1
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Pajoubpong J, Mayhan CM, Dar AA, Greenwood AI, Klebba KC, Cremer ML, Kumari H. Dynamic macromolecular material design: the versatility of cucurbituril over cyclodextrin in host-guest chemistry. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:4376-4384. [PMID: 39170981 PMCID: PMC11334980 DOI: 10.1039/d4na00324a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
The keto-enol tautomerism of avobenzone (AVO) is pivotal to its photostability, influenced by microenvironmental factors, such as, the type of solvent and complexation with macrocyclic compounds. This study explores the effect of host-guest complexation on AVO photostabilization, employing cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) to form inclusion complexes. CB[7] exhibits a higher affinity to the keto form of AVO, a UVC radiation absorber. The complexed keto form facilitates the regeneration of the enol form, reducing skin permeation. Spectroscopic and thermal analyses confirm 1 : 1 AVO-CB[7] and AVO-β-CD complex formation. Computational and MD simulations show that host-guest complex is favored over isolated AVO and β-CD or CB[7] molecules by 95-125 kJ mol-1, depending on the presence of implicit solvent. Both macrocycles enhance AVO photostabilization in aqueous environments, with CB[7] displaying greater selectivity for the keto form, while β-CD shows ethanol concentration-dependent binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinnipha Pajoubpong
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati 231 Albert Sabin Way Cincinnati OH 45267-0514 USA
| | - Collin M Mayhan
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati 231 Albert Sabin Way Cincinnati OH 45267-0514 USA
- Helias Catholic High School 1305 Swifts Hwy Jefferson City MO 65109 USA
| | - Ajaz Ahmad Dar
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati 231 Albert Sabin Way Cincinnati OH 45267-0514 USA
| | | | - Karoline C Klebba
- Helias Catholic High School 1305 Swifts Hwy Jefferson City MO 65109 USA
| | - Matthew L Cremer
- Helias Catholic High School 1305 Swifts Hwy Jefferson City MO 65109 USA
| | - Harshita Kumari
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati 231 Albert Sabin Way Cincinnati OH 45267-0514 USA
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2
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Gholap AD, Sayyad SF, Hatvate NT, Dhumal VV, Pardeshi SR, Chavda VP, Vora LK. Drug Delivery Strategies for Avobenzone: A Case Study of Photostabilization. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1008. [PMID: 36986867 PMCID: PMC10059943 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15031008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Several developments and research methods are ongoing in drug technology and chemistry research to elicit effectiveness regarding the therapeutic activity of drugs along with photoprotection for their molecular integrity. The detrimental effect of UV light induces damaged cells and DNA, which leads to skin cancer and other phototoxic effects. The application of sunscreen shields to the skin is important, along with recommended UV filters. Avobenzone is widely used as a UVA filter for skin photoprotection in sunscreen formulations. However, keto-enol tautomerism propagates photodegradation into it, which further channelizes the phototoxic and photoirradiation effects, further limiting its use. Several approaches have been used to counter these issues, including encapsulation, antioxidants, photostabilizers, and quenchers. To seek the gold standard approach for photoprotection in photosensitive drugs, combinations of strategies have been implemented to identify effective and safe sunscreen agents. The stringent regulatory guidelines for sunscreen formulations, along with the availability of limited FDA-approved UV filters, have led many researchers to develop perfect photostabilization strategies for available photostable UV filters, such as avobenzone. From this perspective, the objective of the current review is to summarize the recent literature on drug delivery strategies implemented for the photostabilization of avobenzone that could be useful to frame industrially oriented potential strategies on a large scale to circumvent all possible photounstable issues of avobenzone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol D. Gholap
- Department of Pharmaceutics, St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar 401404, Maharashtra, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrutvahini College of Pharmacy, Sangamner 422608, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sadikali F. Sayyad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrutvahini College of Pharmacy, Sangamner 422608, Maharashtra, India
| | - Navnath T. Hatvate
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, Marathwada Campus, Jalna 431213, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vilas V. Dhumal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar 401404, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sagar R. Pardeshi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar 401404, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vivek P. Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, LM College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Lalitkumar K. Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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3
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Wang Y, Tang Z, Guo X, Zhao Y, Ren S, Zhang Z, Lv H. Hyaluronic acid-cyclodextrin encapsulating paeonol for treatment of atopic dermatitis. Int J Pharm 2022; 623:121916. [PMID: 35714817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cyclodextrin (CD) was grafted onto hyaluronic acid (HA) to form a topical delivery carrier (HACD) in which Paeonol was loaded in its CD cavity and self-assemble into the polymeric micelles (HACD-PAE) for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Fluorescence microscope observed that HACD could fast penetrate into the skin and remain stable within 12 h. In vitro penetration test (IVPT) results showed the PAE retentions of HACD-PAE group in the stratum corneum and dermis were 3.35 and 1.78 times improvement than that of PAE group. ATR-FTIR and H&E staining assays indicated HACD could increase the gap of keratinocytes by interacting with corneum lipids and loosening the keratin. Furthermore, HACD-PAE showed the best therapeutic effect on atopic dermatitis mice. Thus HACD could be a promising skin-specific delivery carrier, not only promoting the drug penetrating but increasing its remaining in the skin and play the skin disease therapy and skin-care role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; Bloomage Biotechnology Corporation Limited, China
| | - Zeyan Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xueping Guo
- Bloomage Biotechnology Corporation Limited, China
| | - Yuqi Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Shujing Ren
- Bloomage Biotechnology Corporation Limited, China
| | - Zhenhai Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China.
| | - Huixia Lv
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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4
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Inderbinen SG, Kley M, Zogg M, Sellner M, Fischer A, Kędzierski J, Boudon S, Jetten AM, Smieško M, Odermatt A. Activation of retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γ(t) by parabens and benzophenone UV-filters. Toxicology 2022; 471:153159. [PMID: 35337918 PMCID: PMC11046913 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) regulates immune responses and its impaired function contributes to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and may promote skin cancer. Synthetic inverse RORγt agonists block the production of Th17-associated cytokines including interleukin (IL)-17A and IL-22 and are under investigation for treatment of such pathologies. Unintentional RORγt activation in skin, following exposure to environmental chemicals, may promote inflammatory skin disease. Parabens and UV-filters, frequently used as additives in cosmetics and body care products, are intensively inspected for endocrine disrupting properties. This study assessed whether such compounds can interfere with RORγ activity using a previously established tetracycline-inducible reporter gene assay in CHO cells. These transactivation experiments revealed hexylparaben, benzylparaben and benzophenone-10 as RORγ agonists (EC50 values: 144 ± 97 nM, 3.39 ± 1.74 µM and 1.67 ± 1.04 µM, respectively), and they could restore RORγ activity after suppression by an inverse agonist. Furthermore, they enhanced RORγt-dependent transcription of the pro-inflammatory IL-17A and/or IL-22 genes in the murine T-cell model EL4. Virtual screening of a cosmetics database for structurally similar chemicals and in vitro testing of the most promising hits revealed benzylbenzoate, benzylsalicylate and 4-methylphenylbenzoate as RORγ agonists (low micromolar EC50 values). Moreover, an analysis of mixtures of the newly identified RORγ agonists suggested additive effects. This study presents novel RORγ(t) agonistic structural scaffolds. By activating RORγ(t) the identified parabens and UV-filters may potentially aggravate pathophysiological conditions, especially skin diseases where highest exposure of such chemicals can be expected. Follow-up studies should assess whether such compounds, either alone or as mixtures, can reach relevant concentrations in tissues and target cells to activate RORγ(t) in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia G Inderbinen
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Kley
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Zogg
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Sellner
- Computational Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 61, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - André Fischer
- Computational Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 61, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jacek Kędzierski
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055 Basel, Switzerland; Computational Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 61, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Boudon
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111. T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Martin Smieško
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055 Basel, Switzerland; Computational Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 61, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
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5
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Martins TEA, Pinto CASDO, Oliveira ACD, Lima FV, Velasco MVR, Rodrigues LNC, Baby AR. RP-HPLC simultaneous quantification of rutin, avobenzone, and octyl methoxycinnamate in the presence of hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) and sulfobutyl ether β-cyclodextrin (SBEβCD). BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fabiana Vieira Lima
- University of São Paulo, Brazil; Federal University of Espírito Santo, Brazil
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6
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Caldas AR, Faria MJ, Ribeiro A, Machado R, Gonçalves H, Gomes AC, Soares GM, Lopes CM, Lúcio M. Avobenzone-loaded and omega-3-enriched lipid formulations for production of UV blocking sunscreen gels and textiles. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Yamaguchi K, Ohtsuka R, Kaneko K, Che S, Maeda M, Masaki H, Iwabuchi T. 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone Enhances the Suppression of Superoxide Anion Radicals Generated via UVA-induced Photosensitizing by t-Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane. J Oleo Sci 2020; 69:1117-1124. [PMID: 32879199 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess19335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
4-tert-Butyl-4'-methoxydibenzoylmethane (BMDM) is widely used throughout the world as a highly effective UVA absorber that can prevent the progression of photoaging in skin. However, due to its low photostability, BMDM is also known for the disadvantage of having a reduced capability to absorb UVA during prolonged exposure to sunlight. Although many studies have been carried out to overcome this disadvantage of BMDM, little attention has been paid to how the radicals generated from BMDM during UV exposure influence the skin. Therefore, the purpose of this study was twofold: One goal was to clarify the influence of radicals on human skin using cytotoxicity as a parameter. The second was to propose a solution that could reduce the radical formation while taking photostability into consideration. Using ESR spin trapping and superoxide dismutase (SOD) treatment, the radicals produced by the UV exposure of BMDM were shown to be superoxide anion radicals (•O2-). HaCaT keratinocytes exposed to UVA in the presence of BMDM showed a significant reduction in cell viability, indicating that the radicals produced from BMDM have a harmful influence on the skin. UVA exposure coincidently led to a reduction of UVA absorbance by BMDM. Interestingly, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (Benzophenone-3; BP3) reduced both the radical formation and the cytotoxicity resulting from the UVA-exposure of BMDM, while also restoring its UVA absorbance. In conclusion, the results show that BMDM and BP3 is an effective combination to reduce the influence of UVA-exposed BMDM on the skin and to prevent the loss of UVA absorbance by BMDM during UV exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Risa Ohtsuka
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology
| | - Koyuki Kaneko
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology
| | - Sonmine Che
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology
| | - Masahiro Maeda
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology
| | - Hitoshi Masaki
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology
| | - Tokuro Iwabuchi
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology
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8
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Oh L, Yi S, Zhang D, Shin SH, Bashaw E. In Vitro Skin Permeation Methodology for Over-The-Counter Topical Dermatologic Products. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2019:2168479019875338. [PMID: 31581817 DOI: 10.1177/2168479019875338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
For topically applied over-the-counter (OTC) products, the association of unwanted systemic exposure and adverse events may be difficult to ascertain without a recognition or determination of in vivo absorption. Evaluation of skin permeability using a validated in vitro permeation methodology can provide important information for both initial formulation selection and reformulation during the product life cycle. Additionally, a comparison of permeation rates between formulations using a validated methodology could reduce the number of nonclinical studies needed as part of reformulation. However, many in vitro permeation tests (IVPTs) have produced results with high variability and low reproducibility between study sites. It is unclear if this is due to a lack of a standardized protocol, or lack of control of multiple key experimental factors including skin source, preparation, receptor fluid, and study design. This review presents the authors perspective on the potential regulatory utility of IVPT and proposes steps to improve the accuracy and reproducibility of IVPT. The focus of this review is on topical dermatologic drugs with an initial emphasis on the OTC marketplace where reformulations are more common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Oh
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sojeong Yi
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Da Zhang
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Soo Hyeon Shin
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Edward Bashaw
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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9
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Damiani E, Puglia C. Nanocarriers and Microcarriers for Enhancing the UV Protection of Sunscreens: An Overview. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:3769-3780. [PMID: 31521640 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses a major question of importance to pharmaceutical scientists: how can novel drug delivery systems play a role in maximizing the UV protection of sunscreens? Because more and more people are being diagnosed with skin cancer each year than all other cancers combined, adequate sun protective measures are pivotal. In this context, the present review is to give an up-to-date overview on the different nanocarrier systems that have been explored so far for encapsulating different types of UV filters present on the market. The aim of these carrier systems is to prevent skin penetration and to enhance the photoprotective potential of sunscreen actives. For each supramolecular system, a brief description along with the studies, achievements, and pitfalls, on the type of UV actives inside them, ranging from classical UV filters to new generation of UV actives is given. A brief overview of UV filters encapsulated in microcarriers is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Damiani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of the Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Carmelo Puglia
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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10
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Scalia S, Battaglioli S, Bianchi A. In vivo Human Skin Penetration of the UV Filter Ethylhexyl Triazone: Effect of Lipid Microparticle Encapsulation. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 32:22-31. [DOI: 10.1159/000493761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Rodriguez J, Maibach HI. Percutaneous penetration and pharmacodynamics: Wash-in and wash-off of sunscreen and insect repellent. J DERMATOL TREAT 2015; 27:11-8. [DOI: 10.3109/09546634.2015.1050350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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12
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Klimová Z, Hojerová J, Beránková M. Skin absorption and human exposure estimation of three widely discussed UV filters in sunscreens--In vitro study mimicking real-life consumer habits. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 83:237-50. [PMID: 26151237 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Due to health concerns about safety, three UV-filters (Benzophenone-3, BP3, 10%; Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate, EHMC, 10%; Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane, BMDBM; 5%) were examined in vitro for absorption on full-thickness pig-ear skin, mimicking human in-use conditions. Kinetic profiles confirmed the rapid permeation of BP3; after the first hour of skin (frozen-stored) exposure to 2 mg/cm(2) (W/O sunscreen; recommended but unrealistic amount), about 0.5% of the applied dose passed into the receptor fluid. The absorption rate of filters was higher from W/O than from O/W emulsions. The fresh/frozen-stored skin permeability coefficient (0.83-0.54) for each UV filter was taken into account. Systemic Exposure Dosage of BP3, EHMC, BMDBM for humans as a consequence of (i) whole-body and (ii) face treatment with 0.5 mg/cm(2) of W/O sunscreen for 6-h skin exposure followed by washing and subsequent 18-h permeation (a realistic scenario) were estimated to be (i) 4744, 1032 and 1036 μg/kg-bw/day, and (ii) 153, 33 and 34 μg/kg-bw/day, respectively. From Margin of Safety for BP3, EHMC and BMDBM (i) 42, 485 and 192 as well as (ii) 1307; 15,151 and 5882, respectively, only the value of 42 (<100) for BP3 indicated a possible health risk. Escalation of a phobia towards all organic UV filters is undesirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Klimová
- Laboratories of Cosmetology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - J Hojerová
- Laboratories of Cosmetology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - M Beránková
- Laboratories of Cosmetology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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13
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Monti D, Chetoni P, Burgalassi S, Tampucci S, Centini M, Anselmi C. 4-Methylbenzylidene camphor microspheres: reconstituted epidermis (Skinethic®) permeation and distribution. Int J Cosmet Sci 2015; 37:298-305. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Monti
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Pisa; via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena Italy
| | - P. Chetoni
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Pisa; via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena Italy
| | - S. Burgalassi
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Pisa; via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena Italy
| | - S. Tampucci
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Pisa; via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena Italy
| | - M. Centini
- Department of Biotechnology; Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Siena; via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena Italy
| | - C. Anselmi
- Department of Biotechnology; Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Siena; via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena Italy
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14
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Paleco R, Vučen SR, Crean AM, Moore A, Scalia S. Enhancement of the in vitro penetration of quercetin through pig skin by combined microneedles and lipid microparticles. Int J Pharm 2014; 472:206-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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15
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Centini M, Miraglia G, Quaranta V, Buonocore A, Anselmi C. Improving photoprotection: 4-methylbenzylidene camphor microspheres. Pharm Dev Technol 2014; 20:782-790. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2014.920359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marisanna Centini
- a Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia , University of Siena , Siena , Italy and.,b Centro Interdipartimentale di Scienza e Tecnologia Cosmetiche, University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Giovanna Miraglia
- b Centro Interdipartimentale di Scienza e Tecnologia Cosmetiche, University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Valeria Quaranta
- b Centro Interdipartimentale di Scienza e Tecnologia Cosmetiche, University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Anna Buonocore
- a Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia , University of Siena , Siena , Italy and.,b Centro Interdipartimentale di Scienza e Tecnologia Cosmetiche, University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Cecilia Anselmi
- a Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia , University of Siena , Siena , Italy and.,b Centro Interdipartimentale di Scienza e Tecnologia Cosmetiche, University of Siena , Siena , Italy
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16
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Blasi P, Schoubben A, Giovagnoli S, Rossi C, Ricci M. The real value of novel particulate carriers for sunscreen formulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/edm.11.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Centkowska K, Sznitowska M. Modified-release ointment with nitroglycerin β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex for treatment of anal fissures. J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 65:1463-72. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The aim was to evaluate ointments for local treatment of anal fissures. Nitroglycerin (NTG) was complexed with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) to provide prolonged NTG release, with the intention of decreasing systemic drug absorption and thus reducing side effects.
Methods
Gels, creams and anhydrous water-emulsifying (AWE) ointment with NTG-CD were compared with preparations containing uncomplexed NTG (diluted with crospovidone, NTG-cP). The in-vitro NTG release and ex-vivo skin absorption were studied.
Key findings
The prolonged-release ointment with the NTG-CD complex was formulated using AWE base or w/o cream (20% water); release of NTG from a hydrogel was very fast with both the complexed and uncomplexed forms. From the AWE ointment base, 16.4% or 4.5% of the total NTG dose was released after 6 h when NTG-cP or NTG-CD was incorporated, respectively. With the complexed form, NTG absorption to the skin after a 5-h application was 18.1 or 11.1 μg/g from AWE ointment or cream, respectively; absorption of the uncomplexed NTG was higher: 52.3 or 21.9 μg/g from AWE ointment and cream, respectively.
Conclusions
Complexation with β-CD results in prolonged release of NTG from AWE ointment and w/o cream, which was confirmed by the ex-vivo skin absorption results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Centkowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Sznitowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Spada G, Gavini E, Cossu M, Rassu G, Carta A, Giunchedi P. Evaluation of the effect of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin on topical administration of milk thistle extract. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 92:40-7. [PMID: 23218263 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two water in oil emulsions composed by eudermic ingredients as glycerin, cocoa butter, almond oil and a variety of lipids, were enriched respectively with milk thistle dry extract (MT) or with a binary complex composed by MT and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP) (1:4 w/w) correspondent to 1% (w/w) in sylimarine in order to obtain two different emulsions designed for the skin delivery and determine influence of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin on the extract delivery and permeation. Uv-vis spectrophotometric analyses demonstrated that phytocomplex formation influences the finding of MT after the complexation process and the in vitro antioxidant activity. Further in vitro and ex vivo experiments demonstrated that the penetration capability of MT from formulations is strictly influenced by the phytocomplex able to control MT permeation; moreover phytocomplex increases flavonoids stability during the in vitro tests. Additionally, in vivo studies showed that the penetration into the stratum corneum of the active ingredients is effectively achieved by the phytocomplex formation, in fact about 80% of MT is absorbed by the skin along 1h despite the 30% of MT not complexed absorbed during the same period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianpiera Spada
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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19
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Grice J, Benson H. Analysing the Skin Barrier from Down Under. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 26:254-62. [DOI: 10.1159/000351933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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de Souza de Bustamante Monteiro MS, Ozzetti RA, Vergnanini AL, de Brito-Gitirana L, Volpato NM, de Freitas ZMF, Ricci-Júnior E, dos Santos EP. Evaluation of octyl p-methoxycinnamate included in liposomes and cyclodextrins in anti-solar preparations: preparations, characterizations and in vitro penetration studies. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:3045-58. [PMID: 22787399 PMCID: PMC3391002 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s28550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Awareness of the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation has led to the increasing use of sunscreens, thus, the development of safe and effective antisolar preparations is important. The inclusion of sunscreen molecules in different release systems, like liposomes (lipo) and cyclodextrins (CD) is therefore required. METHODS The in vivo sun protection factor (SPF), water resistance, and in vitro transdermal penetration test of octyl p-methoxycinnamate (OMC) in different dispersions, such as OMC encapsulated in liposomes (lipo/OMC), OMC encapsulated in β-cyclodextrins (β-CD/OMC), OMC encapsulated in both release systems (lipo/OMC and β-CD/OMC), and an OMC-free formulation were determined. RESULTS Although the formulation containing only the lipo/OMC system revealed high value of in vivo SPF (11.0 ± 1.3) and water resistance (SPF = 10.3 ± 2.2), the formulation containing both release systems (lipo/OMC + β-cyclodextrin/OMC) showed the best result in the in vivo SPF test (11.6 ± 1.6). In the penetration test, the formulation containing the lipo/OMC system had better performance, since a high amount of OMC in the epidermis (18.04 ± 1.17 μg) and a low amount of OMC in the dermis (9.4 ± 2.36 μg) were observed. These results suggest that liposomes interact with the cells of the stratum corneum, promoting retention of OMC in this layer. CONCLUSION According to our study, the lipo/OMC system is the most advantageous release system, due to its ability to both increase the amount of OMC in the epidermis and decrease the risk of percutaneous absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lycia de Brito-Gitirana
- Laboratory of Animal and Comparative Histology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro
| | - Nadia Maria Volpato
- Department of Production and Medicine Control, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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21
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Monti D, Tampucci S, Chetoni P, Burgalassi S, Saino V, Centini M, Staltari L, Anselmi C. Permeation and distribution of ferulic acid and its α-cyclodextrin complex from different formulations in hairless rat skin. AAPS PharmSciTech 2011; 12:514-20. [PMID: 21491181 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-011-9609-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferulic acid (FA) is a natural product that occurs in seeds of many plants where it is generally located in the bran. This compound is a multifunctional ingredient endowed with antioxidative, radical scavenging, sunscreening and antibacterial actions. The aim of this study was to analyse the ferulic acid cutaneous permeation and distribution, through and into the skin layers, from different cosmetic vehicles, an O/W emulsion (pH 6.0) and two gel-type formulations at different pH levels (6.0 and 7.4), containing FA alone or an inclusion complex with α-cyclodextrin (CD-FA). In vitro permeation studies were performed in vertical diffusion cells using hairless rat excised skin. At appropriate intervals of time, the amount of permeated sunscreen/radical scavenger was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). At the end of experiments, treated skin samples were sectioned with a cryomicrotome and the FA content of the individual slices was analysed by HPLC. FA-containing formulations, O/W emulsion, gels A and B, originated FA fluxes of 8.48 ± 2.31, 8.38 ± 0.89 and 5.72 ± 0.50 μg/cm(2) h, respectively, thus suggesting the pH influence on FA percutaneous permeation. The use of the inclusion complex, CD-FA, determined in all cases a decrease of FA transdermal permeation while no influence of pH was observed. Gel-type formulations containing FA ensured higher sunscreen storage in the superficial layers if compared with O/W emulsion. When FA was included in α-cyclodextrin, FA amount retained into skin layers decreased markedly.
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22
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Merzlikine A, Abramov YA, Kowsz SJ, Thomas VH, Mano T. Development of machine learning models of β-cyclodextrin and sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin complexation free energies. Int J Pharm 2011; 418:207-16. [PMID: 21497190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new set of 142 experimentally determined complexation constants between sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin and diverse organic guest molecules, and 78 observations reported in literature, were used for the development of the QSPR models by the two machine learning regression methods - Cubist and Random Forest. Similar models were built for β-cyclodextrin using the 233-compound dataset available in the literature. These results demonstrate that the machine learning regression methods can successfully describe the complex formation between organic molecules and β-cyclodextrin or sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin. In particular, the root mean square errors for the test sets predictions by the best models are low, 1.9 and 2.7kJ/mol, respectively. The developed QSPR models can be used to predict the solubilizing effect of cyclodextrins and to help prioritizing experimental work in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Merzlikine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA.
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23
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Scalia S, Mezzena M, Ramaccini D. Encapsulation of the UV Filters Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate and Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane in Lipid Microparticles: Effect on in vivo Human Skin Permeation. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2011; 24:182-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000324054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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24
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Scalia S, Coppi G, Iannuccelli V. Microencapsulation of a cyclodextrin complex of the UV filter, butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane: in vivo skin penetration studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 54:345-50. [PMID: 20934293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipid microparticles loaded with the complex between hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) and the sunscreen agent, butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BMDBM) were evaluated for their effect on the UV filter percutaneous penetration. The microparticles were prepared by the melt emulsification technique using tristearin as lipidic material and hydrogenate phosphatidylcholine as the surfactant. Human skin penetration was investigated in vivo by the tape stripping technique, a minimal invasive procedure based on the progressive removal of the upper cutaneous layers (stratum corneum) with adhesive tape strips. The amount of sunscreen fixed to each strip was determined by HPLC after solvent extraction. The recovery of the UV filter from spiked adhesive tapes was >94.4% and the precision of the method was better than 7.6% relative standard deviation. Non-encapsulated BMDBM, its complex with HP-β-CD, the lipid microparticles loaded with the sunscreen alone or the BMDBM/HP-β-CD complex were introduced into oil-in-water emulsions and applied to human volunteers. Compared to the cream with the non-encapsulated sunscreen agent (percentage of the applied dose penetrated, 9.7%±2.5), the amount of BMDBM diffusing into the stratum corneum was increased by the formulations containing the BMDBM/HP-β-CD complex (17.1%±3.2 of the applied dose) or the microparticles loaded with BMDBM only (15.1%±2.7 of the applied dose). On the contrary, a significant decrease in the level of UV filter penetrated into the stratum corneum was achieved by the cream containing the microencapsulated BMDBM/HP-β-CD complex (percentage of the applied dose penetrated, 6.0%±1.5). The reduced BMDBM percutaneous penetration attained by the latter system should enhance the UV filter efficacy and limit potential toxicological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santo Scalia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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25
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26
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Huong SP, Bun H, Fourneron JD, Reynier JP, Andrieu V. Use of various models forin vitropercutaneous absorption studies of ultraviolet filters. Skin Res Technol 2009; 15:253-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.2009.00368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Abstract
This review is dedicated to different fields of use of cyclodextrins, a family of three cyclic natural oligosaccharides and their derivatives. The first part of the review gives a brief description of the main and the most recent developed applications of cyclodextrins in food, cosmetic industry, environmental protection technologies and agriculture. Different products based on inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins and technologies with different use of cyclodextrins and inclusion complexes are described.
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28
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Coelho GLN, Dornelas CB, Soares KCC, dos Santos EP, Vergnanini AL, dos Santos TC, Rodrigues CR, Castro HC, Dias LRS, Cabral LM. Preparation and Evaluation of Inclusion Complexes of Commercial Sunscreens in Cyclodextrins and Montmorillonites: Performance and Substantivity Studies. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 34:536-46. [DOI: 10.1080/03639040701831769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Antoniou C, Kosmadaki MG, Stratigos AJ, Katsambas AD. Sunscreens - what's important to know. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2007.02580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Frédéric B, Malika LS, Marie H, Eric M, Philippe A, Mohamed S. Percutaneous absorption of metopimazine and effect of cyclodextrins. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 34:478-84. [PMID: 18473229 DOI: 10.1080/03639040701743873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Metopimazine (MPZ) is used to prevent emesis during chemotherapies. A transdermal delivery system of MPZ may present a great advantage in patients to improve compliance. Hydroxypropyl beta cyclodextrin (HPbetaCD) and partially methylated beta cyclodextrin (PMbetaCD) were tested to enhance the percutaneous absorption of MPZ through pig skin using Franz's cells. The MPZ hydrochloride flux was low with 0.176 +/- 0.054 microg/h/cm(2) and no flux was detected with a suspension of MPZ (base). The used characterization analyses demonstrated the formation of an inclusion complex with cyclodextrin and this complex improved percutaneous absorption of MPZ. Flux was increased to 0.240 +/- 0.032 microg/h/cm(2) and 0.566 +/- 0.057 mug/h/cm(2) for HPbetaCD and PMbetaCD, respectively, with a concentration of 20%. This study has shown that HPbetaCD and PMbetaCD improved the percutaneous penetration of MPZ. Cyclodextrin complexes increased MPZ bioavailability at the skin surface and PMbetaCD was also able to extract cutaneous fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bounoure Frédéric
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie, UFR Medecine Pharmacie, IFR (Institute for Biomedical Research), Universite de Rouen, Rouen, Cedex, France
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31
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Zi P, Yang X, Kuang H, Yang Y, Yu L. Effect of HPbetaCD on solubility and transdermal delivery of capsaicin through rat skin. Int J Pharm 2008; 358:151-8. [PMID: 18417302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Revised: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the ability of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPbetaCD) to influence the percutaneous absorption of capsaicin (CP) through isolated rat skin. Phase solubility analysis and phase distribution studies suggested the potential of HPbetaCD as a solubilizer and permeation enhancer for CP. In vitro permeation studies showed the trend that, the penetration flux (J(s)) of CP increased with the increasing concentration of HPbetaCD from 0 to 2.20% (w/v), and then decreased dramatically when the concentration of HPbetaCD kept on increasing up to 15% (w/v). 2.20% (w/v) of HPbetaCD provided both just adequate solubilization and preferred J(s) for the permeation of CP (0.075%, w/v). Similar change patterns of the permeation parameters were also observed in the hydrogels, but the J(s) of CP was reduced significantly along with the increasing concentration of Carbopol U21. Histological analysis showed an invasive action of HPbetaCD on the stratum corneum (SC) of rat skin, which could only reduce the lag time (T(L)) but could not increase the J(s) of CP. On the other hand, the complexation of HPbetaCD with CP could attenuate this invasive action. It is inferred that excess of HPbetaCD could not only disturb the percutaneous absorption of CP but also disrupt the structure of SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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32
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Klinubol P, Asawanonda P, Wanichwecharungruang SP. Transdermal Penetration of UV Filters. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 21:23-9. [PMID: 17912021 DOI: 10.1159/000109085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A penetration study of 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC), 4-methyl benzylidenecamphor (MBC), butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BMBM), 2-ethylhexyl-2,4,5-trimethoxycinnamate (EHTMC) and di(2-ethylhexyl)-2,4,5-trimethoxybenzalmalonate (TMB) through baby mouse skin (Mus musculus Linn.) was carried out using a vertical Franz diffusion cell. At 4.4 mg/cm(2) coverage of UV filter on the skin, 2.98 +/- 0.38, 1.15 +/- 0.14 and 0.80 +/- 0.28% of the applied EHMC, MBC and BMBM were detected in the receptor fluid at 24 h after application. Penetrations of UV filter in an ethanolic solution and lotion forms were comparable. EHTMC and TMB showed insignificant penetration across the baby mouse skins. Baby mouse skins kept at 4, -20 and -80 degrees C gave similar EHMC penetration results. Penetrations of EHMC, BMBM, EHTMC and TMB across human epidermis were carried out upon 5 volunteers using the suction blister technique. The results also confirmed the significant penetrations of EHMC and BMBM and the insignificant penetrations of EHTMC and TMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Klinubol
- Sensor Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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33
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Scalia S, Tursilli R, Iannuccelli V. Complexation of the sunscreen agent, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor with cyclodextrins: effect on photostability and human stratum corneum penetration. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 44:29-34. [PMID: 17291707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between the sunscreen agent, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) and hydrophilic alpha-, beta- and gamma-cyclodextrin derivatives was investigated in water by phase-solubility analysis. Among the studied cyclodextrins, random methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (RM-beta-CD) had the greatest solubilizing activity. The complexation of the sunscreen agent with RM-beta-CD was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffractometry. The light-induced decomposition of 4-MBC in emulsion vehicles was markedly decreased by complexation with RM-beta-CD (the extent of degradation, determined by HPLC, was 7.1% for the complex compared to 21.1% for free 4-MBC). The influence of RM-beta-CD on the human skin penetration of the sunscreen was investigated in vivo using the tape stripping method, a useful procedure for selectively removing the outermost cutaneous layers. Considerable quantities (21.2-25.1% of the applied dose) of 4-MBC permeated in the stratum corneum. However, no significant differences in the amounts of UV filter in the 10 first strips of the horny layer were observed between the formulations containing 4-MBC free or complexed with RM-beta-CD. Therefore, RM-beta-CD complexation did not alter the retention of 4-MBC in the superficial layers of the stratum corneum, where its action is more desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santo Scalia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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34
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Balaguer A, Salvador A, Chisvert A, Meliá M, Herráez M, Díez O. A liquid chromatography–fluorimetric method for the in vitro estimation of the skin penetration of disodium phenyldibenzimidazole tetrasulfonate from sunscreen formulations through human skin. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 385:1225-32. [PMID: 16550422 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Revised: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Disodium phenyldibenzimidazole tetrasulfonate (PDT) is a new organic UV filter with hydrophilic properties used in modern sunscreen spray formulations. The aim of this work was to develop and validate an analytical method that can be used to study skin absorption of PDT from sunscreens. Results obtained in vitro for human skin showed a low level of absorption. The proposed in vitro method employs a diffusion cell. Sunscreen lotion was applied onto pretreated human skin, which was then placed in the cell. PDT was collected in a receptor liquid, the surface of which was in contact with the skin. The solutions obtained were diluted appropriately and analyzed by liquid chromatography without any interference. The analytical features of chromatographic determination with fluorimetic detection were suited to this analytical problem, since this method gave a limit of detection of 1 ng ml(-1). Phenol red (PR) was used as a marker to check the skin integrity, and a sensitive method based on sequential injection on-line solid-phase extraction coupled with spectrophotometric detection was developed for determining this marker in the receptor liquid in order to screen the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Balaguer
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universitat de València, Doctor Moliner St. 50-Burjassot, 46100, València, Spain
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35
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Damiani E, Rosati L, Castagna R, Carloni P, Greci L. Changes in ultraviolet absorbance and hence in protective efficacy against lipid peroxidation of organic sunscreens after UVA irradiation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2006; 82:204-13. [PMID: 16442301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2005.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the spectral distribution of solar UV, the UVA component of sunlight is now believed to be the main cause of photoaging and photocarcinogenesis and is much more effective than UVB in inducing peroxidative damage. Consequently, most skin care cosmetic products now include UVA filters in their formulations along with UVB filters. These modern sunscreens should provide and maintain their initial absorbance, hence protection, throughout the entire period of exposure to sunlight. However, not all UVA and UVB filters are sufficiently photostable. In this study, we examine the correlation between the photochemical degradation of sunscreen agents under UVA irradiation, with particular reference to the UVA-absorber 4-tert-butyl-4'-methoxydibenzoylmethane, alone and in combination with other organic UV filters (2-ethylhexyl 4 methoxycinnamate and 2-ethylhexyl 2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylate) and their ability to prevent UVA-induced lipid peroxidation. Since antioxidants are also added to formulations to deactivate free radicals generated during UVA exposure, vitamin E and the synthetic antioxidant, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-oxyl-piperidine-4-yl)sebacate, a nitroxide derivative, were also included in this study. By using simple in vitro tests, the results show that a decrease in spectral absorbance of the UV filters correlates in most cases with increased UVA-induced lipid peroxidation; this depends on the specific UV absorber analysed and also on whether they are alone or in combination. Furthermore, the combined presence or absence of antioxidants has a profound effect on this oxidative event. In particular, the nitroxide appears to be a more efficient photo-antioxidant than vitamin E. Similar experiments were also performed under natural sunlight and the results obtained did not differ substantially from those performed under UVA. The results presented and discussed in this work may help in understanding the effects of UVA/UVB absorbers and antioxidants upon the level of UV-induced ROS generated under UVA exposure and in natural sunlight which could be relevant for improving the photoprotection and efficacy of skin care cosmetic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Damiani
- Istituto di Biochimica, Via Ranieri, Università Politecnica delle Marche, I-60131 Ancona, Italy.
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36
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Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) filters are the active ingredients in sunscreens. The concentration and combination of UV filters determine the efficacy of sunscreens as measured by sun protection factor. The safety of individual UV filters, and, more generally, sunscreen products, is a matter of a few related components: objective toxicologic evaluation, phototoxicologic potential, and human health consequences of using products that may reduce some but not all of the solar UV. Of 16 UV filters approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, 9 are used in different combinations in the most currently marketed sunscreens. Most of these compounds are considered safe and effective alone or in combination with other UV filters based on extensive toxicologic/phototoxicologic evaluations and market history. The benefits from proper use of sunscreens outweigh real or perceived human health concerns, establishing a favorable benefit-to-risk ratio. Future UV filters will require complete human safety evaluations alone and in combination with select benchmark ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Nash
- Central Product Safety, The Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH 45241, USA.
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37
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Simeoni S, Scalia S, Tursilli R, Benson H. Influence of Cyclodextrin Complexation on the in vitro Human Skin Penetration and Retention of the Sunscreen Agent, Oxybenzone. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-005-9002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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38
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de Freitas ZMF, dos Santos EP, da Rocha JF, Dellamora-Ortiz GM, Gonçalves JCS. A new sunscreen of the cinnamate class: Synthesis and enzymatic hydrolysis evaluation of glyceryl esters of p-methoxycinnamic acid. Eur J Pharm Sci 2005; 25:67-72. [PMID: 15854802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2005.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2004] [Revised: 01/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Glyceryl esters of p-methoxycinnamic acid, 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-p-methoxycinnamoyl-1,2,3-propanetriol and 1,3-dioctanoyl-2-p-methoxycinnamoyl-1,2,3-propanetriol were synthesised in an attempt to increase substantivity and decrease eventual undesirable effects of sunscreens of this class. To assess if the glyceryl esters could present a higher stability towards hydrolysis by lipases in the stratum corneum, hydrolysis rates were determined in vitro using a commercial fungal lipase from Rhizomucor miehei. Results presented herein show that the glyceryl esters have similar lambda(max) and epsilon values to sunscreens of the cinnamate class. The ester 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-p-methoxycinnamoyl-1,2,3-propanetriol presented a 2.8 times lower hydrolysis rate by lipase, in vitro, than the commercial sunscreen 2-ethylhexyl-p-methoxycinnamate (alkyl ester). This finding suggests that this triacylglycerol can possibly have a longer retention time in the skin and consequently promote a more intense and effective antisolar action than the commercial sunscreen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaida Maria Faria de Freitas
- Departamento de Medicamentos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS bloco K, 2 andar, sala 50, Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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