1
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Wang J, Pursell ME, DeVor A, Awoyemi O, Valentine SJ, Li P. Portable mass spectrometry system: instrumentation, applications, and path to 'omics analysis. Proteomics 2022; 22:e2200112. [PMID: 36349734 PMCID: PMC10278091 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202200112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an information rich analytical technique and plays a key role in various 'omics studies. Standard mass spectrometers are bulky and operate at high vacuum, which hinder their adoption by the broader community and utility in field applications. Developing portable mass spectrometers can significantly expand the application scope and user groups of MS analysis. This review discusses the basics and recent advancements in the development of key components of portable mass spectrometers including ionization source, mass analyzer, detector, and vacuum system. Further, major areas where portable mass spectrometers are applied are also discussed. Finally, a perspective on the further development of portable mass spectrometers including the potential benefits for 'omics analysis is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Madison E. Pursell
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Amanda DeVor
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Olanrewaju Awoyemi
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Stephen J. Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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2
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Shi L, Habib A, Bi L, Hong H, Begum R, Wen L. Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Application and Prospective. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 54:1584-1633. [PMID: 36206159 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2124840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is a formidable analytical tool for the analysis of non-polar to polar compounds individually and/or from mixtures, providing information on the molecular weights and chemical structures of the analytes. During the last more than one-decade, ambient ionization mass spectrometry (AIMS) has developed quickly, producing a wide range of platforms and proving scientific improvements in a variety of domains, from biological imaging to quick quality control. These methods have made it possible to detect target analytes in real time without sample preparation in an open environment, and they can be connected to any MS system with an atmospheric pressure interface. They also have the ability to analyze explosives, illicit drugs, disease diagnostics, drugs in biological samples, adulterants in food and agricultural products, reaction progress, and environmental monitoring. The development of novel ambient ionization techniques, such as probe electrospray ionization, paper spray ionization, and fiber spray ionization, employed even at picolitre to femtolitre solution levels to provide femtogram to attogram levels of the target analytes. The special characteristic of this ambient ion source, which has been extensively used, is the noninvasive property of PESI of examination of biological real samples. The results in the current review supports the idea that AIMS has emerged as a pioneer in MS-based approaches and that methods will continue to be developed along with improvements to existing ones in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Shi
- Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ahsan Habib
- China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Lei Bi
- China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huanhuan Hong
- China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rockshana Begum
- Department of Chemistry, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Luhong Wen
- China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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3
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Chang KK, Cai YH, Hsiao CH, Hsu CC, Wang YS. High-performance miniature linear time-of-flight mass spectrometry as an advantageous tool in a high mass-to-charge range. Analyst 2022; 147:4116-4123. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00952h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A newly developed miniature MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer provides superior performance in a high m/z range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko-Keng Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hong Cai
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Sheng Wang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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4
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West H, Fitzgerald J, Hopkins K, Li E, Clark N, Tzanetis S, Greene SL, Reid GE. Early Warning System for Illicit Drug Use at Large Public Events: Trace Residue Analysis of Discarded Drug Packaging Samples. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:2604-2614. [PMID: 34460248 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by Locard's exchange principle, which states "every contact leaves a trace", a trace residue sampling strategy has been developed for the analysis of discarded drug packaging samples (DPS), as part of an early warning system for illicit drug use at large public events including music/dance festivals. Using direct analysis in real time/mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry, rapid and high-throughput identification and characterization of a wide range of illicit drugs and adulterant substances was achieved, including in complex polydrug mixtures and at low relative ion abundances. A total of 1362 DPS were analyzed either off-site using laboratory-based instrumentation or on-site and in close to real time using a transportable mass spectrometer housed within a mobile analytical laboratory, with each analysis requiring less than 1 min per sample. Of the DPS analyzed, 92.2% yielded positive results for at least one of 15 different drugs and/or adulterants, including cocaine, MDMA, and ketamine, as well as numerous novel psychoactive substances (NPS). Also, 52.6% of positive DPS were found to contain polydrug mixtures, and a total of 42 different drug and polydrug combinations were observed throughout the study. For analyses performed on-site, reports to key stakeholders including event organizers, first aid and medical personnel, and peer-based harm reduction workers could be provided in as little as 5 min after sample collection. Following risk assessment of the potential harms associated with their use, drug advisories or alerts were then disseminated to event staff and patrons and subsequently to the general public when substances with particularly toxic properties were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry West
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - John Fitzgerald
- School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Katherine Hopkins
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Eric Li
- Agilent Technologies Australia, Mulgrave, Victoria 3170, Australia
| | - Nicolas Clark
- North Richmond Community Health, Richmond, Victoria 3121, Australia
- Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Stephanie Tzanetis
- Harm Reduction Victoria, North Melbourne, Victoria 3051, Australia
- Harm Reduction Australia, Leura, New South Wales 2780, Australia
| | - Shaun L Greene
- Victorian Poisons Information Centre, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Gavin E Reid
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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5
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Evans-Nguyen K, Stelmack AR, Clowser PC, Holtz JM, Mulligan CC. FIELDABLE MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR FORENSIC SCIENCE, HOMELAND SECURITY, AND DEFENSE APPLICATIONS. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:628-646. [PMID: 32722885 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is commonly used in forensic chemistry laboratories for sensitive, definitive analysis. There have been significant efforts to bring mass spectrometry analysis on-site through the development of ruggedized, fieldable instruments. Testing samples in the field is of particular interest in forensic science, homeland security, and defense applications. In forensic chemistry, testing seized drugs in the field can significantly improve efficiencies in processing of related criminal cases. The screening of passengers and luggage at transportation hubs is a critical need for homeland security for which mass spectrometry is well suited to provide definitive answers with low false positive rates. Mass spectrometry can yield reliable data for military personnel testing sites for potential chemical weapons release. To meet the needs of the forensic and security communities fieldable mass spectrometers based on membrane inlet systems and hybrid gas chromatography systems have been developed and commercialized. More recently developed ambient ionization mass spectrometry methods can eliminate the time, equipment, and expertise associated with sample preparation, and so are especially appealing for on-site analysis. We describe the development of fieldable mass spectrometry systems, with emphasis on commercially available systems that have been deployed for on-site analysis of seized drugs, chemical warfare agents, explosives, and other analytes of interest to the forensic and security communities. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenyon Evans-Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL
| | | | | | - Jessica M Holtz
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL
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McCullough BJ, Hopley CJ. Results of the first and second British Mass Spectrometry Society interlaboratory studies on ambient mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35 Suppl 2:e8534. [PMID: 31334890 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE As the popularity of ambient ionisation grows, so too does the importance of understanding its capabilities and limitations. The British Mass Spectrometry Society Special Interest Group on Ambient Ionisation has carried out two studies into the use of ambient ionisation, the results of which are presented here. METHODS The first study (study 1) examined the detection and quantitation capabilities of ambient ionisation while the second examined repeatability and robustness. For study 1 participants were sent a range of samples including two calibration sample sets and asked to analyse them. For study 2, two samples containing the same eight-component mixture were provided (one in solvent, one in matrix); participants were asked to analyse these samples multiple times, over multiple days to allow assessment of repeatability. RESULTS Study 1 showed that small, polar compounds were well detected by the participants while lower polarity compounds were less well detected. For many samples the introduction method appeared to be a significant factor in the observed spectra. The quantitation study gave good results but revealed significant variability. For study 2 the mean repeatabilities were 65% in solvent and 88% in matrix. The inclusion of an internal standard was shown to greatly improve repeatability. CONCLUSIONS Ambient ionisation is capable of ionising a wide range of compounds with good precision and excellent repeatability; however, in order to obtain such data care must be taken with the experimental design. The data can be significantly improved with a well-chosen internal standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J McCullough
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC, Queens Road, Teddington, TW11 0LY, UK
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Brown HM, McDaniel TJ, Fedick PW, Mulligan CC. The current role of mass spectrometry in forensics and future prospects. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3974-3997. [PMID: 32720670 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01113d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) techniques are highly prevalent in crime laboratories, particularly those coupled to chromatographic separations like gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC). These methods are considered "gold standard" analytical techniques for forensic analysis and have been extensively validated for producing prosecutorial evidentiary data. However, factors such as growing evidence backlogs and problematic evidence types (e.g., novel psychoactive substance (NPS) classes) have exposed limitations of these stalwart techniques. This critical review serves to delineate the current role of MS methods across the broad sub-disciplines of forensic science, providing insight on how governmental steering committees guide their implementation. Novel, developing techniques that seek to broaden applicability and enhance performance will also be highlighted, from unique modifications to traditional hyphenated MS methods to the newer "ambient" MS techniques that show promise for forensic analysis, but need further validation before incorporation into routine forensic workflows. This review also expounds on how recent improvements to MS instrumental design, scan modes, and data processing could cause a paradigm shift in how the future forensic practitioner collects and processes target evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary M Brown
- Chemistry Division, Research Department, Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division (NAWCWD), United States Navy Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), China Lake, California 93555, USA.
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8
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Khrushcheva ML, Krivosheina MS, Matveeva MD, Zhilyaev DI, Borisov RS. New Matrix Compounds for the Detection of Carboxyl-Containing Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs by MALDI Mass Spectrometry. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427220080182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Lin JL, Chu ML, Chen CH. A portable multiple ionization source biological mass spectrometer. Analyst 2020; 145:3495-3504. [PMID: 32186555 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00126k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the past, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI), used for large biomolecule detection, were usually installed in two separate mass spectrometers. In this study, they were equipped in the same mass spectrometer. This portable biological mass spectrometer has multiple ionization capabilities in the same mass spectrometer and shares the same mass analyzer and detector. This mass spectrometer can be operated under low vacuum (∼10-3 Torr) and can use air as the buffer gas. Therefore, the demand for pumping is reduced and rare gas feeding is no longer essential. A small scroll pump, employed to assist a miniature turbo pump, is sufficient to maintain the operational pressure. The mass spectra of biomolecules were obtained using frequency scanning instead of voltage ramping. Therefore, a wider mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) range was achieved. Furthermore, the design also couples a conversion dynode with a channeltron to enhance the mass detection range. This homemade mass spectrometer has the capability to measure charged particles with very large m/z values (m/z > 100 000). The concentrations of the studied compounds (angiotensin, insulin, cytochrome C, bovine serum albumin (BSA), immunoglobulin G, and immunoglobulin A) are from 5 femtomole to 100 picomole, and the mass resolutions are from 30 to 260. The mass range of this portable mass spectrometer was comparable with a commercial linear time-of-flight mass spectrometer owing to the use of the frequency scan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Lee Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Lee Chu
- Institute of physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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10
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Lotz F, Gerbig S, Lotze C, Spengler B, Schulz S. Autarkic desorption electrospray ionization source for on-site analysis of consumer goods. Analyst 2020; 145:5584-5593. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an00713g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A battery-powered DESI source with integrated solvent/gas supply and novel sampling geometry is presented for daily-goods analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lotz
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- Justus Liebig University Giessen
- Germany
| | - Stefanie Gerbig
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- Justus Liebig University Giessen
- Germany
| | - Christian Lotze
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- Justus Liebig University Giessen
- Germany
| | - Bernhard Spengler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- Justus Liebig University Giessen
- Germany
| | - Sabine Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- Justus Liebig University Giessen
- Germany
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11
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Wang S, Wang W, Li H, Xing Y, Hou K, Li H. Rapid On-Site Detection of Illegal Drugs in Complex Matrix by Thermal Desorption Acetone-Assisted Photoionization Miniature Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2019; 91:3845-3851. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong Li
- Yunnan Police Officer Academy, 249 Jiaochang North Road, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yuming Xing
- Yunnan Police Officer Academy, 249 Jiaochang North Road, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Keyong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
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12
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Li X, Zhang Y, Ge S, Qian J, Miao W. Portable linear ion trap mass spectrometer with compact multistage vacuum system and continuous atmospheric pressure interface. Analyst 2019; 144:5127-5135. [PMID: 31338496 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01047e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A portable linear ion trap mass spectrometer featuring a compact three-stage vacuum system, a continuous atmospheric pressure interface (CAPI), and a miniature ion funnel was developed and characterized. The dimensions and weight of the instrument were 38 × 26 × 23 cm3 and ∼20 kg, respectively. The combination of a three-stage vacuum system and CAPI reduced the pressure smoothly from atmospheric to ∼5 × 10-4 Torr, ensuring that the miniature ion funnel, quadrupole ion guide, and linear ion trap operated in a suitable and stable vacuum environment. The analytical performance of the instrument was evaluated with a nano-electron spray ionization source and a reserpine sample solution. A satisfactory mass resolution up to 4060 (m/Δm, FWHM) was achieved at m/z 609 when the mass scan rate was 495 Da s-1. Unit mass resolution was achieved at a mass scan rate of 6000 Da s-1. In addition, a limit of detection of 5 ng mL-1 was achieved and tandem mass spectrometry (MS3) was successfully performed with the instrument. Furthermore, the measurements showed high repeatability and stability (RSD < 6%). This portable mass spectrometer shows great potential for practical applications in on-site analyses, such as those required for food safety, drug analysis, environmental protection, forensic investigations, and homeland security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Li
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215021, China.
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13
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Abstract
Ambient mass spectrometry has evolved rapidly over the past decade, yielding a plethora of platforms and demonstrating scientific advancements across a range of fields from biological imaging to rapid quality control. These techniques have enabled real-time detection of target analytes in an open environment with no sample preparation and can be coupled to any mass analyzer with an atmospheric pressure interface; capabilities of clear interest to the defense, customs and border control, transportation security, and forensic science communities. This review aims to showcase and critically discuss advances in ambient mass spectrometry for the trace detection of explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Forbes
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Measurement Science Division, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
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14
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Pavlovich MJ, Musselman B, Hall AB. Direct analysis in real time-Mass spectrometry (DART-MS) in forensic and security applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:171-187. [PMID: 27271453 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, direct analysis in real time (DART) has emerged as a viable method for fast, easy, and reliable "ambient ionization" for forensic analysis. The ability of DART to generate ions from chemicals that might be present at the scene of a criminal activity, whether they are in the gas, liquid, or solid phase, with limited sample preparation has made the technology a useful analytical tool in numerous forensic applications. This review paper summarizes many of those applications, ranging from the analysis of trace evidence to security applications, with a focus on providing the forensic scientist with a resource for developing their own applications. The most common uses for DART in forensics are in studying seized drugs, drugs of abuse and their metabolites, bulk and detonated explosives, toxic chemicals, chemical warfare agents, inks and dyes, and commercial plant and animal products that have been adulterated for economic gain. This review is meant to complement recent reviews that have described the fundamentals of the ionization mechanism and the general use of DART. We describe a wide range of forensic applications beyond the field of analyzing drugs of abuse, which dominates the literature, including common experimental and data analysis methods. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:171-187, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Pavlovich
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute for Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston 02115, Massachusetts
| | | | - Adam B Hall
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Barnett Institute for Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston 02115, Massachusetts
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15
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Amsden JJ, Herr PJ, Landry DMW, Kim W, Vyas R, Parker CB, Kirley MP, Keil AD, Gilchrist KH, Radauscher EJ, Hall SD, Carlson JB, Baldasaro N, Stokes D, Di Dona ST, Russell ZE, Grego S, Edwards SJ, Sperline RP, Denton MB, Stoner BR, Gehm ME, Glass JT. Proof of Concept Coded Aperture Miniature Mass Spectrometer Using a Cycloidal Sector Mass Analyzer, a Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Field Emission Electron Ionization Source, and an Array Detector. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:360-372. [PMID: 29052038 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1820-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite many potential applications, miniature mass spectrometers have had limited adoption in the field due to the tradeoff between throughput and resolution that limits their performance relative to laboratory instruments. Recently, a solution to this tradeoff has been demonstrated by using spatially coded apertures in magnetic sector mass spectrometers, enabling throughput and signal-to-background improvements of greater than an order of magnitude with no loss of resolution. This paper describes a proof of concept demonstration of a cycloidal coded aperture miniature mass spectrometer (C-CAMMS) demonstrating use of spatially coded apertures in a cycloidal sector mass analyzer for the first time. C-CAMMS also incorporates a miniature carbon nanotube (CNT) field emission electron ionization source and a capacitive transimpedance amplifier (CTIA) ion array detector. Results confirm the cycloidal mass analyzer's compatibility with aperture coding. A >10× increase in throughput was achieved without loss of resolution compared with a single slit instrument. Several areas where additional improvement can be realized are identified. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Amsden
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Philip J Herr
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - David M W Landry
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - William Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Raul Vyas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Charles B Parker
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Matthew P Kirley
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Adam D Keil
- Broadway Analytical, LLC, Monmouth, IL, 61462, USA
| | - Kristin H Gilchrist
- Engineering and Applied Physics Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Erich J Radauscher
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Stephen D Hall
- Engineering and Applied Physics Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - James B Carlson
- Engineering and Applied Physics Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Nicholas Baldasaro
- Engineering and Applied Physics Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - David Stokes
- Engineering and Applied Physics Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Shane T Di Dona
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Zachary E Russell
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Ion Innovations, Peachtree Corners, GA, 30092, USA
| | - Sonia Grego
- Engineering and Applied Physics Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Steven J Edwards
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Roger P Sperline
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - M Bonner Denton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Brian R Stoner
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Engineering and Applied Physics Division, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Michael E Gehm
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Glass
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
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16
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Schepens E, Inman S, McCullough BJ, Hopley C. Rapid confirmation and quantitation of drugs-of-abuse in oral fluid using a low cost, small footprint mass spectrometer. Forensic Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Lawton ZE, Traub A, Fatigante WL, Mancias J, O'Leary AE, Hall SE, Wieland JR, Oberacher H, Gizzi MC, Mulligan CC. Analytical Validation of a Portable Mass Spectrometer Featuring Interchangeable, Ambient Ionization Sources for High Throughput Forensic Evidence Screening. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1048-1059. [PMID: 28000107 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1562-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Forensic evidentiary backlogs are indicative of the growing need for cost-effective, high-throughput instrumental methods. One such emerging technology that shows high promise in meeting this demand while also allowing on-site forensic investigation is portable mass spectrometric (MS) instrumentation, particularly that which enables the coupling to ambient ionization techniques. While the benefits of rapid, on-site screening of contraband can be anticipated, the inherent legal implications of field-collected data necessitates that the analytical performance of technology employed be commensurate with accepted techniques. To this end, comprehensive analytical validation studies are required before broad incorporation by forensic practitioners can be considered, and are the focus of this work. Pertinent performance characteristics such as throughput, selectivity, accuracy/precision, method robustness, and ruggedness have been investigated. Reliability in the form of false positive/negative response rates is also assessed, examining the effect of variables such as user training and experience level. To provide flexibility toward broad chemical evidence analysis, a suite of rapidly-interchangeable ion sources has been developed and characterized through the analysis of common illicit chemicals and emerging threats like substituted phenethylamines. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary E Lawton
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
| | - Angelica Traub
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
| | | | - Jose Mancias
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
| | - Adam E O'Leary
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
| | - Seth E Hall
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
| | - Jamie R Wieland
- Department of Management and Quantitative Methods, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
| | - Herbert Oberacher
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael C Gizzi
- Department of Criminal Justice Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
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18
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Pulliam CJ, Wei P, Snyder DT, Wang X, Ouyang Z, Pielak RM, Graham Cooks R. Rapid discrimination of bacteria using a miniature mass spectrometer. Analyst 2017; 141:1633-6. [PMID: 26844973 DOI: 10.1039/c5an02575c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria colonies were analyzed using paper spray ionization coupled with a portable mass spectrometer. The spectra were averaged and processed using multivariate analysis to discriminate between different species of bacteria based on their unique phospholipid profiles. Full scan mass spectra and product ion MS/MS data were compared to those recorded using a benchtop linear ion trap mass spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pu Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Dalton T Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Rafal M Pielak
- L'Oreal California Research Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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19
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Ambient Desorption/Ionization. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54398-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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20
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Devereaux ZJ, Reynolds CA, Fischer JL, Foley CD, DeLeeuw JL, Wager-Miller J, Narayan SB, Mackie K, Trimpin S. Matrix-Assisted Ionization on a Portable Mass Spectrometer: Analysis Directly from Biological and Synthetic Materials. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10831-10836. [PMID: 26938428 PMCID: PMC10614167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted ionization (MAI)-mass spectrometry (MS) eliminates the need for high voltage, a heat source, lasers, and compressed gases in the ionization process and uses minimal solvents in sample preparation, thus making MAI ideal for field-portable mass spectrometers. The broad applicability of MAI is demonstrated by simple, rapid, and robust positive and negative detection mode analyses of low and high mass compounds including some pesticides, dyes, drugs, lipids, and proteins (186 Da to 8.5 kDa) from various materials including urine, biological tissue sections, paper, and plant material on a low pumping capacity, single-quadrupole mass spectrometer. Different sample introduction methods are applicable, including the use of a pipet tip or glass melting point tube, allowing integration of sample preparation with sample introduction for increased analytical utility and ease of operation, even when sampling directly from surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J. Devereaux
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Christian A. Reynolds
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Joshua L. Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Casey D. Foley
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Jessica L. DeLeeuw
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - James Wager-Miller
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, 702 N. Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Srinivas B. Narayan
- Detroit Medical Center: Detroit Hospital, 4201 St. Antoine Street, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Ken Mackie
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, 702 N. Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 421 E. Canfield Street, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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21
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Brown H, Oktem B, Windom A, Doroshenko V, Evans-Nguyen K. Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) and a portable mass spectrometer for rapid identification of common and designer drugs on-site. Forensic Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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22
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Kloosterman A, Mapes A, Geradts Z, van Eijk E, Koper C, van den Berg J, Verheij S, van der Steen M, van Asten A. The interface between forensic science and technology: how technology could cause a paradigm shift in the role of forensic institutes in the criminal justice system. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0264. [PMID: 26101289 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the importance of modern technology in forensic investigations is discussed. Recent technological developments are creating new possibilities to perform robust scientific measurements and studies outside the controlled laboratory environment. The benefits of real-time, on-site forensic investigations are manifold and such technology has the potential to strongly increase the speed and efficacy of the criminal justice system. However, such benefits are only realized when quality can be guaranteed at all times and findings can be used as forensic evidence in court. At the Netherlands Forensic Institute, innovation efforts are currently undertaken to develop integrated forensic platform solutions that allow for the forensic investigation of human biological traces, the chemical identification of illicit drugs and the study of large amounts of digital evidence. These platforms enable field investigations, yield robust and validated evidence and allow for forensic intelligence and targeted use of expert capacity at the forensic institutes. This technological revolution in forensic science could ultimately lead to a paradigm shift in which a new role of the forensic expert emerges as developer and custodian of integrated forensic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ate Kloosterman
- WISK department, Netherlands Forensic Institute, Ministry of Security and Justice, The Hague, The Netherlands Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Mapes
- Forensic Science Department, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwenburg, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zeno Geradts
- Department of Digital Technology and Biometrics, Netherlands Forensic Institute, Ministry of Security and Justice, The Hague, The Netherlands Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin van Eijk
- Department of Digital Technology and Biometrics, Netherlands Forensic Institute, Ministry of Security and Justice, The Hague, The Netherlands Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carola Koper
- WISK department, Netherlands Forensic Institute, Ministry of Security and Justice, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Jorrit van den Berg
- Department of Forensic Chemical Investigations, Netherlands Forensic Institute, Ministry of Security and Justice, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Verheij
- Department of Human Biological Traces, Netherlands Forensic Institute, Ministry of Security and Justice, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel van der Steen
- Account Management, Netherlands Forensic Institute, Ministry of Security and Justice, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Arian van Asten
- WISK department, Netherlands Forensic Institute, Ministry of Security and Justice, The Hague, The Netherlands van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands CLHC, Amsterdam Center for Forensic Science and Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Evans-Nguyen KM, Gerling J, Brown H, Miranda M, Windom A, Speer J. Towards universal ambient ionization: direct elemental analysis of solid substrates using microwave plasma ionization. Analyst 2016; 141:3811-20. [PMID: 26979768 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00176a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A microwave plasma was used for direct ambient ionization mass spectrometry of solid substrates, rapidly yielding atomic spectra without sample digestion or pre-treatment. Further, molecular spectra for the organic components of the substrate were obtained simultaneously, in an ambient ionization format. Initial characterization of the microwave plasma coupling to an ion trap mass spectrometer was carried out using solution standards and a microwave plasma torch (MPT) configuration. The configuration of the microwave plasma was then optimized for ambient ionization. The atomic and organic composition for samples applicable to nuclear and conventional forensic screening, including explosive/radionuclide mixtures and inorganic/organic gunshot residue component mixtures were successfully determined. The technologies employed are readily fieldable; the feasibility of a multimode ion source that could be coupled with a portable ion trap mass spectrometer for rapid, on-site, elemental, isotopic, and molecular screening of samples is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Evans-Nguyen
- The Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, The University of Tampa, Tampa, FL, USA.
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24
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Cheng S, Wang J, Cai Y, Loo JA, Chen H. Enhancing Performance of Liquid Sample Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Using Trap and Capillary Columns. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 392:73-79. [PMID: 27239159 PMCID: PMC4878830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) is a recent and important advance in the field that has extensive applications in surface analysis of solid samples but has also been extended to analysis of liquid samples. The liquid sample DESI typically employs a piece of fused silica capillary to transfer liquid sample for ionization. In this study, we present the improvement of liquid sample DESI-MS by replacing the sample transfer silica capillary with a trap column filled with chromatographic stationary phase materials (e.g., C4, C18). This type of trap column/liquid sample DESI can be used for trace analysis of organics and biomolecules such as proteins/peptides (in nM concentration) in high salt content matrices. Furthermore, when the sample transfer capillary is modified with enzyme covalently bound on its inside capillary wall, fast digestion (< 6 min) of proteins such as phosphoproteins can be achieved and the online digested proteins can be directly ionized using DESI with high sensitivity. The latter is ascribed to the freedom to select favorable spray solvent for the DESI analysis. Our data shows that liquid sample DESI-MS with a modified sample transfer capillary has significantly expanded its utility in bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Cheng
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA ; Department of forensic science, Jiangsu Police Institute, Nanjing, Jiang Su, 210031, China
| | - Yi Cai
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Joseph A Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and UCLA/DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
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25
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Xiong C, Zhou X, Zhang N, Zhan L, Chen Y, Chen S, Nie Z. A Theoretical Method for Characterizing Nonlinear Effects in Paul Traps with Added Octopole Field. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:1338-1348. [PMID: 25924875 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In comparison with numerical methods, theoretical characterizations of ion motion in the nonlinear Paul traps always suffer from low accuracy and little applicability. To overcome the difficulties, the theoretical harmonic balance (HB) method was developed, and was validated by the numerical fourth-order Runge-Kutta (4th RK) method. Using the HB method, analytical ion trajectory and ion motion frequency in the superimposed octopole field, ε, were obtained by solving the nonlinear Mathieu equation (NME). The obtained accuracy of the HB method was comparable with that of the 4th RK method at the Mathieu parameter, q = 0.6, and the applicable q values could be extended to the entire first stability region with satisfactory accuracy. Two sorts of nonlinear effects of ion motion were studied, including ion frequency shift, Δβ, and ion amplitude variation, Δ(C(2n)/C0) (n ≠ 0). New phenomena regarding Δβ were observed, although extensive studies have been performed based on the pseudo-potential well (PW) model. For instance, the |Δβ| at ε = 0.1 and ε = -0.1 were found to be different, but they were the same in the PW model. This is the first time the nonlinear effects regarding Δ(C(2n)/C0) (n ≠ 0) are studied, and the associated study has been a challenge for both theoretical and numerical methods. The nonlinear effects of Δ(C(2n)/C0) (n ≠ 0) and Δβ were found to share some similarities at q < 0.6: both of them were proportional to ε, and the square of the initial ion displacement, z(0)(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiqiao Xiong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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26
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Schulz S, Wagner S, Gerbig S, Wächter H, Sielaff D, Bohn D, Spengler B. DESI MS based screening method for phthalates in consumer goods. Analyst 2015; 140:3484-91. [PMID: 25827613 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00338e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are used as plasticizes in many everyday items, but some of them are known as hormone disruptors, being especially harmful during childhood. The European Union therefore restricted their application in children's toys and certain food packaging to 0.1%w. Due to the ever increasing number of plastic-containing consumer goods, rapid screening methods are needed to ensure and improve consumer safety in the future. In this study we evaluated the performance of desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) mass spectrometry (MS) for rapid quantitative screening of phthalates in toys. DESI allowed for direct surface sampling of the toys under atmospheric conditions with minimal sample preparation, while the high performance mass spectrometer used provided a high sensitivity and reliable identification via accurate mass measurements, high mass resolving power and MS/MS capabilities. External calibration curves for six banned phthalates (DBP, BBP, DEHP, DNOP, DINP and DIDP) were obtained from matrix-matched reference materials. Coefficients of determination were greater than 0.985, LOQs ranged from 0.02%w (DIDP) to 2.26%w (DINP) and the relative standard deviation of the calibration curve slope was less than 7.8% for intraday and 11.4% for interday comparison. The phthalate contents of eleven authentic samples were determined in a proof-of-concept approach using DESI MS and results were compared to those from confirmatory methods. The phthalate content was correctly assigned with relative deviations ranging from -20% to +10% for the majority of samples. Given further optimization and automation, DESI MS is likely to become a useful tool for rapid and accurate phthalate screening in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany.
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27
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Wright S, Malcolm A, Wright C, O'Prey S, Crichton E, Dash N, Moseley RW, Zaczek W, Edwards P, Fussell RJ, Syms RRA. A microelectromechanical systems-enabled, miniature triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3115-22. [PMID: 25708099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Miniaturized mass spectrometers are becoming increasingly capable, enabling the development of many novel field and laboratory applications. However, to date, triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometers, the workhorses of quantitative analysis, have not been significantly reduced in size. Here, the basis of a field-deployable triple quadrupole is described. The key development is a highly miniaturized ion optical assembly in which a sequence of six microengineered components is employed to generate ions at atmospheric pressure, provide a vacuum interface, effect ion guiding, and perform fragmentation and mass analysis. Despite its small dimensions, the collision cell efficiently fragments precursor ions and yields product ion spectra that are very similar to those recorded using conventional instruments. The miniature triple quadrupole has been used to detect thiabendazole, a common pesticide, in apples at a level of 10 ng/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Wright
- †Microsaic Systems plc, Woking, Surrey GU21 5BX, U.K
| | | | | | - Shane O'Prey
- †Microsaic Systems plc, Woking, Surrey GU21 5BX, U.K
| | | | - Neil Dash
- †Microsaic Systems plc, Woking, Surrey GU21 5BX, U.K
| | | | | | - Peter Edwards
- †Microsaic Systems plc, Woking, Surrey GU21 5BX, U.K
| | - Richard J Fussell
- ‡Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, U.K
| | - Richard R A Syms
- §Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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28
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Bianchi F, Gregori A, Braun G, Crescenzi C, Careri M. Micro-solid-phase extraction coupled to desorption electrospray ionization–high-resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of explosives in soil. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:931-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8208-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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29
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Kirby AE, Lafrenière NM, Seale B, Hendricks PI, Cooks RG, Wheeler AR. Analysis on the Go: Quantitation of Drugs of Abuse in Dried Urine with Digital Microfluidics and Miniature Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:6121-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5012969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E. Kirby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Nelson M. Lafrenière
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Brendon Seale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Paul I. Hendricks
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Aaron R. Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical
Engineering, 164 College
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
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30
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Gómez-Ríos GA, Pawliszyn J. Solid phase microextraction (SPME)-transmission mode (TM) pushes down detection limits in direct analysis in real time (DART). Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:12937-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc05301j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A simple, integrated and rapid approach for the quantitation of target analytes in complex matrices using SPME-TM and DART-MS/MS is described.
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31
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Evans-Nguyen KM, Quinto A, Hargraves T, Brown H, Speer J, Glatter D. Transmission Mode Desorption Electrospray Ionization (TM-DESI) for Simultaneous Analysis of Potential Inorganic and Organic Components of Radiological Dispersion Devices (RDDs). Anal Chem 2013; 85:11826-34. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402386m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenyon M. Evans-Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, The University of Tampa, 401 W. Kennedy Boulevard, Tampa, Florida 33606-1490, United States
| | - Amanda Quinto
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, The University of Tampa, 401 W. Kennedy Boulevard, Tampa, Florida 33606-1490, United States
| | - Tiffanie Hargraves
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, The University of Tampa, 401 W. Kennedy Boulevard, Tampa, Florida 33606-1490, United States
| | - Hilary Brown
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, The University of Tampa, 401 W. Kennedy Boulevard, Tampa, Florida 33606-1490, United States
| | - Jennifer Speer
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, The University of Tampa, 401 W. Kennedy Boulevard, Tampa, Florida 33606-1490, United States
| | - David Glatter
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, The University of Tampa, 401 W. Kennedy Boulevard, Tampa, Florida 33606-1490, United States
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32
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Borges EM, Volmer DA, Eberlin MN. Comprehensive analysis of Ginkgo tablets by easy ambient sonic spray ionization mass spectrometry. CAN J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2013-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report here that easy ambient sonic spray ionization − mass spectrometry (EASI−MS) allowed direct, rapid, and comprehensive analysis of active components (e.g., terpenetrilactones and intact flavonol glycosides) in Ginkgo tablets. Unlike conventional methods that hydrolyze flavonol glycosides to flavonoids prior to analysis, EASI−MS detects intact flavonol glycosides directly from the tablets enabling differentiation of these natural glycosides from the synthetic flavonoids. Adulteration of Ginkgo tablets is therefore readily recognized in less than 10 s measurement time. Sample preparation is simple and requires only 0.5 mL of methanol and a mortar and pestle. Additionally, no reference standards are needed and a comparison is made to a certified Ginkgo tablet. To demonstrate these abilities, 22 commercial Ginkgo tablets were analyzed by EASI−MS. The data revealed large variations of ingredients and strong deviations from the specified Ginkgo extract levels. These results emphasize the importance of monitoring Ginkgo products using appropriate methodologies as suggested in our work. The technique may replace more demanding LC−MS/MS methods, which can achieve comparable results but are considerably more labor-intensive. Importantly, the presented method is cheaper, faster, and much simpler to operate than chromatography-based mass spectrometric techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endler Marcel Borges
- Instituto de Química, Laboratório ThoMSon de Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil-13083-970
| | - Dietrich A. Volmer
- Institut für Bioanalytische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus B 2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marcos N. Eberlin
- Instituto de Química, Laboratório ThoMSon de Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil-13083-970
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33
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Clemons K, Dake J, Sisco E, Verbeck GF. Trace analysis of energetic materials via direct analyte-probed nanoextraction coupled to direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 231:98-101. [PMID: 23890622 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) has proven to be a useful forensic tool for the trace analysis of energetic materials. While other techniques for detecting trace amounts of explosives involve extraction, derivatization, solvent exchange, or sample clean-up, DART-MS requires none of these. Typical DART-MS analyses directly from a solid sample or from a swab have been quite successful; however, these methods may not always be an optimal sampling technique in a forensic setting. For example, if the sample were only located in an area which included a latent fingerprint of interest, direct DART-MS analysis or the use of a swab would almost certainly destroy the print. To avoid ruining such potentially invaluable evidence, another method has been developed which will leave the fingerprint virtually untouched. Direct analyte-probed nanoextraction coupled to nanospray ionization-mass spectrometry (DAPNe-NSI-MS) has demonstrated excellent sensitivity and repeatability in forensic analyses of trace amounts of illicit drugs from various types of surfaces. This technique employs a nanomanipulator in conjunction with bright-field microscopy to extract single particles from a surface of interest and has provided a limit of detection of 300 attograms for caffeine. Combining DAPNe with DART-MS provides another level of flexibility in forensic analysis, and has proven to be a sufficient detection method for trinitrotoluene (TNT), RDX, and 1-methylaminoanthraquinone (MAAQ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Clemons
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
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Morelato M, Beavis A, Kirkbride P, Roux C. Forensic applications of desorption electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (DESI-MS). Forensic Sci Int 2013; 226:10-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Forbes TP, Brewer TM, Gillen G. Desorption electro-flow focusing ionization of explosives and narcotics for ambient pressure mass spectrometry. Analyst 2013; 138:5665-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01164j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Vircks KE, Mulligan CC. Rapid screening of synthetic cathinones as trace residues and in authentic seizures using a portable mass spectrometer equipped with desorption electrospray ionization. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:2665-2672. [PMID: 23124656 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Recently, the surge in synthetic cathinone abuse has become a matter of public concern. With the influx of confiscated synthetic cathinones dramatically on the rise, laboratory workloads are expected to increase at a similar rate. This prompts the need for rapid analytical methods capable of detecting and identifying such compounds. METHODS A ruggedized, portable ion trap mass spectrometer capable of desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) was used to rapidly characterize various synthetic cathinones. Target analytes were directly analyzed as trace residues on various substrates and as major components in authentic, powder-based forensic evidence. Physical transfer swabs can also be examined with this method, allowing efficient screening of large areas and geometrically complex samples. RESULTS Method validity was tested on trace residues, mock forensic samples, and authentic evidentiary seizures, yielding low- to sub-ng detection limits from several substrates of interest to crime scene investigation. Analyte confirmation was accomplished through MS(2) analysis, providing characteristic fragmentation similar to that reported in literature. High-throughput analysis was demonstrated with no significant instrumental carryover, even for powdered samples. The robustness of this DESI-MS method to multi-component samples was examined, marked by high chemical specificity. CONCLUSIONS Coupling DESI-MS with portable instrumentation allowed sensitive and selective examination of synthetic cathinones from various substrates, in complex mixtures, and directly from mock and authentic forensic evidence. This instrumental method has the potential to assess the evidentiary value of forensic samples at crime scenes, reducing backlogs and expediting criminal investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle E Vircks
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4160, USA
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Romão W, Sabino BD, Bueno MIM, Vaz BG, Júnior AC, Maldaner AO, de Castro EV, Lordeiro RA, Nascentes CC, Eberlin MN, Augusti R. LSD and 9,10-dihydro-LSD Analyses in Street Drug Blotter Samples via Easy Ambient Sonic-Spray Ionization MassSpectrometry (EASI-MS). J Forensic Sci 2012; 57:1307-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2012.02237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanderson Romão
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory; Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP; Campinas SP 13084-971 Brazil
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Espírito Santo; Vitória ES 29075-910 Brazil
| | - Bruno D. Sabino
- Carlos Éboli Institute of Criminalistic; Rio de Janeiro 20060-050 Brazil
| | - Maria Izabel M.S. Bueno
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory; Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP; Campinas SP 13084-971 Brazil
| | - Boniek G. Vaz
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory; Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP; Campinas SP 13084-971 Brazil
| | - Amadeu C. Júnior
- Carlos Éboli Institute of Criminalistic; Rio de Janeiro 20060-050 Brazil
| | - Adriano O. Maldaner
- Brazilian Federal Police, Ministry of Justice, National Institute of Criminalistic - INC; Brasilia DF 70390-145 Brazil
| | | | - Rogério A. Lordeiro
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG 29075-910 Brazil
- Institute of Criminalistic - Civil Police of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG 30180-060 Brazil
| | - Clésia C. Nascentes
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG 29075-910 Brazil
| | - Marcos N. Eberlin
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory; Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP; Campinas SP 13084-971 Brazil
| | - Rodinei Augusti
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG 29075-910 Brazil
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Dalgleish JK, Hou K, Ouyang Z, Cooks RG. In Situ Explosive Detection Using a Miniature Plasma Ion Source and a Portable Mass Spectrometer. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.675485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Morelato M, Beavis A, Ogle A, Doble P, Kirkbride P, Roux C. Screening of gunshot residues using desorption electrospray ionisation–mass spectrometry (DESI–MS). Forensic Sci Int 2012; 217:101-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Current trends in explosive detection techniques. Talanta 2012; 88:14-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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41
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Agapov AY, Levitsky LI, Dashtiev NZ, Gorshkov MV, Tarasova IA. An atmospheric pressure ionization source based on desorption electrospray ionization technology (DESI) for ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934811140024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Romão W, Vaz BG, Lalli PM, Bueno MIMS, Correa DN, Telles VLCN, de Castro EVR, Eberlin MN. Analyzing Brazilian Vehicle Documents for Authenticity by Easy Ambient Sonic-Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry*. J Forensic Sci 2011; 57:539-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.02005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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43
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Malcolm A, Wright S, Syms RRA, Moseley RW, O'Prey S, Dash N, Pegus A, Crichton E, Hong G, Holmes AS, Finlay A, Edwards P, Hamilton SE, Welch CJ. A miniature mass spectrometer for liquid chromatography applications. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:3281-8. [PMID: 22006391 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A miniature mass spectrometer capable of detecting analytes eluting from a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system is described and demonstrated for the first time. The entire instrument, including all pumps and the computer, is contained within a single enclosure that may be conveniently accommodated at the base of the HPLC stack. The microspray ion source, vacuum interface, ion guide, and quadrupole ion filter are all microengineered. These components are fabricated in batches using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) techniques and considered to be consumables. When coupled to a standard HPLC system using an integrated passive split, the limit of detection for reserpine while scanning the full mass range is 5 ng on-column (1 pg of which is passed to the microspray). The mass range is m/z 100-800, and each spectrum is typically acquired at a rate of 1 scan per second.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Malcolm
- Microsaic Systems plc, Unit 2, GMS House, Boundary Rd, Woking, Surrey, GU21 5BX, UK
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Mäkinen M, Nousiainen M, Sillanpää M. Ion spectrometric detection technologies for ultra-traces of explosives: a review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:940-973. [PMID: 21294149 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, explosive materials have been widely employed for various military applications and civilian conflicts; their use for hostile purposes has increased considerably. The detection of different kind of explosive agents has become crucially important for protection of human lives, infrastructures, and properties. Moreover, both the environmental aspects such as the risk of soil and water contamination and health risks related to the release of explosive particles need to be taken into account. For these reasons, there is a growing need to develop analyzing methods which are faster and more sensitive for detecting explosives. The detection techniques of the explosive materials should ideally serve fast real-time analysis in high accuracy and resolution from a minimal quantity of explosive without involving complicated sample preparation. The performance of the in-field analysis of extremely hazardous material has to be user-friendly and safe for operators. The two closely related ion spectrometric methods used in explosive analyses include mass spectrometry (MS) and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). The four requirements-speed, selectivity, sensitivity, and sampling-are fulfilled with both of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Mäkinen
- Laboratory of Applied Environmental Chemistry, Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Patteristonkatu 1, 50100 Mikkeli, Finland.
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Howlett SE, Steiner RR. Validation of Thin Layer Chromatography with AccuTOF-DART™ Detection for Forensic Drug Analysis*. J Forensic Sci 2011; 56:1261-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Campbell IS, Ton AT, Mulligan CC. Direct detection of pharmaceuticals and personal care products from aqueous samples with thermally-assisted desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 22:1285-1293. [PMID: 21953111 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0144-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An ambient mass spectrometric method based on desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) has been developed to allow rapid, direct analysis of contaminated water samples, and the technique was evaluated through analysis of a wide array of pharmaceutical and personal care product (PPCP) contaminants. Incorporating direct infusion of aqueous sample and thermal assistance into the source design has allowed low ppt detection limits for the target analytes in drinking water matrices. With this methodology, mass spectral information can be collected in less than 1 min, consuming ~100 μL of total sample. Quantitative ability was also demonstrated without the use of an internal standard, yielding decent linearity and reproducibility. Initial results suggest that this source configuration is resistant to carryover effects and robust towards multi-component samples. The rapid, continuous analysis afforded by this method offers advantages in terms of sample analysis time and throughput over traditional hyphenated mass spectrometric techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian S Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, USA
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Chemical profile of meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP) in ecstasy tablets by easy ambient sonic-spray ionization, X-ray fluorescence, ion mobility mass spectrometry and NMR. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:3053-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4883-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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48
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Pfaff AM, Steiner RR. Development and validation of AccuTOF-DART™ as a screening method for analysis of bank security device and pepper spray components. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 206:62-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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49
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50
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Sabino BD, Romão W, Sodré ML, Correa DN, Pinto DBR, Alonso FOM, Eberlin MN. Analysis of Cocaine and Crack Cocaine via Thin Layer Chromatography Coupled to Easy Ambient Sonic-Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2011.26075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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