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Saga R, Matsuya Y, Sato H, Hasegawa K, Obara H, Komai F, Yoshino H, Aoki M, Hosokawa Y. Translational study for stereotactic body radiotherapy against non-small cell lung cancer, including oligometastases, considering cancer stem-like cells enable predicting clinical outcome from in vitro data. Radiother Oncol 2023; 181:109444. [PMID: 37011969 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2022.109444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Curative effects of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have been evaluated using various biophysical models. Because such model parameters are empirically determined based on clinical experience, there is a large gap between in vitro and clinical studies. In this study, considering the heterogeneous cell population, we performed a translational study to realize the possible linkage based on a modeling approach. METHODS We modeled cell-killing and tumor control probability (TCP) considering two populations: progeny and cancer stem-like cells. The model parameters were determined from in vitro survival data of A549 and EBC-1 cells. Based on the cellular parameters, we predicted TCP and compared it with the corresponding clinical data from 553 patients collected at Hirosaki University Hospital. RESULTS Using an all-in-one developed model, the so-called integrated microdosimetric-kinetic (IMK) model, we successfully reproduced both in vitro survival after acute irradiation and the 3-year TCP with various fractionation schemes (6-10 Gy per fraction). From the conventional prediction without considering cancer stem cells (CSCs), this study revealed that radioresistant CSCs play a key role in the linkage between in vitro and clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS This modeling study provides a possible generalized biophysical model that enables precise estimation of SBRT worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Saga
- Department of Radiation Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Matsuya
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Research Group for Radiation Transport Analysis, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hikari Sato
- Department of Radiation Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Kazuki Hasegawa
- Department of Radiation Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Hideki Obara
- Division of Radiology, Hirosaki University Hospital, 53 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8563, Japan
| | - Fumio Komai
- Division of Radiology, Hirosaki University Hospital, 53 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8563, Japan
| | - Hironori Yoshino
- Department of Radiation Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Masahiko Aoki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Hosokawa
- Department of Radiation Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
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Vassiliev ON. Accumulation of sublethal radiation damage and its effect on cell survival. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:015004. [PMID: 36533628 PMCID: PMC9855632 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aca5e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Determine the extent of sublethal radiation damage (SRD) in a cell population that received a given dose of radiation and the impact of this damage on cell survival.Approach.We developed a novel formalism to account for accumulation of SRD with increasing dose. It is based on a very general formula for cell survival that correctly predicts the basic properties of cell survival curves, such as the transition from the linear-quadratic to a linear dependence at high doses. Using this formalism we analyzed extensive experimental data for photons, protons and heavy ions to evaluate model parameters, quantify the extent of SRD and its impact on cell survival.Main results.Significant accumulation of SRD begins at doses below 1 Gy. As dose increases, so does the number of damaged cells and the amount of SRD in individual cells. SRD buildup in a cell increases the likelihood of complex irrepairable damage. For this reason, during a dose fraction delivery, each dose increment makes cells more radiosensitive. This gradual radosensitization is evidenced by the increasing slope of survival curves observed experimentally. It continues until the fraction is delivered, unless radiosensitivity reaches its maximum first. The maximum radiosensitivity is achieved when SRD accumulated in most cells is the maximum damage they can repair. After this maximum is reached, the slope of a survival curve, logarithm of survival versus dose, becomes constant, dose independent. The survival curve becomes a straight line, as experimental data at high doses show. These processes are random. They cause large cell-to-cell variability in the extent of damage and radiosensitivity of individual cells.Significance.SRD is in effect a radiosensitizer and its accumulation is a significant factor affecting cell survival, especially at high doses. We developed a novel formalism to study this phenomena and reported pertinent data for several particle types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg N Vassiliev
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
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Cui M, Gao XS, Li X, Ma M, Qi X, Shibamoto Y. Variability of α/β ratios for prostate cancer with the fractionation schedule: caution against using the linear-quadratic model for hypofractionated radiotherapy. Radiat Oncol 2022; 17:54. [PMID: 35303922 PMCID: PMC8932192 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-022-02010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is known to be suitable for hypofractionated radiotherapy due to the very low α/β ratio (about 1.5-3 Gy). However, several randomized controlled trials have not shown the superiority of hypofractionated radiotherapy over conventionally fractionated radiotherapy. Besides, in vivo and in vitro experimental results show that the linear-quadratic (LQ) model may not be appropriate for hypofractionated radiotherapy, and we guess it may be due to the influence of fractionation schedules on the α/β ratio. Therefore, this study attempted to estimate the α/β ratio in different fractionation schedules and evaluate the applicability of the LQ model in hypofractionated radiotherapy. METHODS The maximum likelihood principle in mathematical statistics was used to fit the parameters: α and β values in the tumor control probability (TCP) formula derived from the LQ model. In addition, the fitting results were substituted into the original TCP formula to calculate 5-year biochemical relapse-free survival for further verification. RESULTS Information necessary for fitting could be extracted from a total of 23,281 PCa patients. A total of 16,442 PCa patients were grouped according to fractionation schedules. We found that, for patients who received conventionally fractionated radiotherapy, moderately hypofractionated radiotherapy, and stereotactic body radiotherapy, the average α/β ratios were 1.78 Gy (95% CI 1.59-1.98), 3.46 Gy (95% CI 3.27-3.65), and 4.24 Gy (95% CI 4.10-4.39), respectively. Hence, the calculated α/β ratios for PCa tended to become higher when the dose per fraction increased. Among all PCa patients, 14,641 could be grouped according to the risks of PCa in patients receiving radiotherapy with different fractionation schedules. The results showed that as the risk increased, the k (natural logarithm of an effective target cell number) and α values decreased, indicating that the number of effective target cells decreased and the radioresistance increased. CONCLUSIONS The LQ model appeared to be inappropriate for high doses per fraction owing to α/β ratios tending to become higher when the dose per fraction increased. Therefore, to convert the conventionally fractionated radiation doses to equivalent high doses per fraction using the standard LQ model, a higher α/β ratio should be used for calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Cui
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Radiation Oncology Gastrointestinal and Urinary and Musculoskeletal Cancer, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Shu Gao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwei Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuta Shibamoto
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan.
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Kotecha R, Sahgal A, Rubens M, De Salles A, Fariselli L, Pollock BE, Levivier M, Ma L, Paddick I, Regis J, Sheehan J, Yomo S, Suh JH. Stereotactic radiosurgery for non-functioning pituitary adenomas: meta-analysis and International Stereotactic Radiosurgery Society practice opinion. Neuro Oncol 2020; 22:318-332. [PMID: 31790121 PMCID: PMC7058447 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review reports on outcomes and toxicities following stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFAs) and presents consensus opinions regarding appropriate patient management. METHODS Using the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, a systematic review was performed from articles of ≥10 patients with NFAs published prior to May 2018 from the Medline database using the key words "radiosurgery" and "pituitary" and/or "adenoma." Weighted random effects models were used to calculate pooled outcome estimates. RESULTS Of the 678 abstracts reviewed, 35 full-text articles were included describing the outcomes of 2671 patients treated between 1971 and 2017 with either single fraction SRS or hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (HSRT). All studies were retrospective (level IV evidence). SRS was used in 27 studies (median dose: 15 Gy, range: 5-35 Gy) and HSRT in 8 studies (median total dose: 21 Gy, range: 12-25 Gy, delivered in 3-5 fractions). The 5-year random effects local control estimate after SRS was 94% (95% CI: 93.0-96.0%) and 97.0% (95% CI: 93.0-98.0%) after HSRT. The 10-year local control random effects estimate after SRS was 83.0% (95% CI: 77.0-88.0%). Post-SRS hypopituitarism was the most common treatment-related toxicity observed, with a random effects estimate of 21.0% (95% CI: 15.0-27.0%), whereas visual dysfunction or other cranial nerve injuries were uncommon (range: 0-7%). CONCLUSIONS SRS is an effective and safe treatment for patients with NFAs. Encouraging short-term data support HSRT for select patients, and mature outcomes are needed before definitive recommendations can be made. Clinical practice opinions were developed on behalf of the International Stereotactic Radiosurgery Society (ISRS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Kotecha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Arjun Sahgal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Muni Rubens
- Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Antonio De Salles
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Laura Fariselli
- Radiotherapy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Bruce E Pollock
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Marc Levivier
- Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife Center, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lijun Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ian Paddick
- Medical Physics Ltd, Reading, Cromwell Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jean Regis
- Functional and Stereotaxic Neurosurgery Department, Clinical Neuroscience Federation, Timone Hospital, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Jason Sheehan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Shoji Yomo
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Aizawa Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aizawa Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - John H Suh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Kida Y, Mori Y. Stereotactic Radiotherapy with Fractionation for the Lesions in and Around the Brainstem and Optic Nerve. Cureus 2019; 11:e6087. [PMID: 31723481 PMCID: PMC6837262 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.6087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Among the components of the central nervous system, the optic nerve and the brainstem are considered to be the eloquent structures that are sensitive to stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT). SRS or SRT with fractionation in areas adjacent to these tissues is both promising and challenging. Materials and methods To clarify the precise dose distribution achievable with fractionation in and around the optic nerve and brainstem, theoretical simulations were performed, based on the biological effective dose (BED). Results These simulations clearly showed that the doses to the optic nerve and brainstem can be adjusted using fractionation, meaning that the prescribed doses to the surrounding brain tissue can be reduced. Conversely doses to the lesions themselves can be increased by fractionation, while maintaining a stable dose to normal optic nerve and brainstem tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoshimasa Mori
- Radiation Oncology and Neurosurgery, Center for Advanced Image-guided Radiation Therapy, Shin-Yurigaoka General Hospital, Kawasaki, JPN
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Serizawa T, Higuchi Y, Yamamoto M, Matsunaga S, Nagano O, Sato Y, Aoyagi K, Yomo S, Koiso T, Hasegawa T, Nakazaki K, Moriki A, Kondoh T, Nagatomo Y, Okamoto H, Kohda Y, Kawai H, Shidoh S, Shibazaki T, Onoue S, Kenai H, Inoue A, Mori H. Comparison of treatment results between 3- and 2-stage Gamma Knife radiosurgery for large brain metastases: a retrospective multi-institutional study. J Neurosurg 2019; 131:227-237. [PMID: 30192195 DOI: 10.3171/2018.4.jns172596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In order to obtain better local tumor control for large (i.e., > 3 cm in diameter or > 10 cm3 in volume) brain metastases (BMs), 3-stage and 2-stage Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) procedures, rather than a palliative dose of stereotactic radiosurgery, have been proposed. Here, authors conducted a retrospective multi-institutional study to compare treatment results between 3-stage and 2-stage GKS for large BMs. METHODS This retrospective multi-institutional study involved 335 patients from 19 Gamma Knife facilities in Japan. Major inclusion criteria were 1) newly diagnosed BMs, 2) largest tumor volume of 10.0-33.5 cm3, 3) cumulative intracranial tumor volume ≤ 50 cm3, 4) no leptomeningeal dissemination, 5) no more than 10 tumors, and 6) Karnofsky Performance Status 70% or better. Prescription doses were restricted to between 9.0 and 11.0 Gy in 3-stage GKS and between 11.8 and 14.2 Gy in 2-stage GKS. The total treatment interval had to be within 6 weeks, with at least 12 days between procedures. There were 114 cases in the 3-stage group and 221 in the 2-stage group. Because of the disproportion in patient numbers and the pre-GKS clinical factors between these two GKS groups, a case-matched study was performed using the propensity score matching method. Ultimately, 212 patients (106 from each group) were selected for the case-matched study. Overall survival, tumor progression, neurological death, and radiation-related adverse events were analyzed. RESULTS In the case-matched cohort, post-GKS median survival time tended to be longer in the 3-stage group (15.9 months) than in the 2-stage group (11.7 months), but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.65). The cumulative incidences of tumor progression (21.6% vs 16.7% at 1 year, p = 0.31), neurological death (5.1% vs 6.0% at 1 year, p = 0.58), or serious radiation-related adverse events (3.0% vs 4.0% at 1 year, p = 0.49) did not differ significantly. CONCLUSIONS This retrospective multi-institutional study showed no differences between 3-stage and 2-stage GKS in terms of overall survival, tumor progression, neurological death, and radiation-related adverse events. Both 3-stage and 2-stage GKS performed according to the aforementioned protocols are good treatment options in selected patients with large BMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Serizawa
- 1Tokyo Gamma Unit Center, Tsukiji Neurological Clinic, Tokyo
| | | | | | - Shigeo Matsunaga
- 4Stereotactic Radiotherapy Center, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Yokohama
| | - Osamu Nagano
- 5Gamma Knife House, Chiba Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Ichihara
| | - Yasunori Sato
- 6Global Clinical Research, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba
| | - Kyoko Aoyagi
- 5Gamma Knife House, Chiba Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Ichihara
| | - Shoji Yomo
- 7Division of Radiation Oncology, Aizawa Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aizawa Hospital, Matsumoto
| | - Takao Koiso
- 3Katsuta Hospital Mito GammaHouse, Hitachi-naka
| | | | - Kiyoshi Nakazaki
- 9Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Attack Center, Ota Memorial Hospital, Fukuyama
| | | | - Takeshi Kondoh
- 11Department of Neurosurgery, Shinsuma General Hospital, Kobe
| | | | - Hisayo Okamoto
- 13Department of Neurosurgery, Takashima Hospital, Yonago
| | - Yukihiko Kohda
- 14Department of Neurosurgery, Asanogawa General Hospital, Kanazawa
| | - Hideya Kawai
- 15Department of Surgical Neurology, Research Institute for Brain and Blood Vessels, Akita
| | - Satoka Shidoh
- 16Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain and Blood Vessels, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Isesaki
| | | | - Shinji Onoue
- 18Department of Neurosurgery, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Matsuyama
| | - Hiroyuki Kenai
- 19Department of Neurosurgery, Nagatomi Neurosurgical Hospital, Oita
| | - Akira Inoue
- 20Department of Neurosurgery, Yamagata Prefectural Central Hospital, Yamagata; and
| | - Hisae Mori
- 21Department of Neurosurgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
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Iwata H, Ishikawa H, Takagi M, Okimoto T, Murayama S, Akimoto T, Wada H, Arimura T, Sato Y, Araya M, Mizoe J, Gosho M, Nakamura K, Shirato H, Sakurai H. Long-term outcomes of proton therapy for prostate cancer in Japan: a multi-institutional survey of the Japanese Radiation Oncology Study Group. Cancer Med 2018; 7:677-689. [PMID: 29441697 PMCID: PMC5852348 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This is the first multi‐institutional retrospective survey of the long‐term outcomes of proton therapy (PT) for prostate cancer in Japan. This retrospective analysis comprised prostate cancer patients treated with PT at seven centers between January 2008 and December 2011 and was approved by each Institutional Review Board. The NCCN classification was used. Biochemical relapse was based on the Phoenix definition (nadir + 2.0 ng/mL). Toxicities were evaluated with the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. There were 215, 520, and 556 patients in the low‐risk, intermediate‐risk, and high‐risk groups, respectively. The median follow‐up period of surviving patients was 69 months (range: 7–107). Among all patients, 98.8% were treated using a conventional fractionation schedule and 1.2% with a hypofractionation schedule; 58.5% and 21.5% received neoadjuvant and adjuvant androgen deprivation therapy, respectively. The 5‐year biochemical relapse‐free survival (bRFS) and overall survival rates in the low‐risk, intermediate‐risk, and high‐risk groups were 97.0%, 91.1%, and 83.1%, and 98.4%, 96.8%, and 95.2%, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, the NCCN classification was a significant prognostic factor for bRFS, but not overall survival. The incidence rates of grade 2 or more severe late gastrointestinal and genitourinary toxicities were 4.1% and 4.0%, retrospectively. This retrospective analysis of a multi‐institutional survey suggested that PT is effective and well‐tolerated for prostate cancer. Based on this result, a multi‐institutional prospective clinical trial (UMIN000025453) on PT for prostate cancer has just been initiated in order to define its role in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Iwata
- Department of Radiation OncologyNagoya Proton Therapy CenterNagoya City West Medical CenterNagoyaJapan
- Department of RadiologyNagoya City University Graduate School of Medical SciencesNagoyaJapan
| | - Hitoshi Ishikawa
- Department of Radiation OncologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Masaru Takagi
- Department of Radiation OncologySapporo Teishinkai HospitalSapporoJapan
- Department of RadiologyHyogo Ion Beam Medical CenterTatsunoJapan
| | - Tomoaki Okimoto
- Department of RadiologyHyogo Ion Beam Medical CenterTatsunoJapan
| | - Sigeyuki Murayama
- Proton Therapy DivisionShizuoka Cancer Center HospitalNagaizumiJapan
| | - Tetsuo Akimoto
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle TherapyNational Cancer Center Hospital EastKashiwaJapan
| | - Hitoshi Wada
- Department of Radiation OncologySouthern TOHOKU Proton Therapy CenterKoriyamaJapan
| | | | - Yoshitaka Sato
- Proton Therapy CenterFukui Prefectural HospitalFukuiJapan
| | | | - Jun‐etsu Mizoe
- Department of Radiation OncologyNagoya Proton Therapy CenterNagoya City West Medical CenterNagoyaJapan
| | - Masahiko Gosho
- Department of Clinical Trial and Clinical EpidemiologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Katsumasa Nakamura
- Department of Radiation OncologyHamamatsu University School of MedicineHamamatsuJapan
| | - Hiroki Shirato
- Department of Radiation MedicineHokkaido University Graduate School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Hideyuki Sakurai
- Department of Radiation OncologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
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Vassiliev ON, Grosshans DR, Mohan R. A new formalism for modelling parameters α and β of the linear-quadratic model of cell survival for hadron therapy. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:8041-8059. [PMID: 28832343 PMCID: PMC5737022 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa8804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We propose a new formalism for calculating parameters α and β of the linear-quadratic model of cell survival. This formalism, primarily intended for calculating relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for treatment planning in hadron therapy, is based on a recently proposed microdosimetric revision of the single-target multi-hit model. The main advantage of our formalism is that it reliably produces α and β that have correct general properties with respect to their dependence on physical properties of the beam, including the asymptotic behavior for very low and high linear energy transfer (LET) beams. For example, in the case of monoenergetic beams, our formalism predicts that, as a function of LET, (a) α has a maximum and (b) the α/β ratio increases monotonically with increasing LET. No prior models reviewed in this study predict both properties (a) and (b) correctly, and therefore, these prior models are valid only within a limited LET range. We first present our formalism in a general form, for polyenergetic beams. A significant new result in this general case is that parameter β is represented as an average over the joint distribution of energies E 1 and E 2 of two particles in the beam. This result is consistent with the role of the quadratic term in the linear-quadratic model. It accounts for the two-track mechanism of cell kill, in which two particles, one after another, damage the same site in the cell nucleus. We then present simplified versions of the formalism, and discuss predicted properties of α and β. Finally, to demonstrate consistency of our formalism with experimental data, we apply it to fit two sets of experimental data: (1) α for heavy ions, covering a broad range of LETs, and (2) β for protons. In both cases, good agreement is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg N Vassiliev
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
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9
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Collis J, Hill MR, Nicol JR, Paine PJ, Coulter JA. A hierarchical Bayesian approach to calibrating the linear-quadratic model from clonogenic survival assay data. Radiother Oncol 2017; 124:541-546. [PMID: 28870637 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We propose a Bayesian hierarchical model applicable to the calibration of the linear-quadratic model of radiation dose-response. Experimental data used in model calibration were taken from a clonogenic survival assay conducted on human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) across a range of radiation doses (0-6Gy). Employing Markov-chain Monte Carlo methods, we calibrated the proposed Bayesian hierarchical model, computed posterior distributions for the model parameters and survival fraction dose-response probability densities. Key contributions include the proposal of a model that incorporates multiple sources of inter- and intra-experiment variability commonly neglected in the standard frequentist approach and its subsequent application to in vitro experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Collis
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Michael R Hill
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - James R Nicol
- School of Pharmacy, McClay Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - Philip J Paine
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Jonathan A Coulter
- School of Pharmacy, McClay Research Centre, Queen's University Belfast, UK.
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Shibamoto Y, Miyakawa A, Otsuka S, Iwata H. Radiobiology of hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy: what are the optimal fractionation schedules? JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2016; 57 Suppl 1:i76-i82. [PMID: 27006380 PMCID: PMC4990108 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrw015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT), high doses per fraction are usually used and the dose delivery pattern is different from that of conventional radiation. The daily dose is usually given intermittently over a longer time compared with conventional radiotherapy. During prolonged radiation delivery, sublethal damage repair takes place, leading to the decreased effect of radiation. In in vivo tumors, however, this decrease in effect may be counterbalanced by rapid reoxygenation. Another issue related to hypofractionated SRT is the mathematical model for dose evaluation and conversion. The linear-quadratic (LQ) model and biologically effective dose (BED) have been suggested to be incorrect when used for hypofractionation. The LQ model overestimates the effect of high fractional doses of radiation. BED is particularly incorrect when used for tumor responses in vivo, since it does not take reoxygenation into account. Correction of the errors, estimated at 5-20%, associated with the use of BED is necessary when it is used for SRT. High fractional doses have been reported to exhibit effects against tumor vasculature and enhance host immunity, leading to increased antitumor effects. This may be an interesting topic that should be further investigated. Radioresistance of hypoxic tumor cells is more problematic in hypofractionated SRT, so trials of hypoxia-targeted agents are encouraged in the future. In this review, the radiobiological characteristics of hypofractionated SRT are summarized, and based on the considerations, we would like to recommend 60 Gy in eight fractions delivered three times a week for lung tumors larger than 2 cm in diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Shibamoto
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Akifumi Miyakawa
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Shinya Otsuka
- Department of Radiology, Okazaki City Hospital, Okazaki 444-8553, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Iwata
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya 462-8505, Japan
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11
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Iwata H, Ogino H, Hashimoto S, Yamada M, Shibata H, Yasui K, Toshito T, Omachi C, Tatekawa K, Manabe Y, Mizoe JE, Shibamoto Y. Spot Scanning and Passive Scattering Proton Therapy: Relative Biological Effectiveness and Oxygen Enhancement Ratio in Cultured Cells. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2016; 95:95-102. [PMID: 27084632 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the relative biological effectiveness (RBE), oxygen enhancement ratio (OER), and contribution of the indirect effect of spot scanning proton beams, passive scattering proton beams, or both in cultured cells in comparison with clinically used photons. METHODS AND MATERIALS The RBE of passive scattering proton beams at the center of the spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) was determined from dose-survival curves in 4 cell lines using 6-MV X rays as controls. Survival of 2 cell lines after spot scanning and passive scattering proton irradiation was then compared. Biological effects at the distal end region of the SOBP were also investigated. The OER of passive scattering proton beams and 6 MX X rays were investigated in 2 cell lines. The RBE and OER values were estimated at a 10% cell survival level. The maximum degree of protection of radiation effects by dimethyl sulfoxide was determined to estimate the contribution of the indirect effect against DNA damage. All experiments comparing protons and X rays were made under the same biological conditions. RESULTS The RBE values of passive scattering proton beams in the 4 cell lines examined were 1.01 to 1.22 (average, 1.14) and were almost identical to those of spot scanning beams. Biological effects increased at the distal end of the SOBP. In the 2 cell lines examined, the OER was 2.74 (95% confidence interval, 2.56-2.80) and 3.08 (2.84-3.11), respectively, for X rays, and 2.39 (2.38-2.43) and 2.72 (2.69-2.75), respectively, for protons (P<.05 for both cells between X rays and protons). The maximum degree of protection was significantly higher for X rays than for proton beams (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS The RBE values of spot scanning and passive scattering proton beams were almost identical. The OER was lower for protons than for X rays. The lower contribution of the indirect effect may partly account for the lower OER of protons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Iwata
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Ogino
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shingo Hashimoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Maho Yamada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shibata
- Department of Proton Therapy Technology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yasui
- Department of Proton Therapy Technology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Toshito
- Department of Proton Therapy Physics, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chihiro Omachi
- Department of Proton Therapy Physics, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kotoha Tatekawa
- Department of Radiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Manabe
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jun-Etsu Mizoe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuta Shibamoto
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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12
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Akudugu J, Serafin A. Estimation of transition doses for human glioblastoma, neuroblastoma and prostate cell lines using the linear-quadratic formalism. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER THERAPY AND ONCOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.14319/ijcto.33.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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13
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Belkić D, Belkić K. Mechanistic Radiobiological Models for Repair of Cellular Radiation Damage. ADVANCES IN QUANTUM CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aiq.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Radiation oncology in vitro: trends to improve radiotherapy through molecular targets. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:461687. [PMID: 25302298 PMCID: PMC4180203 DOI: 10.1155/2014/461687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Much has been investigated to improve the beneficial effects of radiotherapy especially in that case where radioresistant behavior is observed. Beyond simple identification of resistant phenotype the discovery and development of specific molecular targets have demonstrated therapeutic potential in cancer treatment including radiotherapy. Alterations on transduction signaling pathway related with MAPK cascade are the main axis in cancer cellular proliferation even as cell migration and invasiveness in irradiated tumor cell lines; then, for that reason, more studies are in course focusing on, among others, DNA damage enhancement, apoptosis stimulation, and growth factors receptor blockages, showing promising in vitro results highlighting molecular targets associated with ionizing radiation as a new radiotherapy strategy to improve clinical outcome. In this review we discuss some of the main molecular targets related with tumor cell proliferation and migration as well as their potential contributions to radiation oncology improvements.
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15
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Nagai A, Shibamoto Y, Yoshida M, Inoda K, Kikuchi Y. Safety and efficacy of intensity-modulated stereotactic body radiotherapy using helical tomotherapy for lung cancer and lung metastasis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:473173. [PMID: 24995299 PMCID: PMC4065754 DOI: 10.1155/2014/473173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) proved to be an effective treatment with acceptable toxicity for lung tumors. However, the use of helical intensity-modulated (IM) SBRT is controversial. We investigated the outcome of lung tumor patients treated by IMSBRT using helical tomotherapy with a Japanese standard fractionation schedule of 48 Gy in 4 fractions (n = 37) or modified protocols of 50-60 Gy in 5-8 fractions (n = 35). Median patient's age was 76 years and median follow-up period for living patients was 20 months (range, 6-46). The median PTV was 6.9 cc in the 4-fraction group and 14 cc in the 5- to 8-fraction group (P = 0.001). Grade 2 radiation pneumonitis was seen in 2 of 37 patients in the 4-fraction group and in 2 of 35 patients in the 5- to 8-fraction group (log-rank P = 0.92). Other major complications were not observed. The LC rates at 2 years were 87% in the 4-fraction group and 83% in the 5- to 8-fraction group. Helical IMSBRT for lung tumors is safe and effective. Patients with a high risk of developing severe complications may also be safely treated using 5-8 fractions. The results of the current study warrant further studies of helical IMSBRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Nagai
- Radiation Therapy Center, Fukui Saiseikai Hospital, 7-1 Funabashi, Wadanaka-cho, Fukui 918-8503, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yuta Shibamoto
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Masanori Yoshida
- Radiation Therapy Center, Fukui Saiseikai Hospital, 7-1 Funabashi, Wadanaka-cho, Fukui 918-8503, Japan
| | - Koji Inoda
- Department of Radiological Technology, Fukui Saiseikai Hospital, 7-1 Funabashi, Wadanaka-cho, Fukui 918-8503, Japan
| | - Yuzo Kikuchi
- Radiation Therapy Center, Fukui Saiseikai Hospital, 7-1 Funabashi, Wadanaka-cho, Fukui 918-8503, Japan
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Miyakawa A, Shibamoto Y, Otsuka S, Iwata H. Applicability of the linear-quadratic model to single and fractionated radiotherapy schedules: an experimental study. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2014; 55:451-4. [PMID: 24351457 PMCID: PMC4014161 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrt138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the applicability of the linear-quadratic (LQ) model to single and fractionated irradiation in EMT6 cells. First, the α/β ratio of the cells was determined from single-dose experiments, and a biologically effective dose (BED) for 20 Gy in 10 fractions (fr) was calculated. Fractional doses yielding the same BED were calculated for 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 7-, 15- and 20-fraction irradiation using LQ formalism, and then irradiation with these schedules was actually given. Cell survival was determined by a standard colony assay. Differences in cell survival between pairs of groups were compared by t-test. The α/β ratio of the cells was 3.18 Gy, and 20 Gy in 10 fr corresponded to a BED3.18 of 32.6 Gy. The effects of 7-, 15- and 20-fraction irradiation with a BED3.18 of 32.6 Gy were similar to those of the 10-fraction irradiation, while the effects of 1- to 5-fraction irradiation were lower. In this cell line, the LQ model was considered applicable to 7- to 20-fraction irradiation or doses per fraction of 2.57 Gy or smaller. The LQ model might be applicable in the dose range below the α/β ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Miyakawa
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
- Corresponding author. Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan. Tel: +81-52-853-8276; Fax: +81-52-852-5244;
| | - Yuta Shibamoto
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Shinya Otsuka
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Iwata
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1 Hirate-cho, Kita-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 462-8508, Japan
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Nagai A, Shibamoto Y, Yoshida M, Wakamatsu K, Kikuchi Y. Treatment of single or multiple brain metastases by hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy using helical tomotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:6910-24. [PMID: 24758932 PMCID: PMC4013669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15046910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the clinical outcomes of a 4-fraction stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) study using helical tomotherapy for brain metastases. Between August 2009 and June 2013, 54 patients with a total of 128 brain metastases underwent SRT using tomotherapy. A total dose of 28 or 28.8 Gy at 80% isodose was administered in 4 fractions for all tumors. The mean gross tumor volume (GTV) was 1.9 cc. Local control (LC) rates at 6, 12, and 18 months were 96%, 91%, and 88%, respectively. The 12-month LC rates for tumors with GTV ≤0.25, >0.25 and ≤1, and >1 cc were 98%, 82%, and 93%, respectively; the rates were 92% for tumors >3 cc and 100% for >10 cc. The 6-month rates for freedom from distant brain failure were 57%, 71%, and 55% for patients with 1, 2, and >3 brain metastases, respectively. No differences were significant. No major complications were observed. The 4-fraction SRT protocol provided excellent tumor control with minimal toxicity. Distant brain failure was not so frequent, even in patients with multiple tumors. The results of the current study warrant a prospective randomized study comparing single-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) with SRT in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Nagai
- Radiation Therapy Center, Fukui Saiseikai Hospital, 7-1, Funabashi, Wadanaka-cho, Fukui 918-8503, Japan.
| | - Yuta Shibamoto
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan.
| | - Masanori Yoshida
- Radiation Therapy Center, Fukui Saiseikai Hospital, 7-1, Funabashi, Wadanaka-cho, Fukui 918-8503, Japan.
| | - Koichi Wakamatsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukui Saiseikai Hospital, 7-1, Funabashi, Wadanaka-cho, Fukui 918-8503, Japan.
| | - Yuzo Kikuchi
- Radiation Therapy Center, Fukui Saiseikai Hospital, 7-1, Funabashi, Wadanaka-cho, Fukui 918-8503, Japan.
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18
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Radiobiology of radiosurgery for the central nervous system. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:362761. [PMID: 24490157 PMCID: PMC3891621 DOI: 10.1155/2013/362761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
According to Leksell radiosurgery is defined as "the delivery of a single, high dose of irradiation to a small and critically located intracranial volume through the intact skull." Before its birth in the early 60s and its introduction in clinical therapeutic protocols in late the 80s dose application in radiation therapy of the brain for benign and malignant lesions was based on the administration of cumulative dose into a variable number of fractions. The rationale of dose fractionation is to lessen the risk of injury of normal tissue surrounding the target volume. Radiobiological studies of cell culture lines of malignant tumors and clinical experience with patients treated with conventional fractionated radiotherapy helped establishing this radiobiological principle. Radiosurgery provides a single high dose of radiation which translates into a specific toxic radiobiological response. Radiobiological investigations to study the effect of high dose focused radiation on the central nervous system began in late the 50s. It is well known currently that radiobiological principles applied for dose fractionation are not reproducible when single high dose of ionizing radiation is delivered. A review of the literature about radiobiology of radiosurgery for the central nervous system is presented.
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What would be the most appropriate α/β ratio in the setting of stereotactic body radiation therapy for early stage non-small cell lung cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:391021. [PMID: 24350266 PMCID: PMC3853037 DOI: 10.1155/2013/391021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesize that the correlation between the radiation dose expressed as the biologically effective dose (BED) and the clinical endpoints will correlate better as the value of the α/β ratio is increased to >10 Gy, which theoretically minimizes the overestimation of the dose potency associated with the linear quadratic (LQ) formula in the setting of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A search was conducted in the PubMed electronic databases in August 2011. In the studies analyzed, increasing the α/β ratio is associated with an increase in the strength of the correlation between isocenter BED and local control, especially in the studies with median followup of ≥24 months, for which Spearman's correlation coefficients of 0.74-0.76 were achieved for α/β of 20 Gy, 30 Gy, and 50 Gy (P = 0.007-0.008). A trend toward statistical significance was observed for the correlation of isocenter BED and the 2-year overall survival when an α/β of 20 Gy was used approached statistical significance (P = 0.073). Our results suggest that an α/β > 10 Gy may be more appropriate for the prediction of dose response in the setting of lung SBRT.
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20
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Fujii O, Demizu Y, Hashimoto N, Araya M, Takagi M, Terashima K, Mima M, Iwata H, Niwa Y, Jin D, Daimon T, Sasaki R, Hishikawa Y, Abe M, Murakami M, Fuwa N. A retrospective comparison of proton therapy and carbon ion therapy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Radiother Oncol 2013; 109:32-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2013.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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21
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Guckenberger M, Klement RJ, Allgäuer M, Appold S, Dieckmann K, Ernst I, Ganswindt U, Holy R, Nestle U, Nevinny-Stickel M, Semrau S, Sterzing F, Wittig A, Andratschke N, Flentje M. Applicability of the linear-quadratic formalism for modeling local tumor control probability in high dose per fraction stereotactic body radiotherapy for early stage non-small cell lung cancer. Radiother Oncol 2013; 109:13-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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22
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Liao HI, Wang CC, Wei KC, Chang CN, Hsu YH, Lee ST, Huang YC, Chen HC, Hsu PW. Fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery using the Novalis system for the management of pituitary adenomas close to the optic apparatus. J Clin Neurosci 2013; 21:111-5. [PMID: 24084193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Radiosurgery has been proven to be an effective treatment for residual or recurrent pituitary adenomas after surgery. However, it causes severe complications when the optic apparatus is irradiated over the tolerance dose. In this study, we analyzed the feasibility of fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery to treat pituitary tumors close to the optic apparatus. Thirty-four patients from June 2006 to June 2011 with recurrent or residual pituitary adenomas close to (<3 mm) the optic apparatus were treated with fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery. Three fractions with a total dose of 2100 cGy were applied to the tumors. Imaging, examination of vision, and estimation of hormone level were regularly performed before and after radiosurgery. The mean tumor volume before fractioned stereotactic radiosurgery was 5.06±3.08 cm3 (range: 0.82-12.69 cm3). After a mean follow up of 36.8±15.7 months (range: 16-72 months), tumor size was reduced in seven (20.6%) patients and remained the same in the other 27 (79.4%) patients. Vision was improved in one patient and remained stable in the rest. Only one patient developed transient post-treatment diplopia. This study suggests that fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery is safe for treating pituitary adenomas close to the optic apparatus. Studies with more patients and longer follow-up are required to draw definite conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang-I Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fu-Hsing Street, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Cheng Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fu-Hsing Street, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Nen Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fu-Hsing Street, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsin Hsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fu-Hsing Street, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Tseng Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fu-Hsing Street, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Cheng Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fu-Hsing Street, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Chih Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Wei Hsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fu-Hsing Street, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
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Iwata H, Matsufuji N, Toshito T, Akagi T, Otsuka S, Shibamoto Y. Compatibility of the repairable-conditionally repairable, multi-target and linear-quadratic models in converting hypofractionated radiation doses to single doses. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2013; 54:367-73. [PMID: 23077237 PMCID: PMC3589927 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrs089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the applicability of the repairable-conditionally repairable (RCR) model and the multi-target (MT) model to dose conversion in high-dose-per-fraction radiotherapy in comparison with the linear-quadratic (LQ) model. Cell survival data of V79 and EMT6 single cells receiving single doses of 2-12 Gy or 2 or 3 fractions of 4 or 5 Gy each, and that of V79 spheroids receiving single doses of 5-26 Gy or 2-5 fractions of 5-12 Gy, were analyzed. Single and fractionated doses to actually reduce cell survival to the same level were determined by a colony assay. Single doses used in the experiments and surviving fractions at the doses were substituted into equations of the RCR, MT and LQ models in the calculation software Mathematica, and each parameter coefficient was computed. Thereafter, using the coefficients and the three models, equivalent single doses for the hypofractionated doses were calculated. They were then compared with actually-determined equivalent single doses for the hypofractionated doses. The equivalent single doses calculated using the RCR, MT and LQ models tended to be lower than the actually determined equivalent single doses. The LQ model seemed to fit relatively well at doses of 5 Gy or less. At 6 Gy or higher doses, the RCR and MT models seemed to be more reliable than the LQ model. In hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy, the LQ model should not be used, and conversion models incorporating the concept of the RCR or MT models, such as the generalized linear-quadratic models, appear to be more suitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Iwata
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan.
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Salvage stereotactic reirradiation using the CyberKnife for the local recurrence of nasal or paranasal carcinoma. Radiother Oncol 2012; 104:355-60. [PMID: 22398314 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2012.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the clinical outcome of stereotactic reirradiation using the CyberKnife system for recurrent nasal or paranasal carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS From May 2005 to February 2010, 51 patients with local recurrence of nasal or paranasal carcinoma were reirradiated using CyberKnife. Tumor volume ranged from 3.1 to 204.9 ml (median, 33.8). The previous conventional radiotherapy dose ranged from 40 to 70 Gy (median, 60). The median follow-up period for surviving patients was 21 months (range, 12-52). The marginal doses were 20-41.5 Gy in 1-5 fractions (35 Gy). Toxicities were evaluated with the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. RESULTS The median overall survival and local control periods after reirradiation were 14.5 and 9.5 months, respectively. The 1-year survival and local control rates were 67% and 62%, respectively. Grade 3 or higher adverse events were observed in 23%. Grade 4 dermatitis and soft tissue necrosis were observed in 2 and 1 patients who had received trimodality combination therapy as their previous treatment, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Salvage stereotactic reirradiation using CyberKnife is feasible and effective for the local recurrence of nasal and paranasal carcinomas. To further improve treatment outcomes, exploration of better planning and dose fractionation, as well as combination chemotherapy would be worthwhile.
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Vassiliev ON. Formulation of the multi-hit model with a non-Poisson distribution of hits. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012; 83:1311-6. [PMID: 22245202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We proposed a formulation of the multi-hit single-target model in which the Poisson distribution of hits was replaced by a combination of two distributions: one for the number of particles entering the target and one for the number of hits a particle entering the target produces. Such an approach reflects the fact that radiation damage is a result of two different random processes: particle emission by a radiation source and interaction of particles with matter inside the target. METHODS AND MATERIALS Poisson distribution is well justified for the first of the two processes. The second distribution depends on how a hit is defined. To test our approach, we assumed that the second distribution was also a Poisson distribution. The two distributions combined resulted in a non-Poisson distribution. We tested the proposed model by comparing it with previously reported data for DNA single- and double-strand breaks induced by protons and electrons, for survival of a range of cell lines, and variation of the initial slopes of survival curves with radiation quality for heavy-ion beams. RESULTS Analysis of cell survival equations for this new model showed that they had realistic properties overall, such as the initial and high-dose slopes of survival curves, the shoulder, and relative biological effectiveness (RBE) In most cases tested, a better fit of survival curves was achieved with the new model than with the linear-quadratic model. The results also suggested that the proposed approach may extend the multi-hit model beyond its traditional role in analysis of survival curves to predicting effects of radiation quality and analysis of DNA strand breaks. CONCLUSIONS Our model, although conceptually simple, performed well in all tests. The model was able to consistently fit data for both cell survival and DNA single- and double-strand breaks. It correctly predicted the dependence of radiation effects on parameters of radiation quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg N Vassiliev
- Department of Medical Physics, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Otsuka S, Shibamoto Y, Iwata H, Murata R, Sugie C, Ito M, Ogino H. Compatibility of the Linear-Quadratic Formalism and Biologically Effective Dose Concept to High-Dose-Per-Fraction Irradiation in a Murine Tumor. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011; 81:1538-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Shibamoto Y, Otsuka S, Iwata H, Sugie C, Ogino H, Tomita N. Radiobiological evaluation of the radiation dose as used in high-precision radiotherapy: effect of prolonged delivery time and applicability of the linear-quadratic model. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2011; 53:1-9. [PMID: 21997195 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.11095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Since the dose delivery pattern in high-precision radiotherapy is different from that in conventional radiation, radiobiological assessment of the physical dose used in stereotactic irradiation and intensity-modulated radiotherapy has become necessary. In these treatments, the daily dose is usually given intermittently over a time longer than that used in conventional radiotherapy. During prolonged radiation delivery, sublethal damage repair takes place, leading to the decreased effect of radiation. This phenomenon is almost universarily observed in vitro. In in vivo tumors, however, this decrease in effect can be counterbalanced by rapid reoxygenation, which has been demonstrated in a laboratory study. Studies on reoxygenation in human tumors are warranted to better evaluate the influence of prolonged radiation delivery. Another issue related to radiosurgery and hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy is the mathematical model for dose evaluation and conversion. Many clinicians use the linear-quadratic (LQ) model and biologically effective dose (BED) to estimate the effects of various radiation schedules, but it has been suggested that the LQ model is not applicable to high doses per fraction. Recent experimental studies verified the inadequacy of the LQ model in converting hypofractionated doses into single doses. The LQ model overestimates the effect of high fractional doses of radiation. BED is particularly incorrect when it is used for tumor responses in vivo, since it does not take reoxygenation into account. For normal tissue responses, improved models have been proposed, but, for in vivo tumor responses, the currently available models are not satisfactory, and better ones should be proposed in future studies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/radiotherapy
- Cell Hypoxia
- Cell Line, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor/radiation effects
- Dose Fractionation, Radiation
- Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation
- Female
- Humans
- Linear Models
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/radiotherapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Models, Theoretical
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/radiotherapy
- Neoplasms/surgery
- Oxygen/metabolism
- Radiation Pneumonitis/etiology
- Radiosurgery/adverse effects
- Radiosurgery/statistics & numerical data
- Radiotherapy Dosage
- Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated/statistics & numerical data
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Shibamoto
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
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Iwata H, Sato K, Tatewaki K, Yokota N, Inoue M, Baba Y, Shibamoto Y. Hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy with CyberKnife for nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma: high local control with low toxicity. Neuro Oncol 2011; 13:916-22. [PMID: 21665918 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nor055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate the clinical outcome of hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) with CyberKnife for nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma. From October 2000 to March 2009, 100 patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma were treated with hypofractionated SRT. Forty-three patients were male, and 57 were female. The patient's ages ranged from 16 to 82 years (median, 59 years). Five patients were medically inoperable, and 1 refused surgery; the remaining 94 were recurrent cases or those receiving postoperative adjuvant SRT. No patients had a history of previous cranial radiotherapy. Tumor volume ranged from 0.7 to 64.3 mL (median, 5.1 mL). The marginal doses were 17.0 to 21.0 Gy for the 3-fraction schedule and 22.0 to 25.0 Gy for the 5-fraction schedule. Toxicities were evaluated with the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. The median follow-up period for living patients was 33 months (range, 18-118.5 months). The 3-year overall survival and local control rates were 98% and 98%, respectively. In-field and out-field tumor regrowth were observed in 3 and 2 patients, respectively. Transient cyst enlargement occurred in 3 cases. A post-SRT grade 2 visual disorder occurred in 1 patient. Symptomatic post-SRT hypopituitarism was observed in 3 of 74 patients who had not received hormone replacement therapy after surgery. CyberKnife SRT involving 21 Gy in 3 fractions or 25 Gy in 5 fractions is safe and effective for surgical treatment of nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma. Hypofractionated SRT appears useful for protecting the visual nerve and neuroendocrine function, especially for tumors located near the optic pathways and large tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Iwata
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan.
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Iwata H, Shibamoto Y, Hashizume C, Mori Y, Kobayashi T, Hayashi N, Kosaki K, Ishikawa T, Kuzuya T, Utsunomiya S. Hypofractionated stereotactic body radiotherapy for primary and metastatic liver tumors using the novalis image-guided system: preliminary results regarding efficacy and toxicity. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2011; 9:619-27. [PMID: 21070084 DOI: 10.1177/153303461000900610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
www.tcrt.org The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for primary and metastatic liver tumors using the Novalis image-guided radiotherapy system. After preliminarily treating liver tumors using the Novalis system from July 2006, we started a protocol-based study in February 2008. Eighteen patients (6 with primary hepatocellular carcinoma and 12 with metastatic liver tumor) were treated with 55 or 50 Gy, depending upon their planned dose distribution and liver function, delivered in 10 fractions over 2 weeks. Four non-coplanar and three coplanar static beams were used. Patient age ranged from 54 to 84 years (median: 72 years). The Child-Pugh classification was Grade A in 17 patients and Grade B in 1. Tumor diameter ranged from 12 to 35 mm (median: 23 mm). Toxicities were evaluated according to the Common Terminology Criteria of Adverse Events version 4.0, and radiation-induced liver disease (RILD) was defined by Lawrence's criterion. The median follow-up period was 14.5 months. For all patients, the 1-year overall survival and local control rates were 94% and 86%, respectively. A Grade 1 liver enzyme change was observed in 5 patients, but no RILD or chronic liver dysfunction was observed. SBRT using the Novalis image-guided system is safe and effective for treating primary and metastatic liver tumors. Further investigation of SBRT for liver tumors is warranted. In view of the acceptable toxicity observed with this protocol, we have moved to a new protocol to shorten the overall treatment time and escalate the dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Iwata
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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Baba F, Shibamoto Y, Ogino H, Murata R, Sugie C, Iwata H, Otsuka S, Kosaki K, Nagai A, Murai T, Miyakawa A. Clinical outcomes of stereotactic body radiotherapy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer using different doses depending on tumor size. Radiat Oncol 2010; 5:81. [PMID: 20849623 PMCID: PMC2955592 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-5-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment schedules for stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for lung cancer vary from institution to institution. Several reports have indicated that stage IB patients had worse outcomes than stage IA patients when the same dose was used. We evaluated the clinical outcomes of SBRT for stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with different doses depending on tumor diameter. METHODS Between February 2004 and November 2008, 124 patients with stage I NSCLC underwent SBRT. Total doses of 44, 48, and 52 Gy were administered for tumors with a longest diameter of less than 1.5 cm, 1.5-3 cm, and larger than 3 cm, respectively. All doses were given in 4 fractions. RESULTS For all 124 patients, overall survival was 71%, cause-specific survival was 87%, progression-free survival was 60%, and local control was 80%, at 3 years. The 3-year overall survival was 79% for 85 stage IA patients treated with 48 Gy and 56% for 37 stage IB patients treated with 52 Gy (p = 0.05). At 3 years, cause-specific survival was 91% for the former group and 79% for the latter (p = 0.18), and progression-free survival was 62% versus 54% (p = 0.30). The 3-year local control rate was 81% versus 74% (p = 0.35). The cumulative incidence of grade 2 or 3 radiation pneumonitis was 11% in stage IA patients and 30% in stage IB patients (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS There was no difference in local control between stage IA and IB tumors despite the difference in tumor size. The benefit of increasing the SBRT dose for larger tumors should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiya Baba
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
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Iwata H, Murakami M, Demizu Y, Miyawaki D, Terashima K, Niwa Y, Mima M, Akagi T, Hishikawa Y, Shibamoto Y. High-dose proton therapy and carbon-ion therapy for stage I nonsmall cell lung cancer. Cancer 2010; 116:2476-85. [PMID: 20225229 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.24998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical outcome of particle therapy for stage I nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS From April 2003 to April 2007, 80 patients with stage I NSCLC were treated with proton therapy or carbon-ion therapy (57 with proton therapy and 23 with carbon-ion therapy) using 3 treatment protocols. In the first protocol, 80 gray equivalents (GyE) of proton therapy was given in 20 fractions, and the second proton therapy protocol used 60 GyE in 10 fractions. For carbon-ion therapy, 52.8 GyE was given in 4 fractions. After achieving promising preliminary results for the first protocol, the authors started to use the second proton therapy protocol to shorten the overall treatment time. Carbon-ion therapy was started in 2005, and thereafter, both proton and carbon-ion therapy plans were made for each patient, and the 1 that appeared superior was adopted. Patient age ranged from 48 to 89 years (median, 76 years). Thirty-seven patients were medically inoperable, and 43 refused surgery. Forty-two patients had T1 tumors, and 38 had T2 tumors. RESULTS The median follow-up period for living patients was 35.5 months. For all 80 patients, the 3-year overall survival, cause-specific survival, and local control rates were 75% (IA: 74%; IB: 76%), 86% (IA: 84%; IB: 88%), and 82% (IA: 87%; IB: 77%), respectively. There were no significant differences in treatment results among the 3 protocols. Grade 3 pulmonary toxicity was observed in only 1 patient. CONCLUSIONS Proton therapy and carbon-ion therapy are safe and effective for stage I NSCLC. Further investigation of particle therapy for stage I NSCLC is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Iwata
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
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Suit H, DeLaney T, Goldberg S, Paganetti H, Clasie B, Gerweck L, Niemierko A, Hall E, Flanz J, Hallman J, Trofimov A. Proton vs carbon ion beams in the definitive radiation treatment of cancer patients. Radiother Oncol 2010; 95:3-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2010.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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