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Bjørndal LD, Kendler KS, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Ystrom E. Stressful life events increase the risk of major depressive episodes: A population-based twin study. Psychol Med 2023; 53:5194-5202. [PMID: 35920242 PMCID: PMC10476058 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722002227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have found that stressful life events (SLEs) are associated with an increased risk of adult depression. However, many studies are observational in nature and limited by methodological issues, such as potential confounding by genetic factors. Genetically informative research, such as the co-twin control design, can strengthen causal inference in observational studies. Discrete-time survival analysis has several benefits and multilevel survival analysis can incorporate frailty terms (random effects) to estimate the components of the biometric model. In the current study, we investigated associations between SLEs and depression risk in a population-based twin sample (N = 2299). METHODS A co-twin control design was used to investigate the influence of the occurrence of SLEs on depression risk. The co-twin control design involves comparing patterns of associations in the full sample and within dizygotic (DZ) and monozygotic twins (MZ). Associations were modelled using discrete-time survival analysis with biometric frailty terms. Data from two time points were used in the analyses. Mean age at Wave 1 was 28 years and mean age at Wave 2 was 38 years. RESULTS SLE occurrence was associated with increased depression risk. Co-twin control analyses indicated that this association was at least in part due to the causal influence of SLE exposure on depression risk for event occurrence across all SLEs and for violent SLEs. A minor proportion of the total genetic risk of depression reflected genetic effects related to SLEs. CONCLUSIONS The results support previous research in implicating SLEs as important risk factors with probable causal influence on depression risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludvig D. Bjørndal
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Ystrom
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Eilertsen EM, Hannigan LJ, McAdams TA, Rijsdijk FV, Czajkowski N, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Ystrom E, Gjerde LC. Parental Prenatal Symptoms of Depression and Offspring Symptoms of ADHD: A Genetically Informed Intergenerational Study. J Atten Disord 2021; 25:1554-1563. [PMID: 32338109 DOI: 10.1177/1087054720914386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The primary aim of the present study was to separate the direct effect of maternal prenatal depression on offspring ADHD from the passive transmission of genetic liability. Method: A children-of-twins and siblings design including 17,070 extended-family units participating in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study was used. Self-ratings were obtained from parents using the Symptom Checklist during pregnancy. Maternal ratings using Conner's Parent Rating Scale were obtained when the children were 5 years of age. Results: Genetic influences were important for explaining similarity between parents and offspring. There was also evidence for a maternal effect after accounting for genetic transmission (m = 0.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.02, 0.09]). Conclusion: Our results were consistent with hypotheses suggesting that maternal prenatal depression influences symptoms of ADHD in offspring. However, the effect was weak and a substantial portion of the association could be accounted for by shared genetic influences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nikolai Czajkowski
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Eivind Ystrom
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Line C Gjerde
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,University of Oslo, Norway
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Taporoski TP, Negrão AB, Horimoto ARVR, Duarte NE, Alvim RO, de Oliveira CM, Krieger JE, von Schantz M, Vallada H, Pereira AC. Shared Genetic Factors of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms in a Brazilian Family-Based Cohort, the Baependi Heart Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144255. [PMID: 26650098 PMCID: PMC4674092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the phenotypic and genetic overlap between anxiety and depression symptoms in an admixed population from extended family pedigrees. Participants (n = 1,375) were recruited from a cohort of 93 families (mean age±SD 42±16.3, 57% female) in the rural town of Baependi, Brazil. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to assess depression and anxiety symptoms. Heritability estimates were obtained by an adjusted variance component model. Bivariate analyses were performed to obtain the partition of the covariance of anxiety and depression into genetic and environmental components, and to calculate the genetic contribution modulating both sets of symptoms. Anxiety and depression scores were 7.49±4.01 and 5.70±3.82, respectively. Mean scores were affected by age and were significantly higher in women. Heritability for depression and anxiety, corrected for age and sex, were 0.30 and 0.32, respectively. Significant genetic correlations (ρg = 0.81) were found between anxiety and depression scores; thus, nearly 66% of the total genetic variance in one set of symptoms was shared with the other set. Our results provided strong evidence for a genetic overlap between anxiety and depression symptoms, which has relevance for our understanding of the biological basis of these constructs and could be exploited in genome-wide association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tâmara P. Taporoski
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry (LIM 23), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - André B. Negrão
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry (LIM 23), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Andréa R. V. R. Horimoto
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nubia E. Duarte
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael O. Alvim
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Camila M. de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - José E. Krieger
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Malcolm von Schantz
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Homero Vallada
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry (LIM 23), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre C. Pereira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Edison SC, Evans MA, McHolm AE, Cunningham CE, Nowakowski ME, Boyle M, Schmidt LA. An investigation of control among parents of selectively mute, anxious, and non-anxious children. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2011; 42:270-90. [PMID: 21161368 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-010-0214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The authors examined parent–child interactions among three groups: selectively mute, anxious, and non-anxious children in different contexts. The relation between parental control (granting autonomy and high power remarks), child factors (i.e., age, anxiety, verbal participation), and parent anxiety was investigated. Parental control varied by context but parents of children with SM were more controlling than parents in the comparison groups in all contexts. Regression analyses indicated that child and parent anxiety predicted parental control, with increased anxiety associated with increased control. Older child age predicted less parent control. Group categorization moderated the relation between age and high power remarks, such that age was not a significant predictor for children with SM. Finally child-initiated speaking predicted high power remarks over and above other variables. These results support previous theories that parents take over for their children when they fail to meet performance demands, especially when the child or parent is anxious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon C Edison
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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