Shyness and depressive symptoms: a multiple mediation model involving core self-evaluations and sense of security

Impact of perceived severity on depression, anxiety, and insomnia among Chinese community residents during the COVID-19 lockdown

BACKGROUND

Depression, anxiety, and insomnia were found out that were significant relevance to the mental health impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown.

AIM

To examine the interrelationships among perceived severity, anxiety, depression, insomnia, and sense of security in Chinese community residents during the COVID-19 lockdown period.

METHODS

Participants were selected using simple random sampling from four large gated communities in Chengdu, China. All participants were invited to complete a survey that included the Perceived Severity Questionnaire, Security Questionnaire, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item, and Insomnia Severity Index-7. In total, 568 valid questionnaires were gathered. Correlation analysis and structural equation models were used to explore the relationship between perceived severity, sense of security, depression, anxiety, and insomnia.

RESULTS

The observed prevalence rates of anxiety, depression, and insomnia among residents during lockdown were 27.5%, 17.6%, and 16.0%, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that both perceived severity and sense of security were positively correlated with anxiety, depression, and insomnia [Pearson’s r was perceived severity and anxiety r = 0.44 (P < 0.01); with depression r = 0.48 (P < 0.01); with insomnia r = 0.43 (P < 0.01); security with anxiety r = -0.65 (P < 0.01); with depression r = -0.65 (P < 0.01); with insomnia r = -0.53 (P < 0.01)]. Structural equation modeling and bootstrap tests revealed that sense of security acted as a significant mediator in the relationship between perceived severity and emotional and sleep disorders (anxiety, depression, and insomnia).

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates that sense of security is a significant predictor of emotional and sleep disorders (namely, depression, anxiety, and insomnia) among residents during the COVID-19 lockdown, with sense of security acting as a mediating factor. These findings suggest that mental health interventions for Chinese community residents during lockdowns may benefit from developing community-based educational programs to reduce perceived severity and ensuring the stable supply of essential resources and promoting social support networks to enhance the sense of security.

Association between negative life events and suicidal behavior in adolescents: roles of core self-evaluation, depression and gender

PURPOSE

Negative life events are essential proximal factors that may induce suicidal behavior in adolescents, but the mechanisms connecting this link remain to further explored. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between negative life events (NLEs) and adolescents' suicidal behavior, and the roles of core self-evaluation, depression and gender playing between them.

METHODS

Using the whole-group sampling approach, 5296 Chinese adolescents (51.5% males, Meanage = 12.93) took part in this cross-sectional study in September 2021 and completed a battery of surveys including NLEs, suicidal behavior, CSE (core self-evaluation) and depression. Logistic regression and latent structural equation models were used to test the direct and indirect effects between NLEs and suicide behavior with multi-group path analysis, gender differences in this serial mediating effect were also tested.

RESULTS

After controlling for age and gender, NLEs were directly associated with adolescents' suicidal behavior. CSE and depression played significant serial mediating effects in this relationship. Moreover, significant gender differences were obtained in these serial mediating pathways, with stronger effects in girls.

CONCLUSION

Integrating the environmental, individual cognitive and emotional factors, our findings would be helpful in understanding the mechanism of these antecedents on adolescents' suicide behavior, which has specific practical significance for preventing and reducing suicidal behavior.

Is shyness related to depression and suicide risk?

INTRODUCTION

Suicidal behavior is an important health issue, representing a leading cause of mortality, particularly among young adults. Depression was found to be predictive of suicide risk and predicted by shyness. Consequently, we tested a model wherein shyness leads to depression, which in turn leads to suicide risk. Moreover, we expected gender to moderate the effect of shyness on depression and suicide risk.

METHODS

A convenience sample of 478 first-year college students (51% women, Age: M = 25.42, SD = 3.61) completed online self-report questionnaires assessing suicide risk, depression, shyness, and demographic variables.

RESULTS

As expected, shyness was significantly correlated with depression (r = 0.40) and suicide risk (r = 0.24), and depression and suicide risk were also correlated with each other (r = 0.57). Depression statistically mediated the relationship between shyness and suicide risk (indirect effect for women = 0.92, SE = 0.16; for men = 0.72, SE = 0.17). Gender did not moderate the mediation effect. However, a direct link between shyness and suicide risk was found only among men (direct effect = 0.52, SE = 0.21).

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that shyness may be a significant factor in the development of depression and suicide risk, potentially serving as a valuable marker for identifying at-risk individuals. Moreover, clinicians should be aware of these associations, particularly among men, in order to maintain and support mental health as well as reduce suicidality.

Shyness and self-consistency and congruence among Chinese adolescents: mediating role of social comparison orientation and moderating role of self-focused attention

During the critical period of personality shaping and self-development, adolescents face unique challenges and opportunities. This study, based on Cognitive-Behavioral Theory, explored the relationship between shyness and self-consistency and congruence (hereinafter referred to as SCC), as well as its underlying mechanisms. Through a questionnaire survey on shyness, social comparison orientation, self-focused attention, and SCC among 984 adolescents, the results revealed that (1) Adolescent shyness negatively predicted SCC. (2) Social comparison orientation partially mediated the relationship between shyness and SCC. (3) Self-focused attention moderated the direct pathway of this mediation process, where a high level of self-focused attention exacerbated the negative impact of shyness on SCC. These findings offered a new perspective on understanding SCC and underscored the importance of addressing the information processing mechanisms of social comparison orientation and self-focused attention among shy adolescents in interventions aimed at promoting their psychological harmony and healthy growth.

Shyness and academic procrastination among Chinese adolescents: a moderated mediation model of self-regulation and self-focused attention

Academic procrastination is a common concern among adolescents, but the correlation between shyness and academic procrastination and the internal mechanisms have not yet been thoroughly investigated. Based on a questionnaire survey with 1,279 Chinese middle school students, this study examined the effect of shyness on academic procrastination and its underlying mechanism of self-regulation and self-focused attention. Results revealed that: (1) shyness significantly predicted academic procrastination. (2) Self-regulation mediated the relationship between shyness and academic procrastination. (3) Self-focused attention played a moderating role in the first half of this mediation process. Specifically, higher level of self-focused attention strengthened the predictive effect of shyness on self-regulation. These results underscored the latent risks and protective factors associated with shyness, self-regulation, and self-focused attention in adolescent academic procrastination. In future research and interventions, attention may be directed towards improving individual internal factors to assist adolescents in effectively addressing issues related to academic procrastination.

Effects of smartphone-based hypnotic intervention for undergraduate students' shyness during the COVID-19 pandemic: A randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, university students have been exposed to a heightened vulnerability towards developing psychological issues, such as psychological distress and shyness. Internet-based interventions offer a convenient avenue for scalability, thus prompting the development of a smartphone-based hypnotic intervention aimed at addressing shyness among university students.

OBJECTIVE

We devised an innovative smartphone-based hypnotic intervention called mHypnosis to examine its impact on shyness among undergraduate students. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate whether the apprehension of negative evaluations before treatment could serve as a predictor for the effectiveness of the intervention on shyness.

METHODS

Eighty students with high shyness scores were randomly assigned to the experimental group and the control group. Another 40 participants with low shyness score were selected as the baseline group. The Shyness Scale (SS), Fear of Negative evaluation scale (FNE), Self-Acceptance Questionnaire (SAQ), and Self-Esteem Scale (SES) were used to evaluate the effect of hypnotic intervention.

RESULTS

Before the intervention, the scores of the experimental and control groups on the SS, FNE, SAQ, and SES were higher than those in the baseline group (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in scores between the experimental and control group (p > 0.05). After the intervention, the scores of the SS, FNE, SAQ, and SES were significantly lower in the experimental group than those in the control group (p < 0.05). The pretest score of FNE could predict the shyness score after hypnotic intervention (B = 0.35, p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Smartphone-based hypnotic intervention had a significant effect on ameliorating shyness during the COVID-19 pandemic; fear of negative evaluation can be a target for treating shyness.

Influence of physical education on anxiety, depression, and self-esteem among college students

BACKGROUND

Physical education is pivotal in our country's education reform. Urban schools have notably enhanced the intensity of physical education in recent years. However, the effects of physical education on students' anxiety, depression, and self-esteem levels, as well as their interrelations, remain unexplored.

AIM

To analyze the influence of physical education on students' anxiety, depression, and self-esteem.

METHODS

This study employed a cross-sectional design. A stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 478 first-year university students. Self-administered questionnaires were used to investigate the physical education status and basic information of college students. We used the Physical Activity Rank Scale-3 (PARS-3), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and Self-Esteem Scale (SES) to assess the level of exercise, anxiety, depression, and self-esteem. Multiple Logistic regression was used to analyze the factors influencing anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. The receiver operating characteristic curve and area under the curve (AUC) were used to evaluate the predictive ability of PARS-3 scores for anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. Spearman's correlation was used to analyze the correlations among the PARS-3, SAS, SDS, and SES.

RESULTS

Compared with the domestic norms, SAS and SDS scores were higher, and SES scores were lower (P < 0.05). Among the participants, 210 (43.93%) had PARS-3 scores below 20, 94 (19.67%) had scores of 20-42, and 174 (36.40%) had scores above 42. After adjusting for daily sleep time, gender, being an only child, major, father's educational background, mother's educational background, and family residence, PARS-3 scores were independent influencing factors for anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem (P < 0.05). The AUC of PARS-3 scores predicting anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem were 0.805 (0.760-0.849), 0.799 (0.755-0.843), and 0.831 (0.788-0.874), respectively. The sensitivities were 0.799, 0.801, and 0.748, and the specificities were 0.743, 0.716, and 0.814, respectively. PARS-3 was negatively correlated with SAS and SDS scores (r = -0.566, -0.621, both P < 0.001) and positively correlated with SES scores (r = -0.621, P < 0.001). SES scores were negatively correlated with SAS and SDS scores (r = -0.508, r = -0.518, both P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

The amount of physical activity is negatively correlated with anxiety and depression degree and positively correlated with self-esteem degree.

Postgraduates' time management disposition and mental health: mediating role of life satisfaction and moderating role of core self-evaluations

BACKGROUND

The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between postgraduates' time management disposition and mental health. As such, it constructed a moderated mediation model to examine the mediating role of life satisfaction on the relationship between graduate students' time management disposition and mental health and examine whether this role was moderated by core self-evaluations.

METHODS

455 postgraduates were surveyed by the Adolescence Time Management Disposition Inventory, the Adolescent Students' Life Satisfaction Scale, the revised version of the Chinese Core Self-Evaluation Scale, and the revised version of the Chinese General Health Questionnaire.

RESULTS

Time management disposition, life satisfaction, core self-evaluation, and mental health were significantly correlated. Time management disposition indirectly affected mental health through the mediating effect of life satisfaction. Core self-evaluation moderated the second half of the mediating effect of time management disposition on mental health via life satisfaction.

CONCLUSION

The findings reveal the mechanism between time management disposition and mental health, which will help school educators to guide postgraduates in developing good time management disposition and improving life satisfaction and core self-evaluation, and thus improve their mental health.

Health-related quality of life and its association with socioeconomic status and diet diversity in Chinese older adults

Objectives

The study aimed at examining the combined association of socioeconomic status (SES) and diet diversity (DD) with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and exploring whether DD played a mediating role in the relationship between varied SES and HRQoL among Chinese older persons.

Method

A multi-stage random sampling method was conducted in Shanxi Province of China, with 3,250 older adults participating in this cross-sectional survey. SES was divided into groups by quartiles and DD by means, and these variable groups were combined in pairs to generate a total of eight combinations. The PROCESS macro developed by Hayes was employed for the simple mediation analysis.

Results

Compared with the reference group (those with both high SES and high DD), older adults who were classified to have lower SES or DD had elevated odds of having worse HRQoL: low SES/ low DD (OR = 1.65, 95% CI 1.41-2.92); low SES/ high DD (OR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.17-1.80); middle low SES/ low DD (OR = 1.43, 95% CI 1.24-1.65); middle low SES/ high DD (OR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.03-1.47); upper high SES/ low DD (OR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.21-1.65); and high SES/ low DD (OR = 1.30, 95%CI 1.10-1.53). The mediation analysis revealed that DD mediated the relationship between SES and HRQoL (B=0.011, 95% CI 0.008-0.013), with its indirect effects accounting for 39.29% of the total effects.

Conclusions

These findings highlighted the role of DD as a mediator of the relationship between SES and HRQoL. As DD could be protective, modifiable, and easy for older adults to understand and implement, village clinics and community health stations should work collaboratively to design proper DD intervention measures for better HRQoL.

Psychopathic personality traits stress immunity and social potency moderate the relationship between emotional competence and cognitive functions in depression

Background

Psychopathic personality traits (PPT) and depression have both been shown to worsen emotional and cognitive functions. Moreover, PPT and depression share similar underlying neuronal circuits tapping into the emotional and cognitive domains. However, little is known about the influence of PPT on emotion and cognition in individuals with depression.

Objectives

This study aimed to examine the correlative relationships and moderating role of PPT in the association between emotional competence and cognitive functions in individuals with depression.

Methods

Data from 373 individuals diagnosed with depression (158 males, 215 females) were examined within a cohort study. Subjects filled out validated questionnaires surveying PPT and emotional competences. Furthermore, a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery was administered.

Results

Correlation analyses revealed a significant positive association between emotional competence and cognitive functions. Further, negative associations between emotional competence and the PPT "Blame Externalisation" and "Careless Nonplanfulness," as well as positive associations with psychopathic "Social Potency" and "Stress Immunity" were found. Moderation analyses indicated a significant positive influence of psychopathic "Stress Immunity" and "Social Influence" on the relationship between emotional competence and cognitive functions.

Conclusion

The findings highlight the importance of integrating PPT in depression research. Considering PPT in depression treatment could also facilitate the therapeutic process by identifying individual traits as resilience-strengthening or potentially harmful factors for depressive symptomatology. This study represents a stepping stone for further research regarding the role of personality traits in psychiatric disorders and their treatment.

Core self-evaluation and subjective wellbeing: A moderated mediation model

Objectives

Much has been written documenting the positive association between core self-evaluation and adolescents' subjective wellbeing, but little is known about the mediating and moderating mechanisms which underlay this relationship. This study constructed a moderated mediation model to examine whether meaning in life mediated the relationship between core self-evaluation and subjective wellbeing, and whether this mediating process was moderated by adolescents' self-esteem.

Methods

A sample of 1,185 adolescents (11-17 years of age, 51.3% females) completed the Core Self-Evaluation Scale (CSES), the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ), the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSES), and the Index of Wellbeing Scale (IWS).

Results

The results indicate that after controlling for gender and age, core self-evaluation contributed significantly to subjective wellbeing (β = 0.900, p < 0.001). Meaning in life played a mediating role in the relationship between core self-evaluation and subjective wellbeing (β = 0.143, p < 0.01), with core self-evaluation indirectly affecting subjective wellbeing through meaning in life (β_indirect = 0.068, 95% CI = [0.024, 0.119]). Self-esteem moderated the path mediated by meaning in life, more specifically, the conditional indirect effect between core self-evaluation and wellbeing was significant for adolescents with medium and low self-esteem (effect = 0.056, 95% CI = [0.014, 0.106]; effect = 0.092, 95% CI = [0.034, 0.159]. Both mediating and moderating effects were shown to exist in the association between core self-evaluation and adolescents' subjective wellbeing.

Discussion

Based on the results, the following suggestions can be made: subjective wellbeing can be promoted through interventions such as enhancing adolescents' core self-evaluation and helping them understand the meaning in life, and that greater attention needs to be paid to adolescents with low self-esteem. The findings of this study helpful to clarify the mediation and moderating mechanism of the beneficial influence of adolescents' core self-evaluation on subjective wellbeing.

Social Identity, Core Self-Evaluation, School Adaptation, and Mental Health Problems in Migrant Children in China: A Chain Mediation Model

(1) Background: The present study investigated the relationships between social identity, core self-evaluation, school adaptation, and mental health problems in migrant children, and the mechanism underlying these relationships; (2) Methods: The participants were migrant middle school students in China. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 26. A survey comprising the social identity scale, core self-evaluation scale, school adaptation scale, and mental health scale MMHI-60 was deployed; (3) Results: Findings indicated a significant and negative association between social identity and mental health problems, and such an association was sequentially mediated by core self-evaluation and school adaptation. Furthermore, core self-evaluation and school adaptation played a chain mediation role between social identity and migrant children's mental health problems; (4) Conclusions: It is crucial to improve social identity, core self-evaluation, and school adaptation to reduce mental health problems among this population. Therefore, the research results provide a new direction for promoting the development of mental health education for migrant workers and their children in China.

A Developmental System Perspective to Interpret the Link between Parental Fixed Mindset and Youth Mental Health: A Moderated Mediation Model

From a developmental system perspective, the present study constructed a moderated mediation model to examine whether youth core self-evaluation (individual factor) served as a mediator and peer support (peer system) served as a moderator in the effect of parental fixed mindset (family system) on youth mental health symptoms. In total, 658 pairs of emerging adults and their parents participated in this study. Youth completed measurements on core self-evaluation, peer support, and mental health symptoms, while their parents filled in the questionnaire on fixed mindset. Mediation analysis indicated that parental fixed mindset was related to increased youth mental health symptoms, and youth core self-evaluation partially mediated this relationship. Moderated mediation analysis suggested that peer support mitigated the mediating process with the direct pathway from parental fixed mindset to youth mental health symptoms and the indirect pathway from parental fixed mindset to youth core self-evaluation being weaker at a high level of peer support. This study highlights how and when a family system, peer system, and individual factors combine to influence youth mental health. The findings suggest it is the interaction of these factors that has to be addressed in efforts to reduce the prevalence of youth mental health symptoms.

The Relationship Between Adjustment and Mental Health of Chinese Freshmen: The Mediating Effect of Security and the Moderating Effect of Gender

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many universities are confronted with campus lockdown or even school closures to reduce the risk of infection. However, these measures pose a threat to the mental health of adolescents. In particular, freshmen who have just entered the university campus may suffer from more serious mental health risks. In this study, 1,818 freshmen were analyzed by using the Chinese College Student Adjustment Scale (CCSAS), Sense of Security Questionnaire (SQ), and Symptom Check List 90 (SCL-90) of the qualitative method. The results showed that adjustment had an impact on mental health. Firstly, there was a significant negative association between adjustment and mental health. Secondly, adjustment had a significant predictive effect on mental health. Finally, a sense of security and gender affected the relationship between adjustment and mental health. Collectively, adjustment, sense of security, and gender exerted impacts on the mental health of freshmen, suggesting that we should create a warm and harmonious campus environment for students and conduct targeted education for male and female students.

Core self-evaluation as mediator between depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in adolescents

OBJECTIVES

To explore the role of core self-evaluation in mediating between depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in Chinese adolescents.

METHODS

We used the cluster sampling method to analyze 11,563 students from five primary and secondary schools in China for depressive symptoms, core self-evaluation, and suicidal ideation using the following scoring scales: Core Self-Evaluation Scale (CSES), Center for Epidemiologic Survey Depression Scale (CES-D), the Second Edition of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI- II), Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED), and Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Checklist (ASLEC).

RESULTS

The incidence of depression was 29.7%; anxiety, 34.2%; and suicidal ideation, 28.0%. Core self-evaluation was a protective factor for suicidal ideation [OR 0.947, 95% CI 0.937-0.959, p<0.001]. Conversely, depression as measured by the CSES score was a risk factor for suicidal ideation (OR 1.084, 95% CI 1.073-1.096, p<0.001), as were anxiety as measured by the SCARED score (OR 1.011, 95% CI 1.006-1.016, p<0.001) and adolescent life events according to ASLEC score groups (OR 1.524, 95% CI 1.434-1.621, p<0.001). Core self-evaluation mediated the relationship between depression and suicidal ideation with an effect size of 13.9%.

CONCLUSIONS

Better core self-evaluation is a protective factor against suicidal ideation and mediates the relationship between depression and suicidal ideation. We may be able to reduce the risk of suicidal ideation and therefore suicide among adolescents by improving their core self-evaluation.

Multiple Roles of Grit in the Relationship Between Interpersonal Stress and Psychological Security of College Freshmen

Grit, as an important positive psychological quality, has rarely been studied for its role involved in the mechanism between stress and psychological security. This article explores the moderating and mediating role of grit in the relationship between interpersonal stress and psychological security of freshmen through two studies. In study 1, freshmen from several Chinese universities (N = 1,224) were recruited to complete a battery of questionnaire, including assessments about interpersonal stress, grit, and psychological security. The moderating effect analysis showed that grit moderated the relationship between interpersonal stress and psychological security. Specifically, grit buffered the negative effects of interpersonal stress on freshmen’s psychological security, but this effect was obvious only when the level of interpersonal stress was relatively low, and decreased when the level of interpersonal stress was high. In study 2, college freshmen from another university apart from above ones (N = 604) were recruited, and we verified the results of study 1 and further explored the mediating role of grit in the relationship between interpersonal stress and security. The moderating effect analysis of study 2 also verified that of study 1. The mediating effect analysis showed that interpersonal stress not only negatively predicted psychological security, but also affected psychological security through the mediation of grit. In general, grit played a mediating and moderating role in the relationship between interpersonal stress and psychological security. This study provides first-hand evidence to explain the multiple roles of grit in the relationship between interpersonal stress and psychological security.

The relationship between activities of daily living and psychological distress among Chinese older adults: A serial multiple mediation model

BACKGROUND

Few studies have shed light on the mechanisms underlying the link between activities of daily living (ADL) and psychological distress. This study aimed to explore the multiple mediating roles of loneliness and sleep quality in this relationship among Chinese older adults.

METHODS

A total of 3250 older adults completed the Barthel Index, UCLA 20-item Loneliness Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale Questionnaire. Serial multiple mediation analysis was conducted using Hayes' PROCESS macro.

RESULTS

ADL was found to directly impact psychological distress through three significant mediation pathways: (1) loneliness (B=-0.124, 95% CI=-0.140, -0.109), which accounted for 23.98% of the total effect, (2) sleep quality (B=-0.050, 95% CI=-0.063, -0.039), which accounted for 9.67% of the total effect, and (3) loneliness and sleep quality (B=-0.015, 95% CI=-0.020, -0.012), accounting for 2.91% of the total effect. The total mediating effect was 36.56%.

LIMITATIONS

The cross-sectional design we used limited causal interpretations. Future studies could examine longitudinal changes in outcome measures.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings highlight the role of loneliness and sleep quality as serial mediators of the relationship between ADL and psychological distress. Thus, for the early detection and prevention of psychological distress, it is necessary to conduct loneliness and sleep quality interventions for older adults with ADL limitations.

University freshmen's excessive smartphone use and psychological safety during the COVID-19 pandemic

Although excessive smartphone use has been confirmed as being associated with specific representations of mental health (e. g., anxiety, depression, wellbeing, etc.) throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, the relationship between excessive smartphone use and cognitive representations of mental health (i.e., psychological safety) is not yet fully understood. This study aimed to identify the association between excessive smartphone use and psychological safety among university freshmen during the COVID-19 pandemic; in addition, we examined the mediation effects of hardiness and interpersonal distress in this relationship. In this study, 1,224 university freshmen were selected at random from several universities in Guizhou Province of China. The Psychological Safety Scale was used to evaluate the mental health of university freshmen; the Mobile Phone Dependence Scale was used to evaluate excessive smartphone use; the Hardiness Questionnaire was used to evaluate hardiness; and the Interpersonal Relation Synthetic Diagnose Test was used to evaluate interpersonal distress. The findings showed that: (1) the greater the degree of excessive smartphone use, the more serious respondents' interpersonal distress and the lower their hardiness; (2) excessive smartphone use was not only directly related to the psychological safety of university freshmen but also indirectly related to their psychological safety through the independent mediation of hardiness and interpersonal distress, as well as through the chain mediation of hardiness and interpersonal distress. In general, excessive smartphone use in university freshmen could lead to a decline in their psychological safety. Also, hardiness and interpersonal distress play a complex role in this relationship. During the COVID-19 pandemic, interventions on the mental health of college freshmen should not only provide guidance on how to use their smartphone responsibly but also to provide them with support and guidance for the enhancement of their hardiness and improvement of their interpersonal relationships.

Victimization and depressive symptoms among Chinese adolescents: A moderated mediation model

BACKGROUND

Victimization as an inducing factor of depressive symptoms has been confirmed in previous studies. However, little is known about how and when it induces depressive symptoms in adolescents.

METHODS

In total, 1174 Chinese adolescents were recruited to complete the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire, Security Questionnaire, Positive Psychological Capital Questionnaire, and the Chinese version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.

RESULTS

After controlling for gender and school type, the sense of security partially mediated the association between victimization and depressive symptoms. Moreover, direct association and the mediating effect of the sense of security were moderated by psychological capital. The moderating effect occurred in the second half of the mediating effect.

LIMITATIONS

Causal conclusions cannot be drawn based on cross-sectional research design. All measures were based on participant self-report.

CONCLUSIONS

The mediating model constructed in this study emphasized the important influence of stress, emotion, and psychological diathesis on adolescent depressive symptoms.