1
|
Hong RY, Ding XP, Chan KMY, Yeung WJJ. The influence of socio-economic status on child temperament and psychological symptom profiles. Br J Psychol 2024. [PMID: 38506601 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The influence of socio-economic status (SES) on child temperament and psychological symptoms was examined using a nationally representative sample in Singapore. Data were available for 2169 children from 1987 families. Caregivers' reports were obtained on children aged 4-6. SES was operationalized as an aggregation of household income per capita, parental education level and housing type. Compared to their counterparts from higher SES families, children from low-SES families tended to exhibit (a) higher negative affectivity but lower effortful control, and (b) higher internalizing and externalizing symptoms. In addition, children with a 'resilient' temperamental profile (i.e. low negative affectivity and high effortful control) were more likely to come from families with much higher SES, relative to children with other profiles. Children with high internalizing symptoms tended to come from low-SES backgrounds, regardless of their externalizing symptoms. Among children with low internalizing symptoms, those with high externalizing symptoms came from lower SES backgrounds compared to those with low externalizing symptoms. Parental warmth and distress mediated the association between SES and child temperament and symptom profiles, with the exception of distress in the SES-temperament link. These findings supported the family stress model and highlighted the novel perspective of SES's influence on configurations of child temperament and symptom characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Y Hong
- National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiao Pan Ding
- National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Wei-Jun Jean Yeung
- National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ding G, Xu L, Sun L. Association Between Parental Parenting Style Disparities and Mental Health: An Evidence From Chinese Medical College Students. Front Public Health 2022; 10:841140. [PMID: 35296043 PMCID: PMC8918520 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.841140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The associations between parental parenting styles and adolescents' development and health problems were also identified in a series of studies. However, the interactive impact of mother's and father's parenting style was less reported, which was implied in previous studies. In this study, we aim to analyze the associations between parental parenting style disparities and mental health among medical college students. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical college students in Shandong province, China, and 2,598 medical college students with parents were analyzed in this study. Items in a short form of Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran (EMBU) were used to calculate the parental parenting style disparities. Mental health was evaluated by the Kessler 10 scale. Results The results of linear regressions showed that parental nurture reject disparities (RDs, β = 0.50, p < 0.001), parental emotional warmth disparities (WDs, β = 0.33, p < 0.001), parental overprotective disparities (ODs, β = 0.25, p < 0.001), and total disparities in parenting styles (TDs, β = 0.15, p < 0.001) were associated with mental health among medical college students, respectively. The other associated factors were age, ethnicity, chronic disease, above average family economic status, and good parental relationship. Conclusion Our findings supported the positive association between parental parenting style disparities and mental health problems. Further studies can test the mechanism and intervention of the findings about the importance of parental parenting style consistence on mental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gan Ding
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, China
| | - Lingzhong Xu
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, China
| | - Long Sun
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Long Sun
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lau EYH, Williams K. Emotional Regulation in Mothers and Fathers and Relations to Aggression in Hong Kong Preschool Children. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2022; 53:797-807. [PMID: 33844138 PMCID: PMC9287220 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the associations among emotional regulation in mothers and fathers and preschool children's physical and relational aggression using a Hong Kong Chinese sample. This study also explored whether child gender would moderate the association between parental emotional regulation strategies and children's physical and relational aggression. Participants were 168 children aged 4-6 years. Parents reported on their own emotional regulation approaches and kindergarten class teachers rated children's aggression 6 months later. Path analyses showed that higher levels of reappraisal and lower levels of suppression by mothers was associated with higher levels of child relational aggression. There were no significant associations among fathers' emotional regulation and children's aggression. Results from multi-group analysis showed that there were no significant moderation of the associations by child gender. Results highlight the importance of mothers' emotional regulation in child aggression and suggest that the maladaptive consequences of emotional suppression are culturally relative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Yi Hung Lau
- Department of Early Childhood Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
| | - Kate Williams
- School of Early Childhood and Inclusive Education, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
A randomized controlled trial of an emotion socialization parenting program and its impact on parenting, children's behavior and parent and child stress cortisol: Tuning in to Toddlers. Behav Res Ther 2021; 149:104016. [PMID: 35007962 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2021.104016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines the efficacy of a universally-offered parenting program, Tuning in to Toddlers (TOTS), that aims to improve parent emotion socialization, reduce parent and toddler stress and improve social, emotional, and behavioral functioning in toddlers. Three hundred parents of an 18-36 month old toddler were cluster randomized into intervention or control. Parents in the intervention participated in 6 × 2 h group sessions of TOTS. Baseline and 12-months post-intervention measures were collected using parent-report questionnaires and hair samples from parents and toddlers of systemic cortisol stress. Compared to controls, intervention parents reported significantly greater reductions in difficulties in emotion regulation (difficulty remaining goal directed: 95% CI.10, 1.71, p = .028; lack of access to strategies: 95% CI 0.62, 2.42, p = .001), emotion dismissing (beliefs: 95% CI 2.33,4.82, p < .001; behaviors: 95% CI 0.32, 0.65, p = <.001), greater increase in empathy (95% CI -2.83, -1.50, p < .001), emotion coaching (beliefs: 95% CI -2.56, -0.27, p = .016; behaviors: 95% CI -0.58, -0.24, p = <.001), children's behavior (95% CI 0.19, 2.43, p = .022) and competence (95% CI -1.46, -0.22, p = .008). Significant greater reductions in systemic cortisol were found for intervention but not control children (95% CI 0.01, 0.35, p = .041). Findings provide preliminary support for the use of TOTS as a universal prevention program to improve parent emotion socialization and children's functioning. Trial Registration: Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12615000962538.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kemmis-Riggs J, Grove R, McAloon J, Berle D. Early Parenting Characteristics Associated with Internalizing Symptoms Across Seven Waves of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 48:1603-1615. [PMID: 32918188 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-020-00700-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify whether parenting style during a child's toddler years predicts the course of the child's internalising symptoms throughout early to middle childhood. The current study uses data from waves 1 to 7 (acquired biennially) of the infant cohort (N = 4494) of Growing up in Australia: the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC), a population-based longitudinal study. Latent class growth analysis identified four distinct longitudinal trajectories of internalizing symptoms: Low stable (66% of the children), High increasing (7%), Low increasing (17%) and High decreasing (10%). Multinomial logistic regression indicated that low self-efficacy and socioeconomic disadvantage during the toddler years were significant predictors of unfavourable (i.e., increasing) trajectories of internalizing symptoms across later childhood. Parenting hostility was a significant predictor of the low increasing trajectory. Additionally, male children were more likely than females to follow unfavourable trajectories. However, low parenting warmth was not predictive of increasing symptoms across time. Our findings highlight the importance of parenting factors in a child's early years, particularly the potentially detrimental outcomes associated with parental hostility and low self-efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Kemmis-Riggs
- Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, 100 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Rachel Grove
- Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, 100 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - John McAloon
- Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, 100 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - David Berle
- Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, 100 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Adrichem DS, Huijbregts SCJ, Heijden KB, Goozen SHM, Swaab H. Aggression in toddlerhood: The roles of parental beliefs, parenting behavior and precursors of theory of mind. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dide S. Adrichem
- Clinical Neurodevelopmental Sciences Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Stephan C. J. Huijbregts
- Clinical Neurodevelopmental Sciences Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Kristiaan B. Heijden
- Clinical Neurodevelopmental Sciences Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie H. M. Goozen
- Clinical Neurodevelopmental Sciences Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
- School of Psychology Cardiff University Cardiff UK
| | - Hanna Swaab
- Clinical Neurodevelopmental Sciences Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Havighurst SS, Kehoe CE, Harley AE, Johnson AM, Allen NB, Thomas RL. Tuning in to Toddlers: Research Protocol and Recruitment for Evaluation of an Emotion Socialization Program for Parents of Toddlers. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1054. [PMID: 31156500 PMCID: PMC6532415 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Parenting a toddler is a challenging experience for many parents with times of emotional dysregulation in both parent and child. Parenting interventions may be useful for parents to improve their ability to regulate emotions and respond to children’s emotions in a way that assists the child to understand and regulate emotions (emotion competence). Tuning in to Toddlers (TOTS) is a new parenting program that aims to improve parents’ emotion regulation, emotional responsiveness, and emotion coaching (aspects of emotion socialization) to promote optimal emotional development in toddlers, and prevent social and behavioral difficulties. This paper outlines the rationale, methodology, intervention, and recruitment used in a trial to establish program efficacy. Methods/Design: Parents of toddlers aged 18–36 months old were recruited through child care centers (CC) and maternal child health (MCH) centers in Melbourne, Australia and were allocated to either intervention or a 15-month wait-list control condition in a cluster-randomized controlled design. Inclusion criteria were a child in the age range at baseline attending one of the CC or MCH centers. Exclusion criteria were if the parent/carer had insufficient English to attend the intervention and complete measures. Parents in the intervention condition participated in the 6-session group TOTS program delivered by two facilitators using a structured manual and measures of program fidelity and acceptability. Participants in the wait-list control condition received the intervention after a 15-month waiting period. Participants completed measures at baseline, post-intervention (intervention participants only) and 15-month follow-up. Primary outcome measures included parent emotion socialization (parent-report and observed). Secondary outcomes included parent-reported parent functioning (emotion regulation and mental health), toddler social, emotional and behavioral functioning, and parent and toddler systemic cortisol stress (using hair samples). The study was designed to comply with the CONSORT statement and intervention reporting outlined using TIDieR. Results: Three hundred and six parents were recruited and completed baseline parent questionnaires, with a further 234 completing parent–child observation assessments, 235 parent cortisol, and 198 child cortisol. Discussion: This paper is a methodological description of the TOTS randomized controlled trial evaluation protocol. It outlines some of the challenges in recruiting parents of toddlers to parenting programs. Clinical Trial Registration:www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier ACTRN12615000 962538.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie S Havighurst
- Mindful: Centre for Training and Research in Developmental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christiane E Kehoe
- Mindful: Centre for Training and Research in Developmental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ann E Harley
- Mindful: Centre for Training and Research in Developmental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ameika M Johnson
- Mindful: Centre for Training and Research in Developmental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicholas B Allen
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Rae L Thomas
- Centre for Research in Evidence-Based Practice, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zimmer-Gembeck MJ, Kerin JL, Webb HJ, Gardner AA, Campbell SM, Swan K, Timmer SG. Improved Perceptions of Emotion Regulation and Reflective Functioning in Parents: Two Additional Positive Outcomes of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy. Behav Ther 2019; 50:340-352. [PMID: 30824250 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test whether Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), a widely used effective therapy for children's externalizing behaviors and parenting problems, was associated with improvements in parents' emotion regulation and reflective functioning. We also investigated whether these improvements had unique associations with children's improvements in externalizing and internalizing symptoms. Participants were 139 Australian children aged 29 to 83 months and their caregivers; all were referred for child externalizing behavior problems coupled with parenting skill deficits or high parent stress. All data were gathered via a questionnaire completed prior to and after completion of PCIT. Significant improvements were found in parents' self-reported emotion dysregulation and capacity to use cognitive reappraisal for emotion regulation. There was also improvement in parents' self-report of children's symptoms, parenting practices, and reflective functioning in the form of prementalizing, which measured a low capacity to understand the emotional world of the child. Multiple regression showed that improvements in cognitive reappraisal, prementalizing, and negative parenting practices were associated with improvement in children's symptoms. The findings extend the existing evidence for PCIT as an effective parenting intervention, adding parents' perceived emotion regulation and reflective functioning to the list of positive outcomes from PCIT. Improved emotion regulation and reflective functioning, unique from changes in parenting practices, could be mechanisms that help explain why PCIT has been associated with improvements in children's externalizing behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haley J Webb
- Griffith University, School of Applied Psychology
| | | | | | - Kellie Swan
- Griffith University, School of Applied Psychology
| | - Susan G Timmer
- CAARE Diagnostic and Treatment Center; University of California-Davis Children's Hospital
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Richmond S, Schwartz O, Johnson KA, Seal ML, Bray K, Deane C, Sheeber LB, Allen NB, Whittle S. Exploratory Factor Analysis of Observational Parent-Child Interaction Data. Assessment 2018; 27:1758-1776. [PMID: 30221976 DOI: 10.1177/1073191118796557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The majority of studies using observational coding systems for family interaction data derive scales describing family members' behaviors based on rational/theoretical approaches. This study explored an empirical approach to identifying the component structure of parent-child observational data that incorporated the affective context of the interaction. Dyads of 155 typically developing 8-year-olds and their mothers completed questionnaires and two interaction tasks, one each designed to illicit positive and negative interactions. Behaviors were coded based on a modified version of the Family Interaction Macro-coding System. Multiple factor analysis identified four-component solutions for the maternal and child data. For both, two of the components included negative behaviors, one positive behavior, and one communicative behavior. Evidence for the validity of the maternal and child components was demonstrated by associations with child depression and anxiety symptoms and behavioral problems. Preliminary evidence supports an empirical approach to identify context-specific components in parent-child observational data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Orli Schwartz
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Marc L Seal
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Camille Deane
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Nicholas B Allen
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Sarah Whittle
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Loop L, Mouton B, Stievenart M, Roskam I. One or many? Which and how many parenting variables should be targeted in interventions to reduce children's externalizing behavior? Behav Res Ther 2017; 92:11-23. [PMID: 28187306 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This research compared the efficacy of two parenting interventions that vary according to the number and the nature of variables in reducing preschoolers' externalizing behavior (EB). The goal was to identify which parenting intervention format (one-variable versus two-variable) caused higher behavioral adjustment in children. The first was a one-variable intervention manipulating parental self-efficacy beliefs. The second was a two-variable intervention manipulating both parents' self-efficacy beliefs and emotion coaching practices. The two interventions shared exactly the same design, consisting of eight parent group sessions. Effect on children's EB and observed behaviors were evaluated through a multi-method assessment at three points (pre-test, post-test and follow-up). The results highlighted that compared to the waitlist condition, the two intervention formats tended to cause a significant reduction in children's EB reported by their parent. However, the one-variable intervention was found to lead to a greater decrease in children's EB at follow-up. The opposite was reported for children's observed behavior, which was improved to a greater extent in the two-variable intervention at post-test and follow-up. The results illustrated that interventions' format cannot be considered as purely interchangeable since their impact on children's behavior modification is different. The results are discussed for their research and clinical implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Loop
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, University of Louvain, 10 place du Cardinal Mercier, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Bénédicte Mouton
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, University of Louvain, 10 place du Cardinal Mercier, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Marie Stievenart
- Faculté de Psychologie, Logopédie et des Sciences de l'Education, University of Liege, Belgium.
| | - Isabelle Roskam
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, University of Louvain, 10 place du Cardinal Mercier, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Verhoeven M, Deković M, Bodden D, van Baar AL. Development and initial validation of the comprehensive early childhood parenting questionnaire (CECPAQ) for parents of 1–4 year-olds. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2016.1182017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
12
|
Roskam I, Brassart E, Loop L, Mouton B, Schelstraete MA. Stimulating parents' self-efficacy beliefs or verbal responsiveness: Which is the best way to decrease children's externalizing behaviors? Behav Res Ther 2015; 72:38-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
13
|
van Rijen EHM, Gasanova N, Boonstra AM, Huijding J. Psychometric qualities of the Short Form of the Self-efficacy for Parenting Tasks Index-Toddler Scale. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2014; 45:443-55. [PMID: 24186305 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-013-0414-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parental self-efficacy (PSE; parental self-perceived competence in parenting) is known to have considerable impact on parenting quality. Although PSE is particularly under pressure during the turbulent period of toddlerhood, most studies so far have focused on PSE in parents of older children. The current study presents the psychometric qualities of the Short Form of the Self-Efficacy for Parenting Tasks Index-Toddler Scale (SEPTI-TS). Parents from a normal (n = 282) and clinical sample (n = 27) of children filled in the SEPTI-TS, and other questionnaires concerning PSE, general self-evaluation, and psychological problems. Factor analysis resulted in a 26-item instrument, representing four domains of PSE with a strong factor structure and high reliability: nurturance, discipline, play, and routine. For this new Short Form of the SEPTI-TS, good face, discriminative, concurrent, and divergent validity were found. Cut-offs for normal PSE were provided. The Short Form SEPTI-TS enables identifying problematic PSE in specific domains of parenting during toddlerhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E H M van Rijen
- Institute of Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Development of Infant Positive Emotionality: The Contribution of Maternal Characteristics and Effects on Subsequent Parenting. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.1795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|