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Ge Y, Wu Y, Aihaiti A, Wang L, Wang Y, Xing J, Zhu M, Hong J. The Metabolic Pathways of Yeast and Acetic Acid Bacteria During Fruit Vinegar Fermentation and Their Influence on Flavor Development. Microorganisms 2025; 13:477. [PMID: 40142369 PMCID: PMC11944834 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms13030477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2025] [Revised: 02/01/2025] [Accepted: 02/18/2025] [Indexed: 03/28/2025] Open
Abstract
Fruit vinegar is a beverage derived from fruits or fruit processing by-products through microbial fermentation. This vinegar possesses a distinctive flavor profile and contains bioactive compounds. It is typically produced using liquid fermentation technology. As consumer demand for the flavor quality of fruit vinegar has increased, precise control over flavor compounds has become crucial for enhancing the quality of fermentation products. Vinegar contains numerous characteristic flavor compounds, including esters, aldehydes, alcohols, and organic acids. These unique flavors primarily result from the accumulation of flavor compounds generated by different raw materials and microorganisms during fermentation. Specifically, yeast and acetobacter promote the formation of distinct fruit vinegar flavors by facilitating the breakdown of carbohydrates, amino acids, and proteins in fruits, as well as the redox and esterification reactions involving alcohols. This paper reviews the metabolic pathways of yeast and acetic acid bacteria during fruit vinegar fermentation and discusses key volatile compounds that influence the flavor of fruit vinegar and their potential relationships, providing theoretical support for regulating flavor quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Min Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (Y.G.); (Y.W.); (A.A.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Jingyang Hong
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (Y.G.); (Y.W.); (A.A.); (L.W.); (Y.W.); (J.X.)
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Wang J, Wang X, Liang Q, Li D, Li D, Guo Q. Transcriptome analysis of L-leucine-producing Corynebacterium glutamicum under the addition of trimethylglycine. Amino Acids 2021; 54:229-240. [PMID: 34837555 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03105-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been widely reported that the addition of trimethylglycine (betaine) decreases osmotic pressure inhibition for cell growth, leading to increased production of amino acids. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. To determine the global metabolic differences that occur under the addition of trimethylglycine, transcriptome analysis was performed. Transcriptome analysis of Corynebacterium glutamicum JL1211 revealed that 272 genes exhibited significant changes under trimethylglycine addition. We performed Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG enrichment pathway analyses on these differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Significantly upregulated genes were mainly involved in the regulation of ABC transporters, especially phosphate transporters and sulfur metabolism. The three phosphate transporter genes pstC, pstA and pstB were upregulated by 13.06-fold, 29.80-fold and 30.49-fold, respectively. Notably, the transcriptional levels of the cysD, cysN, cysH and sir genes were upregulated by 81.5-fold, 57.3-fold, 77.6-fold and 125.4-fold, respectively, consistent with assimilatory sulfate reduction under the addition of trimethylglycine. The upregulation of ilvBN and leuD genes might result in increased L-leucine formation. The data indicated changes in the transcriptome of C. glutamicum with trimethylglycine treatment, thus providing a mechanism supporting the application of trimethylglycine in the production of L-leucine and other amino acids by C. glutamicum strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Xuesong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qing Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Deheng Li
- Xinjiang Fufeng Biotechnologies Co., Urumqi, China
| | - Dawei Li
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qunqun Guo
- Tianjin Dexiang Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Tianjin, China
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Leucine-Responsive Regulatory Protein in Acetic Acid Bacteria Is Stable and Functions at a Wide Range of Intracellular pH Levels. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:e0016221. [PMID: 34228496 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00162-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetic acid bacteria grow while producing acetic acid, resulting in acidification of the culture. Limited reports elucidate the effect of changes in intracellular pH on transcriptional factors. In the present study, the intracellular pH of Komagataeibacter europaeus was monitored with a pH-sensitive green fluorescent protein, showing that the intracellular pH decreased from 6.3 to 4.7 accompanied by acetic acid production during cell growth. The leucine-responsive regulatory protein of K. europaeus (KeLrp) was used as a model to examine pH-dependent effects, and its properties were compared with those of the Escherichia coli ortholog (EcLrp) at different pH levels. The DNA-binding activities of EcLrp and KeLrp with the target DNA (Ec-ilvI and Ke-ilvI) were examined by gel mobility shift assays under various pH conditions. EcLrp showed the highest affinity with the target at pH 8.0 (Kd [dissociation constant], 0.7 μM), decreasing to a minimum of 3.4 μM at pH 4.0. Conversely, KeLrp did not show significant differences in binding affinity between pH 4 and 7 (Kd, 1.0 to 1.5 μM), and the highest affinity was at pH 5.0 (Kd, 1.0 μM). Circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed that the α-helical content of KeLrp was the highest at pH 5.0 (49%) and was almost unchanged while being maintained at >45% over a range of pH levels examined, while that of EcLrp decreased from its maximum (49% at pH 7.0) to its minimum (36% at pH 4.0). These data indicate that KeLrp is stable and functions over a wide range of intracellular pH levels. IMPORTANCE Lrp is a highly conserved transcriptional regulator found in bacteria and archaea and regulates transcriptions of various genes. The intracellular pH of acetic acid bacteria (AAB) changes accompanied by acetic acid production during cell growth. The Lrp of AAB K. europaeus (KeLrp) was structurally stable over a wide range of pH and maintained DNA-binding activity even at low pH compared with Lrp from E. coli living in a neutral environment. An in vitro experiment showed DNA-binding activity of KeLrp to the target varied with changes in pH. In AAB, change of the intracellular pH during a cell growth would be an important trigger in controlling the activity of Lrp in vivo.
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Ziegler CA, Freddolino PL. The leucine-responsive regulatory proteins/feast-famine regulatory proteins: an ancient and complex class of transcriptional regulators in bacteria and archaea. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 56:373-400. [PMID: 34151666 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2021.1925215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the Escherichia coli leucine-responsive regulatory protein (Lrp) almost 50 years ago, hundreds of Lrp homologs have been discovered, occurring in 45% of sequenced bacteria and almost all sequenced archaea. Lrp-like proteins are often referred to as the feast/famine regulatory proteins (FFRPs), reflecting their common regulatory roles. Acting as either global or local transcriptional regulators, FFRPs detect the environmental nutritional status by sensing small effector molecules (usually amino acids) and regulate the expression of genes involved in metabolism, virulence, motility, nutrient transport, stress tolerance, and antibiotic resistance to implement appropriate behaviors for the specific ecological niche of each organism. Despite FFRPs' complexity, a significant role in gene regulation, and prevalence throughout prokaryotes, the last comprehensive review on this family of proteins was published about a decade ago. In this review, we integrate recent notable findings regarding E. coli Lrp and other FFRPs across bacteria and archaea with previous observations to synthesize a more complete view on the mechanistic details and biological roles of this ancient class of transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Ziegler
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter L Freddolino
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Mohany NAM, Totti A, Naylor KR, Janovjak H. Microbial methionine transporters and biotechnological applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3919-3929. [PMID: 33929594 PMCID: PMC8140960 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11307-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Methionine (Met) is an essential amino acid with commercial value in animal feed, human nutrition, and as a chemical precursor. Microbial production of Met has seen intensive investigation towards a more sustainable alternative to the chemical synthesis that currently meets the global Met demand. Indeed, efficient Met biosynthesis has been achieved in genetically modified bacteria that harbor engineered enzymes and streamlined metabolic pathways. Very recently, the export of Met as the final step during its fermentative production has been studied and optimized, primarily through identification and expression of microbial Met efflux transporters. In this mini-review, we summarize the current knowledge on four families of Met export and import transporters that have been harnessed for the production of Met and other valuable biomolecules. These families are discussed with respect to their function, gene regulation, and biotechnological applications. We cover methods for identification and characterization of Met transporters as the basis for the further engineering of these proteins and for exploration of other solute carrier families. The available arsenal of Met transporters from different species and protein families provides blueprints not only for fermentative production but also synthetic biology systems, such as molecular sensors and cell-cell communication systems. KEY POINTS: • Sustainable production of methionine (Met) using microbes is actively explored. • Met transporters of four families increase production yield and specificity. • Further applications include other biosynthetic pathways and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Amira Mohammad Mohany
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Clayton, Australia
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia (EMBL Australia), Monash University, Melbourne, Clayton, Australia
| | - Alessandra Totti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FaBiT, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Keith R Naylor
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Clayton, Australia
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia (EMBL Australia), Monash University, Melbourne, Clayton, Australia
| | - Harald Janovjak
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Clayton, Australia.
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia (EMBL Australia), Monash University, Melbourne, Clayton, Australia.
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Onyeabor M, Martinez R, Kurgan G, Wang X. Engineering transport systems for microbial production. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020; 111:33-87. [PMID: 32446412 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development in the field of metabolic engineering has enabled complex modifications of metabolic pathways to generate a diverse product portfolio. Manipulating substrate uptake and product export is an important research area in metabolic engineering. Optimization of transport systems has the potential to enhance microbial production of renewable fuels and chemicals. This chapter comprehensively reviews the transport systems critical for microbial production as well as current genetic engineering strategies to improve transport functions and thus production metrics. In addition, this chapter highlights recent advancements in engineering microbial efflux systems to enhance cellular tolerance to industrially relevant chemical stress. Lastly, future directions to address current technological gaps are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Onyeabor
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Rodrigo Martinez
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Gavin Kurgan
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Xuan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.
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Cai Y, Zhao M, Guan Z, Han X, Wang M, Zhao C. Metabolomics analysis of the therapeutic mechanism of Semen Descurainiae Oil on hyperlipidemia rats using 1 H-NMR and LC-MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4536. [PMID: 30882913 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Semen descurainiae oil (SDO) is an important traditional Chinese medicine that was recently discovered to have the function of reducing blood lipids. Metabolomics analyses of plasma, liver and kidney in rats were performed using 1 H-NMR and LC-MS to illuminate the lower blood lipid concentration effect of SDO, and niacin was considered as the active control. The measure of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in plasma showed that SDO treatment decreased significantly the content of TC and LDL-C. An orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis approach was applied to identify the different metabolic profiles of plasma, liver and kidney in rats and to detect related potential biomarkers. The results suggested that the metabolic profiles of the control group and hyperlipidemia group showed significant difference and the SDO and niacin group had effective anti-hyperlipidemia function. The biomarkers primarily concern lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism and glycometabolism, and the change in biomarkers indicated that hyperlipidemia could cause the unbalance of these metabolic pathways in vivo. SDO reduced blood lipids by repairing amino acid and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhibo Guan
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xue Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Miao Wang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Chunjie Zhao
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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Lu Z, Zhang X, Dai J, Wang Y, He W. Engineering of leucine-responsive regulatory protein improves spiramycin and bitespiramycin biosynthesis. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:38. [PMID: 30782164 PMCID: PMC6379999 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1086-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bitespiramycin (BT) is produced by recombinant spiramycin (SP) producing strain Streptomyces spiramyceticus harboring a heterologous 4″-O-isovaleryltransferase gene (ist). Exogenous l-Leucine (l-Leu) could improve the production of BT. The orf2 gene found from the genomic sequence of S. spiramyceticus encodes a leucine-responsive regulatory protein (Lrp) family regulator named as SSP_Lrp. The functions of SSP_Lrp and l-Leu involved in the biosynthesis of spiramycin (SP) and BT were investigated in S. spiramyceticus. Results SSP_Lrp was a global regulator directly affecting the expression of three positive regulatory genes, bsm23, bsm42 and acyB2, in SP or BT biosynthesis. Inactivation of SSP_Lrp gene in S. spiramyceticus 1941 caused minor increase of SP production. However, SP production of the ΔSSP_Lrp-SP strain containing an SSP_Lrp deficient of putative l-Leu binding domain was higher than that of S. spiramyceticus 1941 (476.2 ± 3.1 μg/L versus 313.3 ± 25.2 μg/L, respectively), especially SP III increased remarkably. The yield of BT in ΔSSP_Lrp-BT strain was more than twice than that in 1941-BT. The fact that intracellular concentrations of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) decreased markedly in the ΔSSP_Lrp-SP demonstrated increasing catabolism of BCAAs provided more precursors for SP biosynthesis. Comparative analysis of transcriptome profiles of the ΔSSP_Lrp-SP and S. spiramyceticus 1941 found 12 genes with obvious differences in expression, including 6 up-regulated genes and 6 down-regulated genes. The up-regulated genes are related to PKS gene for SP biosynthesis, isoprenoid biosynthesis, a Sigma24 family factor, the metabolism of aspartic acid, pyruvate and acyl-CoA; and the down-regulated genes are associated with ribosomal proteins, an AcrR family regulator, and biosynthesis of terpenoid, glutamate and glutamine. Conclusion SSP_Lrp in S. spiramyceticus was a negative regulator involved in the SP and BT biosynthesis. The deletion of SSP_Lrp putative l-Leu binding domain was advantageous for production of BT and SP, especially their III components. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-019-1086-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Tian Tan Xi Li, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianlu Dai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Tian Tan Xi Li, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiguang Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Tian Tan Xi Li, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqing He
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Tian Tan Xi Li, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.
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Ishii Y, Akasaka N, Sakoda H, Hidese R, Fujiwara S. Leucine responsive regulatory protein is involved in methionine metabolism and polyamine homeostasis in acetic acid bacterium Komagataeibacter europaeus. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 125:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Akasaka N, Higashikubo H, Ishii Y, Sakoda H, Fujiwara S. Polyamines in brown rice vinegar function as potent attractants for the spotted wing drosophila. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 123:78-83. [PMID: 27591976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Vinegar produced by acetic acid bacteria is used as an attractant for fruit flies. Apple cider vinegar (ACV) and brown rice vinegar (BRV) are used as lures to detect Drosophila suzukii (also known as the spotted wing drosophila [SWD], a newly emerging invasive pest of soft-skinned fruits) and to capture Drosophila melanogaster, respectively. In the present study, we evaluated the attractiveness of BRV and ACV to SWD in laboratory trapping experiments using an upturned microcentrifuge tube with a pipette tip as a trap. We transferred SWD (approximately 20, 7-10 days old) to a glass vial containing a trap baited with BRV or ACV and counted the captured flies. BRV attracted more flies (52.88 ± 9.75%) than ACV (35.78 ± 7.47%) in 6 h. Based on high-performance liquid chromatography, we found that BRV contained greater amounts of putrescine (12.36 ± 0.44 μM) and spermidine (35.08 ± 4.34 μM) than ACV (putrescine, 0.31 ± 0.067 μM; spermidine, not detected). The attractiveness of ACV supplemented with putrescine (12 μM) and spermidine (35 μM) (68.56 ± 4.69%) was significantly higher than that of ACV, indicating that the enhanced attractiveness of BRV to SWD was accomplished by the additive effects of polyamines and other known attractive volatiles, such as acetic acid and acetoin. BRV is expected to be a powerful tool for the efficient management of SWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Akasaka
- Division of Bioscience Products, Marukan Vinegar Co. Ltd., 5-6 Koyo-cho West, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 658-0033, Japan; Institute of Applied Microbiology, Marukan Vinegar Co. Ltd., 5-6 Koyo-cho West, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 658-0033, Japan
| | - Haruka Higashikubo
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Yuri Ishii
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Hisao Sakoda
- Division of Bioscience Products, Marukan Vinegar Co. Ltd., 5-6 Koyo-cho West, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 658-0033, Japan; Institute of Applied Microbiology, Marukan Vinegar Co. Ltd., 5-6 Koyo-cho West, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 658-0033, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Fujiwara
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan; Research Center for Intelligent Bio-Materials, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei-Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan.
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Exporters for Production of Amino Acids and Other Small Molecules. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 159:199-225. [PMID: 27832297 DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microbes are talented catalysts to synthesize valuable small molecules in their cytosol. However, to make full use of their skills - and that of metabolic engineers - the export of intracellularly synthesized molecules to the culture medium has to be considered. This step is as essential as is each step for the synthesis of the favorite molecule of the metabolic engineer, but is frequently not taken into account. To export small molecules via the microbial cell envelope, a range of different types of carrier proteins is recognized to be involved, which are primary active carriers, secondary active carriers, or proteins increasing diffusion. Relevant export may require just one carrier as is the case with L-lysine export by Corynebacterium glutamicum or involve up to four carriers as known for L-cysteine excretion by Escherichia coli. Meanwhile carriers for a number of small molecules of biotechnological interest are recognized, like for production of peptides, nucleosides, diamines, organic acids, or biofuels. In addition to carriers involved in amino acid excretion, such carriers and their impact on product formation are described, as well as the relatedness of export carriers which may serve as a hint to identify further carriers required to improve product formation by engineering export.
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Effective trapping of fruit flies with cultures of metabolically modified acetic acid bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:2265-73. [PMID: 25595769 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03678-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetoin in vinegar is an attractant to fruit flies when combined with acetic acid. To make vinegar more effective in attracting fruit flies with increased acetoin production, Komagataeibacter europaeus KGMA0119 was modified by specific gene disruption of the acetohydroxyacid isomeroreductase gene (ilvC). A previously constructed mutant lacking the putative ligand-sensing region in the leucine-responsive regulatory protein (KeLrp, encoded by Kelrp) was also used. The ilvC and Kelrp disruptants (KGMA5511 and KGMA7203, respectively) produced greater amounts of acetoin (KGMA5511, 0.11%; KGMA7203, 0.13%) than the wild-type strain KGMA0119 (0.069%). KGMA7203 produced a trace amount of isobutyric acid (0.007%), but the other strains did not. These strains produced approximately equal amounts of acetic acid (0.7%). The efficiency of fruit fly attraction was investigated with cultured Drosophila melanogaster. D. melanogaster flies (approximately 1,500) were released inside a cage (2.5 m by 2.5 m by 1.5 m) and were trapped with a device containing vinegar and a sticky sheet. The flies trapped on the sticky sheet were counted. The cell-free supernatant from KGMA7203 culture captured significantly more flies (19.36 to 36.96% of released flies) than did KGMA0119 (3.25 to 11.40%) and KGMA5511 (6.87 to 21.50%) cultures. Contrastingly, a 0.7% acetic acid solution containing acetoin (0.13%) and isobutyric acid (0.007%), which mimicked the KGMA7203 supernatant, captured significantly fewer flies (0.88 to 4.57%). Furthermore, the KGMA0119 supernatant with additional acetoin (0.13%) and isobutyric acid (0.007%) captured slightly more flies than the original KGMA0119 supernatant but fewer than the KGMA7203 supernatant, suggesting that the synergistic effects of acetic acid, acetoin, isobutyric acid, and unidentified metabolites achieved the efficient fly trapping of the KGMA7203 supernatant.
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Akasaka N, Astuti W, Ishii Y, Hidese R, Sakoda H, Fujiwara S. Change in the plasmid copy number in acetic acid bacteria in response to growth phase and acetic acid concentration. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 119:661-8. [PMID: 25575969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Plasmids pGE1 (2.5 kb), pGE2 (7.2 kb), and pGE3 (5.5 kb) were isolated from Gluconacetobacter europaeus KGMA0119, and sequence analyses revealed they harbored 3, 8, and 4 genes, respectively. Plasmid copy numbers (PCNs) were determined by real-time quantitative PCR at different stages of bacterial growth. When KGMA0119 was cultured in medium containing 0.4% ethanol and 0.5% acetic acid, PCN of pGE1 increased from 7 copies/genome in the logarithmic phase to a maximum of 12 copies/genome at the beginning of the stationary phase, before decreasing to 4 copies/genome in the late stationary phase. PCNs for pGE2 and pGE3 were maintained at 1-3 copies/genome during all phases of growth. Under a higher concentration of ethanol (3.2%) the PCN for pGE1 was slightly lower in all the growth stages, and those of pGE2 and pGE3 were unchanged. In the presence of 1.0% acetic acid, PCNs were higher for pGE1 (10 copies/genome) and pGE3 (6 copies/genome) during the logarithmic phase. Numbers for pGE2 did not change, indicating that pGE1 and pGE3 increase their PCNs in response to acetic acid. Plasmids pBE2 and pBE3 were constructed by ligating linearized pGE2 and pGE3 into pBR322. Both plasmids were replicable in Escherichia coli, Acetobacter pasteurianus and G. europaeus, highlighting their suitability as vectors for acetic acid bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Akasaka
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Marukan Vinegar Co. Ltd., 5-6 Koyo-cho West, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 658-0033, Japan
| | - Wiwik Astuti
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Yuri Ishii
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Ryota Hidese
- Research Center for Environmental Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei-Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Hisao Sakoda
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Marukan Vinegar Co. Ltd., 5-6 Koyo-cho West, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 658-0033, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Fujiwara
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan; Research Center for Environmental Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei-Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan.
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