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Yavaslar Dogru Y, Koc-Arik G, Doğru OC, Kazak Berument S. Receptive and expressive vocabulary performance in 2- to 5-year-olds in care: The role of different care types and temperament. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 243:105924. [PMID: 38642417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2024.105924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
The detrimental role of institutionalization in children's development has prompted the introduction of alternative care types designed to offer more personalized care. The current study aimed to test whether children in alternative care types (care villages, care homes, and foster care) performed better on vocabulary than those in institutions. The role of temperament, specifically perceptual sensitivity and frustration, and the interaction between temperament and care types on vocabulary performance were also explored. The study involved 285 2- to 5-year-old children from different care types, and they were assessed through receptive and expressive vocabulary tests and temperament scales. The results of the linear mixed model revealed that children in alternative care types exhibited significantly higher vocabulary scores compared with those in institutions. Moreover, perceptual sensitivity showed a positive association with receptive and expressive vocabulary skills and seemed to act as a protective factor by mitigating the lower vocabulary scores in institutions. Frustration moderated vocabulary outcomes differently for children in institutions and foster care, aligning with the diathesis-stress model and vantage sensitivity theory, respectively. The findings emphasize the positive role of alternative care types in vocabulary performance and the importance of children's temperamental traits in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesim Yavaslar Dogru
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Letters, Karabuk University, Demir Celik Campus, 78050 Karabuk, Turkiye.
| | - Gizem Koc-Arik
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, 59030 Tekirdag, Turkiye
| | - Onur Cem Doğru
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Afyon Kocatepe University, Ahmet Necdet Sezer Campus, 03200 Afyonkarahisar, Turkiye
| | - Sibel Kazak Berument
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkiye
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Fox K, Hart CN, Phelan S, Ventura AK, Wing R, Jelalian E. Maternal depressive symptom trajectories and associations with child feeding. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1636. [PMID: 38898428 PMCID: PMC11186209 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Responsive feeding, when caregivers attend to children's signals of hunger and satiation and respond in an emotionally supportive and developmentally appropriate way, is associated with the development of healthy eating behaviors, improved diet quality, and healthy weight status for children. However, gaps in the literature remain on how factors, such as maternal depressive symptoms and child temperament, influence feeding interactions. METHODS This longitudinal secondary data analysis explored the association between maternal depressive symptom trajectory and child temperament with maternal feeding practices in women with obesity who participated in a prenatal lifestyle intervention trial. Mothers self-reported depressive symptoms at baseline, 35 weeks gestation, and 6, 12, and 18 months postpartum. At 18- and 24-months postpartum, mothers completed self-reported assessments of feeding practices and child temperament and completed in-home video-recorded meals with their child, coded using the Responsiveness to Child Feeding Cues Scale. We used group-based trajectory modeling to identify distinct trajectories of depressive symptoms and generalized regressions to assess the association between symptom trajectory group and feeding. We also explored interactions between depressive symptoms and child temperament. RESULTS Three distinct trajectories of depressive symptoms were identified: No-Minimal and Decreasing, Mild-Moderate and Stable, and Moderate-Severe and Stable. At 18-months, when compared to the No-Minimal and Decreasing group, membership in the Moderate-Severe and Stable group was associated with higher observed responsiveness to child satiation cues ([Formula: see text] =2.3, 95%CI = 0.2, 4.4) and lower self-reported pressure to eat ([Formula: see text]=-0.4, 95%CI= -0.7, 0.0). When compared to the No-Minimal and Decreasing group, membership in the Mild-Moderate and Stable group was associated with higher self-reported restriction ([Formula: see text] =0.4, 95%CI = 0.0,0.7). The associations between trajectory group membership and feeding practices did not reach statistical significance at 24 months. Associations between depressive symptoms and restriction were moderated by child effortful control at 18 months [Formula: see text]) and surgency at 24 months [Formula: see text]). CONCLUSION A Moderate-Severe and Stable depressive symptom trajectory was associated with more responsive feeding practices and a Mild-Moderate and Stable trajectory was associated with higher restrictive feeding. Preliminary evidence suggests that depressive symptoms impact mothers' ability to match their use of restriction to the temperamental needs of their child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Fox
- Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital, 196 Richmond Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
- Department of Psychology and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School Brown University, 222 Richmond St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Chantelle N Hart
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences & Center for Obesity Research and Education, College of Public Health Temple University, 3223 North Broad Street, Suite 175, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Suzanne Phelan
- Department of Kinesiology and Public Health & Center for Health Research Bailey College of Science and Mathematics, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - Alison K Ventura
- Department of Kinesiology and Public Health & Center for Health Research Bailey College of Science and Mathematics, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - Rena Wing
- Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital, 196 Richmond Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Department of Psychology and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School Brown University, 222 Richmond St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Elissa Jelalian
- Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital, 196 Richmond Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Department of Psychology and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School Brown University, 222 Richmond St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
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Cao Y, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Fan X, Zang T, Bai J, Wu Y, Zhou W, Liu Y. Prenatal Gut Microbiota Predicts Temperament in Offspring at 1-2 Years. Biol Res Nurs 2024:10998004241260894. [PMID: 38865156 DOI: 10.1177/10998004241260894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore whether prenatal gut microbiota (GM) and its functions predict the development of offspring temperament. A total of 53 mothers with a 1-year-old child and 41 mothers with a 2-year-old child were included in this study using a mother-infant cohort from central China. Maternal fecal samples collected during the third trimester were analyzed using 16S rRNA V3-V4 gene sequences. Temperament of the child was measured by self-reported data according to the primary caregiver. The effects of GM in mothers on offspring's temperament were evaluated using multiple linear regression models. The results demonstrated that the alpha diversity index Simpson of prenatal GM was positively associated with the activity level of offspring at 1 year (adj. P = .036). Bifidobacterium was positively associated with high-intensity pleasure characteristics of offspring at 1 year (adj. P = .031). Comparatively, the presence of Bifidobacterium found in the prenatal microbiome was associated with low-intensity pleasure characteristics in offspring at 2 years (adj. P = .031). There were many significant associations noted among the functional pathways of prenatal GM and temperament of offspring at 2 years. Our findings support the maternal-fetal GM axis in the setting of fetal-placental development with subsequent postnatal neurocognitive developmental outcomes, and suggest that early childhood temperament is in part associated with specific GM in the prenatal setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Cao
- Center for Women's and Children's Health, Wuhan University School of Nursing, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Wuhan University School of Nursing, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianping Zhang
- Center for Women's and Children's Health, Wuhan University School of Nursing, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Fan
- Center for Women's and Children's Health, Wuhan University School of Nursing, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianzi Zang
- Center for Women's and Children's Health, Wuhan University School of Nursing, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinbing Bai
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Department of Nursing, Suizhou Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Suizhou, China
| | - Wenjie Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanqun Liu
- Center for Women's and Children's Health, Wuhan University School of Nursing, Wuhan, China
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Grossmann T. Social Perception in the Infant Brain and Its Link to Social Behavior. J Cogn Neurosci 2024; 36:1341-1349. [PMID: 38652111 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The current longitudinal study (n = 98) utilized a developmental cognitive neuroscience approach to examine whether and how variability in social perception is linked to social behavior in early human development. Cortical responses to processing dynamic faces were investigated using functional near-infrared spectroscopy at 7 months. Individual differences in sociability were measured using the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire at 18 months. Confirming previous work with infants and adults, functional near-infrared spectroscopy results show that viewing changing faces recruited superior temporal cortices in 7-month-old infants, adding to the view that this brain system is specialized in social perception from early in ontogeny. Our longitudinal results show that greater engagement of the right superior temporal cortex at 7 months predicts higher levels of sociability at 18 months. This suggests that early variability in social perception is linked to later differences in overtly displayed social behavior, providing novel longitudinal evidence for a social brain-behavior association.
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Zerrouk M, Ravigopal T, Bell MA. Assessing anxiety problems in a community sample during toddlerhood: The impact of child temperament and maternal intrusiveness. Infant Behav Dev 2024; 75:101932. [PMID: 38492253 PMCID: PMC11162957 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2024.101932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Previous research indicates that child temperament and maternal behaviors are related to internalizing behaviors in children. We assessed whether maternal intrusiveness (MI) observed at 10-months would moderate the impact of temperamental fear and the impact of inhibitory control (IC) at 24 months on anxiety problems at 36 months. A mother-child interaction task was coded for MI. Behavioral tasks were given to assess children's IC. Parents completed questionnaires about their children's temperamental fear and anxiety problems. Results showed that greater temperamental fear reported at 24 months predicted greater anxiety problems reported at 36 months, regardless of MI levels. Lower levels of IC at 24 months predicted more anxiety problems reported at 36 months when children experienced greater MI. These findings illustrate the importance of examining both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, independently and interactively, that contribute to children's anxiety problems in toddlerhood.
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Jung A, Ishibashi M, Shinya Y, Itakura S. Relationship between maternal grit and effortful control among 18-21-month-old toddlers. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1346428. [PMID: 38827896 PMCID: PMC11140844 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1346428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Grit is known to be effective for long-term academic and social success. However, few studies have focused on the role of grit in parenting and its effect on the development of grit in children. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of maternal grit on children's effortful control (EC), which is thought to be a precursor to grit, using parenting as a mediating factor. Participants in the current study were 412 children (age range: 18-21 months, M = 34.67 months, SD = 4.51 months) and their mothers. We assessed maternal grit, parenting style, maternal EC, and child EC, and found that maternal grit, maternal EC, and parenting style were positively correlated with child EC. Furthermore, maternal grit was related to EC in children not only directly, but also indirectly through responsive parenting. Additionally, maternal grit was found to be directly related to child EC only when assessed separately from maternal EC. The current study's findings suggest that maternal grit is directly related to EC in children in a way that differs from the mother's EC in child-rearing situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awoun Jung
- Department of Psychology, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikako Ishibashi
- Department of Psychology and Humanities, College of Sociology, Edogawa University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuta Shinya
- Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Itakura
- Research Organization of Open Innovation and Collaboration Ritsumeikan University, Osaka, Japan
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Boulton KA, Lee D, Honan I, Phillips NL, Morgan C, Crowle C, Novak I, Badawi N, Guastella AJ. Exploring early life social and executive function development in infants and risk for autism: a prospective cohort study protocol of NICU graduates and infants at risk for cerebral palsy. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:359. [PMID: 38745143 PMCID: PMC11092236 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05779-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delays in early social and executive function are predictive of later developmental delays and eventual neurodevelopmental diagnoses. There is limited research examining such markers in the first year of life. High-risk infant groups commonly present with a range of neurodevelopmental challenges, including social and executive function delays, and show higher rates of autism diagnoses later in life. For example, it has been estimated that up to 30% of infants diagnosed with cerebral palsy (CP) will go on to be diagnosed with autism later in life. METHODS This article presents a protocol of a prospective longitudinal study. The primary aim of this study is to identify early life markers of delay in social and executive function in high-risk infants at the earliest point in time, and to explore how these markers may relate to the increased risk for social and executive delay, and risk of autism, later in life. High-risk infants will include Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) graduates, who are most commonly admitted for premature birth and/or cardiovascular problems. In addition, we will include infants with, or at risk for, CP. This prospective study will recruit 100 high-risk infants at the age of 3-12 months old and will track social and executive function across the first 2 years of their life, when infants are 3-7, 8-12, 18 and 24 months old. A multi-modal approach will be adopted by tracking the early development of social and executive function using behavioural, neurobiological, and caregiver-reported everyday functioning markers. Data will be analysed to assess the relationship between the early markers, measured from as early as 3-7 months of age, and the social and executive function as well as the autism outcomes measured at 24 months. DISCUSSION This study has the potential to promote the earliest detection and intervention opportunities for social and executive function difficulties as well as risk for autism in NICU graduates and/or infants with, or at risk for, CP. The findings of this study will also expand our understanding of the early emergence of autism across a wider range of at-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsie A Boulton
- Clinic for Autism and Neurodevelopmental (CAN) research, Brain and Mind Centre, Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Child Neurodevelopment and Mental Health Team, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dabin Lee
- Clinic for Autism and Neurodevelopmental (CAN) research, Brain and Mind Centre, Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Child Neurodevelopment and Mental Health Team, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ingrid Honan
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance Institute, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Natalie L Phillips
- Clinic for Autism and Neurodevelopmental (CAN) research, Brain and Mind Centre, Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Child Neurodevelopment and Mental Health Team, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Catherine Morgan
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance Institute, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Cathryn Crowle
- Grace Centre for Newborn Intensive Care, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Sydney, Australia
| | - Iona Novak
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance Institute, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nadia Badawi
- Child Neurodevelopment and Mental Health Team, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance Institute, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Grace Centre for Newborn Intensive Care, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Sydney, Australia
| | - Adam J Guastella
- Clinic for Autism and Neurodevelopmental (CAN) research, Brain and Mind Centre, Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- Child Neurodevelopment and Mental Health Team, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Merced-Nieves FM, Lerman B, Colicino E, Bosquet Enlow M, Wright RO, Wright RJ. Maternal lifetime stress and psychological functioning in pregnancy is associated with preschoolers' temperament: Exploring effect modification by race and ethnicity. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2024; 103:107355. [PMID: 38719081 PMCID: PMC11156532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2024.107355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychosocial stress and psychopathology frequently co-occur, with patterns differing by race and ethnicity. We used statistical mixtures methodology to examine associations between prenatal stress and child temperament in N = 382 racially and ethnically diverse maternal-child dyads to disentangle associations among maternal stressful life events, maternal psychological functioning in pregnancy, childhood neurobehavior, and maternal race and ethnicity. METHODS This study utilized data from a longitudinal pregnancy cohort, PRogramming of Intergenerational Stress Mechanisms (PRISM). Mothers completed the Lifetime Stressor Checklist-Revised, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Scale during pregnancy. When their children were 3-5 years of age, they completed the Children's Behavior Questionnaire, which yields three temperament dimensions: Negative Affectivity (NA), Effortful Control (EC), and Surgency (S). We used weighted quantile sum regression to derive a weighted maternal stress index encompassing lifetime stress and depression and anxiety symptoms and examined associations between the resulting stress index and child temperament. Differential contributions of individual stress domains by race and ethnicity also were examined. RESULTS Mothers self-identified as Black/Black Hispanic (46.1 %), non-Black Hispanic (31.9 %), or non-Hispanic White (22 %). A higher maternal stress index was significantly associated with increased child NA (β = 0.72 95 % CI = 0.35, 1.10). Lifetime stress was the strongest contributor among Hispanic (36.7 %) and White (17.8 %) mothers, whereas depressive symptoms in pregnancy was the strongest contributor among Black (16.7 %) mothers. CONCLUSION Prenatal stress was most strongly associated with negative affectivity in early childhood. Consideration of multiple stress measures as a mixture accounted for differential contributions of individual stress domains by maternal race and ethnicity. These findings may help elucidate the etiology of racial/ethnic disparities in childhood neurobehavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francheska M Merced-Nieves
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine and Climate Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Institute for Climate Change, Environmental Health, and Exposomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Bonnie Lerman
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elena Colicino
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Climate Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Institute for Climate Change, Environmental Health, and Exposomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Bosquet Enlow
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert O Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Climate Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Institute for Climate Change, Environmental Health, and Exposomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rosalind J Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine and Climate Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Institute for Climate Change, Environmental Health, and Exposomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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McCoy DC, Dormal M, Cuartas J, Carreira Dos Santos A, Fink G, Brentani A. The acute effects of community violence on young children's regulatory, behavioral, and developmental outcomes in a low-income urban sample in Brazil. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024; 65:620-630. [PMID: 37011945 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing research on the impacts of adversity on young children's psychological well-being has largely focused on household-level risk factors using observational methods in high-income countries. This study leverages natural variation in the timing and location of community homicides to estimate their acute effects on the regulatory, behavioral, and developmental outcomes of Brazilian 3-year-olds. METHODS We compared the outcomes of children who were assessed soon after a recent neighborhood homicide to those of children from the same residential neighborhoods who had not recently experienced community violence. Our sample included 3,241 3-year-olds (Mage = 41.05 months; 53% female; 45% caregiver education less than middle school; 26% receiving a public assistance program) from seven neighborhoods in São Paulo, Brazil. Child outcome measures included parent reports of effortful control and behavior problems as well as direct assessments of children's developmental (cognitive, language, and motor) skills. Community homicides were measured using police records. RESULTS Recent exposure to community homicides was associated with lower effortful control, higher behavior problems, and lower overall developmental performance for children (d = .05-.20 standard deviations; p = ns - <.001). Effects were consistent across subgroups based on sociodemographic characteristics and environmental supports, but generally largest when community violence exposure was geographically proximal (within 600 m of home) and recent (within 2 weeks prior to assessment). CONCLUSIONS Results highlight the pervasive effects that community violence can have on young children as well as the need to expand support to mitigate these effects and prevent inequities early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana C McCoy
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marta Dormal
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jorge Cuartas
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Centro de Estudios sobre Seguridad y Drogas (CESED), Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia
| | | | - Günther Fink
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Sörensen F, Kimmel MC, Brenner V, Krägeloh-Mann I, Skalkidou A, Mahjani B, Fransson E. Interactions of perinatal depression versus anxiety and infants' early temperament trajectories. Child Dev 2024; 95:721-733. [PMID: 38010823 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.14041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the interplay between maternal depression/anxiety and infant temperament's developmental trajectory in 1687 Swedish-speaking mother-infant dyads from Uppsala County (2009-2019), Sweden. The sample includes a high proportion of university-educated individuals and a low share of foreign-born participants. Maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale during gestational weeks 17 and 32 and postpartum at week 6. Multinomial regression explored associations between maternal variables and infant temperament trajectories at 6 weeks, 12 months, and 18 months. Prenatal anxiety is associated with the high-rising infant difficult temperament trajectory, while prenatal depression/anhedonia is associated with the stable-medium trajectory, attenuated postpartum. Associations between infant temperament and maternal mood depended on timing (pre/postpartum) and symptom type (depression/anhedonia vs. anxiety).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Sörensen
- Pediatric Neurology & Developmental Medicine, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Innovative Neuroimaging, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mary C Kimmel
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Women's Mood Disorders, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vera Brenner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ingeborg Krägeloh-Mann
- Pediatric Neurology & Developmental Medicine, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alkistis Skalkidou
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Behrang Mahjani
- Department of Psychiatry, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Emma Fransson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Centre for Translational Microbiome Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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All K, Chawarska K, Macari SL. Early executive functioning predicts externalizing problems in neurodiverse preschoolers. Autism Res 2024; 17:1053-1065. [PMID: 38476104 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often exhibit externalizing problems, which have been linked with increased anxiety and depression, peer rejection, and parental stress. Identification of early predictors of externalizing behaviors in autism will facilitate identification of vulnerable children and implementation of early preventative interventions. There is ample evidence that executive functioning, social functioning, and temperament are predictive of later externalizing problems in general populations, but less is known about these relations in ASD and other neurodiverse populations, particularly in the early preschool years. To address this gap, we assessed the relations between executive functioning, social functioning, and temperament at age 3 and externalizing problems at age 5 in a sample of neurodiverse children with ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders and delays. Analyses revealed that severity of early executive functioning impairment predicted increased externalizing problems. Severity of social autism symptoms moderated this relationship such that the effect of executive functioning on externalizing problems decreased as autism symptoms increased. These findings suggest that executive functioning is an important target for identifying and developing interventions for vulnerable children and underscore the necessity of considering severity of autism symptoms when researching the development of externalizing problems in children with neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine All
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Katarzyna Chawarska
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Suzanne L Macari
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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12
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Viktorsson C, Portugal AM, Taylor MJ, Ronald A, Falck-Ytter T. Sustained looking at faces at 5 months of age is associated with socio-communicative skills in the second year of life. INFANCY 2024; 29:459-478. [PMID: 38358338 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Efficiently processing information from faces in infancy is foundational for nonverbal communication. We studied individual differences in 5-month-old infants' (N = 517) sustained attention to faces and preference for emotional faces. We assessed the contribution of genetic and environmental influences to individual differences in these gaze behaviors, and the association between these traits and other concurrent and later phenotypes. We found an association between the mean duration of looking at a face (before looking away from it) at 5 months and socio-communicative abilities at 14 months (β = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.08; 0.26, p < 0.001). Sustained attention to faces predicted socio-communicative abilities over and above variance captured by mean fixation duration. We also found a statistically significant but weak tendency to prefer looking at smiling faces (relative to neutral faces), but no indication that variability in this behavior was explained by genetic effects. Moderate heritability was found for sustained attention to faces (A = 0.23, CI: 0.06; 0.38), while shared environmental influences were non-significant for both phenotypes. These findings suggest that sustained looking at individual faces before looking away is a developmentally significant 'social attention' phenotype in infancy, characterized by moderate heritability and a specific relation to later socio-communicative abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Viktorsson
- Development and Neurodiversity Lab, Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ana Maria Portugal
- Development and Neurodiversity Lab, Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark J Taylor
- Department of Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angelica Ronald
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
| | - Terje Falck-Ytter
- Development and Neurodiversity Lab, Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study, Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Sun H, Mehta S, Khaitova M, Cheng B, Hao X, Spann M, Scheinost D. Brain age prediction and deviations from normative trajectories in the neonatal connectome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.23.590811. [PMID: 38712238 PMCID: PMC11071351 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.23.590811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Structural and functional connectomes undergo rapid changes during the third trimester and the first month of postnatal life. Despite progress, our understanding of the developmental trajectories of the connectome in the perinatal period remains incomplete. Brain age prediction uses machine learning to estimate the brain's maturity relative to normative data. The difference between the individual's predicted and chronological age-or brain age gap (BAG)-represents the deviation from these normative trajectories. Here, we assess brain age prediction and BAGs using structural and functional connectomes for infants in the first month of life. We used resting-state fMRI and DTI data from 611 infants (174 preterm; 437 term) from the Developing Human Connectome Project (dHCP) and connectome-based predictive modeling to predict postmenstrual age (PMA). Structural and functional connectomes accurately predicted PMA for term and preterm infants. Predicted ages from each modality were correlated. At the network level, nearly all canonical brain networks-even putatively later developing ones-generated accurate PMA prediction. Additionally, BAGs were associated with perinatal exposures and toddler behavioral outcomes. Overall, our results underscore the importance of normative modeling and deviations from these models during the perinatal period.
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Segal SC, Moulson MC. The effectiveness of maternal regulatory attempts in the development of infant emotion regulation. INFANCY 2024. [PMID: 38598268 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Caregivers are instrumental in the development of infant emotion regulation; however, few studies have focused on delineating the real-time effectiveness of strategies that caregivers use to reduce infant distress. It is also unclear whether certain caregiver traits facilitate engagement in more successful regulation strategies. This study addressed these gaps by: (1) examining the differential effectiveness of maternal regulatory attempts (MRAs; behavioral strategies initiated by mothers to assist infants with regulating emotional states) in reducing 12- to 24-month-old infants' frustration during a toy removal task; and (2) assessing whether maternal mind-mindedness (mothers' attunement to their infant's mental state) predicted mothers' selection of MRAs. Multilevel modeling revealed that distraction and control were the most effective MRAs in reducing infant negative affect across 5-s intervals (N = 82 dyads; M infant age = 18 months; 45 females). Greater use of non-attuned mind-related speech predicted less engagement in effective MRAs, supporting a link between caregivers' socio-cognitive skills and provision of in-the-moment regulation support. These findings highlight the value of considering caregiver regulatory behaviors as a target for elucidating how maternal socialization of emotion regulation occurs in real-time. They also underscore mothers' important role as socializing agents in the development of this foundational developmental ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira C Segal
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margaret C Moulson
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Edmunds SR, Jones A, Braverman Y, Fogler J, Rowland K, Faja SK. Irritability as a Transdiagnostic Risk Factor for Functional Impairment in Autistic and Non-autistic Toddlers and Preschoolers. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2024; 52:551-565. [PMID: 38060090 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Trait irritability in toddlerhood is a powerful risk factor for later internalizing and externalizing challenges in non-autistic children, but the predictive clinical utility of irritability is unknown in autism. Irritability is a trait-level emotional response (i.e., frustration) to a blocked goal and is one source of disruptive behavior. Irritability has two facets: Frustration is the degree to which emotion is elevated after a blocked goal, while soothability is the rate of recovery from peak distress. We aimed to: (1) compare and describe the two facets of irritability in non-autistic and young autistic children, and (2) assess whether children's reward sensitivity and executive function moderate the relation between irritability and clinical symptoms. Participants were 90 autistic (n=43) and non-autistic (n = 47) 2- and 4-year-olds. Autistic children did not have different levels of frustration but were more difficult to soothe compared to non-autistic children, according to parents. Further, frustration and soothability were less strongly correlated for autistic compared to non-autistic children. For all children, executive function (specifically, inhibition) moderated, or ameliorated the strength of, the relation between irritability (both soothability and frustration) and externalizing challenges. This study provides evidence for irritability as a transdiagnostic risk factor for clinically significant emotion regulation challenges. Further, the effect of trait irritability may be ameliorated by children's executive function in a transdiagnostic manner. Future work should examine the unique aspects of soothability to how irritability presents within autism, as well as evaluate and modify emotion regulation interventions for autistic toddlers and preschoolers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Edmunds
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
| | - Aiko Jones
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yael Braverman
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason Fogler
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Leadership Education in Neurodevelopmental & Related Disabilities, Institute for Community Inclusion, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katie Rowland
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Susan K Faja
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics & Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Davis EP, Glynn LM. Annual Research Review: The power of predictability - patterns of signals in early life shape neurodevelopment and mental health trajectories. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024; 65:508-534. [PMID: 38374811 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The global burden of early life adversity (ELA) is profound. The World Health Organization has estimated that ELA accounts for almost 30% of all psychiatric cases. Yet, our ability to identify which individuals exposed to ELA will develop mental illness remains poor and there is a critical need to identify underlying pathways and mechanisms. This review proposes unpredictability as an understudied aspect of ELA that is tractable and presents a conceptual model that includes biologically plausible mechanistic pathways by which unpredictability impacts the developing brain. The model is supported by a synthesis of published and new data illustrating the significant impacts of patterns of signals on child development. We begin with an overview of the existing unpredictability literature, which has focused primarily on longer patterns of unpredictability (e.g. years, months, and days). We then describe our work testing the impact of patterns of parental signals on a moment-to-moment timescale, providing evidence that patterns of these signals during sensitive windows of development influence neurocircuit formation across species and thus may be an evolutionarily conserved process that shapes the developing brain. Next, attention is drawn to emerging themes which provide a framework for future directions of research including the evaluation of functions, such as effortful control, that may be particularly vulnerable to unpredictability, sensitive periods, sex differences, cross-cultural investigations, addressing causality, and unpredictability as a pathway by which other forms of ELA impact development. Finally, we provide suggestions for prevention and intervention, including the introduction of a screening instrument for the identification of children exposed to unpredictable experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elysia Poggi Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Laura M Glynn
- Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
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17
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Penichet EN, Beam CR, Luczak SE, Davis DW. A genetically informed longitudinal study of early-life temperament and childhood aggression. Dev Psychopathol 2024:1-23. [PMID: 38557599 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579424000634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The present study examined the longitudinal associations between three dimensions of temperament - activity, affect-extraversion, and task orientation - and childhood aggression. Using 131 monozygotic and 173 dizygotic (86 same-sex) twin pairs from the Louisville Twin Study, we elucidated the ages, from 6 to 36 months, at which each temperament dimension began to correlate with aggression at age 7. We employed latent growth modeling to show that developmental increases (i.e., slopes) in activity were positively associated with aggression, whereas increases in affect-extraversion and task orientation were negatively associated with aggression. Genetically informed models revealed that correlations between temperament and aggression were primarily explained by common genetic variance, with nonshared environmental variance accounting for a small proportion of each correlation by 36 months. Genetic variance explained the correlations of the slopes of activity and task orientation with aggression. Nonshared environmental variance accounted for almost half of the correlation between the slopes of affect-extraversion and aggression. Exploratory analyses revealed quantitative sex differences in each temperament-aggression association. By establishing which dimensions of temperament correlate with aggression, as well as when and how they do so, our work informs the development of future child and family interventions for children at highest risk of aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric N Penichet
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher R Beam
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- School of Geronotology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Susan E Luczak
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Deborah W Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
- Norton Children's Research Institute affiliated with the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
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18
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Bai L, Chimed-Ochir U, Teti DM. Coparenting as a family-level construct: Parent and child inputs across the first two years. FAMILY PROCESS 2024. [PMID: 38533685 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of infant negative affectivity (NA) and maternal and paternal depressive symptoms on fathers' and mothers' perceptions of coparenting across the first 2 years following an infant's birth. A total of 147 two-parent families (most couples were White, married, and living together) with healthy, full-term infants were recruited. At each time point, fathers and mothers separately reported their coparenting perceptions via the Coparenting Relationship Scale and their depressive symptoms using the depression subscale of Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. Mothers also reported their children's NA via the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised at 3 to 12 months and the Early Child Behavior Questionnaire at 18 and 24 months. Findings from growth curve models in an actor-partner interdependence model framework suggested that among parents with higher depression, there were steeper declines in coparenting quality reported by parents and their spouses across 3-24 months. In addition, three separate two-way interactions between variables including higher-than-usual parental and spousal depression, as well as higher-than-usual infant NA predicted poorer-than-usual coparenting experiences. Findings indicate that coparenting is a dynamically unfolding construct that is impacted by ongoing changes in the parents' social-ecological niche and suggest the need to consider both parent and child characteristics, and to include spousal influences, to get a comprehensive, whole-family understanding of levels and changes in coparenting relationships. The findings also confirm that coparenting dynamics may benefit from interventions engaging both couples and addressing multiple risk factors from both parents (e.g., depression) and children (e.g., NA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Bai
- Research Center for Child Development, Beijing Key Lab of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ulziimaa Chimed-Ochir
- Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Douglas M Teti
- Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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19
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Bosquet Enlow M, De Vivo I, Petty CR, Nelson CA. Temperament and sex as moderating factors of the effects of exposure to maternal depression on telomere length in early childhood. Dev Psychopathol 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38426330 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579424000518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Individual differences in sensitivity to context are posited to emerge early in development and to influence the effects of environmental exposures on a range of developmental outcomes. The goal of the current study was to examine the hypothesis that temperament characteristics and biological sex confer differential vulnerability to the effects of exposure to maternal depression on telomere length in early childhood. Telomere length has emerged as a potentially important biomarker of current and future health, with possible mechanistic involvement in the onset of various disease states. Participants comprised a community sample of children followed from infancy to age 3 years. Relative telomere length was assessed from DNA in saliva samples collected at infancy, 2 years, and 3 years. Maternal depressive symptoms and the child temperament traits of negative affectivity, surgency/extraversion, and regulation/effortful control were assessed via maternal report at each timepoint. Analyses revealed a 3-way interaction among surgency/extraversion, sex, and maternal depressive symptoms, such that higher surgency/extraversion was associated with shorter telomere length specifically among males exposed to elevated maternal depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that temperament and sex influence children's susceptibility to the effects of maternal depression on telomere dynamics in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Bosquet Enlow
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Immaculata De Vivo
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carter R Petty
- Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles A Nelson
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Boston, MA, USA
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20
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Sacrey LAR, Zwaigenbaum L, Brian JA, Smith IM, Armstrong V, Vaillancourt T, Schmidt LA. Behavioral and physiological differences during an emotion-evoking task in children at increased likelihood for autism spectrum disorder. Dev Psychopathol 2024; 36:404-414. [PMID: 36573373 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422001286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Literature examining emotional regulation in infants with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has focused on parent report. We examined behavioral and physiological responses during an emotion-evoking task designed to elicit emotional states in infants. Infants at an increased likelihood for ASD (IL; have an older sibling with ASD; 96 not classified; 29 classified with ASD at age two) and low likelihood (LL; no family history of ASD; n = 61) completed the task at 6, 12, and 18 months. The main findings were (1) the IL-ASD group displayed higher levels of negative affect during toy removal and negative tasks compared to the IL non-ASD and LL groups, respectively, (2) the IL-ASD group spent more time looking at the baseline task compared to the other two groups, and (3) the IL-ASD group showed a greater increase in heart rate from baseline during the toy removal and negative tasks compared to the LL group. These results suggest that IL children who are classified as ASD at 24 months show differences in affect, gaze, and heart rate during an emotion-evoking task, with potential implications for understanding mechanisms related to emerging ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori-Ann R Sacrey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta/Autism Research Centre, Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lonnie Zwaigenbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta/Autism Research Centre, Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jessica A Brian
- Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isabel M Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Autism Research Centre, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Vickie Armstrong
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Autism Research Centre, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Tracy Vaillancourt
- Department of Education and Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Louis A Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Amani B, Krzeczkowski JE, Schmidt LA, Van Lieshout RJ. Public health nurse-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for postpartum depression: Assessing the effects of maternal treatment on infant emotion regulation. Dev Psychopathol 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38273706 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579423001566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The effects of maternal postpartum depression (PPD) on offspring emotion regulation (ER) are particularly deleterious as difficulties with ER predict an increased risk of psychopathology. This study examined the impact of maternal participation in a public health nurse (PHN)-delivered group cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) intervention on infant ER. Mothers/birthing parents were ≥ 18 years old with an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score ≥ 10, and infants were < 12 months. Between 2017 and 2020, 141 mother-infant dyads were randomized to experimental or control groups. Infant ER was measured at baseline (T1) and nine weeks later (T2) using two neurophysiological measures (frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) and high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV)), and informant-report of infant temperament. Mothers were a mean of 30.8 years old (SD = 4.7), 92.3% were married/ common-law, and infants were a mean of 5.4 months old (SD = 2.9) and 52.1% were male. A statistically significant group-by-time interaction was found to predict change in HF-HRV between T1 and T2 (F(1,68.3) = 4.04, p = .04), but no significant interaction predicted change in FAA or temperament. Results suggest that PHN-delivered group CBT for PPD may lead to adaptive changes in a neurophysiological marker of infant ER, highlighting the importance of early maternal intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Amani
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Louis A Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan J Van Lieshout
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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22
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Xia R, Heise MJ, Bowman LC. Parental emotionality is related to preschool children's neural responses to emotional faces. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2024; 19:nsad078. [PMID: 38123451 PMCID: PMC10868131 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsad078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to accurately decode others' facial expressions is essential for successful social interaction. Previous theories suggest that aspects of parental emotionality-the frequency, persistence and intensity of parents' own emotions-can influence children's emotion perception. Through a combination of mechanisms, parental emotionality may shape how children's brains specialize to respond to emotional expressions, but empirical data are lacking. The present study provides a direct empirical test of the relation between the intensity, persistence and frequency of parents' own emotions and children's neural responses to perceiving emotional expressions. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded as typically developing 3- to 5-year-old children (final Ns = 59 and 50) passively viewed faces expressing different emotional valences (happy, angry and fearful) at full and reduced intensity (100% intense expression and 40% intense expression). We examined relations between parental emotionality and children's mean amplitude ERP N170 and negative central responses. The findings demonstrate a clear relation between parental emotionality and children's neural responses (in the N170 mean amplitude and latency) to emotional expressions and suggest that parents may influence children's emotion-processing neural circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruohan Xia
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Center for Mind and Brain, 202 Cousteau Pl, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Megan J Heise
- Division of HIV, Infectious Disease, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lindsay C Bowman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Center for Mind and Brain, 202 Cousteau Pl, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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23
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Castellanos I, Houston DM. Temperament in Toddlers With and Without Prelingual Hearing Loss. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2024; 67:232-243. [PMID: 37992410 PMCID: PMC11000787 DOI: 10.1044/2023_jslhr-23-00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to examine parent-reported ratings of temperament in toddlers with and without prelingual hearing loss. METHOD The parent-completed Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire (ECBQ) was used to assess temperament in toddlers aged 18-36 months. Three dimensions of temperament were examined: surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control. Analyses were conducted to (a) examine differences in temperament across toddlers with and without prelingual hearing loss; (b) examine possible associations between temperament, demographic, and communication factors; and (c) determine if the ECBQ is sensitive to differences in hearing, communication, and listening skills among toddlers with prelingual hearing loss. RESULTS The parent-completed ECBQ revealed that toddlers with prelingual hearing loss differed from their hearing peers on some but not all dimensions of temperament. Specifically, children with prelingual hearing loss were rated as displaying higher levels of surgency and lower levels of effortful control but comparable levels of negative affectivity when compared to their hearing peers. Regression analyses revealed that chronological age and communication strategy predicted scores of effortful control in toddlers with prelingual hearing loss, whereas chronological age alone predicted scores of effortful control in toddlers with hearing. Finally, the ECBQ appears to contain "listening" items that skew (lower) levels of effortful control in toddlers with prelingual hearing loss, such that only the group effect of higher levels of surgency remained after removing these "listening" items. Correlations between the original and our modified ECBQ (removing the "listening" items) revealed strong associations, reflective of high construct validity. CONCLUSIONS This was the first study to measure temperament in toddlers with prelingual hearing loss using the ECBQ. Our results revealed differences between children with and without prelingual hearing loss centering on the dimension of surgency. Examining differences in temperament during the toddler period of development may be particularly important and useful for predicting functional outcomes following prelingual hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Castellanos
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Derek M. Houston
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs
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24
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Narvekar N, Carter Leno V, Pasco G, Begum Ali J, Johnson MH, Charman T, Jones EJH. The roles of sensory hyperreactivity and hyporeactivity in understanding infant fearfulness and emerging autistic traits. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024. [PMID: 38172076 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing evidence indicates that atypical sensory reactivity is a core characteristic of autism, and has been linked to both anxiety (and its putative infant precursor of fearfulness) and repetitive behaviours. However, most work has used cross-sectional designs and not considered the differential roles of hyperreactivity and hyporeactivity to sensory inputs, and is thus limited in specificity. METHODS 161 infants with and without an elevated likelihood of developing autism and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were followed from 10 to 36 months of age. Parents rated an infant precursor of later anxiety (fearfulness) using the Infant Behaviour Questionnaire at 10 and 14 months, and the Early Childhood Behavioural Questionnaire at 24 months, and sensory hyperreactivity and hyporeactivity at 10, 14 and 24 months using the Infant Toddler Sensory Profile. Domains of autistic traits (restrictive and repetitive behaviours; RRB, and social communication interaction, SCI) were assessed using the parent-rated Social Responsiveness Scale at 36 months. Cross-lagged models tested (a) paths between fearfulness and hyperreactivity at 10-24 months, and from fearfulness and hyperreactivity to later autism traits, (b) the specificity of hyperreactivity effects by including hyporeactivity as a correlated predictor. RESULTS Hyperreactivity at 14 months was positively associated with fearfulness at 24 months, and hyperreactivity at 24 months was positively associated with SCI and RRB at 36 months. When hyporeactivity was included in the model, paths between hyperreactivity and fearfulness remained, but paths between hyperreactivity and autistic traits became nonsignificant. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that alterations in early sensory reactivity may increase the likelihood of showing fearfulness in infancy, and relate to later social interactions and repetitive behaviours, particularly in individuals with a family history of autism or ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Narvekar
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Virginia Carter Leno
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Greg Pasco
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Mark H Johnson
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, London, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tony Charman
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Emily J H Jones
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, London, UK
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Neuman KJ, Bagner DM. A Pilot Trial of a Home-Based Parenting Intervention for High-Risk Infants: Effects on and Moderating Role of Effortful Control. Behav Ther 2024; 55:42-54. [PMID: 38216236 PMCID: PMC10787158 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Despite the important developmental outcomes associated with effortful control (EC), there is limited research demonstrating the efficacy of early interventions for improving EC and assessing the extent to which a child's level of baseline EC impacts the outcome of intervention on externalizing problems. This study aims to fill these gaps in the literature by assessing the efficacy of the Infant Behavior Program (IBP), a parenting intervention for infants with elevated levels of behavior problems, in improving infant EC and the moderating effect of baseline infant EC on intervention outcomes. Participants included 60 high-risk 12- to 15-month-old infants and their mothers. Families were randomized to receive the IBP or standard pediatric primary care. Parent-report measures of infant behavior and compliance were examined at baseline, post-intervention, and 3- and 6-month follow-up assessments. Results showed infants who received the IBP displayed significantly higher levels of EC at the post-intervention assessment compared to infants in the control group. Additionally, moderation analyses showed initial levels of EC moderated the effect of the IBP on externalizing problems and compliance, such that infants with higher levels of baseline EC displayed greater decreases in externalizing problems at post-intervention and greater increases in compliance at the 6-month follow-up. While these findings did not survive a false discovery rate correction, they offer preliminary support for the efficacy of the IBP in improving infants' EC and highlight the importance of considering EC as a factor associated with early intervention outcomes for externalizing problems.
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Zhang Y, MacNeill LA, Edwards RC, Burns JL, Zola AR, Poleon RB, Nili AN, Giase GM, Ahrenholtz RM, Wiggins JL, Norton ES, Wakschlag LS. Developmental Trajectories of Irritability across the Transition to Toddlerhood: Associations with Effortful Control and Psychopathology. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2024; 52:125-139. [PMID: 37410219 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Preschool-age irritability is a transdiagnostic marker of internalizing and externalizing problems. However, researchers have generally been reluctant to examine irritability within a clinically salient framework at younger ages due to some instability during the "terrible twos" period. Developmentally sensitive and dense measurements to capture intra- and inter-individual variability, as well as exploration of developmental processes that predict change, are needed. This study aimed to examine (1) the trajectories of irritability at the transition to toddlerhood (12-24 months of age) using repeated measures, (2) whether effortful control was associated with individual differences in level and growth rate of irritability, and (3) whether individual differences in the irritability trajectories were associated with later psychopathology. Families were recruited when the child was 12-18 months old (N = 333, 45.65% female). Mothers reported on their toddler's irritability at baseline and every two months until a follow-up laboratory assessment approximately one year later. Effortful control was measured at baseline. Clinical internalizing/externalizing symptoms were measured at the follow-up assessment. Hierarchical linear models revealed an increase in irritability over time, yet there was relatively little within-person variability. Effortful control was only associated with the level of irritability and not growth rate. Level of irritability was associated with internalizing, externalizing, and combined symptoms, but growth rate was not. Findings suggest intraindividual stability in irritability at the transition to toddlerhood and the possibility that screening for elevated irritability at toddler age is meaningful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Zhang
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Leigha A MacNeill
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Renee C Edwards
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James L Burns
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anne R Zola
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Roshaye B Poleon
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amanda N Nili
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gina M Giase
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rachel M Ahrenholtz
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jillian Lee Wiggins
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, USA
- San Diego State University, University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Norton
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Lauren S Wakschlag
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Grossmann T, Fairhurst M. Genetic variability in the oxytocin system is linked to individual differences in cuddliness among human infants. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 159:106419. [PMID: 37856926 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Pleasant touch facilitates social interactions, affiliative behavior and emotional bonding, contributing to positive infant and child development. Oxytocin is presumed to play an important role in mediating these effects of pleasant touch on brain, body and behavior. However, little is known about the role the oxytocin system plays in pleasant touch during infancy. This study examined the hypothesis that genetic variability in the oxytocin system is linked to individual differences in infants' cuddliness operationalized as parent-reported behaviors indexing an infant's motivation to seek out and enjoy caregiver touch. Our results (N = 82) show that a polymorphism in CD38 (rs3796863), previously linked with increased release of oxytocin in adults, was associated with higher reported rates of cuddliness. In contrast, infants with CD38 genotype previously linked to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and reduced release of oxytocin in adults, was associated with lower rates of cuddliness. These findings support the hypothesis that, from early in human ontogeny, genetic variation in the oxytocin system is systematically linked to individual differences in the reported motivation to seek out, and the enjoyment of receiving, pleasant caregiver touch. This provides novel insights into the neurohormonal processes involved in pleasant touch.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Merle Fairhurst
- Center for the Tactile Internet, Dresden University of Technology, Germany
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Krupsky KL, Zvara BJ, Khalsa AS, Andridge R, Keim SA, Anderson SE. Household chaos, child temperament, and structure-related feeding practices in toddlerhood: A moderation analysis. Eat Behav 2024; 52:101838. [PMID: 38048650 PMCID: PMC11037389 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Structure-related feeding practices may promote intuitive child eating behaviors and foster responsiveness to internal cues of hunger and satiety. Caregivers' ability to engage in structure-related feeding practices likely depends on a complex ecology of factors, including household- and child-characteristics. This study examined associations between household chaos and structure-related feeding practices, and the moderating effect of child temperament. Data were from 275 caregiver-toddler dyads from central Ohio. Child temperament was reported by caregivers when children were 18 months of age, whereas household chaos and structure-related feeding practices were reported by caregivers when children were 36 months of age. Multivariable linear regression models were constructed to assess the relationship between chaos and structure-related feeding practices. Interaction terms between household chaos and three dimensions of child temperament were tested to determine whether temperament moderated the relationship between chaos and structure-related feeding practices. Household chaos was not independently associated with structure-related feeding practices, but higher levels of child effortful control were associated with greater mealtime structure. There was a statistically significant interaction between household chaos and child temperamental surgency, such that greater levels of chaos were associated with less structured mealtimes, but only when children had low-surgency. Findings suggest household chaos and child temperament inform caregiver feeding practices, but the influence of chaos may depend on more proximal factors, like child temperament. Recommendations to improve caregiver-child feeding interactions should be sensitive to characteristics of the broader family home environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Krupsky
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 336 Cunz Hall, 1841 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Bharathi J Zvara
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Dr., Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Amrik Singh Khalsa
- Division of Primary Care Pediatrics, Center for Child Health Equity and Outcomes Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Dr., Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Rebecca Andridge
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Sarah A Keim
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 336 Cunz Hall, 1841 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Center for Biobehavioral Health, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Dr. NEOB 3rd Floor, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | - Sarah E Anderson
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 336 Cunz Hall, 1841 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Portugal AM, Viktorsson C, Taylor MJ, Mason L, Tammimies K, Ronald A, Falck-Ytter T. Infants' looking preferences for social versus non-social objects reflect genetic variation. Nat Hum Behav 2024; 8:115-124. [PMID: 38012276 PMCID: PMC10810753 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01764-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
To what extent do individual differences in infants' early preference for faces versus non-facial objects reflect genetic and environmental factors? Here in a sample of 536 5-month-old same-sex twins, we assessed attention to faces using eye tracking in two ways: initial orienting to faces at the start of the trial (thought to reflect subcortical processing) and sustained face preference throughout the trial (thought to reflect emerging attention control). Twin model fitting suggested an influence of genetic and unique environmental effects, but there was no evidence for an effect of shared environment. The heritability of face orienting and preference were 0.19 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.04 to 0.33) and 0.46 (95% CI 0.33 to 0.57), respectively. Face preference was associated positively with later parent-reported verbal competence (β = 0.14, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.25, P = 0.014, R2 = 0.018, N = 420). This study suggests that individual differences in young infants' selection of perceptual input-social versus non-social-are heritable, providing a developmental perspective on gene-environment interplay occurring at the level of eye movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Portugal
- Development and Neurodiversity Lab (DIVE), Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Childrn's Health, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Charlotte Viktorsson
- Development and Neurodiversity Lab (DIVE), Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mark J Taylor
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luke Mason
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kristiina Tammimies
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Childrn's Health, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angelica Ronald
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Terje Falck-Ytter
- Development and Neurodiversity Lab (DIVE), Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Childrn's Health, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Associations between media exposure and mental health among children and parents after the Great East Japan Earthquake. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2023; 14:2163127. [PMID: 37052091 PMCID: PMC9848268 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2022.2163127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Exposure to natural disaster media coverage is associated with mental health problems, but its long-term impacts are still unclear. Also, no study has analysed the psychological impact of exposure to natural disaster media coverage among children who are generally sensitive to threatening events.Objective: We aimed to examine how television images of victims after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake were associated with mental health among children and their parents.Methods: In 2012, questionnaires for sociodemographic factors were distributed to 2053 families. Parents who provided written consent were contacted in 2013 and invited to provide information on mental health problems (outcome) and retrospectively provide information on television watching at the time of the earthquake (exposure). We used data from 159 parents who completed the survey as the final sample. We used a dichotomous variable to evaluate exposure to media coverage. Multivariable regression was used to examine the association between exposure to television images of victims and mental health, adjusting for potential confounders. Bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrap confidence intervals (CIs) were used.Results: Exposure to television images of victims was significantly associated with worse psychopathology among children (β, 1.51; 95% CI, 0.07-2.96) and greater psychological distress among their parents (β, 1.49; 95% CI, 0.28-2.70). Child psychopathology and parental psychological distress were significantly correlated (r = 0.36, p < .001).Conclusions: Exposure to television images of disaster victims may produce long-term impacts on mental health among children and their parents. To reduce the likelihood of mental health problems associated with disasters, clinicians may recommend reducing exposure to television images of victims.
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Almaatani D, Cory E, Gardner J, Alexanian-Farr M, Hulst JM, Bandsma RHJ, Van Den Heuvel M. Child and Maternal Factors Associated with Feeding Practices in Children with Poor Growth. Nutrients 2023; 15:4850. [PMID: 38004244 PMCID: PMC10675486 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of adequate growth and healthy eating behaviors depends on nutritious food and responsive feeding practices. Our study examined (1) the relationship between maternal concern about child weight or perceived feeding difficulties and their feeding practices, and (2) the moderating role of child temperament and maternal mental health on their feeding practices. A cross-sessional study included mother-child dyads (n = 98) from a tertiary growth and feeding clinic. Children had a mean age of 12.7 ± 5.0 months and a mean weight-for-age z-score of -2.0 ± 1.3. Responsive and controlling feeding practices were measured with the Infant Feeding Styles Questionnaire. Spearman correlation and moderation analysis were performed. Maternal concern about child weight and perceived feeding difficulties were negatively correlated with responsive feeding (r = -0.40, -0.48, p < 0.001). A greater concern about child weight or perceived feeding difficulties was associated with greater use of pressure feeding practices when effortful control was low (B = 0.49, t = 2.47, p = 0.01; B = -0.27, p = 0.008). Maternal anxiety had a significant moderation effect on the relationship between feeding difficulty and pressure feeding (B = -0.04, p = 0.009). Higher maternal concern about child weight and perceived feeding difficulties were associated with less responsive satiety feeding beliefs and behaviors. Both child effortful control and maternal anxiety influenced the relationship between weight and feeding concerns and the use of pressure feeding practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Almaatani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (D.A.)
| | - Emma Cory
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Julie Gardner
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | | | - Jessie M. Hulst
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (D.A.)
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Robert H. J. Bandsma
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (D.A.)
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Meta Van Den Heuvel
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Division of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
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Tu HF, Fransson E, Kunovac Kallak T, Elofsson U, Ramklint M, Skalkidou A. Cohort profile: the U-BIRTH study on peripartum depression and child development in Sweden. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e072839. [PMID: 37949626 PMCID: PMC10649626 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The current U-BIRTH cohort (Uppsala Birth Cohort) extends our previous cohort Biology, Affect, Stress, Imaging and Cognition (BASIC), assessing the development of children up to 11 years after birth. The U-BIRTH study aims to (1) assess the impact of exposure to peripartum mental illness on the children's development taking into account biological and environmental factors during intrauterine life and childhood; (2) identify early predictors of child neurodevelopmental and psychological problems using biophysiological, psychosocial and environmental variables available during pregnancy and early post partum. PARTICIPANTS All mothers participating in the previous BASIC cohort are invited, and mother-child dyads recruited in the U-BIRTH study are consecutively invited to questionnaire assessments and biological sampling when the child is 18 months, 6 years and 11 years old. Data collection at 18 months (n=2882) has been completed. Consent for participation has been obtained from 1946 families of children having reached age 6 and from 698 families of children having reached age 11 years. FINDINGS TO DATE Based on the complete data from pregnancy to 18 months post partum, peripartum mental health was significantly associated with the development of attentional control and gaze-following behaviours, which are critical to cognitive and social learning later in life. Moreover, infants of depressed mothers had an elevated risk of difficult temperament and behavioural problems compared with infants of non-depressed mothers. Analyses of biological samples showed that peripartum depression and anxiety were related to DNA methylation differences in infants. However, there were no methylation differences in relation to infants' behavioural problems at 18 months of age. FUTURE PLANS Given that the data collection at 18 months is complete, analyses are now being undertaken. Currently, assessments for children reaching 6 and 11 years are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Fen Tu
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emma Fransson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Centre for Translational Microbiome Research, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Ulf Elofsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mia Ramklint
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alkistis Skalkidou
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Nili AN, Miller M, Zhang Y, Sherlock PR, Burns JL, Zola A, Kaat A, Wakschlag LS, Krogh-Jespersen S. What is typical: Atypical in young children's attention regulation?: Characterizing the developmental spectrum with the Multidimensional Assessment Profiles-Attention Regulation Infant-Toddler (MAPS-AR-IT) Scale. Infant Ment Health J 2023; 44:781-793. [PMID: 37919260 PMCID: PMC10947604 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.22087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
While attention dysregulation is a promising early indicator of neurodevelopmental risk, in particular attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), it is difficult to characterize clinical concern due to its developmental expectability at the transition to toddlerhood. Thus, explicating the typical:atypical continuum of risk indicators is among the key future directions for research to promote early identification and intervention, and prevent decrements in the attainment of developmental milestones into early childhood. In this paper, we present the Multidimensional Assessment Profiles-Attention Regulation Infant-Toddler (MAPS-AR-IT) Scale, a novel parent-report survey of dimensional, developmentally specified indicators of attention (dys)regulation. Item Response Theory was employed to characterize the typical:atypical spectrum of both normative and more concerning dysregulation (including the contexts in which behavior occurs). We provide evidence of the validity of this measure in capturing the full typical:atypical spectrum via a longitudinal sample of typically developing children at 12-18 months of age (baseline) via concurrent scores on well-validated temperament and clinical measures. We also examine longitudinal stability and predictive validity if the MAPS-AR-IT via a clinical interview of ADHD symptoms at 24-30 months (follow-up). While not diagnostic, we present evidence of the utility of the MAPS-AR-IT in explicating individual neurodevelopmental risk and elucidating the broader typicality of behaviors related to attention (dys)regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N Nili
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Meghan Miller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Yudong Zhang
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Philip R Sherlock
- Ringgold Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - James L Burns
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anne Zola
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Aaron Kaat
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lauren S Wakschlag
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sheila Krogh-Jespersen
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Hassan R, Smith CL, Schmidt LA, Brook CA, Bell MA. Developmental patterns of children's shyness: Relations with physiological, emotional, and regulatory responses to being treated unfairly. Child Dev 2023; 94:1745-1761. [PMID: 37415524 PMCID: PMC10771537 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The dysregulation of social fear has been widely studied in children's shyness, but we know little about how shy children regulate during unfair treatment. We first characterized developmental patterns of children's shyness (N = 304, ngirls = 153; 74% White, 26% Other) across 2 (Mage = 2.07), 3 (Mage = 3.08), 4 (Mage = 4.08), and 6 (Mage = 6.58) years of age. Data collection occurred from 2007 to 2014. At age 6, the high stable group had higher cardiac vagal withdrawal and lower expressed sadness and approach-related regulatory strategy than the low stable group when being treated unfairly. Although shy children may be more physiologically impacted by being treated unfairly, they may mask their sadness to signal appeasement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raha Hassan
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University
| | - Cynthia L. Smith
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Virginia Tech
| | - Louis A. Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University
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35
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Tervahartiala K, Perasto L, Kortesluoma S, Korja R, Karlsson H, Nolvi S, Karlsson L. Latent profile analysis of diurnal cortisol patterns at the ages of 2, 3.5, and 5 years: Associations with childcare setting, child individual characteristics, and maternal distress. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 156:106345. [PMID: 37540904 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
This study performed latent profile analysis from more than 4000 saliva cortisol samples collected from children at the ages of 2 (T1), 3.5 (T2), and 5 years (T3). Three clearly different cortisol profiles were identified. The largest group at every age point was the Low/Regular latent profile, in which the cortisol slopes followed typical diurnal variation. A smaller proportion of the children belonged to the latent profile with relatively Low/Flat slope, and a minority belonged to the High/Fluctuating latent group, where the overall cortisol values and variations between the slopes were clearly higher than in the other groups. Most of the children who belonged to the High/Fluctuating group were cared for at home, they had higher temperamental surgency and their mothers had more depressive symptoms than in the other latent profile groups. However, only moderate intraindividual stability in diurnal cortisol profiles was observed across the follow-up period. On average, half of the children moved between the groups from T1 to T3. Neither child temperament, social competence, nor sex explained the stability or movement between the groups across age. Variations in cortisol profiles may be caused by the child's age, and diurnal cortisol rhythm becomes more regular along with development. Methodological issues regarding saliva cortisol research in young children are discussed. Also, more longitudinal research is needed to clarify mechanisms between environmental as well as individual factors and possible dysregulation in a child's HPA axis functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Tervahartiala
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Assistentinkatu 7, 20520 Turku, Finland; Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Mattilanniemi 6, 40100 Jyväskylä, Finland; Centre of Excellence in Learning Dynamics and Intervention Research (InterLearn), University of Jyväskylä and University of Turku, Mattilanniemi 6, 40100 Jyväskylä, Finland; The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Laura Perasto
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Susanna Kortesluoma
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Riikka Korja
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Assistentinkatu 7, 20520 Turku, Finland; Centre of Excellence in Learning Dynamics and Intervention Research (InterLearn), University of Jyväskylä and University of Turku, Mattilanniemi 6, 40100 Jyväskylä, Finland; The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Hasse Karlsson
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland; Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Department of Clinical Medicine, Psychiatry, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Saara Nolvi
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Assistentinkatu 7, 20520 Turku, Finland; Centre of Excellence in Learning Dynamics and Intervention Research (InterLearn), University of Jyväskylä and University of Turku, Mattilanniemi 6, 40100 Jyväskylä, Finland; The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Linnea Karlsson
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland; Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Department of Clinical Medicine, Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland
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Marr MC, Graham AM, Feczko E, Nolvi S, Thomas E, Sturgeon D, Schifsky E, Rasmussen JM, Gilmore JH, Styner M, Entringer S, Wadhwa PD, Korja R, Karlsson H, Karlsson L, Buss C, Fair DA. Maternal Perinatal Stress Trajectories and Negative Affect and Amygdala Development in Offspring. Am J Psychiatry 2023; 180:766-777. [PMID: 37670606 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.21111176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maternal psychological stress during pregnancy is a common risk factor for psychiatric disorders in offspring, but little is known about how heterogeneity of stress trajectories during pregnancy affect brain systems and behavioral phenotypes in infancy. This study was designed to address this gap in knowledge. METHODS Maternal anxiety, stress, and depression were assessed at multiple time points during pregnancy in two independent low-risk mother-infant cohorts (N=115 and N=2,156). Trajectories in maternal stress levels in relation to infant negative affect were examined in both cohorts. Neonatal amygdala resting-state functional connectivity MRI was examined in a subset of one cohort (N=60) to explore the potential relationship between maternal stress trajectories and brain systems in infants relevant to negative affect. RESULTS Four distinct trajectory clusters, characterized by changing patterns of stress over time, and two magnitude clusters, characterized by severity of stress, were identified in the original mother-infant cohort (N=115). The magnitude clusters were not associated with infant outcomes. The trajectory characterized by increasing stress in late pregnancy was associated with blunted development of infant negative affect. This relationship was replicated in the second, larger cohort (N=2,156). In addition, the trajectories that included increasing or peak maternal stress in late pregnancy were related to stronger neonatal amygdala functional connectivity to the anterior insula and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in the exploratory analysis. CONCLUSIONS The trajectory of maternal stress appears to be important for offspring brain and behavioral development. Understanding heterogeneity in trajectories of maternal stress and their influence on infant brain and behavioral development is critical to developing targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie C Marr
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Alice M Graham
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Eric Feczko
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Saara Nolvi
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Elina Thomas
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Darrick Sturgeon
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Emma Schifsky
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Jerod M Rasmussen
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - John H Gilmore
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Martin Styner
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Pathik D Wadhwa
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Riikka Korja
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Hasse Karlsson
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Linnea Karlsson
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Claudia Buss
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
| | - Damien A Fair
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience (Marr, Graham, Sturgeon, Schifsky, Fair) and Department of Psychiatry (Graham, Fair), Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Marr); Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass. (Marr); Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Institute of Child Development (Fair), and Department of Pediatrics (Feczko, Fair), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi, Korja); Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin (Nolvi, Entringer, Buss); Department of Neuroscience, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. (Thomas); Development, Health, and Disease Research Program and Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange (Rasmussen, Entringer, Wadhwa, Buss); Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (Entringer, Wadhwa), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wadhwa), and Epidemiology (Wadhwa), University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange; FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital (Korja, H. Karlsson, L. Karlsson); Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L. Karlsson) and Department of Psychiatry (H. Karlsson), Department of Clinical Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (Gilmore); Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Styner)
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37
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Melnick L, Kucker SC. The Influence of Shyness on Language Assessment. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2023; 66:3588-3605. [PMID: 37595786 DOI: 10.1044/2023_jslhr-22-00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study is to examine how shyness affects a child's performance on language assessments that vary in sociability. We hypothesized that accuracy on language tasks would be driven by shyness such that shyer children would perform better on nonsociable tasks compared to sociable tasks. METHOD The procedures followed a quasi-experimental design. One hundred twenty-two participants, ages 17-42 months and varying in their temperament, each underwent a series of three language tasks. The order of tasks was randomized, and each task varied in the social interaction required: a looking task, a pointing task, and a production task. Data were collected via Zoom, and parents reported their child's shyness level via the Early Child Behavior Questionnaire. RESULTS Shyness was compared with participants' accuracy across the three tests while controlling for age and vocabulary percentile. There were significant differences in children's performance across the tasks, with respect to shyness. Shyer children performed worse on the production task compared to less shy children. All children did well on the pointing task regardless of shyness level, but performance was more nuanced on the looking task such that shyer children were at times more accurate but also less likely to respond in general. CONCLUSIONS As shown by these results, shyer and less shy children respond differentially to methods of language assessment that vary in sociability. It is important for clinicians to acknowledge shyness when choosing an appropriate assessment of children's language. Future direction includes assessing performance on standardized assessments. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.23845521.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesl Melnick
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater
| | - Sarah C Kucker
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater
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Deer LK, Doom JR, Harrall KK, Glueck DH, Glynn LM, Sandman CA, Davis EP. Infant effortful control predicts BMI trajectories from infancy to adolescence. Pediatr Obes 2023; 18:e13059. [PMID: 37287418 PMCID: PMC10525013 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effortful control, or the regulation of thoughts and behaviour, is a potential target for preventing childhood obesity. OBJECTIVES To assess effortful control in infancy through late childhood as a predictor of repeated measures of body mass index (BMI) from infancy through adolescence, and to examine whether sex moderates the associations. METHODS Maternal report of offspring effortful control and measurements of child BMI were obtained at 7 and 8 time points respectively from 191 gestational parent/child dyads from infancy through adolescence. General linear mixed models were used. RESULTS Effortful control at 6 months predicted BMI trajectories from infancy through adolescence, F(5,338) = 2.75, p = 0.03. Further, when effortful control at other timepoints were included in the model, they added no additional explanatory value. Sex moderated the association between 6-month effortful control and BMI, F(4, 338) = 2.59, p = 0.03, with poorer infant effortful control predicting higher BMI in early childhood for girls, and more rapid increases in BMI in early adolescence for boys. CONCLUSIONS Effortful control in infancy was associated with BMI over time. Specifically, poor effortful control during infancy was associated with higher BMI in childhood and adolescence. These findings support the argument that infancy may be a sensitive window for the development of later obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kylie K. Harrall
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Deborah H. Glueck
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus
| | | | - Curt A. Sandman
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine
| | - Elysia Poggi Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine
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Lahtela H, Nolvi S, Flykt M, Kataja EL, Eskola E, Pelto J, Bridgett DJ, Karlsson H, Karlsson L, Korja R. Mother-infant interaction and maternal postnatal psychological distress are associated with negative emotional reactivity among infants and toddlers- A FinnBrain Birth Cohort study. Infant Behav Dev 2023; 72:101843. [PMID: 37285708 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2023.101843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Studies have reported mixed findings regarding the effects of mother-infant interaction and maternal distress on children's negative emotional reactivity. In the current study (N = 134 and 107), we examined the effects of maternal Emotional Availability (sensitivity, structuring, non-intrusiveness and non-hostility) and maternal psychological distress on negative reactivity among children in the FinnBrain birth cohort study. In addition, the possible moderating effect of mother-infant interaction on the associations between maternal psychological distress and children's negative reactivity was examined. We used questionnaires to asses maternal psychological distress, observations of mother-infant interaction and observations as well maternal reports of child temperament to overcome the key limitations of many studies relying on single-method assessments. Our results showed that higher maternal sensitivity and structuring at 8 months of child's age were associated with lower mother-reported negative reactivity among children at 24 months. Higher maternal postnatal distress associated with higher parent-reported negative reactivity in children at 12 and 24 months of age when the effects of prenatal distress and the quality of mother-infant interaction were controlled for. Mother-infant interaction and maternal psychological distress did not associate with observations of child negative reactivity. We found no moderation effects of mother-infant interaction regarding the associations between maternal distress and children's negative emotional reactivity. Our findings reflect the importance of developing interventions to reduce the maternal distress symptoms while enhancing maternal sensitivity and structuring to prevent the possible harmful effects of these on child negative reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetti Lahtela
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Finland; Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Finland.
| | - Saara Nolvi
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Finland; Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Finland; Turku Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Marjo Flykt
- Faculty of Medicine, department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Finland; University of Tampere, Department of Psychology
| | - Eeva-Leena Kataja
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Finland; Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Eeva Eskola
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Finland; Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Juho Pelto
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Finland; University of Turku, Department of Mathematics and Statistics
| | | | - Hasse Karlsson
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - Linnea Karlsson
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Finland
| | - Riikka Korja
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Finland; Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Finland
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40
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Hunt E, Hogan A, Will EA, Roberts JE. ADHD and ASD symptoms in young males with fragile X syndrome: associations with early trajectories of inhibitory control. Child Neuropsychol 2023; 29:760-786. [PMID: 36082630 PMCID: PMC9995619 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2022.2120605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory control (IC), the ability to suppress inappropriate responses, emerges late in the first year of life and improves across typical development, concurrent with brain maturation. The development of IC is critical to various social-emotional and behavioral functions, with IC difficulties being linked to numerous neurodevelopmental disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a single-gene disorder characterized by IC difficulties, and elevated rates of ADHD and ASD, making it a useful model for understanding the early development and consequences of IC. In this longitudinal study, we characterized IC trajectories across multiple time points between 16 and 71 months of age in young males with FXS (n = 79) relative to neurotypical (NT) controls (n=49). To explore the association between behavioral outcomes and IC, we identified a subsample of 50 children with longitudinal IC data and an outcome assessment for ADHD and ASD symptoms at age 5 (FXS: n = 26, NT: n = 24). Results indicated that, compared to their NT peers, young males with FXS exhibit differences in IC as early as 24 months, with group differences increasing through age 5. Additionally, we determined that lower IC levels at 24 months were associated with later ADHD symptoms and a decreasing slope in IC over time was associated with later ASD symptoms in male children with FXS. These findings help refine early developmental phenotypes of FXS and highlight IC as a potential target for early detection and intervention of ASD and ADHD symptoms in male children with FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Hunt
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Abigail Hogan
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Will
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jane E Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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41
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Babineau V, Jolicoeur-Martineau A, Szekely E, Green CG, Sassi R, Gaudreau H, Levitan RD, Lydon J, Steiner M, O'Donnell KJ, Kennedy JL, Burack JA, Wazana A. Maternal prenatal depression is associated with dysregulation over the first five years of life moderated by child polygenic risk for comorbid psychiatric problems. Dev Psychobiol 2023; 65:e22395. [PMID: 37338256 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation is a combination of emotion, behavior, and attention problems associated with lifelong psychiatric comorbidity. There is evidence for the stability of dysregulation from childhood to adulthood, which would be more fully characterized by determining the likely stability from infancy to childhood. Early origins of dysregulation can further be validated and contextualized in association with environmental and biological factors, such as prenatal stress and polygenic risk scores (PRS) for overlapping child psychiatric problems. We aimed to determine trajectories of dysregulation from 3 months to 5 years (N = 582) in association with maternal prenatal depression moderated by multiple child PRS (N = 232 pairs with available PRS data) in a prenatal cohort. Mothers reported depression symptoms at 24-26 weeks' gestation and child dysregulation at 3, 6, 18, 36, 48, and 60 months. The PRS were for major depressive disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, cross disorder, and childhood psychiatric problems. Covariates were biological sex, maternal education, and postnatal depression. Analyses included latent classes and regression. Two dysregulation trajectories emerged: persistently low dysregulation (94%), and increasingly high dysregulation (6%). Stable dysregulation emerged at 18 months. High dysregulation was associated with maternal prenatal depression, moderated by PRS for child comorbid psychiatric problems. Males were at greater risk of high dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Babineau
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Eszter Szekely
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Roberto Sassi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hélène Gaudreau
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert D Levitan
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Lydon
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Meir Steiner
- Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St-Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kieran J O'Donnell
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - James L Kennedy
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacob A Burack
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ashley Wazana
- Institute of Community and Family Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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42
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Planckaert N, Duyck W, Woumans E. Is there a cognitive advantage in inhibition and switching for bilingual children? A systematic review. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1191816. [PMID: 37397328 PMCID: PMC10313409 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1191816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have pointed to beneficial effects of bilingualism on executive functioning. However, observations of these beneficial effects have at times proven difficult to reproduce. Moreover, findings of studies on cognitive effects of bilingualism have been contested altogether. These contradictory outcomes leave the research field of bilingualism at unease. In the present review article, we aim to give a systematic overview of previous research on bilingual advantages in inhibition and switching in children up to the age of 12. Particular attention is paid to the experimental tasks that have been applied and the persistence of possible effects throughout critical and post-critical periods for cognitive development in children. In doing so, the review gives an insight in both the validity and robustness of possible domain-general cognitive effects of bilingualism in children. Terminological issues are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Planckaert
- Department of Translation, Interpreting, and Communication, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wouter Duyck
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- The Accreditation Organisation of the Netherlands and Flanders (NVAO), Den Haag, Netherlands
| | - Evy Woumans
- Department of Translation, Interpreting, and Communication, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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43
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Sunderji A, Gallant HD, Hall A, Davis AD, Pokhvisneva I, Meaney MJ, Silveira PP, Sassi RB, Hall GB. Serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene network moderates the impact of prenatal maternal adversity on orbitofrontal cortical thickness in middle childhood. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287289. [PMID: 37319261 PMCID: PMC10270637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In utero, the developing brain is highly susceptible to the environment. For example, adverse maternal experiences during the prenatal period are associated with outcomes such as altered neurodevelopment and emotion dysregulation. Yet, the underlying biological mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we investigate whether the function of a network of genes co-expressed with the serotonin transporter in the amygdala moderates the impact of prenatal maternal adversity on the structure of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in middle childhood and/or the degree of temperamental inhibition exhibited in toddlerhood. T1-weighted structural MRI scans were acquired from children aged 6-12 years. A cumulative maternal adversity score was used to conceptualize prenatal adversity and a co-expression based polygenic risk score (ePRS) was generated. Behavioural inhibition at 18 months was assessed using the Early Childhood Behaviour Questionnaire (ECBQ). Our results indicate that in the presence of a low functioning serotonin transporter gene network in the amygdala, higher levels of prenatal adversity are associated with greater right OFC thickness at 6-12 years old. The interaction also predicts temperamental inhibition at 18 months. Ultimately, we identified important biological processes and structural modifications that may underlie the link between early adversity and future deviations in cognitive, behavioural, and emotional development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleeza Sunderji
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Heather D. Gallant
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander Hall
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew D. Davis
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Irina Pokhvisneva
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael J. Meaney
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences and Brain–Body Initiative, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Patricia P. Silveira
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Roberto B. Sassi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Geoffrey B. Hall
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Moanţă AD, Pelin F, Ciolcă C, Nanu MC, Mitrache G, Badea D, Ciuntea LM. The temperament of pre-teens at risk of educational and social exclusion. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1173175. [PMID: 37388652 PMCID: PMC10301760 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1173175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vulnerability and poverty increase the educational and social exclusion of pre-teens. The goal of the present study was to identify the temperamental characteristics of pre-teens at risk of educational and social exclusion, depending on type of vulnerability and gender. Methods For the study, 329 students (167 boys and 162 girls) at risk of early school leaving were involved and grouped into four categories: preadolescents from single-parent families, students with an absent parent (for example, is working abroad), socially assisted students, and Roma pre-teens (socially assisted). To assess temperament the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire (EATQ-R) was used. Results The results underline that in the case of the four super factors and for the two behavioral scales investigated, the scores (at group level) are, generally, within the average limits. The study highlights the importance of specialists to increase, in the case of pre-teens at risk of early school leaving, Effortful Control, and to decrease Negative Affectivity (which includes frustration and fear) and Depressive Mood. Significant differences between vulnerable boys and girls were observed, in the case of Surgency, Affiliation, and Depressive Mood. Also, using the Mann-Whitney (U) test and an independent sample t-test, gender-dependent differences were highlighted (considering the EATQ-R scales), in the case of each type of vulnerability. Using single-factor multivariate analysis of variances, the differences between preadolescents, depending on the type of vulnerability, were presented. Discussion In the case of Surgency, boys registered significantly higher scores than girls, while in the case of Affiliation and Depressive Mood girls obtained higher values. Gender- and type of vulnerability-dependent differences in temperament were discussed in the case of pre-teens, and showed a temperament-conscious education is necessary in future parental education and teacher training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Daniela Moanţă
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, National University of Physical Education and Sport, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florin Pelin
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, National University of Physical Education and Sport, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Corina Ciolcă
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, National University of Physical Education and Sport, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marian Costin Nanu
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Georgeta Mitrache
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, National University of Physical Education and Sport, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dan Badea
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, National University of Physical Education and Sport, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lucian Mihai Ciuntea
- Faculty of Movement, Sport and Health Sciences, Vasile Alecsandri University of Bacău, Bacău, Romania
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45
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Osborne KR, Smith-Bynum MA, Walsdorf AA, Anderson LA, O'Brien Caughy M. Preparing Black and Latinx children for police encounters: Caregiver response profiles and child self-regulation. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2023; 33:547-563. [PMID: 36544246 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that the goodness-of-fit between profiles of observed, caregiver-provided ethnic-racial socialization (ERS), and child self-regulation (i.e., inhibitory control) would differentially associate with child behavioral outcomes. Conversations between 80 caregivers (45% Latinx; 55% Black) and their children (M age = 11.09; 46% female) were rated for ERS. Measures included an inhibitory control composite (ages 2.5-3.5) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; age 12). Three profiles were determined: Comprehensive (n = 34), Reactive (n = 8), and Pragmatic (n = 38). Only youth with low inhibitory control in preschool appeared to benefit from Pragmatic ERS, whereas youth with normative or high inhibitory control in early childhood displayed lower internalizing and externalizing behaviors when they had Comprehensive or Reactive rather than Pragmatic caregivers.
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46
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Tauriello S, Moding K, Aronoff N, Kubiniec E, Anzman-Frasca S. Examining links between child temperament and feeding, eating, and weight outcomes: An updated systematic review of the literature. Eat Behav 2023; 49:101739. [PMID: 37209569 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight outcomes have been associated with child temperament, defined as individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation. The current systematic review aims to provide an updated summary of the evidence linking temperamental negative reactivity, surgency, and regulation superfactors to early childhood feeding, eating, and weight outcomes. METHODS PubMed, PsycINFO and Embase databases, as well as scientific meeting programs, were searched using keywords and subject headings. Publication dates were limited to 2012-2019 as prior reviews were published in 2012 and 2014. Identified studies were eligible if they included children ages 0-5 years, a measure of child temperament, and a measure of parent/caregiver feeding, child eating, or child weight. 7113 studies were identified and 121 met inclusion criteria. RESULTS Feeding, eating, and weight outcomes were largely unrelated to overarching negative reactivity, surgency, and effortful control superfactors. Examination of individual temperament dimensions suggested difficult temperament was frequently linked to non-responsive feeding practices, whereas elevated emotionality and decreased self-regulation were linked to maladaptive eating behaviors, and lower inhibitory control to adiposity. Analyses with infants reported greater percentages of significant associations compared to children, and cross-sectional studies generally reported fewer significant associations than other study designs. CONCLUSIONS Difficult temperament, greater emotionality and lower self-regulation and inhibitory control were the aspects of temperament most consistently related to poorer early childhood feeding, eating, and weight outcomes. Associations tended to be stronger in infancy, and when examined within a non-cross-sectional study design. Findings can inform the development of tailored efforts to promote healthy eating and growth throughout childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tauriello
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Kameron Moding
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Nell Aronoff
- University Libraries, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Kubiniec
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Anzman-Frasca
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America; Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America.
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47
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Joseph HM, Lorenzo NE, Fisher N, Novick DR, Gibson C, Rothenberger SD, Foust JE, Chronis-Tuscano A. Research Review: A systematic review and meta-analysis of infant and toddler temperament as predictors of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 64:715-735. [PMID: 36599815 PMCID: PMC10404471 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with onset as early as preschool and impairment across the lifespan. Temperament factors, specifically those that theoretically map onto ADHD symptoms, may be early markers of risk for developing later childhood ADHD that could be identifiable in infancy or toddlerhood. This meta-analysis examined the associations between these early temperamental factors and later symptoms and diagnosis of ADHD and mapped early temperament constructs onto the three ADHD symptom dimensions. METHODS A systemic review of the literature was conducted to identify prospective longitudinal studies that included theoretically relevant temperament constructs (sustained attention, activity level, inhibition, and negative emotionality) examined from birth to 36 months old and ADHD (symptoms or diagnosis) in preschool or childhood. The association between each temperament construct and ADHD outcomes was examined using pooled standardized estimates in meta-analyses. RESULTS Forty-eight articles (n = 112,716 infants/toddlers) prospectively examined temperament and the relation to childhood ADHD symptoms or diagnosis. Activity level (k = 18) in infancy and toddlerhood was moderately associated with childhood ADHD (r = .39, CI = 0.27, 0.51, p < .001). Moderate effect sizes were also observed for sustained attention (k = 9; r = -.28, CI = -0.42, -0.12, p < .001) and negative emotionality (k = 33; r = .25, CI = 0.16, 0.34, p < .001) with ADHD. The specificity of each temperament construct for later ADHD symptom dimensions was such that activity level and negative emotionality were predictive of all three symptom dimensions (i.e., inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and combined), whereas sustained attention was only associated with combined symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Infant and toddler temperament is an early risk factor for the development of childhood ADHD that could be utilized for early intervention identification. Yet, this systematic review found that relatively few prospective longitudinal studies have examined sustained attention (k = 9) and inhibition (k = 15) in infancy and toddlerhood in relation to later ADHD highlighting the need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole E. Lorenzo
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, MD
- Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC
| | - Nadiyah Fisher
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Cassandra Gibson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Jill E Foust
- Health Sciences Library System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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48
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Phillips JJ, Bruce MD, Bell MA. Setting the stage: Biopsychosocial predictors of early childhood externalizing behaviors. Dev Psychobiol 2023; 65:e22391. [PMID: 37073595 PMCID: PMC10116079 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Research has indicated that biological (self-regulation), psychological (temperament), and social (maternal parenting behaviors) factors predict childhood externalizing behaviors. Few studies, however, have evaluated psychological, biological, and social factors in conjunction as predictors of childhood externalizing behaviors. Further, limited research has examined whether these biopsychosocial predictors during infancy and toddlerhood predict the onset of externalizing behaviors in early childhood. The present study aimed to examine the longitudinal relations between biopsychosocial predictors of child externalizing behaviors. Children and their mothers (n = 410) participated when children were 5, 24, and 36 months old. Child self-regulation was assessed via baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) at age 5 months, and child psychology was measured via maternal report of effortful control at age 24 months. Additionally, maternal intrusiveness was assessed during a mother-child interaction at age 5 months. At 36 months, mothers reported on child externalizing behaviors. Longitudinal path modeling was used to examine the direct and indirect effects of maternal intrusiveness and child effortful control on child externalizing behavior, as well as whether these effects were conditional upon child baseline RSA. Results showed a significant indirect effect of maternal intrusiveness on externalizing behavior through effortful control, and this pathway was moderated by baseline RSA after controlling for orienting regulation at age 5 months. These results suggest that early childhood externalizing behaviors are jointly affected by biological, psychological, and social factors during toddlerhood.
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49
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Bailes LG, Leerkes EM. Transactional associations between infant negative emotionality and maternal sensitivity: Maternal emotion dysregulation as a moderator. JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY : JFP : JOURNAL OF THE DIVISION OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (DIVISION 43) 2023; 37:369-379. [PMID: 36689388 PMCID: PMC10124605 DOI: 10.1037/fam0001060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The relations between maternal sensitivity and infant negative emotionality have been tested extensively in the previous literature. However, the extent to which these associations reflect unidirectional or bidirectional effects over time remains somewhat uncertain. Further, the possibility that maternal characteristics moderate the extent to which infant negative emotionality predicts maternal sensitivity over time has yet to be tested in cross-lag models. The goal of the present study is to address these gaps. First time mothers (N = 259; 50% White; 50% Black) and their infants participated when infants were 6, 14, and 26 months of age. Infant negative emotionality was assessed via maternal report and direct observation during standardized laboratory tasks, which were subsequently combined to yield a multimethod measure at each wave. Maternal sensitivity was observationally coded at each wave and mothers self-reported emotion dysregulation at 6 and 14 months. A random intercepts cross-lagged model with maternal emotion dysregulation specified as a moderator revealed that infant negative emotionality at 6 months was negatively associated with maternal sensitivity at 14 months, but only among mothers higher in emotion dysregulation. Higher maternal sensitivity was in turn associated with lower infant negative emotionality when infants were 26 months of age. The indirect pathway was significant, lending support for the transactional model. Implications for future research and prevention/intervention are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren G. Bailes
- Vanderbilt University, Peabody College, 2201 West End Ave, Nashville, TN 37076
| | - Esther M. Leerkes
- University of North Carolina Greensboro, 2201 West End Ave, Nashville, TN 37076
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50
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Dennis CL, Vigod S, Grigoriadis S, Brown H, Brennenstuhl S, Dol J, Wade M, Falah-Hassani K, Shiri R, Marini F. Cohort profile: Impact of Maternal and Paternal Mental Health - Assessing Concurrent Depression, Anxiety and Comorbidity in the Canadian Family (IMPACT study). BMJ Open 2023; 13:e071691. [PMID: 36889829 PMCID: PMC10008457 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-071691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This paper describes a prospective cohort, Impact of Maternal and Paternal Mental Health: Assessing Concurrent Depression, Anxiety and Comorbidity in The Canadian Family (IMPACT) study, which followed maternal-paternal dyads and their children across the first 2 years post partum. PARTICIPANTS A total of 3217 cohabitating maternal-paternal dyads were recruited into the study from 2014 to 2018. Each dyad member separately completed online questionnaires at baseline (<3 weeks post partum) and again at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months on a variety of measures, including mental health, parenting environment, family functioning and child health and development. FINDINGS TO DATE At baseline, the mean maternal age was 31.9±4.2 years and 33.8±5.0 years for fathers. Overall, 12.8% of families had a household income below the poverty line of $C50 000, and 1 in 5 mothers and 1 in 4 fathers were not born in Canada. One in 10 women experienced depressive symptoms during pregnancy (9.7%) and 1 in 6 had markedly anxious symptoms (15.4%) while 1 in 20 men reported feeling depression during their partner's pregnancy and 1 in 10 had marked anxiety (10.1%). Approximately 91% of mothers and 82% of fathers completed the 12-month questionnaire as did 88% of mothers and 78% of fathers at 24 months postpartum. FUTURE PLANS The IMPACT study will examine the influence of parental mental illness in the first 2 years of a child's life with a focus on understanding the mechanisms by which single (maternal or paternal) versus dual (maternal and paternal) parental depression, anxiety and comorbidity symptoms affect family and infant outcomes. Future analyses planned to address the research objectives of IMPACT will consider the longitudinal design and dyadic interparental relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy-Lee Dennis
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simone Vigod
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sophie Grigoriadis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Women's Mood and Anxiety Clinic: Reproductive Transitions, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hillary Brown
- Health & Society, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Brennenstuhl
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justine Dol
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mark Wade
- Applied Psychology & Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kobra Falah-Hassani
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rahman Shiri
- Centre of Expertise for Health and Work Ability, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Flavia Marini
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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