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Koga D, Gonjo T, Kawai E, Tsunokawa T, Sakai S, Sengoku Y, Homma M, Takagi H. Effects of exceeding stroke frequency of maximal effort on hand kinematics and hand propulsive force in front crawl. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:15-27. [PMID: 32990171 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1814852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess kinematic and kinetic changes in front crawl with various stroke frequency (SF) conditions to investigate why swimming velocity (SV) does not increase above a certain SF (SFmax). Eight male swimmers performed 20 m front crawl four times. The first trial involved maximal effort, whereas SF was controlled during the next three trials. The instructed SFs were 100 (T100%), 110 (T110%), and 120% (T120%) of the SFmax. Through pressure measurement and underwater motion analysis, hand propulsive force (calculated by the difference between the palm and dorsal pressure value and the hand area) and the angle of attack of the hand were quantified, and differences between trials were assessed by a repeated-measures ANOVA. There was no difference in SV between the conditions, while the angle of attack during the latter half of the underwater stroke at T120% was smaller by 25.7% compared with T100% (p = 0.007). The lower angle of attack induced a lower pressure value on the palm that consequently caused a smaller hand propulsive force at T120% than T100% (p = 0.026). Therefore, the decrease in the angle of attack must be minimised to maintain the hand propulsive force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Koga
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Gonjo
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eisuke Kawai
- Faculty of Physical Education, International Budo University, Katsuura, Japan
| | - Takaaki Tsunokawa
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shin Sakai
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yasuo Sengoku
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Miwako Homma
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hideki Takagi
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Santos CC, Garrido ND, Cuenca-Fernández F, Marinho DA, Costa MJ. Performance Tiers within a Competitive Age Group of Young Swimmers Are Characterized by Different Kinetic and Kinematic Behaviors. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:s23115113. [PMID: 37299840 DOI: 10.3390/s23115113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to analyze swimmers' in-water kinetic and kinematic behaviors according to different swimming performance tiers within the same age group. An amount of 53 highly trained swimmers (girls and boys: 12.40 ± 0.74 years) were split up into 3 tiers based on their personal best performance (i.e., speed) in the 50 m freestyle event (short-course): lower-tier (1.25 ± 0.08 m·s-1); mid-tier (1.45 ± 0.04 m·s-1); and top-tier (1.60 ± 0.04 m·s-1). The in-water mean peak force was measured during a maximum bout of 25 m front crawl using a differential pressure sensors system (Aquanex system, Swimming Technology Research, Richmond, VA, USA) and defined as a kinetic variable, while speed, stroke rate, stroke length, and stroke index were retrieved and considered as kinematic measures. The top-tier swimmers were taller with a longer arm span and hand surface areas than the low-tier, but similar to the mid-tier. While the mean peak force, speed and efficiency differed among tiers, the stroke rate and stroke length showed mixed findings. Coaches should be aware that young swimmers belonging to the same age group may deliver different performance outcomes due to different kinetic and kinematic behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina C Santos
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Nuno D Garrido
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Francisco Cuenca-Fernández
- Department of Sports and Computer Science, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel A Marinho
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Mário J Costa
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
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Kudo S, Matsuda Y, Sakurai Y, Ikuta Y. Rapid Change in the Direction of Hand Movement to Increase Hand Propulsion During Front Crawl Swimming. J Appl Biomech 2023;:1-9. [PMID: 36848903 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2022-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the difference in hand acceleration induced by rapid changes in hand movement directions and propulsion between fast and slow groups of swimmers during front crawl swimming. Twenty-two participants, consisting of 11 fast and 11 slow swimmers, performed front crawl swimming at their maximal effort. Hand acceleration and velocity and the angle of attack were measured using a motion capture system. The dynamic pressure approach was used to estimate hand propulsion. In the insweep phase, the fast group attained significantly higher hand acceleration than the slow group in the lateral and vertical directions (15.31 [3.44] m·s-2 vs 12.23 [2.60] m·s-2 and 14.37 [1.70] m·s-2 vs 12.15 [1.21] m·s-2), and the fast group exerted significantly larger hand propulsion than the slow group (53 [5] N vs 44 [7] N). Although the fast group attained large hand acceleration and propulsion during the insweep phase, the hand velocity and the angle of attack were not significantly different in the 2 groups. The rapid change in hand movement direction could be considered in the technique of underwater arm stroke, particularly in the vertical direction, to increase hand propulsion during front crawl swimming.
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Strzała M, Stanula A, Krężałek P, Sokołowski K, Wądrzyk Ł, Maciejczyk M, Karpiński J, Rejdych W, Wilk R, Sadowski W. Correlations between Crawl Kinematics and Speed with Morphologic, Functional, and Anaerobic Parameters in Competitive Swimmers. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph19084595. [PMID: 35457464 PMCID: PMC9031581 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between a unique complex of predictors and 100 m front crawl race kinematics and swimming speed. In 28 male competitive swimmers (age: 19.6 ± 2.59 years), the following groups of predictors were assessed: (a) the morphologic, (b) the functional upper limb range of motion, and (c) the anaerobic indices of arm-cranking and a series of countermovement jumps. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was calculated to distinguish the predictors and the swimming results. The main finding was that the indices of the power (arm-cranking) and the work (countermovement jump) generated in the anaerobic tests showed a significant and higher correlation with stroke length and stroke index than total body length, upper limb range of motion, or hand and forearm surface area. These results were obtained in accordance with the high swimming economy index relation to clear surface swimming speed. This study reveals that the strength generated by the limbs may represent a predictor of swimming kinematics in a 100 m front crawl performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Strzała
- Department of Water Sports, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland; (M.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Arkadiusz Stanula
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (J.K.); (W.R.); (R.W.); (W.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-207-53-33
| | - Piotr Krężałek
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Motor Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Kamil Sokołowski
- Department of Water Sports, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland; (M.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Łukasz Wądrzyk
- Department of Biomechanics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Marcin Maciejczyk
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Jakub Karpiński
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (J.K.); (W.R.); (R.W.); (W.S.)
| | - Wojciech Rejdych
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (J.K.); (W.R.); (R.W.); (W.S.)
| | - Robert Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (J.K.); (W.R.); (R.W.); (W.S.)
| | - Wojciech Sadowski
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (J.K.); (W.R.); (R.W.); (W.S.)
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Koga D, Tsunokawa T, Sengoku Y, Homoto K, Nakazono Y, Takagi H. Relationship Between Hand Kinematics, Hand Hydrodynamic Pressure Distribution and Hand Propulsive Force in Sprint Front Crawl Swimming. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:786459. [PMID: 35243339 PMCID: PMC8886298 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.786459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study investigated the relationship between hand kinematics, hand hydrodynamic pressure distribution and hand propulsive force when swimming the front crawl with maximum effort. Methods Twenty-four male swimmers participated in the study, and the competition levels ranged from regional to national finals. The trials consisted of three 20 m front crawl swims with apnea and maximal effort, one of which was selected for analysis. Six small pressure sensors were attached to each hand to measure the hydrodynamic pressure distribution in the hands, 15 motion capture cameras were placed in the water to obtain the actual coordinates of the hands. Results Mean swimming velocity was positively correlated with hand speed (r = 0.881), propulsive force (r = 0.751) and pressure force (r = 0.687). Pressure on the dorsum of the hand showed very high and high negative correlations with hand speed (r = −0.720), propulsive force (r = −0.656) and mean swimming velocity (r = −0.676). On the contrary, palm pressure did not correlate with hand speed and mean swimming velocity. Still, it showed positive correlations with propulsive force (r = 0.512), pressure force (r = 0.736) and angle of attack (r = 0.471). Comparing the absolute values of the mean pressure on the palm and the dorsum of the hand, the mean pressure on the dorsum was significantly higher and had a larger effect size (d = 3.71). Conclusion It is suggested that higher hand speed resulted in a more significant decrease in dorsum pressure (absolute value greater than palm pressure), increasing the hand propulsive force and improving mean swimming velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Koga
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takaaki Tsunokawa
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yasuo Sengoku
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kenta Homoto
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yusaku Nakazono
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hideki Takagi
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hideki Takagi
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Gonjo T, Njøs N, Eriksrud O, Olstad BH. The Relationship Between Selected Load-Velocity Profile Parameters and 50 m Front Crawl Swimming Performance. Front Physiol 2021; 12:625411. [PMID: 33679439 PMCID: PMC7933527 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.625411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to establish relationships between sprint front crawl performance and a swimming load-velocity profile. Fourteen male national-level swimmers performed 50 m front crawl and semi-tethered swimming with three progressive loads. The 50 m performance was recorded with a multi-camera system, with which two-dimensional head displacement and the beginning of each arm-stroke motion were quantified. Forward velocity (V50m), stroke length (SL) and frequency (SF) were quantified for each cycle, and the mean value of all cycles, excluding the first and last cycles, was used for the analysis. From the semi-tethered swimming test, the mean velocity during three stroke cycles in mid-pool was calculated and plotted as a function of the external load, and a linear regression line expressing the relationship between the load and velocity was established for each swimmer. The intercepts between the established line and the axes of the plot were defined as theoretical maximum velocity (V0) and load (L0). Large to very large correlations were observed between V50m and all variables derived from the load-velocity profiling; L0 (R = 0.632, p = 0.015), L0 normalized by body mass (R = 0.743, p = 0.002), V0 (R = 0.698, p = 0.006), and the slope (R = 0.541, p < 0.046). No significant relationships of SL and SL with V50m and the load-velocity variables were observed, suggesting that each swimmer has his own strategy to achieve the highest swimming velocity. The findings suggest that load-velocity profiling can be used to assess swimming-specific strength and velocity capabilities related to sprint front crawl performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Gonjo
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nikolai Njøs
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ola Eriksrud
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn H Olstad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Olstad BH, Gonjo T, Njøs N, Abächerli K, Eriksrud O. Reliability of Load-Velocity Profiling in Front Crawl Swimming. Front Physiol 2020; 11:574306. [PMID: 33071829 PMCID: PMC7538691 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.574306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to establish test-retest reliability of calculating load-velocity profiles in front crawl swimming using five and three different external loads, and if outcome results were comparable between calculation methods for monitoring performance over time. Fifteen swimmers at either national or international competition level (seven females and eight males) participated in this study. The subjects performed 25 m of semi-tethered swimming with maximal effort with five progressive loads (females 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 kg and males 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 kg) as well as 50 m maximal front crawl on 2 different days. The mean velocity during three stroke cycles in mid-pool was calculated and plotted as a function of the external load. Relationship between the load and velocity was expressed by a linear regression line and established for each swimmer. The intercepts between the axes of the plot and the established regression line were defined as theoretical maximum velocity (V0) and load (L0). In addition, L0 was also expressed as a percentage of body mass (rL0). The coefficient of determination (R2) and the slope (Slv) of the linear load-velocity relationship were calculated. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) showed excellent agreement (ICC ≥0.902) for all variables. The coefficient of variation was ≤3.14% and typical error was rated as "good" in all variables. A difference was found between day 1 and 2 in V0 for three- and five-load calculations and for 50 m front crawl time (p < 0.05). No difference was found between the load-velocity profile outcomes variables compared between the three- and five-trial protocols on neither day 1 nor 2. The Bland-Altman plots showed a small bias across all resistance conditions for five loads, L0: 0.04 kg, rL0: 0.13%, V0: -0.03 m/s, and Slv: 0.003 -m/s/kg and for three loads, L0: -0.24 kg, rL0: -0.27%, V0: -0.04 m/s, Slv: 0.002 -m/s/kg. In conclusion, the load-velocity profile for front crawl swimming can be calculated with high reliability from both five and three external loads and comparable results in outcome variables were established. These methods can be used to monitor performance parameters over time, and to investigate and compare swimmers' velocity and strength capabilities to allow for individualized training prescription to improve performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Harald Olstad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tomohiro Gonjo
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nikolai Njøs
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kathrin Abächerli
- Department of Health Professions, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ola Eriksrud
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Cohen RCZ, Cleary PW, Mason BR, Pease DL. Studying the effects of asymmetry on freestyle swimming using smoothed particle hydrodynamics. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2020; 23:271-284. [PMID: 32054321 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2020.1718663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of asymmetrical strokes is common in freestyle swimming because of breathing and strength laterality. In this study, the asymmetrical freestyle swimming performance of a male elite level swimmer who breathed every second arm stroke (unilaterally) was investigated. A laser body scan and multi-angle video footage of the athlete were used to generate a swimming biomechanical model. This model was then used in a Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) fluid simulation of swimming through a virtual pool. The results from this study enabled the kinematic asymmetry to be related to the consequential fluid dynamic asymmetry. The intra-cyclic fluctuations in the streamwise forces and speed were also examined. Hand angles of attack were compared along with the lift and drag contributions of the hands to generating the streamwise thrust. From this study, connections between asymmetry and the resultant swimming performance were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruce R Mason
- Aquatic Testing, Training and Research Unit, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | - David L Pease
- Aquatic Testing, Training and Research Unit, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, ACT, Australia
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Samson M. Jean Vivès award 2019 hydrodynamic of swimming: analyse the flow to understand the technique. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2020.1714949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Samson
- Institut Pprime, UPR 3346, CNRS – University of Poitiers – ISAE-ENSMA, France
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