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Ostos Mendoza KC, Garay Buenrostro KD, Kanabar PN, Maienschein-Cline M, Los NS, Arbieva Z, Raut NA, Lawal TO, López AM, Cabada-Aguirre P, Luna-Vital DA, Mahady GB. Peonidin-3- O-glucoside and Resveratrol Increase the Viability of Cultured Human hFOB Osteoblasts and Alter the Expression of Genes Associated with Apoptosis, Osteoblast Differentiation and Osteoclastogenesis. Nutrients 2023; 15:3233. [PMID: 37513651 PMCID: PMC10383121 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput RNA-sequencing can determine the impact of nutrients and their combinations on gene transcription levels in osteocytes, and clarify the biological pathways associated with their impact on bone tissues. Previously, we reported that resveratrol (RES) and peonidin-3-O-glucoside (POG) increased osteoblastogenesis, as well as reduced osteoclastogenesis in transgenic teleost fish models. Here, we perform whole-genome transcriptomic profiling of osteoblasts treated with POG or RES to provide a comprehensive understanding of alterations in gene expression and the molecular mechanisms involved. Cultured human fetal osteoblastic hFOB 1.19 cells were treated with the test compounds, and then RNA was used to prepare RNA-seq libraries, that were sequenced using a NovaSeq 6000. Treatment with POG or RES increased osteoblast proliferation and reduced apoptosis. Transcriptomic profiling showed that of the 29,762 genes investigated, 3177 were differentially expressed (1481 upregulated, 1696 downregulated, FDR ≤ 0.05) in POG-treated osteoblasts. In the RES-treated osteoblasts, 2288 genes were differentially expressed (DGEs, 1068 upregulated, 1220 downregulated, FDR ≤ 0.05). Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis (IPA) of DGEs from RES or POG-treated osteoblasts revealed significant downregulation of the apoptosis, osteoarthritis and HIF1α canonical pathways, and a significant reduction in Rankl mRNA expression. The data suggest that RES and POG have both anabolic and anticlastogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keila C Ostos Mendoza
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Av. Ignacio Morones Prieto 3000, Sertoma, Monterrey 64710, N.L., Mexico
- Clinical Pharmacognosy Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Traditional Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Karen D Garay Buenrostro
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Av. Ignacio Morones Prieto 3000, Sertoma, Monterrey 64710, N.L., Mexico
- Clinical Pharmacognosy Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Traditional Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Pinal N Kanabar
- Research Informatics Core, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Mark Maienschein-Cline
- Research Informatics Core, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Nina S Los
- Core Genomics Facility, Research Resource Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Zarema Arbieva
- Core Genomics Facility, Research Resource Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Nishikant A Raut
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, India
| | - Temitope O Lawal
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200132, Nigeria
| | - Alice M López
- Clinical Pharmacognosy Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Traditional Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Nanotechnology, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Ave Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64710, N.L., Mexico
| | - Paulina Cabada-Aguirre
- Clinical Pharmacognosy Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Traditional Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Nanotechnology, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Ave Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64710, N.L., Mexico
| | - Diego A Luna-Vital
- Institute for Obesity Research, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64710, N.L., Mexico
| | - Gail B Mahady
- Clinical Pharmacognosy Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Traditional Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Xu J, Yu L, Liu F, Wan L, Deng Z. The effect of cytokines on osteoblasts and osteoclasts in bone remodeling in osteoporosis: a review. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1222129. [PMID: 37475866 PMCID: PMC10355373 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1222129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The complicated connections and cross talk between the skeletal system and the immune system are attracting more attention, which is developing into the field of Osteoimmunology. In this field, cytokines that are among osteoblasts and osteoclasts play a critical role in bone remodeling, which is a pathological process in the pathogenesis and development of osteoporosis. Those cytokines include the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family, the interleukin (IL) family, interferon (IFN), chemokines, and so on, most of which influence the bone microenvironment, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. This review summarizes the effect of cytokines on osteoblasts and osteoclasts in bone remodeling in osteoporosis, aiming to providing the latest reference to the role of immunology in osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Linxin Yu
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Longbiao Wan
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenhua Deng
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Wuhan, China
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Mae M, Alam MI, Yamashita Y, Ozaki Y, Higuchi K, Ziauddin SM, Montenegro Raudales JL, Sakai E, Tsukuba T, Yoshimura A. The Role of Cytokines Produced via the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Mouse Macrophages Stimulated with Dental Calculus in Osteoclastogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212434. [PMID: 34830316 PMCID: PMC8618367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental calculus (DC) is a common deposit in periodontitis patients. We have previously shown that DC contains both microbial components and calcium phosphate crystals that induce an osteoclastogenic cytokine IL-1β via the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages. In this study, we examined the effects of cytokines produced by mouse macrophages stimulated with DC on osteoclastogenesis. The culture supernatants from wild-type (WT) mouse macrophages stimulated with DC accelerated osteoclastogenesis in RANKL-primed mouse bone marrow macrophages (BMMs), but inhibited osteoclastogenesis in RANKL-primed RAW-D cells. WT, but not NLRP3-deficient, mouse macrophages stimulated with DC produced IL-1β and IL-18 in a dose-dependent manner, indicating the NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent production of IL-1β and IL-18. Both WT and NLRP3-deficient mouse macrophages stimulated with DC produced IL-10, indicating the NLRP3 inflammasome-independent production of IL-10. Recombinant IL-1β accelerated osteoclastogenesis in both RANKL-primed BMMs and RAW-D cells, whereas recombinant IL-18 and IL-10 inhibited osteoclastogenesis. These results indicate that DC induces osteoclastogenic IL-1β in an NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent manner and anti-osteogenic IL-18 and IL-10 dependently and independently of the NLRP3 inflammasome, respectively. DC may promote alveolar bone resorption via IL-1β induction in periodontitis patients, but suppress resorption via IL-18 and IL-10 induction in some circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Mae
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan; (M.M.); (M.I.A.); (Y.Y.); (Y.O.); (K.H.)
| | - Mohammad Ibtehaz Alam
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan; (M.M.); (M.I.A.); (Y.Y.); (Y.O.); (K.H.)
| | - Yasunori Yamashita
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan; (M.M.); (M.I.A.); (Y.Y.); (Y.O.); (K.H.)
| | - Yukio Ozaki
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan; (M.M.); (M.I.A.); (Y.Y.); (Y.O.); (K.H.)
| | - Kanako Higuchi
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan; (M.M.); (M.I.A.); (Y.Y.); (Y.O.); (K.H.)
| | - S. M. Ziauddin
- National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu City 474-8511, Japan;
| | - Jorge Luis Montenegro Raudales
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100, Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-0851, Japan;
| | - Eiko Sakai
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan; (E.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Takayuki Tsukuba
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan; (E.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Atsutoshi Yoshimura
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan; (M.M.); (M.I.A.); (Y.Y.); (Y.O.); (K.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-95-819-7681
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Osteocyte-Related Cytokines Regulate Osteoclast Formation and Bone Resorption. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145169. [PMID: 32708317 PMCID: PMC7404053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of bone remodeling is the result of the regulated balance between bone cell populations, namely bone-forming osteoblasts, bone-resorbing osteoclasts, and the osteocyte, the mechanosensory cell type. Osteoclasts derived from the hematopoietic stem cell lineage are the principal cells involved in bone resorption. In osteolytic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, periodontitis, and osteoporosis, the balance is lost and changes in favor of bone resorption. Therefore, it is vital to elucidate the mechanisms of osteoclast formation and bone resorption. It has been reported that osteocytes express Receptor activator of nuclear factor κΒ ligand (RANKL), an essential factor for osteoclast formation. RANKL secreted by osteocytes is the most important factor for physiologically supported osteoclast formation in the developing skeleton and in pathological bone resorption such as experimental periodontal bone loss. TNF-α directly enhances RANKL expression in osteocytes and promotes osteoclast formation. Moreover, TNF-α enhances sclerostin expression in osteocytes, which also increases osteoclast formation. These findings suggest that osteocyte-related cytokines act directly to enhance osteoclast formation and bone resorption. In this review, we outline the most recent knowledge concerning bone resorption-related cytokines and discuss the osteocyte as the master regulator of bone resorption and effector in osteoclast formation.
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Peng M, Wang Y, Qiang L, Xu Y, Li C, Li T, Zhou X, Xiao M, Wang J. Interleukin-35 Inhibits TNF-α-Induced Osteoclastogenesis and Promotes Apoptosis via Shifting the Activation From TNF Receptor-Associated Death Domain (TRADD)-TRAF2 to TRADD-Fas-Associated Death Domain by JAK1/STAT1. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1417. [PMID: 30061878 PMCID: PMC6054960 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Over-activated osteoclasts derived from myeloid or peripheral blood monocytes by inflammatory cytokines results in osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and other bone erosion-related diseases. Interleukin 35 (IL-35) is a novel anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive factor. This study investigated the effect of IL-35 on TNF-α-induced osteoclastogenesis. In the presence of IL-35, this process was detected by Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase (TRAP) staining, F-actin staining, and bone resorption assays. The effects of IL-35 on TNF-α-induced apoptosis were demonstrated by TUNEL staining, cell viability assays, and flow cytometry. Moreover, a microarray was performed to detect the effect of IL-35 on TNF-α-activated phosphatase kinase. The effect of IL-35 on the TNF-α-mediated activation of NF-κB, MAPK, TRAF2, RIP1, Fas-associated death domain (FADD), and caspase3 was further investigated. In addition, a murine calvarial osteolysis model was established via the subcutaneous injection of TNF-α onto the calvaria, and histological analysis was subsequently performed. As a result, IL-35 inhibited TNF-α-induced osteoclast formation and bone resorption in vitro and osteolysis calvaria in vivo. NFATc1, c-fos, and TRAP were downregulated by IL-35 through the inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK, during which JAK1/STAT1 was activated. Moreover, based on TUNEL staining and flow cytometry, IL-35 was shown to enhance TNF-α-induced osteoclast apoptosis. Meanwhile, FADD and cleaved-caspase 3 were increased in cells treated with TNF-α and IL-35, whereas the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB was increased in TNF-α-treated cells, but was decreased in cells treated with both TNF-α and IL-35. In conclusion, IL-35 inhibits TNF-α-induced osteoclastogenesis and promotes apoptosis by activating JAK1/STAT1 and shifting activation from TNF receptor-associated death domain (TRADD)-TRAF2/RIP1-NF-κB to TRADD-FADD-caspase 3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzheng Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanguo Wang
- Department of Orthopedic-Spine Surgery, Binzhou Central Hospital, Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, China
| | - Lei Qiang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Southwest Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Southwest Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Cuidi Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinwu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Amarasekara DS, Yun H, Kim S, Lee N, Kim H, Rho J. Regulation of Osteoclast Differentiation by Cytokine Networks. Immune Netw 2018; 18:e8. [PMID: 29503739 PMCID: PMC5833125 DOI: 10.4110/in.2018.18.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines play a pivotal role in maintaining bone homeostasis. Osteoclasts (OCs), the sole bone resorbing cells, are regulated by numerous cytokines. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand play a central role in OC differentiation, which is also termed osteoclastogenesis. Osteoclastogenic cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-11, IL-15, IL-17, IL-23, and IL-34, promote OC differentiation, whereas anti-osteoclastogenic cytokines, including interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-3, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IL-27, and IL-33, downregulate OC differentiation. Therefore, dynamic regulation of osteoclastogenic and anti-osteoclastogenic cytokines is important in maintaining the balance between bone-resorbing OCs and bone-forming osteoblasts (OBs), which eventually affects bone integrity. This review outlines the osteoclastogenic and anti-osteoclastogenic properties of cytokines with regard to osteoimmunology, and summarizes our current understanding of the roles these cytokines play in osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyeongseok Yun
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Sumi Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Nari Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Hyunjong Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jaerang Rho
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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IL-12 Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide Stimulated Osteoclastogenesis in Mice. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:214878. [PMID: 26064997 PMCID: PMC4433692 DOI: 10.1155/2015/214878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is related to osteoclastogenesis in osteolytic diseases. Interleukin- (IL-) 12 is an inflammatory cytokine that plays a critical role in host defense. In this study, we investigated the effects of IL-12 on LPS-induced osteoclastogenesis. LPS was administered with or without IL-12 into the supracalvariae of mice, and alterations in the calvarial suture were evaluated histochemically. The number of osteoclasts in the calvarial suture and the mRNA level of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), an osteoclast marker, were lower in mice administered LPS with IL-12 than in mice administered LPS alone. The serum level of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP 5b), a bone resorption marker, was also lower in mice administered LPS with IL-12 than in mice administered LPS alone. These results revealed that IL-12 might inhibit LPS-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. In TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assays, apoptotic changes in cells were recognized in the calvarial suture in mice administered LPS with IL-12. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of both Fas and FasL were increased in mice administered LPS with IL-12. Taken together, the findings demonstrate that LPS-induced osteoclastogenesis is inhibited by IL-12 and that this might arise through apoptotic changes in osteoclastogenesis-related cells induced by Fas/FasL interactions.
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Zhou J, Ping FF, Lv WT, Feng JY, Shang J. Interleukin-18 directly protects cortical neurons by activating PI3K/AKT/NF-κB/CREB pathways. Cytokine 2014; 69:29-38. [PMID: 25022959 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-18 (IL-18), a member of the IL-1 family of cytokines, was initially identified as an interferon (IFN)-γ-inducing factor. IL-18 is expressed in both immune and non-immune cells and participates in the adjustment of multitude cellular functions. Nonetheless, the effects of IL-18 on cortical neurons have not been explored. The present study was conducted to investigate the influence of IL-18 on rat primary cortical neurons and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. We proved that rrIL-18 increased the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in a time-dependent manner. Treatment with rrIL-18 (50 ng/ml) deactivated phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) by facilitating its phosphorylation, enhanced the expression of Phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase (PI3K) and p-Akt, standing for the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. As its pivotal downstream pathways, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB)/Bcl-2 and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) were examined in further steps. Our data revealed that rrIL-18 stimulated NF-κB activation, improved p-CREB and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression levels. But rrIL-18 had little or no effect on GSK-3β pathway. Besides, rrIL-18 increased levels of BDNF and Bcl-2/Bax ratio and decreased cleaved caspase-3 expression to protect cortical neurons from damage induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). These results in vitro showed the protection of IL-18 on cortical neurons. And this direct neuroprotective effect of IL-18 is crippled by PI3K inhibitor wortmannin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhou
- Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Feng-feng Ping
- Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Wuxi People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Wen-ting Lv
- Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Jun-yi Feng
- Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Jing Shang
- Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, China.
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Effect of cytokines on osteoclast formation and bone resorption during mechanical force loading of the periodontal membrane. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:617032. [PMID: 24574904 PMCID: PMC3916098 DOI: 10.1155/2014/617032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical force loading exerts important effects on the skeleton by controlling bone mass and strength. Several in vivo experimental models evaluating the effects of mechanical loading on bone metabolism have been reported. Orthodontic tooth movement is a useful model for understanding the mechanism of bone remodeling induced by mechanical loading. In a mouse model of orthodontic tooth movement, TNF-α was expressed and osteoclasts appeared on the compressed side of the periodontal ligament. In TNF-receptor-deficient mice, there was less tooth movement and osteoclast numbers were lower than in wild-type mice. These results suggest that osteoclast formation and bone resorption caused by loading forces on the periodontal ligament depend on TNF-α. Several cytokines are expressed in the periodontal ligament during orthodontic tooth movement. Studies have found that inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12 and IFN-γ strongly inhibit osteoclast formation and tooth movement. Blocking macrophage colony-stimulating factor by using anti-c-Fms antibody also inhibited osteoclast formation and tooth movement. In this review we describe and discuss the effect of cytokines in the periodontal ligament on osteoclast formation and bone resorption during mechanical force loading.
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Ferranti B, Armanino R, Becce C. L’importanza dei Toll-Like Receptors nei tessuti parodontali. Ruolo delle cellule del parodonto nell’attivazione dell’infiammazione locale in seguito ad aggressione batterica. DENTAL CADMOS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0011-8524(14)70120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Immunological reaction in TNF-α-mediated osteoclast formation and bone resorption in vitro and in vivo. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:181849. [PMID: 23762085 PMCID: PMC3676982 DOI: 10.1155/2013/181849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a cytokine produced by monocytes, macrophages, and T cells and is induced by pathogens, endotoxins, or related substances. TNF-α may play a key role in bone metabolism and is important in inflammatory bone diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Cells directly involved in osteoclastogenesis include macrophages, which are osteoclast precursor cells, osteoblasts, or stromal cells. These cells express receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) to induce osteoclastogenesis, and T cells, which secrete RANKL, promote osteoclastogenesis during inflammation. Elucidating the detailed effects of TNF-α on bone metabolism may enable the identification of therapeutic targets that can efficiently suppress bone destruction in inflammatory bone diseases. TNF-α is considered to act by directly increasing RANK expression in macrophages and by increasing RANKL in stromal cells. Inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin- (IL-) 12, IL-18, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) strongly inhibit osteoclast formation. IL-12, IL-18, and IFN-γ induce apoptosis in bone marrow cells treated with TNF-α
in vitro, and osteoclastogenesis is inhibited by the interactions of TNF-α-induced Fas and Fas ligand induced by IL-12, IL-18, and IFN-γ. This review describes and discusses the role of cells concerned with osteoclast formation and immunological reactions in TNF-α-mediated osteoclastogenesis in vitro and in vivo.
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Hatef MR, Sahebari M, Rezaieyazdi Z, Nakhjavani MR, Mahmoudi M. Stronger Correlation between Interleukin 18 and Soluble Fas in Lupus Nephritis Compared with Mild Lupus. ISRN RHEUMATOLOGY 2013; 2013:850851. [PMID: 23577265 PMCID: PMC3612460 DOI: 10.1155/2013/850851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is a major cause of morbidity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Several cytokines and apoptotic markers such as IL-18 and soluble Fas (sFas) have been assumed to play a role in the pathogenesis of LN. Previous studies confirmed that serum concentrations of sFas and IL-18 are increased in SLE. However, only a few studies have suggested a possible correlation between IL-18 and sFas. This study was planned to continue our previous study on the correlation between those markers to evaluate this correlation in LN. Thirty-two patients with only LN and 46 patients without any major organ involvement participated in this study. SLEDAI score (except for scores related to nephritis) was the same in these two groups. In both groups, patients with any other major organ involvement were excluded. We found a significant rise in the serum concentrations of sFas (P = 0.03) and IL-18 (P = 0.02) in patients with proteinuria compared to those without it. This study showed that the correlation between sFas and IL-18 in LN (P < 0.001, r p = 0.5) is significantly stronger than it is in mild SLE (P < 0.001, r p = 0.4) with similar nonrenal SLEDAI score (P = 0.032, z = 1.85). Between these two serum markers, sFas is the only predictor of proteinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Hatef
- Rheumatology, Rheumatic Diseases Research Center (RDRC), School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Sahebari
- Rheumatology, Rheumatic Diseases Research Center (RDRC), School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Rezaieyazdi
- Rheumatology, Rheumatic Diseases Research Center (RDRC), School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Nakhjavani
- Rheumatology, Rheumatology Department, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- Immunology, Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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14
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Fujii T, Kitaura H, Kimura K, Hakami ZW, Takano-Yamamoto T. IL-4 inhibits TNF-α-mediated osteoclast formation by inhibition of RANKL expression in TNF-α-activated stromal cells and direct inhibition of TNF-α-activated osteoclast precursors via a T-cell-independent mechanism in vivo. Bone 2012; 51:771-80. [PMID: 22776139 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that osteoclastogenesis is induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Interleukin (IL)-4 is the most important cytokine involved in humoral immunity. However, no studies have investigated the effect of IL-4 on TNF-α-mediated osteoclast formation in vivo. In this study, we investigated the effect of IL-4 on TNF-α-mediated osteoclast formation in vivo. TNF-α was administered with and without IL-4 into the supracalvariae of mice. The number of osteoclasts and the levels of mRNA for cathepsin K and tartrate-resistant acid phosphate, both osteoclast markers, in mice administered TNF-α and IL-4 were lower than those in mice administered TNF-α alone. The level of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase form 5b (TRACP5b) as a marker of bone resorption in mice administered both TNF-α and IL-4 was also lower. We showed that IL-4 inhibited TNF-α-mediated osteoclast formation in osteoclast precursors in vitro. Expression of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) in TNF-α-activated stromal cells was also inhibited. Furthermore, we investigated whether IL-4 had effects on both stromal cells and osteoclast precursors in TNF-α-mediated osteoclast formation in vivo. Using mice whose stromal cells and osteoclast precursors were chimeric for the presence of TNF receptors, IL-4 inhibited TNF-α-mediated osteoclast formation in the presence of TNF-α-responsive stromal cells, and TNF-α-responsive osteoclast precursors in vivo. IL-4 also inhibited TNF-α-induced RANKL expression in the presence of TNF-α-responsive stromal cells in vivo. This event is dependent on p38 inhibition in vitro. Additionally, IL-4 inhibited TNF-α-mediated osteoclast formation in T cell-depleted mice. In summary, we conclude that IL-4 inhibited TNF-α-mediated osteoclast formation by inhibiting expression of RANKL in TNF-α-activated stromal cells, and directly inhibited TNF-α-activated osteoclast precursors in vivo via a T cell-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Fujii
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4‐1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980‐8575, Japan
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15
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Kohara H, Kitaura H, Yoshimatsu M, Fujimura Y, Morita Y, Eguchi T, Yoshida N. Inhibitory Effect of Interferon-γ on Experimental Tooth Movement in Mice. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2012; 32:426-31. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2011.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Kohara
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hideki Kitaura
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masako Yoshimatsu
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuji Fujimura
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yukiko Morita
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Toshiko Eguchi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Noriaki Yoshida
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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16
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Yoshimatsu M, Kitaura H, Fujimura Y, Kohara H, Morita Y, Eguchi T, Yoshida N. Inhibitory effects of IL-12 on experimental tooth movement and root resorption in mice. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Kitaura H, Fujimura Y, Yoshimatsu M, Kohara H, Morita Y, Aonuma T, Fukumoto E, Masuyama R, Yoshida N, Takano-Yamamoto T. IL-12- and IL-18-mediated, nitric oxide-induced apoptosis in TNF-α-mediated osteoclastogenesis of bone marrow cells. Calcif Tissue Int 2011; 89:65-73. [PMID: 21611811 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-011-9494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
TNF-α has been recognized as an important factor for osteoclastogenesis and plays an important role in bone resorption under pathological conditions. IL-12 and IL-18, which are T-cell mediators, are also important inflammatory cytokines. We have reported that IL-12 and IL-18 induce apoptosis in bone marrow cells treated with TNF-α in vitro and that osteoclastogenesis is inhibited by the interaction of TNF-α-induced Fas and the IL-12-induced Fas ligand (FasL). However, the anti-FasL antibody could not completely inhibit apoptosis. Therefore, it is possible that IL-12 and IL-18 may also trigger some other apoptotic mechanisms. Nitric oxide (NO) may act as a mediator of the apoptotic effect. In this study, we examined whether NO causes the IL-12- and IL-18-induced apoptosis of bone marrow cells in TNF-α-mediated osteoclast formation. We found that NO production was induced in bone marrow cells cultured with IL-12 and IL-18 in the presence of TNF-α. When bone marrow cells were cultured with TNF-α, osteoclasts were formed. In contrast, when bone marrow cells were cultured with both TNF-α and IL-12 or IL-18, the adherent cells were induced to undergo apoptosis. Apoptosis was partially inhibited when bone marrow cells were treated with NO synthase inhibitors. Furthermore, IL-12 and IL-18 synergistically induced cell death and upregulated NO production in the presence of TNF-α. These results indicate that the simultaneous effects of TNF-α and IL-12 or IL-18 on bone marrow cells induce apoptosis and that apoptosis is induced by the production of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Kitaura
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
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18
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Kohara H, Kitaura H, Fujimura Y, Yoshimatsu M, Morita Y, Eguchi T, Masuyama R, Yoshida N. IFN-γ directly inhibits TNF-α-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro and in vivo and induces apoptosis mediated by Fas/Fas ligand interactions. Immunol Lett 2011; 137:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2011.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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19
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Sahebari M, Rezaieyazdi Z, Nakhjavani MJ, Hatef M, Mahmoudi M, Akhlaghi S. Correlation between serum concentrations of soluble Fas (CD95/Apo-1) and IL-18 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol Int 2010; 32:601-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-010-1633-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Morita Y, Kitaura H, Yoshimatsu M, Fujimura Y, Kohara H, Eguchi T, Yoshida N. IL-18 inhibits TNF-alpha-induced osteoclastogenesis possibly via a T cell-independent mechanism in synergy with IL-12 in vivo. Calcif Tissue Int 2010; 86:242-8. [PMID: 20111957 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-010-9335-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been reported that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha has the ability to accelerate osteoclastogenesis. We previously reported that the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-18 inhibits TNF-alpha-mediated osteoclastogenesis in mouse bone marrow cultures. In the present study, the effect of IL-18 on TNF-alpha-mediated osteoclastogenesis was investigated in vivo. We administered TNF-alpha with or without IL-18 into the supracalvaria of mice. The number of osteoclasts in the suture of the calvaria was increased in mice administered TNF-alpha. The number of osteoclasts in mice administered both TNF-alpha and IL-18 was lower than that in mice administered TNF-alpha alone. We previously showed that IL-12 and IL-18 synergistically inhibit TNF-alpha-mediated osteoclastogenesis in vitro. To assess the ability of these two cytokines to synergistically inhibit TNF-alpha-induced osteoclastogenesis in vivo, mice were administered the two cytokines at doses that did not inhibit osteoclast formation. The combination of IL-12 and IL-18 markedly inhibited TNF-alpha-induced osteoclastogenesis in vivo. To evaluate how IL-12 and IL-18 synergistically affect TNF-alpha-induced osteoclastogenesis, the IL-18 receptor (IL-18R) and IL-12R expression levels were analyzed by RT-PCR in bone marrow cells cultured with IL-12 or IL-18. IL-18R mRNA was increased in cells cultured with IL-12, while IL-12R mRNA was increased in cells cultured with IL-18. In addition, IL-18 inhibited TNF-alpha-induced osteoclastogenesis in mice with T-cell depletion caused by anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 antibodies. The present results suggest that IL-18 may inhibit TNF-alpha-mediated osteoclastogenesis in vivo via a T cell-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Morita
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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21
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Yoshimatsu M, Kitaura H, Fujimura Y, Eguchi T, Kohara H, Morita Y, Yoshida N. IL-12 inhibits TNF-alpha induced osteoclastogenesis via a T cell-independent mechanism in vivo. Bone 2009; 45:1010-6. [PMID: 19651258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that TNF-alpha plays an important role in bone resorption in pathological conditions. IL-12, which is a T cell mediator, is also an important inflammatory cytokine. We previously reported that IL-12 induces apoptosis in bone marrow cells treated with TNF-alpha in vitro via an interaction between TNF-alpha-induced Fas and IL-12-induced Fas ligand (FasL), and that, as a result, osteoclastogenesis is inhibited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of IL-12 on TNF-alpha-mediated osteoclastogenesis in vivo. We administered TNF-alpha with and without IL-12 into the supracalvaria in mice. The numbers of osteoclasts in the sutures in the calvaria were higher in mice administered TNF-alpha than in control mice not administered TNF-alpha. The numbers of osteoclasts in mice administered both TNF-alpha and IL-12 were lower than those in mice administered only TNF-alpha. Next, we determined the levels of mRNAs for cathepsin K and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). mRNA levels were increased in mice administered TNF-alpha compared with control mice, but not in mice administered both TNF-alpha and IL-12. We also evaluated the amounts of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP 5b) in mouse sera. The levels of TRACP 5b in mice administered TNF-alpha were higher than those in control mice. On the other hand, in mice administered both TNF-alpha and IL-12, the levels were lower than those in mice administered TNF-alpha alone. Fas and FasL expression levels were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. The levels of Fas mRNA were increased in the calvaria of mice administered TNF-alpha compared with control mice, while those of FasL mRNAs were increased in the calvaria of mice administered IL-12. In TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assays, many apoptotic cells were found in the sutures in the calvaria of mice administered both TNF-alpha and IL-12. IL-12 also inhibited TNF-alpha-induced osteoclastogenesis in mice whose T cells were blocked by anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 antibodies. These results suggest that IL-12 inhibits TNF-alpha-mediated osteoclastogenesis and induces apoptotic changes through an interaction between TNF-alpha-induced Fas and IL-12-induced FasL, in vivo, via a T cell-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Yoshimatsu
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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22
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Millar NL, Wei AQ, Molloy TJ, Bonar F, Murrell GAC. Cytokines and apoptosis in supraspinatus tendinopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 91:417-24. [DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.91b3.21652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The role of inflammatory cells and their products in tendinopathy is not completely understood. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are upregulated after oxidative and other forms of stress. Based on observations that increased cytokine expression has been demonstrated in cyclically-loaded tendon cells we hypothesised that because of their role in oxidative stress and apoptosis, pro-inflammatory cytokines may be present in rodent and human models of tendinopathy. A rat supraspinatus tendinopathy model produced by running overuse was investigated at the genetic level by custom micro-arrays. Additionally, samples of torn supraspinatus tendon and matched intact subscapularis tendon were collected from patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery for rotator-cuff tears and control samples of subscapularis tendon from ten patients with normal rotator cuffs undergoing arthroscopic stabilisation of the shoulder were also obtained. These were all evaluated using semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain-reaction and immunohistochemistry. We identified significant upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and apoptotic genes in the rodent model (p = 0.005). We further confirmed significantly increased levels of cytokine and apoptotic genes in human supraspinatus and subscapularis tendon harvested from patients with rotator cuff tears (p = 0.0008). These findings suggest that pro-inflammatory cytokines may play a role in tendinopathy and may provide a target for preventing tendinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. L. Millar
- Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammation Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 120 University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - A. Q. Wei
- Orthopaedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery St George Hospital Campus, University of New South Wales, 4-10 South Road, Kogarah, New South Wales 2217, Australia
| | - T. J. Molloy
- Orthopaedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery St George Hospital Campus, University of New South Wales, 4-10 South Road, Kogarah, New South Wales 2217, Australia
| | - F. Bonar
- Douglas Hanly Moir, 95 Epping Road, North Ryde 2113, Sydney, Australia
| | - G. A. C. Murrell
- Orthopaedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery St George Hospital Campus, University of New South Wales, 4-10 South Road, Kogarah, New South Wales 2217, Australia
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