PMID: 32486364 PMCID: PMC7352498 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections have recently emerged not only as a health threat to people but rapidly became the cause of universal fatality on a large scale. Nanomaterials comprising functionalized nanoparticles (NPs) and quantum dots and nanotechnology-associated innovative detection methods, vaccine design, and nanodrug production have shown immense promise for interfacing with pathogenic viruses and restricting their entrance into cells. These viruses have been scrutinized using rapid diagnostic detection and therapeutic interventional options against the caused infections including vaccine development for prevention and control. Coronaviruses, namely SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, have endangered human life, and the COVID-19 (caused by SARS-CoV-2) outbreak has become a perilous challenge to public health globally with huge accompanying morbidity rates. Thus, it is imperative to expedite the drug and vaccine development efforts that would help mitigate this pandemic. In this regard, smart and innovative nano-based technologies and approaches encompassing applications of green nanomedicine, bio-inspired methods, multifunctional bioengineered nanomaterials, and biomimetic drug delivery systems/carriers can help resolve the critical issues regarding detection, prevention, and treatment of viral infections. This perspective review expounds recent nanoscience advancements for the detection and treatment of viral infections with focus on coronaviruses and encompasses nano-based formulations and delivery platforms, nanovaccines, and promising methods for clinical diagnosis, especially regarding SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohaddeseh Sajjadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Qom, Qom 37185-359, Iran;
| | - Ghazaleh Jamalipour Soufi
- Radiology Department, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746 73461, Iran;
| | - Siavash Iravani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746 73461, Iran
| | - Rajender S. Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, CZ-779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Jespersen S, Månsson F, Lindman J, Wejse C, Medina C, da Silva ZJ, Te D, Medstrand P, Esbjörnsson J, Hønge BL. HIV treatment in Guinea-Bissau: room for improvement and time for new treatment options. AIDS Res Ther 2020; 17:3. [PMID: 32019545 PMCID: PMC6998355 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-020-0259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in the treatment quality of HIV throughout the world, several countries are still facing numerous obstacles in delivering HIV treatment at a sufficiently high quality, putting patients' lives in jeopardy. The aim of this status article is to give an overview of HIV treatment outcomes in the West African country, Guinea-Bissau, and to assess how newer treatment strategies such as long-acting injectable drugs or an HIV cure may limit or stop the HIV epidemic in this politically unstable and low-resource setting. Several HIV cohorts in Guinea-Bissau have been established and are used as platforms for epidemiological, virological, immunological and clinical studies often with a special focus on HIV-2, which is prevalent in the country. The Bandim Health Project, a demographic surveillance site, has performed epidemiological HIV surveys since 1987 among an urban population in the capital Bissau. The Police cohort, an occupational cohort of police officers, has enabled analyses of persons seroconverting with estimated times of seroconversion among HIV-1 and HIV-2-infected individuals, allowing incidence measurements while the Bissau HIV Cohort and a newer Nationwide HIV Cohort have provided clinical data on large numbers of HIV-infected patients. The HIV cohorts in Guinea-Bissau are unique platforms for research and represent real life in many African countries. Poor adherence, lack of HIV viral load measurements, inadequate laboratory facilities, high rates of loss to follow-up, mortality, treatment failure and resistance development, are just some of the challenges faced putting the goal of "90-90-90″ for Guinea-Bissau well out of reach by 2020. Maintaining undetectable viral loads on treatment as a prerequisite of a cure strategy seems not possible at the moment. Thinking beyond one-pill-once-a-day, long-acting antiretroviral treatment options such as injectable drugs or implants may be a better treatment option in settings like Guinea-Bissau and may even pave the way for an HIV cure. If the delivery of antiretroviral treatment in sub-Saharan Africa in a sustainable way for the future should be improved by focusing on existing treatment options or through focusing on new treatment options remains to be determined.
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Tiewsoh JBA, Antony B, Boloor R. Seroprevalence of HIV-2 and dual infection among HIV-infected individuals with clinical and laboratory features at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital, Mangalore: The present scenario. Ann Afr Med 2019; 18:70-74. [PMID: 31070147 PMCID: PMC6521635 DOI: 10.4103/aam.aam_23_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) belongs to the Genus Lentiviruses and is made up of two main types HIV-1 and HIV-2 which are the causative agents of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is well documented that HIV-1 infection is predominantly found, but HIV-2 infection has also been detected occasionally now and then. Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the seroprevalence of HIV-2 and dual infection in HIV-infected individuals along with the clinical presentation, co-infections, laboratory profile, and outcome of these patients. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital for 2 years from August 2013 to July 2015, after obtaining approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee. Patients confirmed having HIV infection, as per the National AIDS Control Organization guidelines were included in the study. The sociodemographic pattern along with clinico-laboratory details and outcome were noted. Results and Discussion: In the present study, out of a total of 214 confirmed HIV-infected individuals, 2.8% (n = 6) were HIV-2 and 1.4% (n = 3) were dual infected where 40–50 years age group were most commonly affected. Males were more commonly affected than females in a ratio of 8:1. The most common presentation was fever (n = 5) followed by gastrointestinal (n = 5) symptoms. The most common opportunistic infection (OI) was tuberculosis (TB) (n = 4) followed by oral candidiasis (n = 2). Majority had anemia (n = 5) with raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Furthermore, majority (n = 7) showed improvement on discharge, whereas two (n = 2) left against medical advice and outcome is unknown. Conclusion: We conclude that the incidence of HIV-2 and dual infection does occur in our setup with males of older age group being more commonly affected where TB is the most common OI. Hence, clinicians should keep in mind that HIV-2 infection does occur and differentiating as HIV-1, HIV-2, or dual infection is important, to provide appropriate treatment which will result in decreased morbidity and mortality rates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beena Antony
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rekha Boloor
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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Fountain-Jones NM, Packer C, Jacquot M, Blanchet FG, Terio K, Craft ME. Endemic infection can shape exposure to novel pathogens: Pathogen co-occurrence networks in the Serengeti lions. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:904-913. [PMID: 30861289 PMCID: PMC7163671 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens are embedded in a complex network of microparasites that can collectively or individually alter disease dynamics and outcomes. Endemic pathogens that infect an individual in the first years of life, for example, can either facilitate or compete with subsequent pathogens thereby exacerbating or ameliorating morbidity and mortality. Pathogen associations are ubiquitous but poorly understood, particularly in wild populations. We report here on 10 years of serological and molecular data in African lions, leveraging comprehensive demographic and behavioural data to test if endemic pathogens shape subsequent infection by epidemic pathogens. We combine network and community ecology approaches to assess broad network structure and characterise associations between pathogens across spatial and temporal scales. We found significant non‐random structure in the lion‐pathogen co‐occurrence network and identified both positive and negative associations between endemic and epidemic pathogens. Our results provide novel insights on the complex associations underlying pathogen co‐occurrence networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Fountain-Jones
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55408, USA
| | - Maude Jacquot
- INRA, UMR346 EPIA, Epidémiologie des maladies Animales et zoonotiques, 63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - F Guillaume Blanchet
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard Université, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, J1K 2R1
| | - Karen Terio
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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Abstract
Due to emergence of new variants of pathogenic micro-organisms the treatment and immunization of infectious diseases have become a great challenge in the past few years. In the context of vaccine development remarkable efforts have been made to develop new vaccines and also to improve the efficacy of existing vaccines against specific diseases. To date, some vaccines are developed from protein subunits or killed pathogens, whilst several vaccines are based on live-attenuated organisms, which carry the risk of regaining their pathogenicity under certain immunocompromised conditions. To avoid this, the development of risk-free effective vaccines in conjunction with adequate delivery systems are considered as an imperative need to obtain desired humoral and cell-mediated immunity against infectious diseases. In the last several years, the use of nanoparticle-based vaccines has received a great attention to improve vaccine efficacy, immunization strategies, and targeted delivery to achieve desired immune responses at the cellular level. To improve vaccine efficacy, these nanocarriers should protect the antigens from premature proteolytic degradation, facilitate antigen uptake and processing by antigen presenting cells, control release, and should be safe for human use. Nanocarriers composed of lipids, proteins, metals or polymers have already been used to attain some of these attributes. In this context, several physico-chemical properties of nanoparticles play an important role in the determination of vaccine efficacy. This review article focuses on the applications of nanocarrier-based vaccine formulations and the strategies used for the functionalization of nanoparticles to accomplish efficient delivery of vaccines in order to induce desired host immunity against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maxim Shevtsov
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), St. Petersburg, Russia
- Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- First Pavlov State Medical University of St.Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Avinash Sonawane
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
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Abstract
The modulation of tuberculosis (TB)-induced immunopathology caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 coinfection remains incompletely understood but underlies the change seen in the natural history, presentation, and prognosis of TB in such patients. The deleterious combination of these two pathogens has been dubbed a "deadly syndemic," with each favoring the replication of the other and thereby contributing to accelerated disease morbidity and mortality. HIV-1 is the best-recognized risk factor for the development of active TB and accounts for 13% of cases globally. The advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) has considerably mitigated this risk. Rapid roll-out of ART globally and the recent recommendation by the World Health Organization (WHO) to initiate ART for everyone living with HIV at any CD4 cell count should lead to further reductions in HIV-1-associated TB incidence because susceptibility to TB is inversely proportional to CD4 count. However, it is important to note that even after successful ART, patients with HIV-1 are still at increased risk for TB. Indeed, in settings of high TB incidence, the occurrence of TB often remains the first presentation of, and thereby the entry into, HIV care. As advantageous as ART-induced immune recovery is, it may also give rise to immunopathology, especially in the lower-CD4-count strata in the form of the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. TB-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome will continue to impact the HIV-TB syndemic.
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Presti R, Pantaleo G. The Immunopathogenesis of HIV-1 Infection. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6285-8.00092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, and NIHR BRC at University College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Maeurer
- Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Center for allogeneic stem cell transplantation (CAST), Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ben Marais
- Centre for Research Excellence in Tuberculosis (TB-CRE) and the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Christian Wejse
- GloHAU Center for Global Health, Dept of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark. Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark and Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Bissau, Guinea Bissau
| | - Marc Lipman
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, and University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy D McHugh
- Center for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eskild Petersen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark.
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