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Yamamoto R, Sato Y, Cestero RF, Eastridge BJ, Maeshima K, Katsura M, Kondo Y, Yasuda H, Kushimoto S, Sasaki J. Follow-up computed tomography and unexpected hemostasis in non-operative management of pediatric blunt liver and spleen injury. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2024:10.1007/s00068-024-02540-9. [PMID: 38780783 DOI: 10.1007/s00068-024-02540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE While follow-up CT and prophylactic embolization with angiography are often conducted during non-operative management (NOM) for BLSI, particularly in a high-grade injury, the utility of early repeated CT for preventing unexpected hemorrhage remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate whether early follow-up computerized tomography (CT) within 7 days after admission would decrease unexpected hemostatic procedures on pediatric blunt liver and spleen injury (BLSI). METHODS A post-hoc analysis of a multicenter observational cohort study on pediatric patients with BLSI (2008-2019) was conducted on those who underwent NOM, in whom the timing of follow-up CT were decided by treating physicians. The incidence of unexpected hemostatic procedure (laparotomy and/or emergency angiography for ruptured pseudoaneurysm) and complications related to BLSI were compared between patients with and without early follow-up CT within 7 days. Inverse probability weighting with propensity scores adjusted patient demographics, comorbidities, mechanism and severity of injury, initial resuscitation, and institutional characteristics. RESULTS Among 1320 included patients, 552 underwent early follow-up CT. Approximately 25% of patients underwent angiography on the day of admission. The incidence of unexpected hemostasis was similar between patients with and without early repeat CT (8 [1.4%] vs. 6 [0.8%]; adjusted OR, 1.44 [0.62-3.34]; p = 0.40). Patients with repeat CT scans more frequently underwent multiple angiographies (OR, 2.79 [1.32-5.88]) and had more complications related to BLSI, particularly bile leak (OR, 1.73 [1.04-2.87]). CONCLUSION Follow-up CT scans within 7 days was not associated with reduced unexpected hemostasis in NOM for pediatric BLSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Yamamoto
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yukio Sato
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ramon F Cestero
- Department of Surgery, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Katsuya Maeshima
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yutaka Kondo
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideto Yasuda
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kushimoto
- Division of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Junichi Sasaki
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan
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Ahmad MU, Lee D, Tennakoon L, Chao TE, Spain D, Staudenmayer K. Angioembolization for splenic injuries: does it help? Retrospective evaluation of grade III-V splenic injuries at two level I trauma centers. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open 2024; 9:e001240. [PMID: 38646615 PMCID: PMC11029436 DOI: 10.1136/tsaco-2023-001240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Splenic angioembolization (SAE) has increased in utilization for blunt splenic injuries. We hypothesized lower SAE usage would not correlate with higher rates of additional intervention or mortality when choosing initial non-operative management (NOM) or surgery. Study design Trauma registries from two level I trauma centers from 2010 to 2020 were used to identify patients aged >18 years with grade III-V blunt splenic injuries. Results were compared with the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) for 2018 for level I and II centers. Additional intervention or failure was defined as any subsequent SAE or surgery. Mortality was defined as death during admission. Results There were 266 vs 5943 patients who met inclusion/exclusion criteria at Stanford/Santa Clara Valley Medical Center (SCVMC) versus the NTDB. Initial intervention differed significantly between cohorts with the use of SAE (6% vs 17%, p=0.000). Failure differed significantly between cohorts (1.5% vs 6.5%, p=0.005). On multivariate analysis, failure in NOM was significantly associated with NTDB cohort status, age 65+ years, more than one comorbidity, mechanism of injury, grade V spleen injury, and Injury Severity Score (ISS) 25+. On multivariate analysis, failure in SAE was significantly associated with Shock Index >0.9 and 10+ units blood in 24 hours. On multivariate analysis, a higher risk of mortality was significantly associated with NTDB cohort status, age 65+ years, no private insurance, more than one comorbidity, mechanism of injury, ISS 25+, 10+ units blood in 24 hours, NOM, more than one hospital complications, anticoagulant use, other Abbreviated Injury Scale ≥3 abdominal injuries. Conclusions Compared with national data, our cohort had less SAE, lower rates of additional intervention, and had lower risk-adjusted mortality. Shock Index >0.9, grade V splenic injuries, and increased transfusion requirements in the first 24 hours may signal a need for surgical intervention rather than SAE or NOM and may reduce mortality in appropriately selected patients. Level of evidence Level II/III.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Usman Ahmad
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - David Lee
- Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | | | - Tiffany Erin Chao
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Surgery, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California, USA
| | - David Spain
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Mahmood I, Younis B, Alabdallat M, Mathradikkal S, Abdelrahman H, El-Menyar A, Asim M, Kasim M, Mollazehi M, Al-Hassani A, Peralta R, Rizoli S, Al-Thani H. Pre- and post-implementation protocol for non-operative management of grade III-V splenic injuries: An observational study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28447. [PMID: 38560121 PMCID: PMC10979267 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Grade (III-V) blunt splenic injuries (BSI) in hemodynamically stable patients represent clinical challenges for successful non-operative management (NOM). In 2014, Our institution proposed a treatment protocol requiring splenic angiography and embolization for stable, intermediate, and high-grade BSI. It also included a follow-up CT scan for grade III BSI. We sought to assess the success rate of NOM in treating intermediate and high-grade BSI, following a standardized treatment protocol at a level 1 trauma center. Methods An observational retrospective study was conducted. Data of patients with BSI from June 2011 to September 2019 were reviewed using the Qatar National Trauma Registry. Patients' demographics, CT scan and angiographic findings, grade of splenic injuries, and outcomes were analyzed. The pre- and post-implementation of treatment protocol periods were compared. Results During the study period, a total of 552 hemodynamically stable patients with BSI were admitted, of which 240 had BSI with grade III to V. Eighty-one patients (33.8%) were admitted in the pre-protocol implementation period and 159 (66.2%) in the post-protocol implementation period. The NOM rate increased from 50.6% in the pre-protocol group to 65.6% in the post-protocol group (p = 0.02). In addition, failure of the conservative treatment did not significantly differ in the two periods, while the requirement for blood transfusion dropped from 64.2% to 45.9% (p = 0.007). The frequency of CT scan follow-up (55.3% vs. 16.3%, p = 0.001) and splenic arterial embolization (32.7% vs. 2.5%, p = 0.001) in NOM patients increased significantly in the post-protocol group compared to the pre-protocol group. Overall mortality was similar between the two periods. However, hospital and ICU length of stay and ventilatory days were higher in the post-protocol group. Conclusions NOM is an effective and safe treatment option for grade III-V BSI patients. Using standardized treatment guidelines for intermediate-to high-grade splenic injuries could increase the success rate for NOM and limit unnecessary laparotomy. Moreover, angioembolization is a crucial adjunct to NOM that could improve the success rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Mahmood
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Surgery Section, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Basil Younis
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Surgery Section, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad Alabdallat
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Surgery Section, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Saji Mathradikkal
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Surgery Section, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Husham Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Surgery Section, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Ayman El-Menyar
- Department of Surgery, Trauma and Vascular Surgery, Clinical Research, HMC, Doha, Qatar
- Clinical Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad Asim
- Department of Surgery, Trauma and Vascular Surgery, Clinical Research, HMC, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad Kasim
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Surgery Section, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Monira Mollazehi
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Surgery, National Trauma Registry, HMC, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ammar Al-Hassani
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Surgery Section, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Ruben Peralta
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Surgery Section, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Sandro Rizoli
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Surgery Section, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar
| | - Hassan Al-Thani
- Department of Surgery, Trauma and Vascular Surgery, HMC, Doha, Qatar
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Yamamoto R, Maeshima K, Funabiki T, Eastridge BJ, Cestero RF, Sasaki J. Immediate Angiography and Decreased In-Hospital Mortality of Adult Trauma Patients: A Nationwide Study. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2024; 47:472-480. [PMID: 38332119 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-024-03664-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to elucidate whether immediate angiography within 30 min is associated with lower in-hospital mortality compared with non-immediate angiography. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study using a nationwide trauma databank (2019-2020). Adult trauma patients who underwent emergency angiography within 12 h after hospital arrival were included. Patients who underwent surgery before angiography were excluded. Immediate angiography was defined as one performed within 30 min after arrival (door-to-angio time ≤ 30 min). In-hospital mortality and non-operative management (NOM) failure were compared between patients with immediate and non-immediate angiography. Inverse probability weighting with propensity scores was conducted to adjust patient demographics, injury mechanism and severity, vital signs on hospital arrival, and resuscitative procedures. A restricted cubic spline curve was drawn to reveal survival benefits by door-to-angio time. RESULTS Among 1,455 patients eligible for this study, 92 underwent immediate angiography. Angiography ≤ 30 min was associated with decreased in-hospital mortality (5.0% vs 11.1%; adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.42 [95% CI, 0.31-0.56]; p < 0.001), as well as lower frequency of NOM failure: thoracotomy and laparotomy after angiography (0.8% vs. 1.8%; OR, 0.44 [0.22-0.89] and 2.6% vs. 6.5%; OR, 0.38 [0.26-0.56], respectively). The spline curve showed a linear association between increasing mortality and prolonged door-to-angio time in the initial 100 min after arrival. CONCLUSION In trauma patients, immediate angiography ≤ 30 min was associated with lower in-hospital mortality and fewer NOM failures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3b, non randomized controlled cohort/follow up study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Yamamoto
- Trauma Service/Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Katsuya Maeshima
- Trauma Service/Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Funabiki
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Fujita Health University Hospital, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-Cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Brian J Eastridge
- Department of Surgery, UT Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
| | - Ramon F Cestero
- Department of Surgery, UT Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
| | - Junichi Sasaki
- Trauma Service/Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
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Peña K, Borad A, Burjonrappa S. Pediatric Blunt Splenic Trauma: Disparities in Management and Outcomes. J Surg Res 2024; 294:137-143. [PMID: 37879164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2023.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While nonoperative management has become widely accepted, whether nonoperative management of blunt splenic trauma is standardized across pediatric trauma centers and different racial groups warrants further investigation. Using the National Trauma Database, the purpose of this study was to quantify the differences in the management of pediatric splenic trauma across different pediatric trauma centers, with respect to injury severity, race, ethnicity, and insurance. METHODS Patients under 20 y of age with blunt splenic trauma reported to the 2018 and 2019 National Trauma Data Bank were identified. Primary outcomes were splenectomy, embolization, transfusion, mortality, injury severity score (ISS), and length of hospital stay (LOS) and length of intensive care unit stay. Continuous data and categorical data were analyzed using ANOVA and Chi-squared test, respectively. Nearest 1:1 neighbor matching was performed between minority patients and White patients. P < 0.05 for all comparative analyses was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Of the total cohort (n = 1919), 70.3% identified as White, while 21.6% identified as Black or Hispanic. The mortality rate was 0.3%. Among different race categories, the frequency of spleen embolization (P = 0.99), splenectomy (P = 0.99), blood transfusion (P = 1), and mortality (P = 1), were not significantly different. After controlling for ISS and age with propensity score matching, the mean hospital LOS remained significantly higher in minority patients, with a mean of 5.44 d compared to 4.72 d (P = 0.05). Mean length of intensive care unit stay was not significantly different after propensity matching, with a mean of 1.79 d and 1.56 spent in the ICU for minority and White patients respectively (P = 0.17). While propensity score matching preserved statistical significance, the ISS for the minority group remained 1.12 times higher than the ISS of the Caucasian group. There was no statistically significant difference among races with respect to different payment methods and insurance status, although Black and Hispanic patients were proportionally underinsured. CONCLUSIONS While minority patients had a relatively higher number of operative interventions and longer hospital and ICU stays, after propensity score matching, mean ISS remained higher in the minority group. Our findings suggest that injury severity is likely to influence the difference in LOS between the two groups. Furthermore, our data highlight how nonoperative management is not standardized across pediatric trauma centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Peña
- Rutgers, RWJMS, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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Radding S, Harfouche MN, Dhillon NK, Ko A, Hawley KL, Kundi R, Maddox JS, Radowsky JS, DuBose JJ, Feliciano DV, Kozar RA, Scalea TM. A pseudo-dilemma: Are we over-diagnosing and over-treating traumatic splenic intraparenchymal pseudoaneurysms? J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2024; 96:313-318. [PMID: 37599423 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Splenic embolization for traumatic vascular abnormalities in stable patients is a common practice. We hypothesize that modern contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) over diagnoses posttraumatic splenic vascular lesions, such as intraparenchymal pseudoaneurysms (PSA) that may not require embolization. METHODS We reviewed the experience at our high-volume center with endovascular management of blunt splenic injuries from January 2016 to December 2021. Multidisciplinary review was used to compared initial CT findings with subsequent angiography, analyzing management and outcomes of identified vascular lesions. RESULTS Of 853 splenic injuries managed overall during the study period, 255 (29.9%) underwent angiography of the spleen at any point during hospitalization. Vascular lesions were identified on 58% of initial CTs; extravasation (12.2%) and PSA (51.0%). Angiography was performed a mean of 22 hours after admission, with 38% done within 6 hours. Embolization was performed for 90.5% (231) of patients. Among the 130 patients with PSA on initial CT, 36 (27.7%) had no visible lesion on subsequent angiogram. From the 125 individuals who did not have a PSA identified on their initial CT, 67 (54%) had a PSA seen on subsequent angiography. On postembolization CT at 48 hours to 72 hours, persistently perfused splenic PSAs were seen in 41.0% (48/117) of those with and 22.2% (2/9) without embolization. Only one of 24 (4.1%) patients with PSA on angiography observed without embolization required delayed splenectomy, whereas 6.9% (16/231) in the embolized group had splenectomy at a mean of 5.5 ± 4 days after admission. CONCLUSION There is a high rate of discordance between CT and angiographic identification of splenic PSAs. Even when identified at angiogram and embolized, close to half will remain perfused on follow-up imaging. These findings question the use of routine angioembolization for all splenic PSAs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic/Care Management; Level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Radding
- From the Department of Surgery (S.R.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA; R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center (M.N.H., N.K.D., K.L.H., R.K., J.S.M., J.S.R., D.V.F., R.A.K., T.M.S.), University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Surgery (A.K.), Stanford University, Stanford, California; and Department of Surgery (J.J.DB.), University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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Hamghalam M, Moreland R, Gomez D, Simpson A, Lin HM, Jandaghi AB, Tafur M, Vlachou PA, Wu M, Brassil M, Crivellaro P, Mathur S, Hosseinpour S, Colak E. Machine Learning Detection and Characterization of Splenic Injuries on Abdominal Computed Tomography. Can Assoc Radiol J 2024:8465371231221052. [PMID: 38189316 DOI: 10.1177/08465371231221052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multi-detector contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography (CT) allows for the accurate detection and classification of traumatic splenic injuries, leading to improved patient management. Their effective use requires rapid study interpretation, which can be a challenge on busy emergency radiology services. A machine learning system has the potential to automate the process, potentially leading to a faster clinical response. This study aimed to create such a system. METHOD Using the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST), spleen injuries were classified into 3 classes: normal, low-grade (AAST grade I-III) injuries, and high-grade (AAST grade IV and V) injuries. Employing a 2-stage machine learning strategy, spleens were initially segmented from input CT images and subsequently underwent classification via a 3D dense convolutional neural network (DenseNet). RESULTS This single-centre retrospective study involved trauma protocol CT scans performed between January 1, 2005, and July 31, 2021, totaling 608 scans with splenic injuries and 608 without. Five board-certified fellowship-trained abdominal radiologists utilizing the AAST injury scoring scale established ground truth labels. The model achieved AUC values of 0.84, 0.69, and 0.90 for normal, low-grade injuries, and high-grade splenic injuries, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of automating spleen injury detection using our method with potential applications in improving patient care through radiologist worklist prioritization and injury stratification. Future endeavours should concentrate on further enhancing and optimizing our approach and testing its use in a real-world clinical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hamghalam
- School of Computing and Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Robert Moreland
- Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Gomez
- Division of General Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Temetry Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amber Simpson
- School of Computing and Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Hui Ming Lin
- Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ali Babaei Jandaghi
- Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Monica Tafur
- Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paraskevi A Vlachou
- Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Wu
- Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Brassil
- Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Priscila Crivellaro
- Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shobhit Mathur
- Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shahob Hosseinpour
- Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Errol Colak
- Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Visconti D, Parini D, Mariani D, Biloslavo A, Bellio G, Ceolin M, Cozza V, Musetti S, Pivetta E, Kurihara H, Zago M, Santarelli M, Chiarugi M. Spread and feasibility of non-operative management (NOM) of traumatic splenic injuries in adults: a national survey. Updates Surg 2024; 76:245-253. [PMID: 38103166 DOI: 10.1007/s13304-023-01718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
In hemodynamically stable adults sustaining a splenic trauma, non-operative management (NOM) represents the standard approach even in high-severity injuries. However, knowledge, structural, and logistic limitations still reduce its wider diffusion. This study aims to identify such issues to promote the safe and effective management of these injuries.A survey was developed using the SurveyMonkey® software and spread nationally in Italy. The survey was structured into: (1) Knowledge of classification systems; (2) Availability to refer patients; (3) Patients monitoring and follow-up; (4) Center-related.The survey was filled in by 327 surgeons, with a completeness rate of 63%. Three responders out of four are used to manage trauma patients. Despite most responders knowing the existing classifications, their use is still limited in daily practice. If a patient needs to be centralized, the concern about possible clinical deterioration represent the main obstacle to achieving a NOM. The lack of protocols does not allow standardization of patient surveillance according to the degree of injury. The imaging follow-up is not standardized as well, varying between computed tomography, ultrasound, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound.The classification systems need to be spread to all the trauma-dedicated physicians, to speak a common language. A more rational centralization of patients should be promoted, ideally through agreements between peripheral and reference centers, both at regional and local level. Standardized protocols need to be shared nationally, as well as the clinical and imaging follow-up criteria should be adapted to the local features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Visconti
- Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, Turin, Italy.
| | - Dario Parini
- Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia ULSS 5 Polesana, Rovigo, Italy
| | | | | | - Gabriele Bellio
- Ospedale di Piove di Sacco, ULSS 6 Euganea, Piove di Sacco, Padua, Italy
| | - Martina Ceolin
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Valerio Cozza
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Emanuele Pivetta
- University of Turin and Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Hayato Kurihara
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Zago
- Ospedale A. Manzoni Hospital, ASST Lecco, Lecco, Italy
| | - Mauro Santarelli
- Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, Turin, Italy
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Dhillon NK, Harfouche MN, Hawley KL, DuBose JJ, Kozar RA, Scalea TM. Embolization of Pseudoaneurysms is Associated With Improved Outcomes in Blunt Splenic Trauma. J Surg Res 2024; 293:656-662. [PMID: 37839096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2023.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The necessity of angioembolization for all splenic pseudoaneurysms (PSAs) is unknown after blunt trauma. We compared the outcomes of patients with PSAs managed with splenic artery embolization (EMBO) versus no embolization (NO-EMBO). METHODS We retrospectively reviewed all patients with blunt splenic trauma and PSA on initial computed tomography scan admitted to an academic, urban, Level I trauma center from 2016 to 2021. Patients who had emergent splenectomy or died before discharge were excluded. Demographics, injury and computed tomography characteristics, and details regarding angiography, if pursued, were collected. The primary outcome was failure of nonoperative management (FNOM), as defined by need for delayed splenectomy for the EMBO group versus delayed splenectomy or embolization for the NO-EMBO group. RESULTS One hundred and fifty-six patients were in the final study population, of which 96 (61.5%) were in the EMBO group and 60 (38.5%) were in the NO-EMBO group. Patient demographics and mechanism of injury were similar between the two cohorts. The two cohorts had similar imaging findings, however, EMBO patients had more compartments with hemoperitoneum (2 versus 1, P < 0.01). Patients who underwent embolization had a lower FNOM rate (3.1% versus 13.3%, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Splenic artery embolization in the setting of PSA is associated with lower rates of FNOM versus nonembolization. It is unclear if addressing the PSA itself with embolization drives the decreased FNOM rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navpreet K Dhillon
- Program in Trauma, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Melike N Harfouche
- Program in Trauma, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kristy L Hawley
- Program in Trauma, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joseph J DuBose
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas, Austin, Texas
| | - Rosemary A Kozar
- Program in Trauma, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas M Scalea
- Program in Trauma, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Barah A, Elmagdoub A, Aker L, M. Alahmad Y, Jaleel Z, Ahmed Z, Kaassamali R, Hasani AA, Al-Thani H, Omar A. The predictive value of CTSI scoring system in non-operative management of patients with splenic blunt trauma: The experience of a level 1 trauma center. Eur J Radiol Open 2023; 11:100525. [PMID: 37771658 PMCID: PMC10522900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejro.2023.100525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The spleen is one of the most injured organs following blunt abdominal trauma. The management options can be either operative or non-operative management (NOM) with either conservative management or splenic artery embolization. The implementation of CT in emergency departments allowed the use of CT imaging as a primary screening tool in early decision-making. Consecutively, new splenic injury scoring systems, such as the CT severity index (CTSI) reported was established. Aim The main aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of the implementation of CTSI scoring system on the management decision and outcomes in patients with blunt splenic trauma over 8 years in a level 1 trauma center. Methods This is a retrospective study including all adult patients with primary splenic trauma, having NOM and admitted to our hospital between 2013 and 2021. Results The analyses were conducted on ninety-nine patients. The average sample age was 32.7 ± 12.3 years old. A total of (63/99) patients had splenic parenchyma injury without splenic vascular injury. There is a statistically significant association between CTSI grade 3 injury and the development of delayed splenic vascular injury (p < 0.05). There is an association between severity of initial CTSI score and the risk of NOM/clinical failure (p = 0.02). Conclusion Our findings suggest implementing such a system in a level 1 trauma center will further improve the outcome of treatment for splenic blunt trauma. However, CTSI grade 3 is considered an increased risk of NOM failure, and further investigations are necessary to standardize its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Barah
- Radiology Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ayman Elmagdoub
- Radiology Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Loai Aker
- Radiology Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Zeyad Jaleel
- Radiology Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Zahoor Ahmed
- Radiology Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | | | - Ahmed Omar
- Radiology Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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Sammoud S, Ghelfi J, Barbois S, Beregi JP, Arvieux C, Frandon J. Preventive Proximal Splenic Artery Embolization for High-Grade AAST-OIS Adult Spleen Trauma without Vascular Anomaly on the Initial CT Scan: Technical Aspect, Safety, and Efficacy-An Ancillary Study. J Pers Med 2023; 13:889. [PMID: 37373879 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13060889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The spleen is the most commonly injured organ in blunt abdominal trauma. Its management depends on hemodynamic stability. According to the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma-Organ Injury Scale (AAST-OIS ≥ 3), stable patients with high-grade splenic injuries may benefit from preventive proximal splenic artery embolization (PPSAE). This ancillary study, using the SPLASH multicenter randomized prospective cohort, evaluated the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of PPSAE in patients with high-grade blunt splenic trauma without vascular anomaly on the initial CT scan. All patients included were over 18 years old, had high-grade splenic trauma (≥AAST-OIS 3 + hemoperitoneum) without vascular anomaly on the initial CT scan, received PPSAE, and had a CT scan at one month. Technical aspects, efficacy, and one-month splenic salvage were studied. Fifty-seven patients were reviewed. Technical efficacy was 94% with only four proximal embolization failures due to distal coil migration. Six patients (10.5%) underwent combined embolization (distal + proximal) due to active bleeding or focal arterial anomaly discovered during embolization. The mean procedure time was 56.5 min (SD = 38.1 min). Embolization was performed with an Amplatzer™ vascular plug in 28 patients (49.1%), a Penumbra occlusion device in 18 patients (31.6%), and microcoils in 11 patients (19.3%). There were two hematomas (3.5%) at the puncture site without clinical consequences. There were no rescue splenectomies. Two patients were re-embolized, one on Day 6 for an active leak and one on Day 30 for a secondary aneurysm. Primary clinical efficacy was, therefore, 96%. There were no splenic abscesses or pancreatic necroses. The splenic salvage rate on Day 30 was 94%, while only three patients (5.2%) had less than 50% vascularized splenic parenchyma. PPSAE is a rapid, efficient, and safe procedure that can prevent splenectomy in high-grade spleen trauma (AAST-OIS) ≥ 3 with high splenic salvage rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skander Sammoud
- Department of Radiology, Nîmes Carémeau University Hospital, 30900 Nimes, France
| | - Julien Ghelfi
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Department of Radiology, Grenoble-Alpes University Hospital, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sandrine Barbois
- Department of Digestive Surgery, University Hospital Grenoble Alpes, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Paul Beregi
- Department of Radiology, Nîmes Carémeau University Hospital, 30900 Nimes, France
| | - Catherine Arvieux
- Department of Digestive and Emergency Surgery, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Frandon
- Department of Radiology, Nîmes Carémeau University Hospital, 30900 Nimes, France
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12
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Williams RF, Grewal H, Jamshidi R, Naik-Mathuria B, Price M, Russell RT, Vogel A, Notrica DM, Stylianos S, Petty J. Updated APSA Guidelines for the Management of Blunt Liver and Spleen Injuries. J Pediatr Surg 2023:S0022-3468(23)00225-7. [PMID: 37117078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-operative management of blunt liver and spleen injuries was championed initially in children with the first management guideline published in 2000 by the American Pediatric Surgical Association (APSA). Multiple articles have expanded on the original guidelines and additional therapy has been investigated to improve care for these patients. Based on a literature review and current consensus, the management guidelines for the treatment of blunt liver and spleen injuries are presented. METHODS A recent literature review by the APSA Outcomes committee [2] was utilized as the basis for the guideline recommendations. A task force was assembled from the APSA Committee on Trauma to review the original guidelines, the literature reported by the Outcomes Committee and then to develop an easy to implement guideline. RESULTS The updated guidelines for the management of blunt liver and spleen injuries are divided into 4 sections: Admission, Procedures, Set Free and Aftercare. Admission to the intensive care unit is based on abnormal vital signs after resuscitation with stable patients admitted to the ward with minimal restrictions. Procedure recommendations include transfusions for low hemoglobin (<7 mg/dL) or signs of ongoing bleeding. Angioembolization and operative exploration is limited to those patients with clinical signs of continued bleeding after resuscitation. Discharge is based on clinical condition and not grade of injury. Activity restrictions remain the same while follow-up imaging is only indicated for symptomatic patients. CONCLUSION The updated APSA guidelines for the management of blunt liver and spleen injuries present an easy-to-follow management strategy for children. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regan F Williams
- Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, 49 North Dunlap Avenue, Second Floor, Memphis, Tn, 38105, USA.
| | - Harsh Grewal
- Drexel University College of Medicine, St Christopher's Children's Hospital, 160 East Erie Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19134, USA
| | - Ramin Jamshidi
- Phoenix Children's Hospital, 1919 E Thomas Road, Phoenix, Az, 85016, USA
| | - Bindi Naik-Mathuria
- University of Texas Medical Branch, 712 Texas Avenue, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Mitchell Price
- Division of Pediatric Surgery -Staten Island University Hospital/CCMC/Northwell Health, 378 Seaview Ave., Lower Level. Staten Island, NY, 10305, USA
| | - Robert T Russell
- Children's of Alabama, 1600 7th Avenue South, Lowder Bldg., Suite 300, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Adam Vogel
- Department of Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, 6701 Fannin Street, Suite 1210, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - David M Notrica
- Phoenix Children's Hospital, 1919 E Thomas Road, Phoenix, Az, 85016, USA
| | - Steven Stylianos
- Divsion of Pediatric Surgery, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons
| | - John Petty
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
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13
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Blunt splenic injury, Emergency Department to discharge: A Western Trauma Association critical decisions algorithm. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2023; 94:448-454. [PMID: 36730563 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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14
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Schellenberg M, Costantini T, Joseph B, Price MA, Bernard AC, Haut ER. Timing of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis initiation after injury: Findings from the consensus conference to implement optimal VTE prophylaxis in trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2023; 94:484-489. [PMID: 36729602 PMCID: PMC9970012 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Optimizing prophylaxis against venous thromboembolic events (VTEs) is a critical issue in the care of injured patients. Although these patients are at significant risk of developing VTE, they also present competing concerns related to exacerbation of bleeding from existing injuries. Especially after high-risk trauma, including injuries to the abdominal solid organs, brain, and spine, trauma providers must delineate the time period in which VTE prophylaxis successfully reduces VTE rates without encouraging bleeding. Although existing data are primarily retrospective in nature and further study is required, literature supports early VTE chemoprophylaxis initiation even for severely injured patients. Early initiation is most frequently defined as <48 hours from admission but varies from <24 hours to 72 hours and occasionally refers to time from initial trauma. Prior to chemical VTE prophylaxis initiation in patients at risk for bleeding, an observation period is necessary during which injuries must show themselves to be hemostatic, either clinically or radiographically. In the future, prospective examination of optimal timing of VTE prophylaxis is necessary. Further study of specific subsets of trauma patients will allow for development of effective VTE mitigation strategies based upon collective risks of VTE and hemorrhage progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Schellenberg
- Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, LAC+USC Medical Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Todd Costantini
- Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, Burns, and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA
| | - Bellal Joseph
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, Emergency Surgery, and Burns, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ
| | | | - Andrew C. Bernard
- Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY
| | - Elliott R. Haut
- Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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15
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Chen H, Unberath M, Dreizin D. Toward automated interpretable AAST grading for blunt splenic injury. Emerg Radiol 2023; 30:41-50. [PMID: 36371579 DOI: 10.1007/s10140-022-02099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) splenic organ injury scale (OIS) is the most frequently used CT-based grading system for blunt splenic trauma. However, reported inter-rater agreement is modest, and an algorithm that objectively automates grading based on transparent and verifiable criteria could serve as a high-trust diagnostic aid. PURPOSE To pilot the development of an automated interpretable multi-stage deep learning-based system to predict AAST grade from admission trauma CT. METHODS Our pipeline includes 4 parts: (1) automated splenic localization, (2) Faster R-CNN-based detection of pseudoaneurysms (PSA) and active bleeds (AB), (3) nnU-Net segmentation and quantification of splenic parenchymal disruption (SPD), and (4) a directed graph that infers AAST grades from detection and segmentation results. Training and validation is performed on a dataset of adult patients (age ≥ 18) with voxelwise labeling, consensus AAST grading, and hemorrhage-related outcome data (n = 174). RESULTS AAST classification agreement (weighted κ) between automated and consensus AAST grades was substantial (0.79). High-grade (IV and V) injuries were predicted with accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 92%, 95%, and 89%. The area under the curve for predicting hemorrhage control intervention was comparable between expert consensus and automated AAST grading (0.83 vs 0.88). The mean combined inference time for the pipeline was 96.9 s. CONCLUSIONS The results of our method were rapid and verifiable, with high agreement between automated and expert consensus grades. Diagnosis of high-grade lesions and prediction of hemorrhage control intervention produced accurate results in adult patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haomin Chen
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mathias Unberath
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Dreizin
- Emergency and Trauma Imaging, Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Recent trends in the management of isolated high-grade splenic injuries: A nationwide analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2023; 94:220-225. [PMID: 36694333 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The feasibility of nonoperative management for high-grade blunt splenic injuries (BSIs) has been suggested in recent studies. The purpose of this study was to assess nationwide trends in the management of isolated high-grade BSIs. We hypothesized that isolated high-grade BSIs are more frequently being managed nonoperatively. METHODS The American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program database was queried to identify patients (16 years or older) with isolated high-grade BSIs (Abbreviated Injury Scale, ≥3) between 2013 and 2019. Patients were divided into two groups based on their hemodynamic status (hemodynamically stable [HS] and hemodynamically unstable [HU]). The primary outcome was the rate of total splenectomy each year, and the secondary outcome was the use of splenic angioembolization (SAE). Multiple regression models were created to estimate annual trends in splenectomy and SAE. RESULTS A total of 6,747 patients with isolated high-grade BSIs were included: 5,714 (84.7%) and 1,033 (15.3%) in HS and HU groups, respectively. In the HS group, the rate of overall splenectomy was significantly decreased (from 22.9% in 2013 to 12.6% in 2019; odds ratio [OR] for 1-year increment, 0.850; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.815-0.886; p < 0.001), and the use of SAE was significantly increased (from 12.5% in 2013 to 20.9% in 2019; OR, 1.107; 95% CI, 1.065-1.150; p < 0.001). In the HU group, the overall splenectomy rate was unchanged (from 69.8% in 2013 to 50.8% in 2019; OR, 0.931; 95% CI, 0.865-1.002; p = 0.071), whereas SAE was significantly increased (from 12.7% in 2013 to 28.8% in 2019; OR, 1.176; 95% CI, 1.079-1.284; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION We observed significant trends toward more frequent use of nonoperative management in high-grade BSIs with hemodynamic stability. Further studies are warranted to define the role of SAE, especially in patients with hemodynamic instability. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic/Care Management; Level IV.
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Savage SA. Management of blunt splenic injury: down the rabbit hole and into the bucket. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open 2023; 8:e001119. [PMID: 37082308 PMCID: PMC10111894 DOI: 10.1136/tsaco-2023-001119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Management of splenic trauma has changed dramatically over the past 30 years. Many of these advances were driven by the Memphis team under the leadership of Dr. Timothy Fabian. This review article summarizes some of those changes in clinical care, especially related to nonoperative management and angioembolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Savage
- Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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18
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Lin BC, Wu CH, Wong YC, Chen HW, Fu CJ, Huang CC, Wu CT, Hsieh CH. Splenic artery embolization changes the management of blunt splenic injury: an observational analysis of 680 patients graded by the revised 2018 AAST-OIS. Surg Endosc 2023; 37:371-381. [PMID: 35962229 PMCID: PMC9839812 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-022-09531-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the management of blunt splenic injury (BSI) and highlight the role of splenic artery embolization (SAE). METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of all patients with BSI over 15 years. Splenic injuries were graded by the 2018 revision of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma-Organ Injury Scale (AAST-OIS). Our hospital provide 24/7 in-house surgeries and 24/7 in-house interventional radiology facility. Patients with BSI who arrived hypotensive and were refractory to resuscitation required surgery and patients with vascular injury on abdominal computed tomography were considered for SAE. RESULTS In total, 680 patients with BSI, the number of patients who underwent nonoperative management with observation (NOM-obs), SAE, and surgery was 294, 234, and 152, respectively. The number of SAEs increased from 4 (8.3%) in 2001 to 23 (60.5%) in 2015 (p < 0.0001); conversely, the number of surgeries decreased from 21 (43.8%) in 2001 to 4 (10.5%) in 2015 (p = 0.001). The spleen-related mortality rate of NOM-obs, SAEs, and surgery was 0%, 0.4%, and 7.2%, respectively. In the SAE subgroup, according to the 2018 AAST-OIS, 234 patients were classified as grade II, n = 3; III, n = 21; IV, n = 111; and V, n = 99, respectively.; and compared with 1994 AST-OIS, 150 patients received a higher grade and the total number of grade IV and V injuries ranged from 96 (41.0%) to 210 (89.7%) (p < 0.0001). On angiography, 202 patients who demonstrated vascular injury and 187 achieved hemostasis after SAE with a 92.6% success rate. Six of the 15 patients failed to SAE preserved the spleen after second embolization with a 95.5% salvage rate. CONCLUSIONS Our data confirm the superiority of the 2018 AAST-OIS and support the role of SAE in changing the trend of management of BSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Being-Chuan Lin
- Division of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, 5, Fu-Hsing Street, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan City, 333, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Hsien Wu
- Division of Emergency and Critical Care Radiology, Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan City, Taiwan
| | - Yon-Cheong Wong
- Division of Emergency and Critical Care Radiology, Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan City, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Wu Chen
- Division of Emergency and Critical Care Radiology, Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Ju Fu
- Division of Emergency and Critical Care Radiology, Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chih Huang
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, New Taipei Municipal Tucheng Hospital, Chang Gung Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Te Wu
- Division of Emergency and Critical Care Radiology, Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsun Hsieh
- Division of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, 5, Fu-Hsing Street, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan City, 333 Taiwan
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Dreizin D, Champ K, Dattwyler M, Bodanapally U, Smith EB, Li G, Singh R, Wang Z, Liang Y. Blunt splenic injury in adults: Association between volumetric quantitative CT parameters and intervention. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2023; 94:125-132. [PMID: 35546417 PMCID: PMC9652480 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND. Several ordinal grading systems are employed in deciding whether to perform angioembolization or splenectomy following blunt splenic injury. The 2018 AAST Organ Injury Scale (OIS) incorporates vascular lesions but not hemoperitoneum, which is considered in the Thompson classifier. Granular and verifiable quantitative measurements of these features may have a future role in facilitating objective decision-making. PURPOSE. To compare performance of CT volumetry-based quantitative modeling to the 1994 and 2018 AAST OIS and Thompson classifier for the following endpoints: decision to perform splenectomy (SPY), and the composite of SPY or angioembolization (AE) MATERIALS AND METHODS. Adult BSI patients (age ≥ 18 years) scanned with dual-phase CT prior to intervention at a single level I trauma center from 2017-2019 were included in this retrospective study (n=174). Scoring using 2018 AAST, 1994 AAST, and Thompson systems was performed retrospectively by two radiologists and arbitrated by a third. Endpoints included 1. SPY and 2. The composite of SPY or AE. Logistic regression models were developed from segmented active bleed, contained vascular lesion, splenic parenchymal disruption, and hemoperitoneum volumes. AUCs for ordinal systems and volumetric models were compared. RESULTS. Forty-seven BSI patients (27%) underwent SPY, and 87 patients (50%) underwent SPY or AE. Quantitative model AUCs (0.85- SPY, 0.82-composite) were not significantly different from 2018 AAST AUCs (0.81, 0.88, p=0.66, 0.14) for both endpoints, and were significantly improved over Thompson scoring (0.76, p=0.02; 0.77, p=0.04). CONCLUSION: Quantitative CT volumetry can be used to model intervention for BSI with accuracy comparable to 2018 AAST scoring and significantly higher than Thompson scoring. Study Type: Prognostic Level of Evidence: IV CT volumetry of blunt splenic injury-related features predicts splenectomy and angioembolization in adults and identifies clinically important target features for computer vision and automation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dreizin
- From the Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine (D.D., M.D., U.B., E.B.S., G.L., Z.W., K.C., R.S.); and Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (Y.L.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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20
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Podda M, De Simone B, Ceresoli M, Virdis F, Favi F, Wiik Larsen J, Coccolini F, Sartelli M, Pararas N, Beka SG, Bonavina L, Bova R, Pisanu A, Abu-Zidan F, Balogh Z, Chiara O, Wani I, Stahel P, Di Saverio S, Scalea T, Soreide K, Sakakushev B, Amico F, Martino C, Hecker A, de'Angelis N, Chirica M, Galante J, Kirkpatrick A, Pikoulis E, Kluger Y, Bensard D, Ansaloni L, Fraga G, Civil I, Tebala GD, Di Carlo I, Cui Y, Coimbra R, Agnoletti V, Sall I, Tan E, Picetti E, Litvin A, Damaskos D, Inaba K, Leung J, Maier R, Biffl W, Leppaniemi A, Moore E, Gurusamy K, Catena F. Follow-up strategies for patients with splenic trauma managed non-operatively: the 2022 World Society of Emergency Surgery consensus document. World J Emerg Surg 2022; 17:52. [PMID: 36224617 PMCID: PMC9560023 DOI: 10.1186/s13017-022-00457-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2017, the World Society of Emergency Surgery published its guidelines for the management of adult and pediatric patients with splenic trauma. Several issues regarding the follow-up of patients with splenic injuries treated with NOM remained unsolved.
Methods Using a modified Delphi method, we sought to explore ongoing areas of controversy in the NOM of splenic trauma and reach a consensus among a group of 48 international experts from five continents (Africa, Europe, Asia, Oceania, America) concerning optimal follow-up strategies in patients with splenic injuries treated with NOM.
Results Consensus was reached on eleven clinical research questions and 28 recommendations with an agreement rate ≥ 80%. Mobilization after 24 h in low-grade splenic trauma patients (WSES Class I, AAST Grades I–II) was suggested, while in patients with high-grade splenic injuries (WSES Classes II–III, AAST Grades III–V), if no other contraindications to early mobilization exist, safe mobilization of the patient when three successive hemoglobins 8 h apart after the first are within 10% of each other was considered safe according to the panel. The panel suggests adult patients to be admitted to hospital for 1 day (for low-grade splenic injuries—WSES Class I, AAST Grades I–II) to 3 days (for high-grade splenic injuries—WSES Classes II–III, AAST Grades III–V), with those with high-grade injuries requiring admission to a monitored setting. In the absence of specific complications, the panel suggests DVT and VTE prophylaxis with LMWH to be started within 48–72 h from hospital admission. The panel suggests splenic artery embolization (SAE) as the first-line intervention in patients with hemodynamic stability and arterial blush on CT scan, irrespective of injury grade. Regarding patients with WSES Class II blunt splenic injuries (AAST Grade III) without contrast extravasation, a low threshold for SAE has been suggested in the presence of risk factors for NOM failure. The panel also suggested angiography and eventual SAE in all hemodynamically stable adult patients with WSES Class III injuries (AAST Grades IV–V), even in the absence of CT blush, especially when concomitant surgery that requires change of position is needed. Follow-up imaging with contrast-enhanced ultrasound/CT scan in 48–72 h post-admission of trauma in splenic injuries WSES Class II (AAST Grade III) or higher treated with NOM was considered the best strategy for timely detection of vascular complications. Conclusion This consensus document could help guide future prospective studies aiming at validating the suggested strategies through the implementation of prospective trauma databases and the subsequent production of internationally endorsed guidelines on the issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Podda
- Department of Surgical Science, Emergency Surgery Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Belinda De Simone
- Department of Emergency, Digestive and Metabolic Minimally Invasive Surgery, Poissy and Saint Germain en Laye Hospitals, Poissy, France
| | - Marco Ceresoli
- General and Emergency Surgery Department, School of Medicine and Surgery, Milano-Bicocca University, Monza, Italy
| | - Francesco Virdis
- Trauma and Acute Care Surgery Department, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Favi
- Department of Emergency and Trauma Surgey, Bufalini Trauma Center, Cesena, Italy
| | - Johannes Wiik Larsen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital University of Bergen, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Federico Coccolini
- General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery Department, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Nikolaos Pararas
- Department of General Surgery, Dr Sulaiman Al Habib/Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Solomon Gurmu Beka
- School of Medicine and Health Science, University of Otago, Wellington Campus, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Luigi Bonavina
- Division of General Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaele Bova
- Department of Emergency and Trauma Surgey, Bufalini Trauma Center, Cesena, Italy
| | - Adolfo Pisanu
- Department of Surgical Science, Emergency Surgery Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Fikri Abu-Zidan
- Department of Applied Statistics, The Research Office, College of Medicine and Health Sciences United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Zsolt Balogh
- Department of Traumatology, John Hunter Hospital and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Osvaldo Chiara
- Trauma and Acute Care Surgery Department, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Philip Stahel
- Department of Surgery, East Carolina University, Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, USA
| | - Salomone Di Saverio
- Department of Surgery, San Benedetto del Tronto Hospital, AV5, San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
| | - Thomas Scalea
- Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Kjetil Soreide
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital University of Bergen, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Boris Sakakushev
- Research Institute of Medical University Plovdiv/University Hospital St George Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Francesco Amico
- Trauma Service, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia.,The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Costanza Martino
- Department of Anesthesiology and Acute Care, Umberto I Hospital of Lugo, Ausl della Romagna, Lugo, Italy
| | - Andreas Hecker
- Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nicola de'Angelis
- Unit of General Surgery, Henri Mondor Hospital, UPEC, Créteil, France
| | - Mircea Chirica
- Service de Chirurgie Digestive, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Joseph Galante
- Trauma Department, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Kirkpatrick
- General, Acute Care and Trauma Surgery Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Emmanouil Pikoulis
- General Surgery, Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Yoram Kluger
- Division of General Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Denis Bensard
- Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Luca Ansaloni
- Unit of General Surgery, San Matteo Hospital, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gustavo Fraga
- Division of Trauma Surgery, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ian Civil
- Director of Trauma Services, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Isidoro Di Carlo
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Yunfeng Cui
- Department of Surgery, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Nankai Clinical School of Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Raul Coimbra
- Riverside University Health System Medical Center, Moreno Valley, CA, USA
| | - Vanni Agnoletti
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, AUSL Romagna, M. Bufalini Hospital, Cesena, Italy
| | - Ibrahima Sall
- Department of General Surgery, Military Teaching Hospital, Hôpital Principal Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Edward Tan
- Department of Surgery, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Edoardo Picetti
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrey Litvin
- Department of Surgical Disciplines, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Regional Clinical Hospital, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | | | - Kenji Inaba
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jeffrey Leung
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London (UCL), London, UK.,Milton Keynes University Hospital, Milton Keynes, UK
| | | | - Walt Biffl
- Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Scripps Clinic Medical Group, La Jolla, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ari Leppaniemi
- Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ernest Moore
- Ernest E. Moore Shock Trauma Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Kurinchi Gurusamy
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Fausto Catena
- Department of Emergency and Trauma Surgey, Bufalini Trauma Center, Cesena, Italy
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Senekjian L, Robinson BR, Meagher AD, Gross JA, Maier RV, Bulger EM, Arbabi S, Cuschieri J. Nonoperative Management in Blunt Splenic Trauma: Can Shock Index Predict Failure? J Surg Res 2022; 276:340-346. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Burt MR, Tobin CS, Guido JM, Timmerman GL, Weigelt JA. Management of High Grade Splenic Injuries in Rural America. Am Surg 2022:31348221114030. [PMID: 35815786 DOI: 10.1177/00031348221114030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rural surgeons face unique challenges when managing patients with high-grade (III-V) blunt splenic injury (BSI) given limited access to interventional radiology and blood products. Patients therefore may require transfer for splenic artery embolization (SAE) when resuscitation may still be ongoing. This study aims to evaluate current resource utilization in a rural trauma population with limited access to SAE and blood products. METHODS Retrospective analysis of adult patients with high-grade BSI at one Level 1 trauma center and two Level 2 trauma centers was performed. Patients were evaluated for resources used after transfer to the regional trauma center. Primary outcomes measured were SAE, operative management (OM), and blood product utilization. Secondary outcomes measured included injury severity score (ISS) and mortality. RESULTS Final analysis included 134 transferred patients. 16% underwent SAE, 16% underwent OM, and 69% were treated successfully with nonoperative and non-procedural management (NOM). 52% of the SAE patients had sustained a grade III splenic injury, 38% grade IV, and 10% grade V. 84% of patients required <3 units of packed red blood cells (PRBC) and 57% of patients required none. 80% of transferred patients required <3 total units of all combined blood products. DISCUSSION The majority of patients with BSI transferred to a tertiary trauma center from a rural facility were successfully managed without SAE and required minimal transfusion of blood products. In the absence of other injuries necessitating transfer to a tertiary trauma center, rural surgeons should consider management of high grade splenic injuries at their home institution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Burt
- Department of Surgery, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Christian S Tobin
- Department of Surgery, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Jenny M Guido
- Department of Surgery, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Gary L Timmerman
- Department of Surgery, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - John A Weigelt
- Department of Surgery, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
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Hirano T, Iwasaki Y, Ono Y, Ishida T, Shinohara K. Long-term incidence and timing of splenic pseudoaneurysm formation after blunt splenic injury: A descriptive study. Ann Vasc Surg 2022; 88:291-299. [PMID: 35817382 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonoperative management (NOM) has become a standard strategy for hemodynamically stable patients with blunt splenic injury; however, delayed rupture of splenic pseudoaneurysm (SPA) is a serious complication of NOM. In medical literature, data regarding the long-term incidence of SPA are scarce, and the appropriate timing for performing follow-up contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) has not yet been reported. This study aimed to elucidate the long-term incidence and timing of SPA formation after blunt splenic injury in patients treated with NOM. METHODS This descriptive study was conducted at a tertiary medical center in Japan. Patients with blunt splenic injury who were treated with NOM between April 2014 and August 2020 were included in the analysis. Included patients underwent repeated contrast-enhanced CT to detect SPA formation. The primary outcome was the cumulative incidence of delayed formation of SPA. We also evaluated differences in SPA formation between patients who received transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE; TAE group) and those who did not receive it (non-TAE group) on admission day. RESULTS Among 49 patients with blunt splenic injury who were treated with NOM, 5 patients (10.2%) had delayed formation of SPA. All cases of SPA formation occurred within 15 days of injury. The incidence of SPA formation was not significantly different between the TAE and non-TAE groups (1/19 vs. 4/30, P=.67). CONCLUSIONS SPA developed in 10% of patients within approximately 2 weeks after blunt splenic injury. Therefore, performing follow-up contrast-enhanced CT in this period after injury may be useful to evaluate delayed formation of SPA. Although our findings are novel, they should be confirmed through future studies with larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaki Hirano
- Department of Anesthesiology and Emergency Medicine, Ohta Nishinouchi Hospital, 2-5-20 Nishinouchi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8558, Japan
| | - Yudai Iwasaki
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Yuko Ono
- Department of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ward, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Tokiya Ishida
- Department of Anesthesiology and Emergency Medicine, Ohta Nishinouchi Hospital, 2-5-20 Nishinouchi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Shinohara
- Department of Anesthesiology and Emergency Medicine, Ohta Nishinouchi Hospital, 2-5-20 Nishinouchi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8558, Japan
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Trauma-Angio score as a predictor of urgent angioembolization for blunt trauma: development and validation using independent cohorts. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2022; 48:4837-4845. [PMID: 35674807 DOI: 10.1007/s00068-022-02008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This research aimed to establish a scoring system for selecting candidates for urgent angioembolization (AE). METHODS Patients with blunt trauma were retrospectively identified in a nationwide trauma registry. Patients aged ≥ 15 years with a systolic blood pressure of ≥90 mmHg were included. These individuals were then categorized into development and validation cohorts based on the date of admission. Next, an eight-point scaled system was developed using odds ratios obtained from the multivariate analysis of patients' clinical factors on their arrival at the hospital, with the implementation of urgent AE as a dependent variable. RESULTS The development cohort and validation cohort included 158,192 and 116,941 patients, respectively, and 3296 (2.1%) patients in the development cohort and 2,550 (2.2%) patients in the validation cohort underwent urgent AE. The frequency of transfusion within 24 h after arrival and the Injury Severity Score were similar between the two cohorts (16,867 [10.7%] vs. 11,222 [9.6%] and 10 [9-18] vs. 10 [9-17], respectively). The number of patients who were discharged and hospital-free days were comparable between the two cohorts (139,436 [94.4%] vs. 106,107 [95.6%] and 72 [53-84] vs. 73 [57-84] days, respectively). The probabilities and the observed rates of urgent AE increased proportionally from 2% at a score of ≤ 3 to almost 15% at a score of ≥ 7. In terms of predictive factors, no significant interaction was noted. CONCLUSION The Trauma-Angio scoring system can be used as a trigger to suggest the possibility of urgent AE. TRIAL REGISTRATION 20090087, 31st July 2009.
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Perea LL, Fletcher KL, Morgan ME, Otaibi BW, Hazelton JP. Routine repeat imaging of blunt splenic injuries identifies complications prior to clinical change. TRAUMA-ENGLAND 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/14604086221103060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background There are no definitive recommendations guiding repeat imaging, or its timing, in patients with blunt splenic injury managed non-operatively. This study examines delayed complications and interventions in patients with blunt splenic injuries who undergo repeat imaging. Imaging was prompted either by a clinical change (CC) or non-clinical change (NCC) including institutional recommendations and individual physician practice patterns. Methods A 3-year, retrospective, dual-institution study was conducted of adult patients with blunt splenic injuries. Patients who underwent repeat imaging were grouped based on the reason for scan: CC or NCC. The incidence of delayed complications and interventions was examined. Results Of 235 patients, 105 (45%) underwent repeat imaging [CC n = 67 (64%), NCC n = 38 (36%)]. Median time to repeat imaging was shorter in the NCC group [CC = 96 (IQR 48–192) hours, NCC = 48 (IQR 36–68) hours, p = .0005]. Delayed complications were found in 28 (42%) CC patients versus 18 (47%) NCC patients ( p = .683). Interventions for complications were performed in 6 (21%) CC versus 10 (56%) NCC ( p = .027). Discussion Nearly half of patients reimaged because of NCC were found to have complications, with more than half undergoing intervention. Complications were identified and treated earlier in the NCC group than the CC group. This suggests patients with blunt splenic injuries should undergo routine repeat imaging to allow for prompt identification and treatment of delayed complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey L Perea
- Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, Penn Medicine Lancaster General Health, Lancaster, PA, USA
| | - Kelsey L Fletcher
- Department of Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Madison E Morgan
- Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, Penn Medicine Lancaster General Health, Lancaster, PA, USA
| | - Banan W Otaibi
- Department of Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Joshua P Hazelton
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
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Han J, Dudi-Venkata NN, Jolly S, Ting YY, Lu H, Thomas M, Dobbins C. Splenic artery embolization improves outcomes and decreases the length of stay in hemodynamically stable blunt splenic injuries - A level 1 Australian Trauma centre experience. Injury 2022; 53:1620-1626. [PMID: 34991862 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2021.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Splenic injuries are the most common visceral injury following blunt abdominal trauma. Increasingly, non-operative management (NOM) and the use of adjunctive splenic angioembolization (ASE) is favoured over operative management (OM) for the hemodynamically stable patient. However, clinical predictors for successful NOM, particularly the role of ASE as an adjunct, remain poorly defined. This study aims to evaluate the outcomes of patients undergoing ASE vs NOM. METHODS A retrospective clinical audit was performed of all patients admitted with blunt splenic injury (BSI) from January 2005 to January 2018 at the Royal Adelaide Hospital. The primary outcome was ASE or NOM failure rate. Secondary outcomes were grade of splenic injury, Injury Severity Score (ISS), length of hospital stay (LOS), and delayed OM or re-angioembolization rates. RESULTS Of 208 patients with BSI, 60 (29%) underwent OM, 54 (26%) ASE, and 94 (45%) NOM only. Patients were predominantly male 165 (79%), with a median age of 33 (IQR 24-51) years. The median ISS was 29 (20-38). There was no difference in the overall success rates for each modality of primary management (48 (89%) ASE vs 77 (82%) NOM, p = 0.374), though patients managed with ASE were older (38 vs 30 years, p = 0.029), had higher grade of splenic injury (grade ≥ IV 42 (78%) vs 8 (8.5%), p<0.001), with increased rates of haemo-peritoneum (46 (85%) vs 51 (54%), p<0.001) and contrast blush (42 (78%) vs 2 (2%), p<0.001). However, for grade III splenic injury, patients managed with ASE had a trend towards better outcome with no failures when compared to the NOM group (0 (0%) vs 8 (35%), p = 0.070) with a significant reduction in LOS (7.2 vs 10.8 days, p = 0.042). Furthermore, the ASE group overall had a significantly shorter LOS compared to the NOM group (10.0 vs 16.0 days, p<0.001). CONCLUSION ASE as an adjunct to NOM significantly reduces the length of stay in BSI patients and is most successful in managing AAST grade III injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie Han
- Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Department of Surgery, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Samantha Jolly
- Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ying Yang Ting
- Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Discipline of Surgery, The University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ha Lu
- Department of Radiology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Meredith Thomas
- Department of Radiology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Christopher Dobbins
- Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Entriken C, Weed Z, Parikh PP, Ekeh AP. Complications Following Splenic Embolization for Trauma: Have Things Changed Over Time? J Surg Res 2022; 277:44-49. [PMID: 35460920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Splenic artery embolization (SAE) is a routinely used adjunct in the nonoperative management (NOM) of blunt splenic injury (BSI). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the rate and type of adverse events that occur in patients undergoing SAE and to compare this with the previous data. METHODS Patients who had SAE for BSI between 2011 and 2018 were identified. Splenic abscess, splenic infarction, and contrast-induced renal insufficiency were considered major complications. Coil migration, fever, and pleural effusions were regarded minor complications. The results were compared with data from a prior study examining similar indices at the same trauma center between 2000 and 2010. RESULTS There were 716 patients admitted with BSI. SAE was performed in 74 (13.3%) of the 557 (78%) NOM patients. The overall complication rate was 33.8%. Major complications occurred in 11 patients (14.9%) and minor in 13 patients (18.9%). There was no association between complications and coil location by logistic regression. CONCLUSIONS SAE continues to be a useful adjunct in the NOM of BSI though complications continue to occur. Fewer minor complications were noted in the period studied compared to past similar studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zachary Weed
- Department of Surgery, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Priti P Parikh
- Department of Surgery, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
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Jeong E, Jo Y, Park Y, Kim J, Jang H, Lee N. Very large haematoma following the nonoperative management of a blunt splenic injury in a patient with preexisting liver cirrhosis: a case report. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA AND INJURY 2022. [DOI: 10.20408/jti.2021.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The spleen is the most commonly injured organ after blunt abdominal trauma. Nonoperative management (NOM) is the standard treatment for blunt splenic injuries in haemodynamically stable patients without peritonitis. Complications of NOM include rebleeding, new pseudoaneurysm formation, splenic abscess, and symptomatic splenic infarction. These complications hinder the NOM of patients with blunt splenic injuries. We report a case in which a large haemorrhagic fluid collection that occurred after angio-embolisation was resolved by percutaneous drainage in a patient with liver cirrhosis who experienced a blunt spleen injury.
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Musetti S, Coccolini F, Tartaglia D, Cremonini C, Strambi S, Cicuttin E, Cobuccio L, Cengeli I, Zocco G, Chiarugi M. Non-operative management in blunt splenic trauma: A ten-years-experience at a Level 1 Trauma Center. EMERGENCY CARE JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.4081/ecj.2022.10339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trauma;
Spleen injuries are among the most frequent trauma-related injuries. The approach for diagnosis and management of Blunt Splenic Injury (BSI) has been considerably shifted towards Non- Operative Management (NOM) in the last few decades. NOM of blunt splenic injuries includes Splenic Angio-Embolization (SAE). Aim of this study was to analyze Pisa Level 1 trauma center (Italy) last 10-years-experience in the management of Blunt Splenic Trauma (BST), and more specifically to evaluate NOM rate and failure. Retrospective analysis of all patients admitted with blunt splenic trauma was done. They were divided into two groups according to the treatment: hemodynamically unstable patients treated operatively (OM group) and patients underwent a nonoperative management (NOM group). The CT scan performed in all NOM group patients. Univariate analysis was performed to identify differences between the two groups. Multivariate analysis adjusting for factors with a p value < 0.05 or with clinical relevance was used to identify possible risk factors for NOM failure. 193 consecutive patients with blunt splenic trauma were admitted. Emergency splenectomies were performed in 53 patients (OM group); 140 were managed non-operatively with or without SAE (NOM group). NOM rate in high grade injuries is 57%. Overall NOM failure rate is 9%, and success rate in high grade splenic injuries is 48%; multivariate analysis showed AAST score ≥3 as a risk factor for NOM failure. Non-operative management currently represents the gold standard management for hemodynamically stable patient with blunt splenic trauma even in high grade splenic injuries. AAST ≥3 spleen lesion is a failure risk factor but not a contraindication to for non-operative management.
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Emergency angiography for trauma patients and potential association with acute kidney injury. World J Emerg Surg 2021; 16:56. [PMID: 34736506 PMCID: PMC8567733 DOI: 10.1186/s13017-021-00400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiography has been conducted as a hemostatic procedure for trauma patients. While several complications, such as tissue necrosis after embolization, have been reported, little is known regarding subsequent acute kidney injury (AKI) due to contrast media. To elucidate whether emergency angiography would introduce kidney dysfunction in trauma victims, we compared the incidence of AKI between patients who underwent emergency angiography and those who did not. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted using a nationwide trauma database (2004-2019), and adult trauma patients were included. The indication of emergency angiography was determined by both trauma surgeons and radiologists, and AKI was diagnosed by treating physicians based on a rise in serum creatinine and/or fall in urine output according to any published standard criteria. Incidence of AKI was compared between patients who underwent emergency angiography and those who did not. Propensity score matching was conducted to adjust baseline characteristics including age, comorbidities, mechanism of injury, vital signs on admission, Injury Severity Scale (ISS), degree of traumatic kidney injury, surgical procedures, and surgery on the kidney, such as nephrectomy and nephrorrhaphy. RESULTS Among 230,776 patients eligible for the study, 14,180 underwent emergency angiography. The abdomen/pelvis was major site for angiography (10,624 [83.5%]). Embolization was performed in 5,541 (43.5%). Propensity score matching selected 12,724 pairs of severely injured patients (median age, 59; median ISS, 25). While the incidence of AKI was rare, it was higher among patients who underwent emergency angiography than in those who did not (140 [1.1%] vs. 67 [0.5%]; odds ratio = 2.10 [1.57-2.82]; p < 0.01). The association between emergency angiography and subsequent AKI was observed regardless of vasopressor usage or injury severity in subgroup analyses. CONCLUSIONS Emergency angiography in trauma patients was probably associated with increased incidence of AKI. The results should be validated in future studies.
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Ko A, Radding S, Feliciano DV, DuBose JJ, Kozar RA, Morrison J, Kundi R, Maddox J, Scalea TM. Near Disappearance of Splenorrhaphy as an Operative Strategy for Splenic Preservation After Trauma. Am Surg 2021; 88:429-433. [PMID: 34732074 DOI: 10.1177/00031348211050591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Splenorrhaphy was once used to achieve splenic preservation in up to 40% of splenic injuries. With increasing use of nonoperative management and angioembolization, operative therapy is less common and splenic injuries treated operatively are usually high grade. Patients are often unstable, making splenic salvage unwise. Modern surgeons may no longer possess the knowledge to perform splenorrhaphy. METHODS The records of adult trauma patients with splenic injuries from September 2014 to November 2018 at an urban level I trauma center were reviewed retrospectively. Data including American Association for the Surgery of Trauma splenic organ injury scale, type of intervention, splenorrhaphy technique, and need for delayed splenectomy were collected. This contemporary cohort (CC) was compared to a historical cohort (HC) of splenic injuries at a single center from 1980 to 1989 (Ann Surg 1990; 211: 369). RESULTS From 2014 to 2018, 717 adult patients had splenic injuries. Initial management included 157 (21.9%) emergent splenectomy, 158 (22.0%) angiogram ± embolization, 371 (51.7%) observation, and only 10 (1.4%) splenorrhaphy. The HC included a total of 553 splenic injuries, of which 313 (56.6%) underwent splenectomy, while splenorrhaphy was performed in 240 (43.4%). Those who underwent splenorrhaphy in each cohort (CC vs HC) were compared. CONCLUSION The success rate of splenorrhaphy has not changed. However, splenorrhaphy now involves only electrocautery with topical hemostatic agents and is used primarily in low-grade injuries. Suture repair and partial splenectomy seem to be "lost arts" in modern trauma care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ara Ko
- Department of Surgery, Section of Acute Care Surgery, 10624Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sydney Radding
- R. Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, 12264University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David V Feliciano
- R. Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, 12264University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph J DuBose
- R. Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, 12264University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rosemary A Kozar
- R. Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, 12264University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan Morrison
- R. Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, 12264University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rishi Kundi
- R. Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, 12264University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John Maddox
- R. Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, 12264University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas M Scalea
- R. Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, 12264University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Swendiman RA, Abramov A, Fenton SJ, Russell KW, Nance ML, Nace GW, Iii MA. Use of angioembolization in pediatric polytrauma patients: WITH BLUNT SPLENIC INJURYAngioembolization in Pediatric Blunt Splenic Injury. J Pediatr Surg 2021; 56:2045-2051. [PMID: 34034882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE We sought to analyze the use of angioembolization (AE) after pediatric splenic injuries at adult and pediatric trauma centers (ATCs/PTCs). METHODS The National Trauma Data Bank (2010-2015) was queried for patients (<18 years) who experienced blunt splenic trauma. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the association of AE with splenectomy. Propensity score matching was used to explore the relationship between trauma center designation and AE utilization. RESULTS 14,027 encounters met inclusion criteria. 514 (3.7%) patients underwent AE. When compared to PTCs, patients were older, had a higher ISS, and more often presented in shock at ATCs (p<0.001 for all). Regression models demonstrated no difference in mortality between cohorts. Odds of splenectomy were lower for patients undergoing AE (OR 0.16 [CI: 0.08-0.31]), however this effect was mostly driven by utilization at ATCs. Using a 1:1 propensity score matching model, patients treated at ATCs were 4 times more likely to undergo AE and 7 times more likely to require a splenectomy compared to PTCs (p<0.001). Over 6 years, PTCs performed only 27 splenectomies and 23 AEs (1.1% and 0.9%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AE was associated with improved splenic salvage at ATCs in select patients but appeared overutilized when compared to outcomes at PTCs. PTCs accomplished a higher splenic salvage rate with a lower AE utilization. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III - Retrospective cohort study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Swendiman
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | - Alexey Abramov
- Division of Pediatric General, Thoracic and Fetal Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Stephen J Fenton
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Katie W Russell
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Michael L Nance
- Division of Pediatric General, Thoracic and Fetal Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gary W Nace
- Division of Pediatric General, Thoracic and Fetal Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Myron Allukian Iii
- Division of Pediatric General, Thoracic and Fetal Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Chahine AH, Gilyard S, Hanna TN, Fan S, Risk B, Johnson JO, Duszak R, Newsome J, Xing M, Kokabi N. Management of Splenic Trauma in Contemporary Clinical Practice: A National Trauma Data Bank Study. Acad Radiol 2021; 28 Suppl 1:S138-S147. [PMID: 33288400 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the utilization and efficacy of various treatments for management of adult patients with splenic trauma, highlighting the evolving role of splenic artery embolization. MATERIALS AND METHODS The National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) was queried for patients who sustained splenic trauma between 2007 and 2015, excluding those with death on arrival and selected nonsplenic high-grade injuries. Patients were categorized into (1) nonoperative management (NOM), (2) embolization, (3) splenectomy, (4) splenic repair, and (5) combined treatment groups. Evaluated outcomes included hospital length of stay (LOS), intensive care unit LOS, mortality, and NOM and embolization failures. RESULTS Overall, 117,743 patients with splenic predominant trauma were included in this study. Over the 9-year study period, 85,793 (72.9%) were treated with NOM, 21,999 (18.9%) with splenectomy, 3895 (3.3%) with embolization, and 2131 (1.8%) with splenic repair. From 2007 to 2015, mortality rates declined from 7.6% to 4.7%. The rate of NOM did not significantly change over time, while embolization increased 369% (1.3%-4.8%). Failure of NOM was 4.4% in 2007 and decreased to 3.4% in 2015. Across all injury grades, NOM had the shortest LOS (8.3 days), followed by splenic repair (12.3), embolization (12.6), and splenectomy (13.8) (p < 0.001). When adjusted for various clinical factors including severity of splenic injury, mortality rates were 7.1% for splenectomy, 3.2% for embolization, and 2.5% for NOM. CONCLUSION Most patients with splenic-dominant blunt trauma are managed with NOM. Over time, the use of embolization has increased while open surgery has declined, and mortality has improved for all treatment methods. Compared to splenectomy, embolization is associated with shorter hospital LOS but is still used relatively infrequently.
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Lee DU, Fan GH, Hastie DJ, Addonizio EA, Karagozian R. The impact of cirrhosis on the postoperative outcomes of patients undergoing splenectomy: Propensity score matched analysis of the 2011-2017 US hospital database. Scand J Surg 2021; 111:14574969211042457. [PMID: 34569369 DOI: 10.1177/14574969211042457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE While splenectomy is performed for various trauma and non-trauma indications, there is little information about the impact of cirrhosis on the post-splenectomy outcomes, despite the intricate physiological and vascular connection between the liver and the spleen. METHODS 2011-2017 National Inpatient Sample was used to select patient cases who underwent the splenectomy procedure, who were further stratified using cirrhosis. The cirrhosis-absent controls were matched to the study cohort using propensity score matching with nearest neighbor matching method. Endpoints included mortality, length of stay, hospitalization costs, and postoperative complications. RESULTS There were 675 patients with cirrhosis and 675 matched controls identified from the database. Cirrhosis cohort had higher mortality (20.0 vs 7.26%, p < 0.001, OR = 3.19, 95% CI = 2.26-4.52) and hospitalization costs ($210,716 vs $186,673, p = 0.003), but shorter length of stay (11.8 vs 12.5d, p = 0.04). In terms of complications, cirrhosis cohorts had higher postoperative bleeding (7.26 vs 4.3%, p = 0.027, OR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.09-2.80) and shock (3.7 vs 1.04%, p = 0.002, OR = 3.67, 95% CI = 1.58-8.54), and were more likely to be discharged to short-term hospitals and home with home health care. On multivariate analysis, presence of cirrhosis resulted in higher mortality (p < 0.001, aOR = 3.30, 95% CI = 2.33-4.69). CONCLUSIONS Cirrhosis is an independent risk factor of postoperative mortality in patients undergoing splenectomy; given this finding, further precautious and multidisciplinary care should be rendered in these at-risk patients with cirrhosis in the setting of splenectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David U Lee
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Gregory H Fan
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David J Hastie
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elyse A Addonizio
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raffi Karagozian
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Quality of Reporting on Guideline, Protocol, or Algorithm Implementation in Adult Trauma Centers: A Systematic Review. Ann Surg 2021; 273:e239-e246. [PMID: 30985368 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000003313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To appraise the quality of reporting on guideline, protocol, and algorithm implementations in adult trauma settings according to the Revised Standards for Quality Improvement Reporting Excellence (SQUIRE 2.0). BACKGROUND At present we do not know if published reports of guideline implementations in trauma settings are of sufficient quality to facilitate replication by other centers wishing to implement the same or similar guidelines. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was conducted. Articles were identified through electronic databases and hand searching relevant trauma journals. Studies meeting inclusion criteria focused on a guideline, protocol, or algorithm that targeted adult trauma patients ≥18 years and/or trauma patient care providers, and evaluated the effectiveness of guideline, protocol, or algorithm implementation in terms of change in clinical practice or patient outcomes. Each included study was assessed in duplicate for adherence to the 18-item SQUIRE 2.0 criteria. The primary endpoint was the proportion of studies meeting at least 80% (score ≥15) of SQUIRE 2.0. RESULTS Of 7368 screened studies, 74 met inclusion criteria. Thirty-nine percent of studies scored ≥80% on SQUIRE 2.0. Criteria that were met most frequently were abstract (93%), problem description (93%), and specific aims (89%). The lowest scores appeared in the funding (28%), context (47%), and results (54%) criteria. No study indicated using SQUIRE 2.0 as a guideline to writing the report. CONCLUSIONS Significant opportunity exists to improve the utility of guideline implementation reports in adult trauma settings, particularly in the domains of study context and the implications of context for study outcomes.
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Anipchenko AN, Allakhverdyan AS, Levchuk AL, Panin SI, Fedorov AV. [Koblenz algorithm for open abdomen management]. Khirurgiia (Mosk) 2021:65-70. [PMID: 34270196 DOI: 10.17116/hirurgia202107165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The issue of laparostomy treatment is still controversial, since there are insufficient evidence-based data. German military surgeons have developed and implemented the «Koblenz algorithm» of laparostomy treatment into everyday practice. The algorithm was developed at the Bundeswehr Central Hospital in Koblenz (Germany). Today, approximately 50% of German civilian hospitals use the «Koblenz algorithm». The database for laparostomy treatment was created on the basis of international platform European Registry of Abdominal wall Hernias (EuraHS) in May 2015. These data will be valuable for further multipla-center studies. This manuscript is devoted to analysis of clinical effectiveness of the «Koblenz algorithm» in the treatment of patients with laparostomy. Searching of Russian, English and German studies devoted to «Koblenz algorithm» in the treatment of patients with laparostomy was carried out in the eLIBRARY, Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek, the Cochrane Library and the PubMed databases. The authors comprehensively described «Koblenz algorithm». Mortality in the group of VAC - therapy was 57% (31/54), in case of «Koblenz algorithm» - 33% (33/100). Between-group differences were significant (OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.18-0.72, p=0.003). However, an efficacy of «Koblenz algorithm» should be confirmed in further multiple-center studies including national evidence-based trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Anipchenko
- Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - A L Levchuk
- Pirogov National Medical Surgical Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - S I Panin
- Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia
| | - A V Fedorov
- Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
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A pilot randomized controlled trial of endovascular coils and vascular plugs for proximal splenic artery embolization in high-grade splenic trauma. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2021; 46:2823-2832. [PMID: 33386906 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-020-02904-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the feasibility of enrolling patients in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing endovascular coils (EC) and vascular plugs (VP) for proximal splenic artery embolization (pSAE) in high-grade splenic trauma, and to collect data to inform the design of a larger clinical effectiveness trial. METHODS Single-center, prospective, RCT of patients with Grade III-V splenic injuries selected for nonoperative management. Patients were randomized to pSAE with EC or VP. The main outcome was feasibility. We also evaluated technical success, time to stasis, complications, mortality, and splenectomy rates, by estimating rates and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS 46 of 50 eligible patients were enrolled (92%, 95% CI 90-100%). Overall, splenic salvage was 98% (45/46; 95% CI 94-100%). Primary technical success was observed in 22 EC patients (96%; 95% CI 87-100%) and 20 VP patients (87%; 95% CI 73-100%). Bayesian analysis suggests a > 80% probability that primary technical success is higher for EC. Two complications (one major and one minor) occurred in the EC group (9%; CI 0-20%) and one major complication occurred in the VP group (4%; CI 0-13%). CONCLUSIONS Randomized comparisons of endovascular devices used for pSAE after trauma are feasible. pSAE using either EC or VP results in excellent rates of splenic salvage in trauma patients with high-grade splenic injuries. These high rates of splenic salvage and low rates of complications make their use as a primary outcome in a future trial problematic. Consideration should be given to technical parameters as a primary outcome for future trials.
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Habash M, Ceballos D, Gunn AJ. Splenic Artery Embolization for Patients with High-Grade Splenic Trauma: Indications, Techniques, and Clinical Outcomes. Semin Intervent Radiol 2021; 38:105-112. [PMID: 33883807 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1724010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The spleen is the most commonly injured organ in blunt abdominal trauma. Patients who are hemodynamically unstable due to splenic trauma undergo definitive operative management. Interventional radiology plays an important role in the multidisciplinary management of the hemodynamically stable trauma patient with splenic injury. Hemodynamically stable patients selected for nonoperative management have improved clinical outcomes when splenic artery embolization is utilized. The purpose of this article is to review the indications, technical aspects, and clinical outcomes of splenic artery embolization for patients with high-grade splenic injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majd Habash
- University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Darrel Ceballos
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Andrew J Gunn
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Schneider AB, Gallaher J, Raff L, Purcell LN, Reid T, Charles A. Splenic preservation after isolated splenic blunt trauma: The angioembolization paradox. Surgery 2021; 170:628-633. [PMID: 33618855 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spleen is the most commonly injured organ in blunt abdominal trauma. The management for splenic trauma includes nonoperative management, splenectomy, and splenic artery angioembolization. The aim of this study is to investigate recent trends in the usage of splenic artery angioembolization in patients with isolated blunt splenic trauma. METHODS Adult patients (age >15) with isolated blunt splenic trauma were identified from the National Trauma Databank (2007-2015) using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes. The defined groups included nonoperative management, splenectomy, and splenic artery angioembolization. Patient variables collected included year of traumatic injury, age, sex, race, insurance status, and geographic region. Clinical variables collected included vital signs (systolic blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate) recorded upon arrival to the emergency room, injury severity score, abbreviated injury severity scores, diagnoses, procedures, and mechanism. Outcome measures included mortality, hospital duration of stay, and complications. We performed 2 independent Poisson logistic regression models to assess relative risk for both splenectomy and angioembolization. RESULTS A total of 10,812 patients were included in the analysis (nonoperative management: 7,920; splenectomy: 2,083; angioembolization: 809). Angioembolization proportion increased from 2007 (4.6%) to 2015 (10%), while splenectomy proportion remained unchanged (19.2% to 18.3%). Poisson logistic regression suggests the adjusted probability of receiving angioembolization for a splenic injury increased year-to-year, while the adjusted probability of receiving a splenectomy remained unchanged. CONCLUSION The use of angioembolization for isolated blunt splenic injuries has increased over the past decade without a reciprocal change in splenectomy. Based on this study, angioembolization may be an overused resource without a significant benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Schneider
- Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jared Gallaher
- Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Lauren Raff
- Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Laura N Purcell
- Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Trista Reid
- Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Anthony Charles
- Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC.
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Ruhnke H, Jehs B, Schwarz F, Haerting M, Rippel K, Wudy R, Kroencke TJ, Scheurig-Muenkler C. Non-operative management of blunt splenic trauma: The role of splenic artery embolization depending on the severity of parenchymal injury. Eur J Radiol 2021; 137:109578. [PMID: 33561627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2021.109578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To address the disagreement about the need for splenic artery embolization (SAE) in medium grade blunt splenic trauma this retrospective study evaluates the clinical outcome of non-operative management (NOM) and the possible impact of a more liberal indication for primary SAE. METHOD From 01/2010 to 12/2019 186 patients presented with splenic injury on computed tomography (CT) after blunt abdominal trauma. The extent of splenic injuries according to Marmery, vascular pathologies, active bleeding as well as clinical and laboratory parameters were recorded and analyzed with regard to the success rates of NOM and SAE. Procedural complications and clinical outcome were noted. The number needed to treat (NNT) was determined for a possible extension of the indication for SAE to grade 3 injuries. RESULTS Of 186 patients 126 were managed non-operatively, 47 underwent primary SAE and twelve splenectomy. NOM was successful in 119/126 (94 %) patients. Conversion rate was significantly higher in patients with active bleeding or vascular pathology. Patients with failed NOM had a significantly greater decrease in haemoglobin and haematocrit levels. Primary SAE was successful in 45/47 (96 %) cases. Major complications occurred in four cases (9%), all managed without sequela. The NNT in grade 3 splenic injuries equals 13. CONCLUSIONS NOM of low to medium-grade blunt splenic trauma has a low failure rate. Presence of active haemorrhage is the most important predictor for failure of NOM. SAE should be reserved for high-grade injuries and visible vascular pathology or active bleeding to avoid a disproportionate increase in the NNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Ruhnke
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Augsburg, Stenglinstraße 2, 86156 Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Bertram Jehs
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Augsburg, Stenglinstraße 2, 86156 Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Florian Schwarz
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Augsburg, Stenglinstraße 2, 86156 Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Mark Haerting
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Augsburg, Stenglinstraße 2, 86156 Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Katharina Rippel
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Augsburg, Stenglinstraße 2, 86156 Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Ramona Wudy
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Augsburg, Stenglinstraße 2, 86156 Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas J Kroencke
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Augsburg, Stenglinstraße 2, 86156 Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Christian Scheurig-Muenkler
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Augsburg, Stenglinstraße 2, 86156 Augsburg, Germany.
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Armbruster M, Wirth S, Schmidt VF, Seidensticker M. Interventionelle Radiologie in der Notfallmedizin. Notf Rett Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10049-020-00816-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Romeo L, Bagolini F, Ferro S, Chiozza M, Marino S, Resta G, Anania G. Laparoscopic surgery for splenic injuries in the era of non-operative management: current status and future perspectives. Surg Today 2020; 51:1075-1084. [PMID: 33196920 PMCID: PMC8215029 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-020-02177-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The spleen is one of the organs most commonly injured by blunt abdominal trauma. It plays an important role in immune response to infections, especially those sustained by encapsulated bacteria. Nonoperative management (NOM), comprising clinical and radiological observation with or without angioembolization, is the treatment of choice for traumatic splenic injury in patients who are hemodynamically stable. However, this strategy carries a risk of failure, especially for high-grade injuries. No clear predictors of failure have been identified, but minimally invasive surgery for splenic injury is gaining popularity. Laparoscopic surgery has been proposed as an alternative to open surgery for hemodynamically stable patients who require surgery, such as after failed NOM. We reviewed research articles on laparoscopic surgery for hemodynamically stable patients with splenic trauma to explore the current knowledge about this topic. After presenting an overview of the treatments for splenic trauma and the immunological function of the spleen, we try to identify the future indications for laparoscopic surgery in the era of NOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Romeo
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Sant'Anna University Hospital, University of Ferrara, Via Aldo Moro 8, 44124, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Francesco Bagolini
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Sant'Anna University Hospital, University of Ferrara, Via Aldo Moro 8, 44124, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Ferro
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Sant'Anna University Hospital, University of Ferrara, Via Aldo Moro 8, 44124, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Matteo Chiozza
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Sant'Anna University Hospital, University of Ferrara, Via Aldo Moro 8, 44124, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Serafino Marino
- Department of Surgery, Surgery 1 Unit, Sant'Anna University Hospital, Via Aldo Moro 8, 44124, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Resta
- Department of Surgery, Surgery 1 Unit, Sant'Anna University Hospital, Via Aldo Moro 8, 44124, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gabriele Anania
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Sant'Anna University Hospital, University of Ferrara, Via Aldo Moro 8, 44124, Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Surgery, Surgery 1 Unit, Sant'Anna University Hospital, Via Aldo Moro 8, 44124, Ferrara, Italy
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Miller ZA. Splenic artery embolization for atraumatic splenic rupture. J Card Surg 2020; 35:3642-3644. [PMID: 32939869 DOI: 10.1111/jocs.15002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe A Miller
- Interventional Radiology, Professional Arts Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
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Abstract
CLINICAL ISSUE Both the progress of surgical techniques and the demographic development with increasing numbers of multimorbid patients demand and also encourage radiology in the setting of trauma and acute emergencies. In addition to a fast and precise diagnostics, this also includes image-guided, minimally invasive therapy to control and treat several acute pathologies. STANDARD RADIOLOGICAL PROCEDURES Computed tomography (CT) is not only important for the diagnosis of abscesses, active bleeding or other acute pathologies, but also allows minimally invasive therapy. While digital subtraction angiography (DSA) guides catheter-based procedures, e.g., to control bleedings or to place percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrain (PTCD), fluoroscopy allows the 3D-visualization to drain abdominal and thoracic abscesses. METHODOLOGICAL INNOVATION AND EVALUATION Radiology has established itself in the treatment of acute emergencies or acute complications through gentle and usually fast minimally invasive procedures. Presumably, MRI interventions will become increasingly important in the near future and, thus, complement the portfolio. PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS Every clinical radiologist who works on night shifts should be able to safely carry out some basic interventional techniques in order to stabilize the patient and at least ensure medically safe bridging to the next routine workday. Due to the diversity of materials and the rarity and difficulty of some procedures, the full portfolio requires years of expertise and will therefore remain restricted to specialized interventional radiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Armbruster
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Radiologie, Klinikum der Universität München, Campus Großhadern, Marchionistr. 15, 81377, München, Deutschland.
| | - Stefan Wirth
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Radiologie, Klinikum der Universität München, Campus Großhadern, Marchionistr. 15, 81377, München, Deutschland.,Zentrum für bildgebende Verfahren und interventionelle Therapie, Donau-Isar-Klinikum, Deggendorf, Deutschland.,Institut für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Schwarzwald-Baar-Klinikum, Villingen Schwenningen, Deutschland
| | - Max Seidensticker
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Radiologie, Klinikum der Universität München, Campus Großhadern, Marchionistr. 15, 81377, München, Deutschland
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Readmission for infection after blunt splenic injury: A national comparison of management techniques. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2020; 88:390-395. [PMID: 32107354 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000002564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As nonoperative management (NOM) of blunt splenic injury (BSI) increases, understanding risks, especially infectious complications, becomes more important. There are no national studies on BSI outcomes that track readmissions across hospitals. Prior studies demonstrate that infection is a major cause of readmission after trauma and that a significant proportion is readmitted to different hospitals. The purpose of this study was to compare nationwide outcomes of different treatment modalities for BSI including readmissions to different hospitals. METHODS The Nationwide Readmissions Database for 2010 to 2014 was queried for patients 18 years to 64 years old admitted nonelectively with a primary diagnosis of BSI. Organ space infection; a composite infectious incidence of surgical site infection (SSI), urinary tract infection, and pneumonia; and sepsis were identified in three groups: NOM, splenic artery embolization (SAE), and operative management (OM). Rates of infection were quantified during index admission and 30-day and 1-year readmission. Multivariable logistic regression was performed. Results were weighted for national estimates. RESULTS Of the 37,986 patients admitted for BSI, 54.1% underwent NOM, 12.2% SAE, and 33.7% OM. Compared with OM and NOM, SAE had the highest rates of organ space SSI at 1 year (3.9% vs. 2.2% vs. 1.7%, p < 0.001). Compared with NOM, at 1 year, SAE had higher rates of infection (17.2% vs. 8.1%, p < 0.001) and sepsis (3.2% vs. 1.1%, p < 0.001). Compared with NOM, SAE had an increased risk of infection (odds ratio [OR], 1.24; 95 confidence interval [95% CI], 1.10-1.39; p < 0.001) and sepsis (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.06-1.76; p < 0.001) at 1 year. At 1 year, SAE had increased risk of organ space SSI (OR, 1.99; 1.60-2.47; p < 0.001) but OM did not. CONCLUSION Blunt splenic injury treated with SAE is at increased risk of both immediate and long-term infectious complications. Despite being considered splenic preservation, surgeons should be aware of these risks and incorporate such knowledge into their practice accordingly. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Epidemiological study, level IV.
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Expert consensus on interventional therapy for traumatic splenic bleeding. J Interv Med 2020; 3:109-117. [PMID: 34805919 PMCID: PMC8562271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jimed.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to introduce the diagnosis and treatment processes of traumatic splenic bleeding and explain its emergency, medical, interventional, and surgical treatments. Furthermore, this study aims to summarize the indications and contraindications of splenic artery embolization, interventional procedures, and precautions of complications.
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Senekjian L, Cuschieri J, Robinson BRH. Splenic artery angioembolization for high-grade splenic injury: Are we wasting money? Am J Surg 2020; 221:204-210. [PMID: 32693942 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-operative management (NOM) is accepted treatment of splenic injury, but this may fail leading to splenectomy. Splenic artery embolization (SAE) may improve rate of salvage. The purpose is to determine the cost-utility of the addition of SAE for high-grade splenic injuries. METHODS A cost-utility analysis was developed to compared NOM to SAE in patients with blunt splenic injury. Sensitivity analysis was completed to account for uncertainty. Utility outcome was quality-adjusted life years (QALY). RESULTS For patients with grade III, IV and V injury NOM is the dominant strategy. The probability of NOM being the more cost-effective strategy is 87.5% in patients with grade V splenic injury. SAE is not the favored strategy unless the probability of failure of NOM is greater than 70.0%. CONCLUSION For grade III-V injuries, NOM without SAE yields more quality-adjusted life years. NOM without SAE is the most cost-effective strategy for high-grade splenic injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Senekjian
- Division of Trauma and Burns, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Box 359796, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, East Bay - Alameda Health System, 1411 E. 31st Street, Oakland, CA, 94602, USA.
| | - Joseph Cuschieri
- Division of Trauma and Burns, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Box 359796, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
| | - Bryce R H Robinson
- Division of Trauma and Burns, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Box 359796, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
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Clinical Results of Distal Embolization in Grade V Splenic Injury: Four-Year Experience from a Single Regional Trauma Center. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2020; 31:1570-1577.e2. [PMID: 32340865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2020.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the benefits and risks of splenic artery embolization (SAE) in patients with American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) grade V blunt spleen injury (BSI) MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical records of 88 patients treated with SAE between April 2013 and May 2017 at a regional trauma care center were reviewed retrospectively. The BSI grade according to the AAST spleen injury scale (revised version 2018) was determined by using computed tomography (CT) images. A total of 42 patients (46.6%) had AAST grade V injury and were included in the analysis. Patient demographics, angiographic findings, embolization techniques, and technical and clinical outcomes, including splenic salvage rate and procedure-related complications, were examined. RESULTS SAE was performed within 2 hours after admission for 78.5% of the patients. All patients underwent selective distal embolization (n = 42). Primary clinical success rate was 80.9% (n = 34), and secondary clinical success rate was 88.1% (n = 37). The clinical failure group consisted of 5 patients. Four patients underwent splenectomy, and 1 patient died due to acute respiratory distress syndrome after embolization. The splenic salvage rate was 85.7% (n = 36). No patient had sepsis at follow-up (median, 247.0 days; interquartile range, 92.0-688.0). Clinical success rates (P = .356) and spleen salvage rates (P = .197) of patients who were hemodynamically stable (n = 19) showed no significant differences from those who were unstable (n = 23). CONCLUSIONS Distal embolization of grade V BSI is a safe and feasible procedure which is effective for successful spleen salvage.
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Jesani H, Jesani L, Rangaraj A, Rasheed A. Splenic trauma, the way forward in reducing splenectomy: our 15-year experience. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2020; 102:263-270. [PMID: 31909638 PMCID: PMC7099152 DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2019.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to study radiological assessment, management and outcome of traumatic splenic injury over 15 years in a UK district general hospital. METHOD A retrospective database was established including all splenic injury cases from June 2002 to June 2017 by searching the clinical electronic database. We searched the radiological database for computed tomography reported phrases 'spleen injury', 'laceration', 'haematoma', 'trauma'. We interrogated theatre records for operations coded as splenectomy and cross-referenced this with pathology. Records were reviewed for demographics, vital observations, documentation of American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) grading of splenic injury, subsequent management and outcomes. RESULTS There were 126 patients identified with traumatic splenic injury, with male to female ratio three to one. Operative management was undertaken in 54/126 (43%) patients and selective non-operative management in the remaining. Splenic artery embolisation was undertaken in 5/126 (4%) and 2/126 underwent splenorrhaphy. Computed tomography was undertaken in 109/126 (87%) patients and AAST grading was reported in 18 (17%) patients. AAST grade reporting did not improve significantly when comparing the first 7.5 years with the latter (2/30, 7%; 16/79, 20%), respectively; p = 0.09). Selective non-operative management increased significantly over the studied period (14/34, 42%; 58/93, 62%; p = 0.04). The overall hospital mortality was 10.3%. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION AAST grade reporting of splenic injury has remained sub-optimal over 15 years. Despite progression towards selective non-operative management, operative intervention remained unacceptably high, with splenectomy being the main therapeutic modality. Standardisation through an integrated multidisciplinary diagnostic and management pathway offers the optimal strategy to reduce trauma-induced splenectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jesani
- Department of General Surgery, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK
| | - L Jesani
- Department of General Surgery, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK
| | - A Rangaraj
- Department of Radiology, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK
| | - A Rasheed
- Department of General Surgery, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK
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Defining the role of angioembolization in pediatric isolated blunt solid organ injury. J Pediatr Surg 2020; 55:688-692. [PMID: 31126687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the incidence and outcomes of angiography in pediatric patients with blunt solid organ injury (SOI). METHODS The National Trauma Data Bank (2010-2014) was queried for patients ≤19 years who experienced isolated blunt SOI. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate characteristics associated with radiological and surgical intervention. RESULTS Patients with isolated blunt injuries to the spleen (n = 7542), liver (n = 4549), and kidney (n = 2640) were identified. Use of angiography increased yearly from 1.6% to 3.1% of cases (p = 0.001) and was associated with older age (OR 2.61 [CI: 1.94-3.50], p < 0.001) and grade III or higher injury (OR 4.63 [CI: 3.11-6.90], p < 0.001). Odds of angiography were 4.9 times higher at adult trauma centers (TCs) than pediatric TCs overall, and almost 9 times higher for isolated splenic trauma (p < 0.001 for each). There was no improvement in splenic salvage after angiography for high grade injuries (3.5% vs. 4.8%, p = NS). Only 1.8% of cases began within 30 min of arrival (median time = 3.6 h). CONCLUSION Variability exists in the utilization of angiography in pediatric blunt SOI between adult and pediatric TCs, with no improvement in splenic salvage. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III - Treatment study.
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