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Masdor NA, Kandayah T, Amsah N, Othman R, Hassan MR, Rahim SSSA, Jeffree MS, Awang Lukman K, Hidrus A. Systematic review with meta-analysis: Prevalence, risk factors, and challenges for urinary schistosomiasis in children (USC). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285533. [PMID: 37590252 PMCID: PMC10434872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is a parasitic infection that causes significant public health problems in tropical countries. Schistosoma haematobium species are blamable for causing urinary schistosomiasis. The infected person, specifically children, may be carrying the disease. This systematic review aimed to identify the current knowledge of urinary Schistosmiasis in children or USC on its epidemiology, risk factors, and challenges to spread the understanding of controlling the disease and reducing the complications. METHOD In November 2021, a systematic computer-aided literature review was conducted using PubMed, SCOPUS and Web of Science, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria. The results were updated in February 2022. We only used papers that have at least the abstract available in English. Relevant articles were screened, duplicates were deleted, eligibility criteria were applied, and studies that met the criteria were reviewed. The keywords Human Schistosoma infections, prevalence, risk factors and challenges were included. The protocol for the review was registered with PROSPERO (registration number CRD42022311609). Pooled prevalence rates were calculated using the programme R version 4.2.1. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic and p-value. A narrative approach was used to describe risk factors and challenges. Studies were selected and finalised based on the review question to prioritise. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Mixed-Method Appraisal Tool (MMAT). RESULTS A total of 248 publications met the requirements for inclusion. Fifteen articles were included in this review, with the result showing high heterogeneity. The pooled prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in children is 4% (95% confidence interval (CI)). Age, poor socioeconomic status, education, exposure to river water, and poor sanitation are the risk factors identified in this review. Challenges are faced due to limitations of clean water, lack of water resources, and poor hygiene. CONCLUSION Modifiable risk factors such as poor knowledge and practices must be addressed immediately. Healthcare providers and schools could accomplish engaging in practical promotional activities. Communicating the intended messages to raise community awareness of urinary schistosomiasis is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Azreen Masdor
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Thinakaran Kandayah
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norizzati Amsah
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rahayu Othman
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rohaizat Hassan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Khamisah Awang Lukman
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Aizuddin Hidrus
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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Parasitological and malacological surveys to identify transmission sites for Schistosoma mansoni in Gomma District, south-western Ethiopia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17063. [PMID: 36224348 PMCID: PMC9556602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21641-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that disproportionately affects the poorest people in tropical and subtropical countries. It is a major parasitic disease causing considerable morbidity in Ethiopia. Despite significant control efforts, schistosomiasis transmission is still widespread in many rural areas of the country. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and intensity of intestinal schistosomiasis among schoolchildren, as well as to identify schistosomiasis transmission sites in Gomma District, southwestern Ethiopia. Between October 2018 and September 2019, cross-sectional parasitological and malacological surveys were conducted in the study area. The study comprised 492 school-children aged 6 to 15 years old from four primary schools in Gomma District. To identify and quantify eggs of Schistosoma mansoni from the children, stool specimens were collected and processed using double Kato-Katz thick smears. Water bodies adjacent to human settlements in the study area were surveyed for snail intermediate hosts of S. mansoni. Morphological identification of collected snails was conducted, followed by examining their infection status using a dissecting microscope. The overall prevalence of S. mansoni infection was 73.8% (95%CI: 69.9-77.7%) and 41.6% of them had moderate-to-heavy infections. The prevalence of S. mansoni infection differed considerably by age group, with the older age groups (12-15) having a higher prevalence than the younger age groups (6-11) (p < 0.001). The prevalence of infection also varied significantly among schools; Dedo Ureche had the highest prevalence (86.9%) (p = 0.034), while Goga Kilole had relatively the lowest prevalence of S. mansoni infection (59.6%) (p = 0.003). A total of 1463 Biomphalaria pfeifferi snails were collected from 11 survey sites throughout the study area, with 357 (24.4%) of the snails shedding schistosomes cercariae. Despite intensified efforts to scale up mass drug administration in Ethiopia, this study reported high levels of S. mansoni infection among schoolchildren and snail intermediate hosts in rural communities in Gomma. Such a high infection rate warrants pressing needs for targeted and integrated interventions to control the disease in the area.
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Ghazy RM, Ellakany WI, Badr MM, Taktak NEM, Elhadad H, Abdo SM, Hagag A, Hussein AR, Tahoun MM. Determinants of Schistosoma mansoni transmission in hotspots at the late stage of elimination in Egypt. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:102. [PMID: 36138424 PMCID: PMC9503191 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-01026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In certain settings, the prevalence and severity of schistosoma infection do not lessen despite repeated rounds of preventative chemotherapy; these areas are known as hotspots. This study aimed to investigate the role of human practices, besides environmental and malacological factors, in the maintenance of the Schistosoma mansoni infection transmission chain in hotspot areas in Egypt. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted between July and November 2019 in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt. A pre-designed structured interviewing questionnaire was used to collect humanitarian data. Stool samples were collected from children aged 6-15 years on three successive days and examined using the Kato-Katz technique. Simultaneously, water and snail samples were taken from watercourses surrounding houses. Snails were identified based on their shell morphology and structure and tested for cercaria shedding. Water samples were analyzed for their physicochemical and biological characteristics. RESULTS A total of 2259 fecal samples (1113 in summer and 1146 in fall) were collected from 861 children. About 46.9% of the participants were males, and 31.8% were aged 6-10 years. The prevalence of S. mansoni infection was higher during the summer than during the fall (19.1% vs 7.2%, respectively, P < 0.01). The intensity of infection (light, moderate, and heavy) during summer versus fall was (93.55 vs 89.38%, 6.45 vs 8.85%, and 0.00% vs 1.77%), respectively (P < 0.05). A higher prevalence of human infection was observed among males than females [OR = 1.63, 95% confidence interval (CI):1.10-2.40, P = 0.015], children aged 11-15 years than among their counterparts aged 6-10 years (OR = 2.96, 95% CI: 1.72-5.06, P < 0.001), and mothers with a low level of education (OR = 3.33, 95% CI: 1.70-6.52, P < 0.001). The main identified risk factors were contacting the main body of water-canal for washing clothes (OR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.12-2.49, P = 0.015), land irrigation (OR = 2.56, 95% CI: 1.32-4.96, P = 0.004), water collection (OR = 2.94, 95% CI: 1.82-4.73, P < 0.001), bathing (OR = 2.34, 95% CI: 1.21-4.31, P = 0.009), and garbage disposal (OR = 2.38, 95% CI:1.38-4.12, P < 0.001). The count of Biomphalaria alexandrina was distinct between seasons (P < 0.01) in consistent with statistically significant differences in water temperature, salinity, turbidity, the total concentration of coliforms, depth, velocity, and water level (P < 0.01). The presence of grasses and duckweeds was significantly associated with snail infection (P = 0.00 l). Significant effects of water depth, pH, temperature, and total dissolved solids on snail count were also observed (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The persistence of the infection is due to adoption of risky behaviors and environmental factors that enhance snail survival and infection. Schistosomiasis elimination in hotspots requires an integrated control approach that combines preventive chemotherapy with other complementary measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy Mohamed Ghazy
- grid.7155.60000 0001 2260 6941Tropical Health Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Walid Ismail Ellakany
- grid.7155.60000 0001 2260 6941Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mai M. Badr
- grid.7155.60000 0001 2260 6941Department of Environmental Health, High Institute of Public Health Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nehad E. M. Taktak
- grid.7155.60000 0001 2260 6941Department of Environmental Health, High Institute of Public Health Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Heba Elhadad
- grid.7155.60000 0001 2260 6941Parasitology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria university, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sarah M. Abdo
- grid.411978.20000 0004 0578 3577Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 35516 Egypt
| | - Ayat Hagag
- grid.411978.20000 0004 0578 3577Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 35516 Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Mostafa Tahoun
- grid.7155.60000 0001 2260 6941Department of Epidemiology, High Institute of Public Health Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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N'Diaye M, Keita BF, Danfakha F, Keita F, Keita G, Senghor CS, Diop B, Diawara L, Bessin F, Vernet C, Barbier D, Dewavrin P, Klotz F. A 12-year follow-up of intestinal schistosomiasis in pre-school-aged children in Assoni Village, Eastern Senegal. Infect Dis Poverty 2021; 10:89. [PMID: 34176498 PMCID: PMC8237420 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-021-00867-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To monitor the prevalence of schistosomiasis in school-aged children (SAC), the National Bilharzia Control Program (PNLB) was set up by the Senegalese authorities; however, geographically isolated Bedik ethnic groups that did not benefit from this program were found to be heavily infected with Schistosoma mansoni. This observation led us to implement a new schistosomiasis control program in 2008 under the aegis of the non-governmental organization “Le Kaïcedrat” and in partnership with the PNLB/WHO to monitor the prevalence of schistosomiasis in this area. In the village of Assoni, where 100% of SAC were infected, analysis of the stools of pre-school-aged children (PSAC) showed that they were massively infected, so we decided to focus our program on them. Methods From 2008 to 2020, we (i) monitored the prevalence of S. mansoni in PSAC in Assoni using double-stool smear preparation, (ii) treated the infected PSAC with a standard dose of praziquantel 40 mg/kg, (iii) ran educational campaigns each year in the village, and (iv) built latrines to improve sanitation and reduce schistosomiasis transmission. Linear regression was used to examine the trend in the annual schistosomiasis prevalence and a two-sided of Chi-squared test was used to compare prevalence between the different age groups of PSAC. Results We observed an extremely high prevalence of schistosomiasis (78%) in PSAC before implementation of the program in 2008. Contamination occurred in very young children, as 64.3% of children under 2 years old were infected. Moreover, prevalence increased with age and reached 96.8% in children 4 to < 6 years old. Our annual interventions in Assoni Village raised awareness among villagers that water bodies were areas of significant infestation, allowed the building of 88 latrines and led to a decrease in prevalence in PSAC as only 11% of these children were infected in 2020. Conclusion Our study allowed Assoni to be the first village in Senegal to treat PSAC since 2014, but only on an individual basis. It also shows that schistosomiasis is difficult to eradicate and that multi-sectorial actions are required to keep its prevalence at a low level. Graphic abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40249-021-00867-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique N'Diaye
- Normandy University, INSERM U1086 ANTICIPE (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancer Prevention and Treatment), BioTICLA Axis (Biology and Innovative Therapeutics for Ovarian Cancers), Caen, France. .,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biodiversity Health, Microbiology, Biotechnology, UNICAEN, Caen, France. .,NGO Le Kaïcedrat, Paris, France.
| | | | | | - Fili Keita
- Health Post, Bandafassi, Kedougou District, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Gérald Keita
- Health Post, Bandafassi, Kedougou District, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Bocar Diop
- Programme National de Lutte Contre Les Bilharzioses (PNLB), Ministry of Health, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Lamine Diawara
- Neglected Tropical Diseases, Inter-Country Support Team for West Africa, World Health Organization, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - François Bessin
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biodiversity Health, Microbiology, Biotechnology, UNICAEN, Caen, France.,NGO Le Kaïcedrat, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Vernet
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biodiversity Health, Microbiology, Biotechnology, UNICAEN, Caen, France.,NGO Le Kaïcedrat, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Barbier
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biodiversity Health, Microbiology, Biotechnology, UNICAEN, Caen, France.,NGO Le Kaïcedrat, Paris, France
| | | | - Francis Klotz
- NGO Le Kaïcedrat, Paris, France.,Military Hospital Val-de-Grâce, Paris, France
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Joof E, Sanyang AM, Camara Y, Sey AP, Baldeh I, Jah SL, Ceesay SJ, Sambou SM, Sanyang S, Wade CM, Sanneh B. Prevalence and risk factors of schistosomiasis among primary school children in four selected regions of The Gambia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009380. [PMID: 33974623 PMCID: PMC8139473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Gambia initiated a control programme for schistosomiasis in 2015. In light of this, recent and comprehensive data on schistosomiasis is required to effectively guide the control programme. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and associated risk factors of schistosomiasis among primary school children in The Gambia. METHODS We utilised data from a previous study conducted in 2015 in 4 regions of The Gambia: North Bank Region (NBR), Lower River Region (LRR), Central River Region (CRR) and Upper River Region (URR). In the parent study, ten schools were selected randomly from each region. Urine and stool samples collected from 25 boys and 25 girls (7-14 years) in each school were examined for urinary schistosomiasis (Schistosoma haematobium infection) and intestinal schistosomiasis (Schistosoma mansoni infection) using urine filtration, dipstick and Kato-Katz methods. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Urinary schistosomiasis had an overall prevalence of 10.2% while intestinal schistosomiasis had a prevalence of 0.3% among the sampled school children. Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis was significantly different among regions (χ 2 = 279.958, df = 3, p < 0.001), with CRR (27.6%) being the most endemic region, followed by URR (12.0%), then LRR (0.6%), and NBR (0.0%). Prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis was also significantly variable among regions, with 4 of the 5 positive cases detected in CRR and 1 case in URR. Every school sampled in CRR had at least one student infected with S. haematobium, 50% of schools in URR had S. haematobium infection, and just one school in LRR had S. haematobium infection. While S. haematobium infection was significantly higher in boys (χ 2 = 4.440, df = 1, p = 0.035), no significant difference in infection rate was observed among age groups (χ 2 = 0.882, df = 2, p = 0.643). Two of the 5 students infected with S. mansoni were boys and 3 were girls. Four of these 5 students were in the 10-12 years age group and 1 was in the 7-9 years age group. Macrohaematuria and microhaematuria were found to be statistically associated with presence of S. haematobium eggs in urine. Being a male was a risk factor of S. haematobium infection. Bathing, playing and swimming in water bodies were found to pose less risk for S. haematobium infection, indicating that the true water contact behaviour of children was possibly underrepresented. CONCLUSION The findings of this study provide invaluable information on the prevalence of schistosomiasis in The Gambia. This was useful for the schistosomiasis control efforts of the country, as it guided mass drug administration campaigns in eligible districts in the study area. More studies on S. mansoni and its intermediate snail hosts are required to establish its true status in The Gambia. As children sometimes tend to provide responses that potentially please the research or their teacher, data collection frameworks and approaches that ensure true responses in studies involving children should be devised and used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrima Joof
- National Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Banjul, The Gambia
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Abdoulie M. Sanyang
- National Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Yaya Camara
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Department, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Alhagie Papa Sey
- National Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Ignatius Baldeh
- National Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Banjul, The Gambia
| | | | | | - Sana M. Sambou
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Department, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Saikou Sanyang
- Faculty of Business and Management, Arden University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M. Wade
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bakary Sanneh
- National Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Banjul, The Gambia
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Cnops L, Huyse T, Maniewski U, Soentjens P, Bottieau E, Van Esbroeck M, Clerinx J. Acute Schistosomiasis With a Schistosoma mattheei × Schistosoma haematobium Hybrid Species in a Cluster of 34 Travelers Infected in South Africa. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 72:1693-1698. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Diagnosis of schistosomiasis remains elusive soon after infection. We evaluated several diagnostic methods in a cluster of travelers with simultaneous freshwater exposure in South Africa.
Methods
Eosinophil count, schistosome antibody tests, stool and urine microscopy, and serum Dra1 PCR assays were performed at weeks 4–5 (early symptomatic phase), 7–8 (praziquantel treatment), and 13–14 (after treatment). Sequencing was done on serum samples from 3 patients to identify the species.
Results
Of the 34 travelers (16 adults and 18 children), 32 developed symptoms 2–6 weeks after exposure. A raised eosinophil count (>750/µL) was seen in 12 of 33 at weeks 4–5, and in 22 of 34 at weeks 7–8. Schistosoma antibodies were detected in 3 of 33 at weeks 4–5 and in 12 of 34 at weeks 7–8 and weeks 13–14. The Dra1 PCR result was positive in 24 of 33 travelers at weeks 4–5, in 31 of 34 at weeks 7–8, in 25 of 34 at weeks 13–14, and at least once in all. Ova were absent in all urine and stool samples obtained. Sequencing identified Schistosoma mattheei nuclear and Schistosoma haematobium mitochondrial DNA, indicative of a hybrid species.
Conclusions
The Dra1 PCR confirmed the diagnosis in all exposed travelers at a much earlier stage than conventional tests. The causative species is probably an S. mattheei × S. haematobium hybrid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieselotte Cnops
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tine Huyse
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Ula Maniewski
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Soentjens
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Bottieau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marjan Van Esbroeck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joannes Clerinx
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Mindu T, Kabuyaya M, Chimbari MJ. Edutainment and infographics for schistosomiasis health education in Ndumo area, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. COGENT MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2020.1794272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Sacolo-Gwebu H, Kabuyaya M, Chimbari M. Knowledge, attitudes and practices on schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths among caregivers in Ingwavuma area in uMkhanyakude district, South Africa. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:734. [PMID: 31438865 PMCID: PMC6704662 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4253-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth infections are among the most chronic infections worldwide. Based on their demonstrable impact on human health, the WHO recently recommended the implementation of robust strategies aimed at controlling or eliminating schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths by 2020. The implementation of this strategy, however, warrants a clear understanding of the community's knowledge, attitudes and practices in relation to these infections. This study sought to identify sociocultural gaps that should be addressed to ensure the success of cost-effective community-based schistosomiasis-soil-transmitted helminths control and elimination programs. METHODS This was a cross-sectional mixed methodology study. Quantitative data were collected using a structured questionnaire from 442 caregivers of preschool aged children. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted among caregivers, preschool teachers, traditional authorities and community caregivers. All interviews were captured using an audio recorder to maximize accuracy. Quantitative data were analysed using bivariate and multivariate techniques while qualitative data were analysed thematically. RESULTS Findings reflected inadequate knowledge, attitudes and practices in relation to schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths while awareness of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths was high (87.1 and 79.2% respectively). Correct knowledge on transmission, prevention, signs and symptoms and life cycle was low (below 50%) for both infections among those who had heard of the disease. From multivariate analysis, being aged at least 35 years increased the odds of reporting good practices on schistosomiasis by 65% (COR 1.652, 95% CI: 1.073-2.543) while receiving health information through community meetings (COR 0.072, 95% CI: 0.010-0.548) significantly reduced the odds of having good knowledge on schistosomiasis. CONCLUSIONS These findings are valuable in designing behavioural change approaches towards enhancing health outcomes through community-based interventions to ensure effective control and elimination of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths. There is a critical need for channelling efforts towards making health education the core of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths programs aimed at achieving intensified control or elimination of these infections by 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hlengiwe Sacolo-Gwebu
- School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Muhubiri Kabuyaya
- School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Moses Chimbari
- School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Angora EK, Boissier J, Menan H, Rey O, Tuo K, Touré AO, Coulibaly JT, Méité A, Raso G, N'Goran EK, Utzinger J, Balmer O. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Schistosomiasis among Schoolchildren in two Settings of Côte d'Ivoire. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:tropicalmed4030110. [PMID: 31340504 PMCID: PMC6789509 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4030110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease affecting more than 250 million people, primarily in sub-Saharan Africa. In Côte d’Ivoire both Schistosoma haematobium (causing urogenital schistosomiasis) and Schistosoma mansoni (causing intestinal schistosomiasis) co-exist. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of S. haematobium and S. mansoni and to identify risk factors among schoolchildren in the western and southern parts of Côte d’Ivoire. From January to April 2018, a cross-sectional study was carried out including 1187 schoolchildren aged 5–14 years. Urine samples were examined by a filtration method to identify and count S. haematobium eggs, while stool samples were subjected to duplicate Kato-Katz thick smears to quantify eggs of S.mansoni and soil-transmitted helminths. Data on sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and environmental factors were obtained using a pretested questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to test for associations between variables. We found a prevalence of S. haematobium of 14.0% (166 of 1187 schoolchildren infected) and a prevalence of S. mansoni of 6.1% (66 of 1089 schoolchildren infected). In the southern part of Côte d’Ivoire, the prevalence of S. haematobium was 16.1% with a particularly high prevalence observed in Sikensi (35.6%), while S. mansoni was most prevalent in Agboville (11.2%). Swimming in open freshwater bodies was the main risk factor for S. haematobium infection (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 127.0, 95% confidence interval (CI): 25.0–634.0, p < 0.001). Fishing and washing clothes in open freshwater bodies were positively associated with S. haematobium and S. mansoni infection, respectively. Preventive chemotherapy using praziquantel should be combined with setting-specific information, education, and communication strategies in order to change children’s behavior, thus avoiding contact with unprotected open freshwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne K Angora
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan BPV 34, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Jérôme Boissier
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Hervé Menan
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan BPV 34, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Olivier Rey
- IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Karim Tuo
- Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan BPV 490, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Andre O Touré
- Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan BPV 490, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jean T Coulibaly
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 770, Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Aboulaye Méité
- Programme National de Lutte contre les Maladies Tropicales Négligées à Chimiothérapie Préventive, 06 BP 6394, Abidjan 06, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Giovanna Raso
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eliézer K N'Goran
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 770, Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Balmer
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
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Sacolo-Gwebu H, Chimbari M, Kalinda C. Prevalence and risk factors of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases among preschool aged children (1-5 years) in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a cross-sectional study. Infect Dis Poverty 2019; 8:47. [PMID: 31202273 PMCID: PMC6571117 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-019-0561-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite efforts to control neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases remain widely prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. Recent data suggest that these infections are prevalent among preschool aged children (PSAC) in poor communities. Evidence of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths (STH) infection patterns and prevalence among PSAC is essential for effective treatment and control programmes. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence, intensity and risk factors of schistosomiasis and STH infection among PSAC in the Ingwavuma area of uMkhanyakude District, South Africa. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1143 PSAC aged 1–5 years in 34 preschools and early childhood development (ECD) centres. Data on risk factors was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. A Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare the differences in infection intensity with age. Pearson Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression were performed to assess the association between PSAC infection status, sociodemographic, household, water and sanitation variables and hygiene practices of PSAC and their caregivers. Results We observed a low prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium (1.0%) and S. mansoni (0.9%). The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides (18.3%) was high compared to Trichuris trichiura (1.2%), hookworms (1.6%) and Taenia (6.4%). The odds of schistosome infection were lowest among PSAC under younger (15–24 years) caregivers (0.1, 95% CI: 0.02–0.54) and those who used tap water (0.3, 95% CI: 0.09–0.78) for domestic purposes. Schistosome infection was however higher among PSAC who bathed in river water (17.4, 95% CI: 5.96–51.04). STH infection on the other hand was lowest among PSAC who did not play in soil (0.1, 95% CI: 0.51–0.28), were from households that used tap water for domestic purposes (0.5, 95% CI: 0.27–0.80) and PSAC under the care of younger (25–35 years) caregivers (0.3, 95% CI: 0.10–0.75). The risk of STH infection was highest among PSAC who did not wash their hands with soap (3.5, 95% CI: 1.04–11.67) and PSAC whose nails were not trimmed (3.6, 95% CI: 1.75–7.26). Conclusions The findings show low prevalence and infection intensity of schistosomiasis and STH infection except A. lumbricoides among PSAC. Factors predicting schistosomiasis and STH infection among PSAC were related to caregivers’ age, educational status, water and hygiene practices. STH infection was exclusively associated with PSAC playing and handwashing habits. These findings highlight the need to include PSAC caregivers in schistosomiasis and STH prevention and control programmes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40249-019-0561-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hlengiwe Sacolo-Gwebu
- School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard Campus, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Moses Chimbari
- School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Chester Kalinda
- School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard Campus, Durban, South Africa.,University of Namibia, Katima Mulilo Campus, Winela Road, Box 1096, Katima Mulilo, Namibia
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