1
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Kwon GE, Son HH, Moon JY, Lee A, Jung MK, Rhie S, Park MJ, Garg A, Yoo EG, Choi MH. Dried blood spot-based free sterol signatures in sitosterolemia diagnostics. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 562:119886. [PMID: 39053727 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.119886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sitosterolemia is a rare inherited lipid metabolic disorder characterized by increased levels of plant sterols and accelerated atherosclerosis. Although early detection is beneficial for the prevention of disease progression, it is largely underdiagnosed by routine screening based on conventional lipid profiles. MATERIALS AND METHODS A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based profiling has been developed and validated to measure the levels of biologically active free sterols, including five endogenous sterols and three plant sterols (sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol) in dried blood spot (DBS). RESULTS Within- and between-run precisions were 1.4-11.1 % and 2.2-14.1 %, respectively, while the accuracies were all 86.3 ∼ 121.9 % with the correlation coefficients (r2) > 0.988 for all the sterols. In the patients (four girls and two boys, 6.5 ± 2.8 years), sitosterol levels were significantly increased, with an optimal cut-off value of 2.5 µg/mL distinguishing them from ninety-three age-matched healthy children. A cut-off value of 31.9 µg/mL differentiated the patients from six ABCG5/ABCG8 heterozygous carriers. In addition, the molecular ratios of sitosterol to cholesterol, desmosterol, and 7-dehydrocholesterol provided excellent cut-off values of 26.3, 67.6, and 21.6, respectively, to distinguish patients from both healthy controls and heterozygous carriers. CONCLUSIONS The novel DBS-based GC-MS profiling of free sterols accurately identified patients with sitosterolemia, with a performance comparable to that of a serum assay. The DBS profiling could be more feasible method in clinical practice as well as population screening programs, and it can provide diagnostic cut-off values for individual plant sterols.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/blood
- Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/diagnosis
- Female
- Male
- Intestinal Diseases/blood
- Intestinal Diseases/diagnosis
- Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
- Child
- Phytosterols/blood
- Phytosterols/adverse effects
- Dried Blood Spot Testing/methods
- Hypercholesterolemia/blood
- Hypercholesterolemia/diagnosis
- Child, Preschool
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 5/blood
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 5/genetics
- Sterols/blood
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 8/blood
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 8/genetics
- Lipoproteins/blood
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Eun Kwon
- Center for Advanced Biomolecular Recognition, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Hwa Son
- Center for Advanced Biomolecular Recognition, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Moon
- Center for Advanced Biomolecular Recognition, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ayoung Lee
- Center for Advanced Biomolecular Recognition, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Mo Kyung Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Gyeonggi-do 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonkyeong Rhie
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Gyeonggi-do 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jung Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul 01757, Republic of Korea
| | - Abhimanyu Garg
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Eun-Gyong Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Gyeonggi-do 13496, Republic of Korea.
| | - Man Ho Choi
- Center for Advanced Biomolecular Recognition, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Terasaki M, Izumi M, Yamagishi SI. A Clinical Case of Probable Sitosterolemia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1535. [PMID: 38338819 PMCID: PMC10855567 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Sitosterolemia is a rare genetic lipid disorder characterized by elevated plant sterols in the serum. A 24-year-old Japanese woman was referred to our hospital due to a high serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level of 332 mg/dL. At first, she was suspected to suffer from familial hypercholesterolemia, and thus received lipid-lowering agents. Although her LDL-C level remained high (220 mg/dL) with diet therapy plus 10 mg/day rosuvastatin, it was drastically decreased to 46 mg/dL with the addition of 10 mg/day ezetimibe. Finally, her LDL-C level was well-controlled at about 70 mg/dL with 10 mg/day ezetimibe alone. Furthermore, while her serum sitosterol level was elevated at 10.5 μg/mL during the first visit to our hospital, it decreased to 3.6 μg/mL with the 10 mg/day ezetimibe treatment alone. These observations suggest that she might probably suffer from sitosterolemia. Therefore, targeted gene sequencing analysis was performed using custom panels focusing on the exome regions of 21 lipid-associated genes, including ABCG5, ABCG8, and familial hypercholesterolemia-causing genes (LDL receptor, LDLRAP1, PCSK9, and apolipoprotein B). We finally identified a heterozygous ABCG8 variant (NM_022437.2:c.1285A>G or NP_071882.1:p.Met429Val) in our patient. The same gene mutation was detected in her mother. We report here a rare case exhibiting probable sitosterolemia caused by a heterozygous Met429Val variant in the ABCG8 gene and additional unknown variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michishige Terasaki
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Showa University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan;
| | - Mikiko Izumi
- Center for Clinical Genetics, Showa University Hospital, 1-5-8 Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan;
| | - Sho-ichi Yamagishi
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Showa University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan;
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3
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Risinger M, Kim PS, Rodriguez RX, Rivas MN, Setchell KDR, Zhang W, Kalfa TA. Hemolytic anemia and macrothrombocytopenia: A lipid problem? Am J Hematol 2023; 98:1335-1340. [PMID: 36974979 PMCID: PMC10523966 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Risinger
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Phyllis S. Kim
- Hematology and Medical Oncology Department, Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Roberto X. Rodriguez
- Hematology and Medical Oncology Department, Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Monica Narvaez Rivas
- Division of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Kenneth D. R. Setchell
- Division of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Genetics and Genomics Diagnostic Laboratory, Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Theodosia A. Kalfa
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
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4
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Mahzari MM. Sitosterolemia: A Case Report and a Concise Literature Review. Case Rep Endocrinol 2023; 2023:4451595. [PMID: 36937651 PMCID: PMC10017212 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4451595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sitosterolemia is a relatively rare metabolism lipid disorder, with about 110 cases worldwide and only a few known cases from the Middle East. Sitosterolemia is characterized by excessive uptake of phytosterols and their deposition in various tissues, leading to complications. Mutations in the ABCG5 and ABCG8 genes are associated with pathological changes in sitosterolemia. Case Presentation. An adult patient from Saudi Arabia with dyslipidemia who did not respond to statin therapy. Based on genetic testing, the patient was eventually diagnosed with sitosterolemia. Ezetimibe significantly improved his cholesterol levels. Conclusion The diagnosis of sitosterolemia is confirmed by the detection of high-phytosterol levels and pathological mutation in the ABCG5 and ABCG8 genes. Treatment of sitosterolemia is based on dietary changes and drugs to inhibit cholesterol absorption, such as ezetimibe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moeber M. Mahzari
- 1College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- 2King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- 3Ministry of the National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Su SQ, Xiong DS, Ding XM, Kuang JA, Lin YC. Pediatric patients with familially inherited sitosterolemia: Two case reports. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:927267. [PMID: 36051286 PMCID: PMC9424688 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.927267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundSitosterolemia is a rare recessive genetic abnormality of hyperlipidemia; it is characterized by increased levels and accumulation of sitosterol in the plasma and local tissues.Case descriptionsThe study subjects were two siblings (brother and sister) who had sitosterolemia with systemic multiple xanthomas as the main manifestation. The main clinical manifestations were hypercholesterolemia, premature atherosclerosis, arrhythmia, systemic multiple xanthomas, etc. After genetic testing, it was found that the patients had a compound heterozygous mutation of c.1324+1de1G in exon 7 and exon 9 of chromosome 2p21 of the adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporter G family member 5(ABCG5) gene; the mutation at c.904+1G>A was of maternal origin, and the mutation at c. 1324+1de1G was of paternal origin. The compound heterozygous mutation of these two genes led to a metabolic disorder of plant sterols in vivo.ConclusionSitosterolemia is an autosomal recessive disease that could be effectively controlled after dietary control and oral lipid-lowering therapy with Ezetimibe. Xanthomas, which affects function and appearance, could be surgically removed, and primary wound healing could be achieved.
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6
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Wang N, Wei Y, Zhou G, Zhang Y, Song J. Acute coronary syndrome in an 8-year-old child with familial hypercholesterolemia: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2022; 16:290. [PMID: 35879787 PMCID: PMC9316422 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-022-03488-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is the most commonly inherited metabolic disease and has an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. Patients with FH usually present with high levels of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, xanthomas and early coronary artery disease. Children with FH are subject to developing early and enhanced atherosclerosis, leading to an increased risk of coronary events. We report here an 8-year-old patient with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) who was diagnosed with homozygous FH (HoFH) due to mutations in the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene and subsequently treated with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) after filtration plasma. To the best of our knowledge, this patient is the youngest case of HoFH treated with filtration plasma followed by PTCA reported to date. Case presentation An 8-year-old Asian patient was admitted to Gansu Provincial Hospital presenting symptoms of ACS. Laboratory tests showed that the patient’s cholesterol and low-density lipid levels were extremely high. An electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed sinus arrhythmia and electric axis deviation to the right, but the ECG was roughly normal. Multiple cardiac function abnormalities were diagnosed on the ECG. Multiple sites of coronary artery stenosis were determined by computed tomography angiography. DNA sequencing of exons showed a C-to-A substitution at nucleotide 126 in exon 2, resulting in a LDLR mutation in the patient and seven other family members. Following combination treatment with lipid-lowering drugs, anti-thrombosis drugs, filtration plasma and PTCA, the patient’s symptoms were significantly improved and the patient discharged. Conclusion We report the rare case of a patient with ACS attributable to HoFH who was treated with PTCA following filtration plasma. The patient was shown to have clinically diagnosed and molecularly confirmed HoFH that resulted from a mutation in the LDLR gene. Children with HoFH have higher risk of early coronary events and death from myocardial infarction due to premature atherosclerosis than adults. Earlier intervention and treatment will bring great benefits to the long-term survival of pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Ying Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiyang Song
- Department of Cardiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China.
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7
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Iyama K, Ikeda S, Koga S, Yoshimuta T, Kawano H, Tsuji S, Ando K, Matsushima K, Tada H, Kawashiri MA, Kawakami A, Maemura K. Acute Coronary Syndrome Developed in a 17-year-old Boy with Sitosterolemia Comorbid with Takayasu Arteritis: A Rare Case Report and Review of the Literature. Intern Med 2022; 61:1169-1177. [PMID: 34615826 PMCID: PMC9107993 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.8288-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A 17-year-old boy with acute coronary syndrome was admitted to our hospital. He had xanthomas over his elbow and Achilles tendon and a high level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; therefore, his initial diagnosis was familial hypercholesterolemia. However, a genetic analysis revealed a compound heterozygous mutation in the ABCG5 gene with a high serum level of sitosterol, leading to the diagnosis of sitosterolemia. After lipid-lowering treatment, percutaneous coronary intervention was performed. Furthermore, a persistently high C-reactive protein level and images of large arteries led to a diagnosis of Takayasu arteritis. To our knowledge, this is the first case of sitosterolemia complicated by Takayasu arteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Iyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
- Department of Radiation Disaster Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ikeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Seiji Koga
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yoshimuta
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kawano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Sosuke Tsuji
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
| | - Koji Ando
- Department of Hematology, Atomic Bomb Disease and Hibakusha Medicine Unit, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Japan
| | - Kayoko Matsushima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Hayato Tada
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masa-Aki Kawashiri
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawakami
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
| | - Koji Maemura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
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8
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Tada H, Kojima N, Yamagami K, Takamura M, Kawashiri MA. Clinical and Genetic Features of Sitosterolemia in Japan. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 530:39-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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9
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Tada H, Kojima N, Takamura M, Kawashiri MA. Sitosterolemia. Adv Clin Chem 2022; 110:145-169. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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10
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Tada H, Nomura A, Ogura M, Ikewaki K, Ishigaki Y, Inagaki K, Tsukamoto K, Dobashi K, Nakamura K, Hori M, Matsuki K, Yamashita S, Yokoyama S, Kawashiri MA, Harada-Shiba M. Diagnosis and Management of Sitosterolemia 2021. J Atheroscler Thromb 2021; 28:791-801. [PMID: 33907061 PMCID: PMC8326170 DOI: 10.5551/jat.rv17052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sitosterolemia is an inherited metabolic disorder characterized by increased levels of plant sterols, such as sitosterol. This disease is caused by loss-of-function genetic mutations in ATP-binding cassette (ABC) subfamily G member 5 or member 8 (
ABCG5
or
ABCG8
, respectively), both of which play important roles in selective excretion of plant sterols from the liver and intestine, leading to failure to prevent absorption of food plant sterols. This disorder has been considered to be extremely rare. However, accumulated clinical data as well as genetics suggest the possibility of a much higher prevalence. Its clinical manifestations resemble those observed in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), including tendon xanthomas, hyper LDL-cholesterolemia, and premature coronary atherosclerosis. We provide an overview of this recessive genetic disease, diagnostic as well as therapeutic tips, and the latest diagnostic criteria in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Tada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Akihiro Nomura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Masatsune Ogura
- Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
| | - Katsunori Ikewaki
- Division of Neurology, Anti-Aging, and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College
| | - Yasushi Ishigaki
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University
| | - Kyoko Inagaki
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
| | | | - Kazushige Dobashi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi
| | - Kimitoshi Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Mika Hori
- Department of Endocrinology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University
| | - Kota Matsuki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Masa-Aki Kawashiri
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Mariko Harada-Shiba
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
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11
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we summarize the genetics and mechanisms of sitosterolemia and sterol trafficking, and provide an update on the understanding of the prevalence of ABCG5 and ABCG8 variants and their role in human disease. RECENT FINDINGS Defects in ABCG5/G8 result in the accumulation of xenosterols. It had been previously thought that near total LoF of one of the proteins was required to cause pathology. However, recently there was the first report of a patient with Sitosterolemia who was heterozygous for mutations in both genes. Moreover, large population studies have demonstrated the even simple heterozygous carriers are associated with altered lipid profiles and cardiovascular risk. Broader screening has added to the rapidly growing list of gene variants indicating that the prevalence of ABCG5/G8 variants is higher than previous thought, especially in patients with hypercholesterolemia. SUMMARY These findings support a strategy of measuring xenosterol levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia to screen for ABCG5/G8 variants, and then tailoring treatment with a sterol absorption inhibitor, like ezetimibe, where indicated. Xenosterol trafficking affects remnant clearance and maybe pathogenically linked to the increased risk of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Fong
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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12
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Makris G, Lauber M, Rüfenacht V, Gemperle C, Diez-Fernandez C, Caldovic L, Froese DS, Häberle J. Clinical and structural insights into potential dominant negative triggers of proximal urea cycle disorders. Biochimie 2020; 183:89-99. [PMID: 33309754 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite biochemical and genetic testing being the golden standards for identification of proximal urea cycle disorders (UCDs), genotype-phenotype correlations are often unclear. Co-occurring partial defects affecting more than one gene have not been demonstrated so far in proximal UCDs. Here, we analyzed the mutational spectrum of 557 suspected proximal UCD individuals. We probed oligomerizing forms of NAGS, CPS1 and OTC, and evaluated the surface exposure of residues mutated in heterozygously affected individuals. BN-PAGE and gel-filtration chromatography were employed to discover protein-protein interactions within recombinant enzymes. From a total of 281 confirmed patients, only 15 were identified as "heterozygous-only" candidates (i.e. single defective allele). Within these cases, the only missense variants to potentially qualify as dominant negative triggers were CPS1 p.Gly401Arg and NAGS p.Thr181Ala and p.Tyr512Cys, as assessed by residue oligomerization capacity and surface exposure. However, all three candidates seem to participate in critical intramolecular functions, thus, unlikely to facilitate protein-protein interactions. This interpretation is further supported by BN-PAGE and gel-filtration analyses revealing no multiprotein proximal urea cycle complex formation. Collectively, genetic analysis, structural considerations and in vitro experiments point against a prominent role of dominant negative effects in human proximal UCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Makris
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Lauber
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Véronique Rüfenacht
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Gemperle
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Diez-Fernandez
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Nextech Invest, Bahnhofstrasse 18, 8001, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ljubica Caldovic
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - D Sean Froese
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Häberle
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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13
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Tanaka H, Watanabe Y, Hirano S, Tada H, Nomura A, Kawashiri MA, Takenaga M. Sitosterolemia Exhibiting Severe Hypercholesterolemia with Tendon Xanthomas Due to Compound Heterozygous ABCG5 Gene Mutations Treated with Ezetimibe and Alirocumab. Intern Med 2020; 59:3033-3037. [PMID: 32713907 PMCID: PMC7759703 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.3811-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We herein report a rare case presenting with severe hypercholesterolemia, massive Achilles tendon xanthomas, and multi-vessel coronary artery disease. Initially, the patient was misdiagnosed with familial hypercholesterolemia. However, a genetic analysis using our custom sequencing panel covering genes associated with Mendelian lipid disorders revealed him to have a genetic basis of sitosterolemia with compound heterozygous mutations in the adenosine triphosphate binding cassette subfamily G5 (ABCG5) gene. A comprehensive genetic analysis can be particularly useful for diagnosing cases with severe phenotypes, leading to appropriate and medical therapies. Our patient was refractory to statins, whereas ezetimibe and PCSK9 inhibitor with a low-plant-sterol diet successfully reduced his serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 5/genetics
- Achilles Tendon/physiopathology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Anticholesteremic Agents/therapeutic use
- Cholesterol, LDL/blood
- Cholesterol, LDL/drug effects
- Ezetimibe/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Hypercholesterolemia/complications
- Hypercholesterolemia/diagnosis
- Hypercholesterolemia/drug therapy
- Hypercholesterolemia/etiology
- Hypercholesterolemia/genetics
- Intestinal Diseases/complications
- Intestinal Diseases/diagnosis
- Intestinal Diseases/drug therapy
- Intestinal Diseases/genetics
- Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/complications
- Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/diagnosis
- Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/drug therapy
- Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Phytosterols/adverse effects
- Phytosterols/genetics
- Treatment Outcome
- Xanthomatosis/drug therapy
- Xanthomatosis/etiology
- Xanthomatosis/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fujimoto Central Hospital, Japan
| | - Yuki Watanabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fujimoto Central Hospital, Japan
| | - Shuji Hirano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fujimoto Central Hospital, Japan
| | - Hayato Tada
- Department of Cardiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nomura
- Department of Cardiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masa-Aki Kawashiri
- Department of Cardiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Makoto Takenaga
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fujimoto Central Hospital, Japan
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14
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Whole exome sequencing for non-selective pediatric patients with hyperlipidemia. Gene 2020; 768:145310. [PMID: 33217533 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperlipidemia is a group of conditions with abnormally elevated levels of any or all lipids or lipoproteins in the blood. It is highly heterogeneous both genetically and clinically, which contributes to diagnostic challenges and results in many patients to be underdiagnosed and undertreated in China. Precise diagnosis and early management are critical to reduce the incidence of potential coronary artery disease and cardiovascular disease. RESULTS We performed a single center study to demonstrate the clinical utility of the genome-first approach by whole exome sequencing (WES) for 12 pediatric patients with abnormal lipids or lipoproteins levels. In vitro experiments were performed in COS-7 cells to further evaluate the biological function of the novel variants. We identified ten pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants and three of them were novel. Molecular cause was uncovered in five (41.7%) patients including three lipoprotein lipase deficiency patients, one hypercholesterolemia patient and one sitosterolemia patient. We also found three patients with rare variants of uncertain significance. Copy number variant (CNV) analysis with WES data did not reveal any potential hyperlipidemia related CNVs in all patients. CONCLUSION We expanded the mutation and phenotype spectra of familial hyperlipidemia. Our study demonstrated the effectiveness of genome-first approach for evaluation pediatric hyperlipidemia patients and showed that WES can be used as the first-tier test for patients with suspected Mendelian hyperlipidemia disorder.
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Kiss S, Lee JY, Pitt J, MacGregor D, Wallace J, Marty M, Brown NJ. Dig deeper when it does not make sense: Juvenile xanthomas due to sitosterolemia. JIMD Rep 2020; 56:34-39. [PMID: 33204594 PMCID: PMC7653237 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sitosterolemia is an extremely rare autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in either ABCG5 or ABCG8, which encode for a sterol efflux transporter (sterolin) that pumps sterols out into the intestinal lumen or into bile. This leads to progressive accumulation of plant sterols in blood and tissues. Clinical presentation is variable and may include xanthoma, arthritis, thyroid dysfunction, premature atherosclerotic disease, splenomegaly, and hematologic manifestations. We report a child presented with multiple xanthomas at age 5.5 years, located on the elbow, knee, and toe. Juvenile xanthogranuloma was considered based on histopathologic findings. At 8 years of age, a lipid profile showed markedly elevated total cholesterol (9.4 mmol/L) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, 7.4 mmol/L). Simvastatin therapy was initiated, however, the lipid profile was persistently abnormal. At age 8.5 years, genetic testing identified two novel variants: (NM_022437.3[ABCG8]:c.1444del;p.Leu482Trpfs*40) and (NM_022437.3[ABCG8]:c.1640T>C;p.Leu547Pro) in the ABCG8 gene. Plasma sitosterol was subsequently found to be very high, confirming the diagnosis. She was started on a low plant sterol and cholesterol diet for 6 weeks with insignificant response and therefore ezetimibe (10 mg daily) was added. This resulted in significant reduction of cholesterol, LDL, sitosterol levels, and no further increase in the size of the xanthomas. This case emphasizes the diagnostic odyssey, the benefits of genomic testing and importance of a correct diagnosis in order to initiate appropriate therapy. It also illustrates the importance of considering rare conditions, such as sitosterolemia, as a differential diagnosis in patients with hypercholesterolemia and increased LDL-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Kiss
- Department of Metabolic MedicineThe Royal Children's HospitalParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Joy Yaplito Lee
- Department of Metabolic MedicineThe Royal Children's HospitalParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - James Pitt
- Victorian Clinical Genetics ServicesMurdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Duncan MacGregor
- Department of Anatomical PathologyThe Royal Children's HospitalParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jane Wallace
- Victorian Clinical Genetics ServicesMurdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Melanie Marty
- Victorian Clinical Genetics ServicesMurdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Natasha J. Brown
- Victorian Clinical Genetics ServicesMurdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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Tada H, Okada H, Nomura A, Yashiro S, Nohara A, Ishigaki Y, Takamura M, Kawashiri MA. Rare and Deleterious Mutations in ABCG5/ABCG8 Genes Contribute to Mimicking and Worsening of Familial Hypercholesterolemia Phenotype. Circ J 2019; 83:1917-1924. [PMID: 31327807 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-19-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A substantial proportion of patients clinically diagnosed as having familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) do not manifest causative mutation(s) in the FH genes such asLDLR,APOB, andPCSK9. We aimed to evaluate the effect of rare and deleterious mutation(s) inABCG5/ABCG8on hyper-low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterolemia in individuals who meet the clinical criteria for FH. METHODS AND RESULTS We compared the LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) values among 487 subjects with FH; the subjects were grouped according to the presence of mutation(s) in FH andABCG5/ABCG8genes. We identified 276 individuals with a deleterious mutation in 1 FH gene (57%, monogenic FH), but found no causative mutations in 156 individuals (32%, mutation-negative). A total of 37 individuals had deleterious mutations inABCG5orABCG8, but not in FH genes (8%,ABCG5/ABCG8mutation carriers). Among these, 3 individuals had sitosterolemia (0.6%) with double mutations. We also identified 18 individuals with deleterious mutations in an FH gene andABCG5orABCG8(4%,ABCG5/ABCG8-oligogenic FH). Subjects without mutations had significantly higher polygenic scores than those in any other groups. LDL-C levels in oligogenic FH subjects were significantly higher than in the monogenic FH subjects. Moreover, sitosterol/lathosterol levels were significantly affected by those mutations. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that rare and deleterious mutations inABCG5/ABCG8contribute substantially to mimicking and exacerbation of the FH phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Tada
- Department of Cardiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hirofumi Okada
- Department of Cardiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Akihiro Nomura
- Department of Cardiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Satoshi Yashiro
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University
| | - Atsushi Nohara
- Department of Cardiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yasushi Ishigaki
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University
| | - Masayuki Takamura
- Department of Cardiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Masa-Aki Kawashiri
- Department of Cardiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine
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Veit L, Allegri Machado G, Bürer C, Speer O, Häberle J. Sitosterolemia-10 years observation in two sisters. JIMD Rep 2019; 48:4-10. [PMID: 31392106 PMCID: PMC6607017 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia due to heterozygous low-density lipoprotein-receptor mutations is a common inborn errors of metabolism. Secondary hypercholesterolemia due to a defect in phytosterol metabolism is far less common and may escape diagnosis during the work-up of patients with dyslipidemias. Here we report on two sisters with the rare, autosomal recessive condition, sitosterolemia. This disease is caused by mutations in a defective adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette sterol excretion transporter, leading to highly elevated plant sterol concentrations in tissues and to a wide range of symptoms. After a delayed diagnosis, treatment with a diet low in plant lipids plus ezetimibe to block the absorption of sterols corrected most of the clinical and biochemical signs of the disease. We followed the two patients for over 10 years and report their initial presentation and long-term response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Veit
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research CenterUniversity Children's Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Gabriella Allegri Machado
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research CenterUniversity Children's Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Céline Bürer
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research CenterUniversity Children's Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Oliver Speer
- Division of Haematology and Children's Research CenterUniversity Children's Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Institut für LabormedizinSpital Thurgau AGFrauenfeldSwitzerland
| | - Johannes Häberle
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research CenterUniversity Children's Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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18
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Nagahara K, Hachiya R, Tada H, Okada H, Yamagishi M, Dobashi K, Mizuno K, Hasegawa Y. A Japanese case of familial hypercholesterolemia with a novel mutation in the LDLR gene. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2019; 28:19-22. [PMID: 30745730 PMCID: PMC6356093 DOI: 10.1297/cpe.28.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Nagahara
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rumi Hachiya
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hayato Tada
- Department of Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Okada
- Department of Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yamagishi
- Department of Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazushige Dobashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa University Koto Toyosu Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsumi Mizuno
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Hasegawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
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Benito-Vicente A, Uribe KB, Jebari S, Galicia-Garcia U, Ostolaza H, Martin C. Familial Hypercholesterolemia: The Most Frequent Cholesterol Metabolism Disorder Caused Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113426. [PMID: 30388787 PMCID: PMC6275065 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential component of cell barrier formation and signaling transduction involved in many essential physiologic processes. For this reason, cholesterol metabolism must be tightly controlled. Cell cholesterol is mainly acquired from two sources: Dietary cholesterol, which is absorbed in the intestine and, intracellularly synthesized cholesterol that is mainly synthesized in the liver. Once acquired, both are delivered to peripheral tissues in a lipoprotein dependent mechanism. Malfunctioning of cholesterol metabolism is caused by multiple hereditary diseases, including Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Sitosterolemia Type C and Niemann-Pick Type C1. Of these, familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a common inherited autosomal co-dominant disorder characterized by high plasma cholesterol levels. Its frequency is estimated to be 1:200 and, if untreated, increases the risk of premature cardiovascular disease. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on cholesterol metabolism and the relation of FH to cholesterol homeostasis with special focus on the genetics, diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Benito-Vicente
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Universidad del País Vasco, Apdo.644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Kepa B Uribe
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Universidad del País Vasco, Apdo.644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Shifa Jebari
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Universidad del País Vasco, Apdo.644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Unai Galicia-Garcia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Universidad del País Vasco, Apdo.644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Helena Ostolaza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Universidad del País Vasco, Apdo.644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Cesar Martin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Universidad del País Vasco, Apdo.644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
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