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Marienberg H, Desch N, Mozin V, Sykora‐Mirle L, Müller A, Roth A, Käfer M, Neef R. Automized inline monitoring in perfused mammalian cell culture by MIR spectroscopy without calibration model building. Eng Life Sci 2024; 24:e2300237. [PMID: 38444619 PMCID: PMC10910268 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202300237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Process Analytical Technologies (PATs) are taking a key role in the run for automatization in the biopharmaceutical industry. Spectroscopic methods such as Raman spectroscopy or mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy are getting more recognition in the recent years for inline monitoring of bioprocesses due to their ability to measure various molecules simultaneously. However, their dependency on laborious model calibration making them a challenge to implement. In this study, a novel one-point calibration that requires a single reference point prior to the inline monitoring of glucose and lactate in bioprocesses with MIR spectroscopy is assessed with 22 mammalian cell perfusion (PER) processes in two different scales and four different products. Concentrations are predicted over all PERs runs with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.29 g/L for glucose and 0.24 g/L for lactate, respectively. For comparison conventional partial least square regression (PLSR) models were used and trained with spectroscopic data from six bioreactor runs in two different scales and three products. The general accuracy of those models (RMSE of 0.41 g/L for glucose and 0.16 g/L for lactate) are in the range of the accuracy of the one-point calibration. This shows the potential of the one-point calibration as an approach making spectroscopy more accessible for bioprocess development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Andreas Roth
- IRUBIS GmbHMunichGermany
- Hochschule MannheimMannheimGermany
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2
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Tengstrand E, Måge I, Solberg LE, Afseth NK, Wold JP. Diagnosing the cage of covariance to increase understanding and robustness of spectroscopic calibration models. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 310:123877. [PMID: 38241929 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.123877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
When vibrational spectroscopy is used for quantification purposes, multivariate analysis is often used to extract information from covariances between the spectra and any given reference values. In complex samples, there is a high risk that the constituents covary with each other. In such scenarios many methods may confuse the analytes and use signal from several analytes, rather than just the analyte of interest. While this allows the method to use more signal, and thus have a better effective signal-to-noise ratio, it also makes them less robust to changes to the chemical composition in the samples. This effect has been termed the cage of covariance. In order to avoid cage of covariance to affect predictive performances, it is highly important to have simple diagnostic tools to analyze and review this effect. Therefore, in the present paper, a systematic overview of tools for diagnosing and quantifying the cage of covariance in spectroscopic calibration models is provided. A collection of previously published methods with some expansions is provided, as well as two completely new tools: covariance ratio and virtual spiking. Practical applications of the tools on three different datasets are also shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Tengstrand
- Nofima AS - Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, PB 210, NO-1431 Ås, Norway.
| | - Ingrid Måge
- Nofima AS - Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, PB 210, NO-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Lars Erik Solberg
- Nofima AS - Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, PB 210, NO-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Nils Kristian Afseth
- Nofima AS - Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, PB 210, NO-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Jens Petter Wold
- Nofima AS - Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, PB 210, NO-1431 Ås, Norway
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3
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Pawar D, Lo Presti D, Silvestri S, Schena E, Massaroni C. Current and future technologies for monitoring cultured meat: A review. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113464. [PMID: 37803787 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
The high population growth rate, massive animal food consumption, fast economic progress, and limited food resources could lead to a food crisis in the future. There is a huge requirement for dietary proteins including cultured meat is being progressed to fulfill the need for meat-derived proteins in the diet. However, production of cultured meat requires monitoring numerous bioprocess parameters. This review presents a comprehensive overview of various widely adopted techniques (optical, spectroscopic, electrochemical, capacitive, FETs, resistive, microscopy, and ultrasound) for monitoring physical, chemical, and biological parameters that can improve the bioprocess control in cultured meat. The methods, operating principle, merits/demerits, and the main open challenges are reviewed with the aim to support the readers in advancing knowledge on novel sensing systems for cultured meat applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dnyandeo Pawar
- Microwave Materials Group, Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET), Athani P.O, Thrissur, Kerala 680581, India.
| | - Daniela Lo Presti
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Silvestri
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Emiliano Schena
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Massaroni
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
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4
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Rösner LS, Walter F, Ude C, John GT, Beutel S. Sensors and Techniques for On-Line Determination of Cell Viability in Bioprocess Monitoring. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:bioengineering9120762. [PMID: 36550968 PMCID: PMC9774925 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9120762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the bioprocessing industry has experienced significant growth and is increasingly emerging as an important economic sector. Here, efficient process management and constant control of cellular growth are essential. Good product quality and yield can only be guaranteed with high cell density and high viability. Whereas the on-line measurement of physical and chemical process parameters has been common practice for many years, the on-line determination of viability remains a challenge and few commercial on-line measurement methods have been developed to date for determining viability in industrial bioprocesses. Thus, numerous studies have recently been conducted to develop sensors for on-line viability estimation, especially in the field of optical spectroscopic sensors, which will be the focus of this review. Spectroscopic sensors are versatile, on-line and mostly non-invasive. Especially in combination with bioinformatic data analysis, they offer great potential for industrial application. Known as soft sensors, they usually enable simultaneous estimation of multiple biological variables besides viability to be obtained from the same set of measurement data. However, the majority of the presented sensors are still in the research stage, and only a few are already commercially available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S. Rösner
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hanover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Franziska Walter
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hanover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Ude
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hanover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gernot T. John
- PreSens Precision Sensing GmbH, Am BioPark 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Beutel
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hanover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence:
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5
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Modern Sensor Tools and Techniques for Monitoring, Controlling, and Improving Cell Culture Processes. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10020189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing biopharmaceutical industry has reached a level of maturity that allows for the monitoring of numerous key variables for both process characterization and outcome predictions. Sensors were historically used in order to maintain an optimal environment within the reactor to optimize process performance. However, technological innovation has pushed towards on-line in situ continuous monitoring of quality attributes that could previously only be estimated off-line. These new sensing technologies when coupled with software models have shown promise for unique fingerprinting, smart process control, outcome improvement, and prediction. All this can be done without requiring invasive sampling or intervention on the system. In this paper, the state-of-the-art sensing technologies and their applications in the context of cell culture monitoring are reviewed with emphasis on the coming push towards industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing within the biopharmaceutical sector. Additionally, perspectives as to how this can be leveraged to improve both understanding and outcomes of cell culture processes are discussed.
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Querido W, Zouaghi S, Padalkar M, Morman J, Falcon J, Kandel S, Pleshko N. Nondestructive assessment of tissue engineered cartilage based on biochemical markers in cell culture media: application of attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Analyst 2022; 147:1730-1741. [PMID: 35343541 PMCID: PMC9047556 DOI: 10.1039/d1an02351a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ATR spectral data obtained from cell culture medium discards can be used to assess glucose and lactate content, which are shown here to be a surrogate for matrix development in tissue engineered cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Querido
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - Sabrina Zouaghi
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - Mugdha Padalkar
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - Justin Morman
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - Jessica Falcon
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - Shital Kandel
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - Nancy Pleshko
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
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7
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Kastenhofer J, Rajamanickam V, Libiseller-Egger J, Spadiut O. Monitoring and control of E. coli cell integrity. J Biotechnol 2021; 329:1-12. [PMID: 33485861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Soluble expression of recombinant proteins in E. coli is often done by translocation of the product across the inner membrane (IM) into the periplasm, where it is retained by the outer membrane (OM). While the integrity of the IM is strongly coupled to viability and impurity release, a decrease in OM integrity (corresponding to increased "leakiness") leads to accumulation of product in the extracellular space, strongly impacting the downstream process. Whether leakiness is desired or not, differential monitoring and control of IM and OM integrity are necessary for an efficient E. coli bioprocess in compliance with the guidelines of Quality by Design and Process Analytical Technology. In this review, we give an overview of relevant monitoring tools, summarize the research on factors affecting E. coli membrane integrity and provide a brief discussion on how the available monitoring technology can be implemented in real-time control of E. coli cultivations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Kastenhofer
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Research Group Integrated Bioprocess Development, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vignesh Rajamanickam
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Research Group Integrated Bioprocess Development, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julian Libiseller-Egger
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Research Group Integrated Bioprocess Development, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Research Group Integrated Bioprocess Development, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
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8
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High-Throughput Raman Spectroscopy Combined with Innovate Data Analysis Workflow to Enhance Biopharmaceutical Process Development. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8091179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has the potential to revolutionise many aspects of biopharmaceutical process development. The widespread adoption of this promising technology has been hindered by the high cost associated with individual probes and the challenge of measuring low sample volumes. To address these issues, this paper investigates the potential of an emerging new high-throughput (HT) Raman spectroscopy microscope combined with a novel data analysis workflow to replace off-line analytics for upstream and downstream operations. On the upstream front, the case study involved the at-line monitoring of an HT micro-bioreactor system cultivating two mammalian cell cultures expressing two different therapeutic proteins. The spectra generated were analysed using a partial least squares (PLS) model. This enabled the successful prediction of the glucose, lactate, antibody, and viable cell density concentrations directly from the Raman spectra without reliance on multiple off-line analytical devices and using only a single low-volume sample (50–300 μL). However, upon the subsequent investigation of these models, only the glucose and lactate models appeared to be robust based upon their model coefficients containing the expected Raman vibrational signatures. On the downstream front, the HT Raman device was incorporated into the development of a cation exchange chromatography step for an Fc-fusion protein to compare different elution conditions. PLS models were derived from the spectra and were found to predict accurately monomer purity and concentration. The low molecular weight (LMW) and high molecular weight (HMW) species concentrations were found to be too low to be predicted accurately by the Raman device. However, the method enabled the classification of samples based on protein concentration and monomer purity, allowing a prioritisation and reduction in samples analysed using A280 UV absorbance and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The flexibility and highly configurable nature of this HT Raman spectroscopy microscope makes it an ideal tool for bioprocess research and development, and is a cost-effective solution based on its ability to support a large range of unit operations in both upstream and downstream process operations.
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9
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Brunner M, Brosig P, Losing M, Kunzelmann M, Calvet A, Stiefel F, Bechmann J, Unsoeld A, Schaub J. Towards robust cell culture processes - Unraveling the impact of media preparation by spectroscopic online monitoring. Eng Life Sci 2020; 19:666-680. [PMID: 32624960 PMCID: PMC6999248 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201900050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopharmaceutical manufacturing processes can be affected by variability in cell culture media, e.g. caused by raw material impurities. Although efforts have been made in industry and academia to characterize cell culture media and raw materials with advanced analytics, the process of industrial cell culture media preparation itself has not been reported so far. Within this publication, we first compare mid-infrared and two-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy with respect to their suitability as online monitoring tools during cell culture media preparation, followed by a thorough assessment of the impact of preparation parameters on media quality. Through the application of spectroscopic methods, we can show that media variability and its corresponding root cause can be detected online during the preparation process. This methodology is a powerful tool to avoid batch failure and is a valuable technology for media troubleshooting activities. Moreover, in a design of experiments approach, including additional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analytics, it is shown that variable preparation parameters such as temperature, power input and preparation time can have a strong impact on the physico-chemical composition of the media. The effect on cell culture process performance and product quality in subsequent fed-batch processes was also investigated. The presented results reveal the need for online spectroscopic methods during the preparation process and show that media variability can already be introduced by variation in media preparation parameters, with a potential impact on scale-up to a commercial manufacturing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Brunner
- Bioprocess Development Biologicals Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Biberach Germany
| | - Philipp Brosig
- Bioprocess Development Biologicals Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Biberach Germany
| | - Monika Losing
- Bioprocess Development Biologicals Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Biberach Germany
| | - Marco Kunzelmann
- Analytical Development Biologicals Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Biberach Germany
| | - Amandine Calvet
- Bioprocess Development Biologicals Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Biberach Germany
| | - Fabian Stiefel
- Bioprocess Development Biologicals Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Biberach Germany
| | - Jan Bechmann
- Bioprocess Development Biologicals Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Biberach Germany
| | - Andreas Unsoeld
- Bioprocess Development Biologicals Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Biberach Germany
| | - Jochen Schaub
- Bioprocess Development Biologicals Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Biberach Germany
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10
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Elshereef AA, Jochums A, Lavrentieva A, Stuckenberg L, Scheper T, Solle D. High cell density transient transfection of CHO cells for TGF-β1 expression. Eng Life Sci 2020; 19:730-740. [PMID: 32624966 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201800174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
High cell densities for transient transfection with polyethyleneimine (PEI) can be used for rapid and maximal production of recombinant proteins. High cell densities can be obtained by different cultivation systems, such as batch or perfusion systems. Herein, densities up to 18 million cells/mL were obtained by centrifugation for transfection evaluation. PEI transfection efficiency was easily determined by transfected enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) reporter plasmid DNA (pDNA). A linear correlation between fluorescence intensity and transfection efficiency was improved. The transfection efficiency of PEI was highly dependent on the transfection conditions and directly related to the level of recombinant protein. Several factors were required to optimize the transient transfection process; these factors included the media type (which is compatible with low or high cell density transfection), the preculture CHO-K1 suspension cell density, and the pDNA to PEI level. Based on design of experiment (DoE) analyses, the optimal transfection conditions for 10 × 106 cells/mL in the CHOMACS CD medium achieved 73% transfection efficiency and a cell viability of over 80%. These results were confirmed for the production of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) in a shake flask. The purified TGF-β1 protein concentration from 60 mL supernatant was 27 µg/mL, and the protein was biologically active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla A Elshereef
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover Hannover Germany.,Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division National Research Centre Giza Egypt
| | - André Jochums
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Antonina Lavrentieva
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Lena Stuckenberg
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Dörte Solle
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover Hannover Germany
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11
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Monitoring yeast fermentations by nonlinear infrared technology and chemometrics-understanding process correlations and indirect predictions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:5315-5335. [PMID: 32328682 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10604-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Fermentation processes are still compromised by a lack of monitoring strategies providing integrated process data online, ensuring process understanding, control, and thus, optimal reactor efficiency. The crucial demand for online monitoring strategies, not only encouraged by the PAT initiative but also motivated by modern paradigms such as circular economy and sustainability, has driven research and industry to provide "next-generation process technology": in other words, technology tailored toward industrial needs. Mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy as such is superior to near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy since it provides significantly enhanced selectivity. However, due to high costs and a lack of instrumental robustness, MIR spectroscopy is outcompeted by NIR when it comes to industrial application. The lack of chemometric expertise, model understanding, and practical guidance might add to the slow acceptance of industrial MIR application. This work demonstrates the use of novel MIR, so-called non-linear infrared (NLIR) technology and the importance of model understanding, exemplarily investigated on a lab-scale yeast fermentation process. The six analytes glucose, ethanol, glycerol, acetate, ammonium, and phosphate were modeled by partial least squares (PLS) based on spectral data, demonstrating the potential of the novel technology facilitating online data acquisition and the necessity of investigating indirect predictions. KEY POINTS: • NLIR spectra were acquired online during a yeast fermentation process • PLS models were constructed for six components based on uncorrelated samples • Glucose, ethanol, ammonium, and phosphates were modeled with errors of less than 15% • Acetate and glycerol were shown to rely on indirect predictions.
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12
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Direct optical detection of cell density and viability of mammalian cells by means of UV/VIS spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3359-3371. [PMID: 31897554 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02322-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The critical process parameters cell density and viability during mammalian cell cultivation are assessed by UV/VIS spectroscopy in combination with multivariate data analytical methods. This direct optical detection technique uses a commercial optical probe to acquire spectra in a label-free way without signal enhancement. For the cultivation, an inverse cultivation protocol is applied, which simulates the exponential growth phase by exponentially replacing cells and metabolites of a growing Chinese hamster ovary cell batch with fresh medium. For the simulation of the death phase, a batch of growing cells is progressively replaced by a batch with completely starved cells. Thus, the most important parts of an industrial batch cultivation are easily imitated. The cell viability was determined by the well-established method partial least squares regression (PLS). To further improve process knowledge, the viability has been determined from the spectra based on a multivariate curve resolution (MCR) model. With this approach, the progress of the cultivations can be continuously monitored solely based on an UV/VIS sensor. Thus, the monitoring of critical process parameters is possible inline within a mammalian cell cultivation process, especially the viable cell density. In addition, the beginning of cell death can be detected by this method which allows us to determine the cell viability with acceptable error. The combination of inline UV/VIS spectroscopy with multivariate curve resolution generates additional process knowledge complementary to PLS and is considered a suitable process analytical tool for monitoring industrial cultivation processes.
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13
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Dahlmann K, Busse C, Aupert F, de Vries I, Marquard D, Solle D, Lammers F, Scheper T. Online monitoring of the cell-specific oxygen uptake rate with an in situ combi-sensor. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 412:2111-2121. [PMID: 31802179 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02260-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In a biotechnological process, standard monitored process variables are pH, partial oxygen pressure (pO2), and temperature. These process variables are important, but they do not give any information about the metabolic activity of the cell. The ISICOM is an in situ combi-sensor that is measuring the cell-specific oxygen uptake rate (qOUR) online. This variable allows a qualitative judgement of metabolic cell activity. The measuring principle of the ISICOM is based on a volume element enclosed into a small measuring chamber. Inside the measuring chamber, the pO2 and the scattered light is measured. Within a defined measuring interval, the chamber closes, and the oxygen supply for the cells is interrupted. The decreasing oxygen concentration is recorded by the pO2 optode. This measuring principle, known as the dynamic method, determines the oxygen uptake rate (OUR). Together with the scattered light signal, the cell concentration is estimated and the qOUR is available online. The design of the ISICOM is focused on functionality, sterility, long-term stability, and response time behavior so the sensor can be used in bioprocesses. With the ISICOM, measurement of online and in situ measurement of the OUR is possible. The OUR and qOUR online measurement of an animal cell batch cultivation is demonstrated, with maximum values of OUR = 2.5 mmol L-1 h-1 and a qOUR = 9.5 pmol cell-1 day-1. Information about limitation of the primary and secondary substrate is derived by the monitoring of the metabolic cell activity of bacteria and yeast cultivation processes. This sensor contributes to a higher process understanding by offering an online view on to the cell behavior. In the sense of process analytical technology (PAT), this important information is needed for bioprocesses to realize a knowledge base process control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Dahlmann
- Institut für Technische Chemie, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Busse
- Institut für Technische Chemie, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Aupert
- Institut für Technische Chemie, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo de Vries
- Institut für Technische Chemie, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniel Marquard
- Institut für Technische Chemie, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dörte Solle
- Institut für Technische Chemie, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Frank Lammers
- Sanofi, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institut für Technische Chemie, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
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14
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Young AT, Rivera KR, Erb PD, Daniele MA. Monitoring of Microphysiological Systems: Integrating Sensors and Real-Time Data Analysis toward Autonomous Decision-Making. ACS Sens 2019; 4:1454-1464. [PMID: 30964652 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b01549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microphysiological systems replicate human organ function and are promising technologies for discovery of translatable biomarkers, pharmaceuticals, and regenerative therapies. Because microphysiological systems require complex microscale anatomical structures and heterogeneous cell populations, a major challenge remains to manufacture and operate these products with reproducible and standardized function. In this Perspective, three stages of microphysiological system monitoring, including process, development, and function, are assessed. The unique features and remaining technical challenges for the required sensors are discussed. Monitoring of microphysiological systems requires nondestructive, continuous biosensors and imaging techniques. With such tools, the extent of cellular and tissue development, as well as function, can be autonomously determined and optimized by correlating physical and chemical sensor outputs with markers of physiological performance. Ultimately, data fusion and analyses across process, development, and function monitors can be implemented to adopt microphysiological systems for broad research and commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlyn T. Young
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Kristina R. Rivera
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Patrick D. Erb
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Michael A. Daniele
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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15
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Graf A, Claßen J, Solle D, Hitzmann B, Rebner K, Hoehse M. A novel LED-based 2D-fluorescence spectroscopy system for in-line monitoring of Chinese hamster ovary cell cultivations - Part I. Eng Life Sci 2019; 19:352-362. [PMID: 32625014 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201800149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A new two-dimensional fluorescence sensor system was developed for in-line monitoring of mammalian cell cultures. Fluorescence spectroscopy allows for the detection and quantification of naturally occurring intra- and extracellular fluorophores in the cell broth. The fluorescence signals correlate to the cells' current redox state and other relevant process parameters. Cell culture pretests with twelve different excitation wavelengths showed that only three wavelengths account for a vast majority of spectral variation. Accordingly, the newly developed device utilizes three high-power LEDs as excitation sources in combination with a back-thinned CCD-spectrometer for fluorescence detection. This setup was first tested in a lab design of experiments study with process relevant fluorophores proving its suitability for cell culture monitoring with LOD in the μg/L range. The sensor was then integrated into a CHO-K1 cell culture process. The acquired fluorescence spectra of several batches were evaluated using multivariate methods. The resulting batch evolution models were challenged in deviating and "golden batch" validation runs. These first tests showed that the new sensor can trace the cells' metabolic state in a fast and reliable manner. Cellular distress is quickly detected as a deviation from the "golden batch".
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Graf
- R&D Spectroscopy & Chemometrics Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH Göttingen Germany
- Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T) Faculty Applied Chemistry Reutlingen University Reutlingen Germany
| | - Jens Claßen
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz University of Hanover Hanover Germany
| | - Dörte Solle
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz University of Hanover Hanover Germany
| | - Bernd Hitzmann
- Process Analytics and Cereal Science Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology University Hohenheim Stuttgart Germany
| | - Karsten Rebner
- Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T) Faculty Applied Chemistry Reutlingen University Reutlingen Germany
| | - Marek Hoehse
- R&D Spectroscopy & Chemometrics Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH Göttingen Germany
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16
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At‐line raman spectroscopy and design of experiments for robust monitoring and control of miniature bioreactor cultures. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 35:e2740. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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17
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Li M, Ebel B, Chauchard F, Guédon E, Marc A. Parallel comparison of in situ Raman and NIR spectroscopies to simultaneously measure multiple variables toward real-time monitoring of CHO cell bioreactor cultures. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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18
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Busse C, Biechele P, de Vries I, Reardon KF, Solle D, Scheper T. Sensors for disposable bioreactors. Eng Life Sci 2017; 17:940-952. [PMID: 32624843 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201700049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern bioprocess monitoring demands sensors that provide on-line information about the process state. In particular, sensors for monitoring bioprocesses carried out in single-use bioreactors are needed because disposable systems are becoming increasingly important for biotechnological applications. Requirements for the sensors used in these single-use bioreactors are different than those used in classical reusable bioreactors. For example, long lifetime or resistance to steam and cleaning procedures are less crucial factors, while a requirement of sensors for disposable bioreactors is a cost that is reasonable on a per-use basis. Here, we present an overview of current and emerging sensors for single-use bioreactors, organized by the type of interface of the sensor systems to the bioreactor. A major focus is on non-invasive, in-situ sensors that are based on electromagnetic, semiconducting, optical, or ultrasonic measurements. In addition, new technologies like radio-frequency identification sensors or free-floating sensor spheres are presented. Notably, at this time there is no standard interface between single-use bioreactors and the sensors discussed here. In the future, manufacturers should address this shortcoming to promote single-use bioprocess monitoring and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Busse
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Germany
| | - Philipp Biechele
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Germany
| | - Ingo de Vries
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Germany
| | - Kenneth F Reardon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Colorado State University USA
| | - Dörte Solle
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute of Technical Chemistry Leibniz University Hannover Germany
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19
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Schalk R, Geoerg D, Staubach J, Raedle M, Methner FJ, Beuermann T. Evaluation of a newly developed mid-infrared sensor for real-time monitoring of yeast fermentations. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 123:651-657. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Randek
- Division of Biotechnology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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21
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Predicting the ethanol potential of wheat straw using near-infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics: The challenge of inherently intercorrelated response functions. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 962:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Rowland-Jones RC, van den Berg F, Racher AJ, Martin EB, Jaques C. Comparison of spectroscopy technologies for improved monitoring of cell culture processes in miniature bioreactors. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:337-346. [PMID: 28271638 PMCID: PMC5413828 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell culture process development requires the screening of large numbers of cell lines and process conditions. The development of miniature bioreactor systems has increased the throughput of such studies; however, there are limitations with their use. One important constraint is the limited number of offline samples that can be taken compared to those taken for monitoring cultures in large‐scale bioreactors. The small volume of miniature bioreactor cultures (15 mL) is incompatible with the large sample volume (600 µL) required for bioanalysers routinely used. Spectroscopy technologies may be used to resolve this limitation. The purpose of this study was to compare the use of NIR, Raman, and 2D‐fluorescence to measure multiple analytes simultaneously in volumes suitable for daily monitoring of a miniature bioreactor system. A novel design‐of‐experiment approach is described that utilizes previously analyzed cell culture supernatant to assess metabolite concentrations under various conditions while providing optimal coverage of the desired design space. Multivariate data analysis techniques were used to develop predictive models. Model performance was compared to determine which technology is more suitable for this application. 2D‐fluorescence could more accurately measure ammonium concentration (RMSECV 0.031 g L−1) than Raman and NIR. Raman spectroscopy, however, was more robust at measuring lactate and glucose concentrations (RMSECV 1.11 and 0.92 g L−1, respectively) than the other two techniques. The findings suggest that Raman spectroscopy is more suited for this application than NIR and 2D‐fluorescence. The implementation of Raman spectroscopy increases at‐line measuring capabilities, enabling daily monitoring of key cell culture components within miniature bioreactor cultures. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:337–346, 2017
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth C Rowland-Jones
- BBTC, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K.,Lonza Biologics plc, 228 Bath Road, Slough, SL1 4DX, U.K
| | - Frans van den Berg
- University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, Frederiksberg, DK-1958, Denmark
| | | | - Elaine B Martin
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Colin Jaques
- Lonza Biologics plc, 228 Bath Road, Slough, SL1 4DX, U.K
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23
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Claßen J, Aupert F, Reardon KF, Solle D, Scheper T. Spectroscopic sensors for in-line bioprocess monitoring in research and pharmaceutical industrial application. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:651-666. [PMID: 27900421 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The use of spectroscopic sensors for bioprocess monitoring is a powerful tool within the process analytical technology (PAT) initiative of the US Food and Drug Administration. Spectroscopic sensors enable the simultaneous real-time bioprocess monitoring of various critical process parameters including biological, chemical, and physical variables during the entire biotechnological production process. This potential can be realized through the combination of spectroscopic measurements (UV/Vis spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy) with multivariate data analysis to obtain relevant process information out of an enormous amount of data. This review summarizes the newest results from science and industry after the establishment of the PAT initiative and gives a critical overview of the most common in-line spectroscopic techniques. Examples are provided of the wide range of possible applications in upstream processing and downstream processing of spectroscopic sensors for real-time monitoring to optimize productivity and ensure product quality in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Claßen
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Aupert
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kenneth F Reardon
- Department of Chemical Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, 344 Scott Bioengineering, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523-1370, USA
| | - Dörte Solle
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
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24
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Claßen J, Solle D, Scheper T. Spektroskopische und wissensbasierte Bioprozessüberwachung von CHO-Zellkultivierungen. CHEM-ING-TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201650439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Gouveia FF, Rahbek JP, Mortensen AR, Pedersen MT, Felizardo PM, Bro R, Mealy MJ. Using PAT to accelerate the transition to continuous API manufacturing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:821-832. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9834-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Musmann C, Joeris K, Markert S, Solle D, Scheper T. Spectroscopic methods and their applicability for high-throughput characterization of mammalian cell cultures in automated cell culture systems. Eng Life Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201500122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Musmann
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH; Pharma Biotech Production and Development; Penzberg Germany
| | - Klaus Joeris
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH; Pharma Biotech Production and Development; Penzberg Germany
| | - Sven Markert
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH; Pharma Biotech Production and Development; Penzberg Germany
| | - Dörte Solle
- University of Hannover; Institute for Technical Chemistry; Hannover Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- University of Hannover; Institute for Technical Chemistry; Hannover Germany
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27
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Rosa F, Sales KC, Carmelo JG, Fernandes-Platzgummer A, da Silva CL, Lopes MB, Calado CRC. Monitoring the ex-vivo expansion of human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells in xeno-free microcarrier-based reactor systems by MIR spectroscopy. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:447-55. [PMID: 26701677 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have received considerable attention in the field of cell-based therapies due to their high differentiation potential and ability to modulate immune responses. However, since these cells can only be isolated in very low quantities, successful realization of these therapies requires MSCs ex-vivo expansion to achieve relevant cell doses. The metabolic activity is one of the parameters often monitored during MSCs cultivation by using expensive multi-analytical methods, some of them time-consuming. The present work evaluates the use of mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy, through rapid and economic high-throughput analyses associated to multivariate data analysis, to monitor three different MSCs cultivation runs conducted in spinner flasks, under xeno-free culture conditions, which differ in the type of microcarriers used and the culture feeding strategy applied. After evaluating diverse spectral preprocessing techniques, the optimized partial least square (PLS) regression models based on the MIR spectra to estimate the glucose, lactate and ammonia concentrations yielded high coefficients of determination (R(2) ≥ 0.98, ≥0.98, and ≥0.94, respectively) and low prediction errors (RMSECV ≤ 4.7%, ≤4.4% and ≤5.7%, respectively). Besides PLS models valid for specific expansion protocols, a robust model simultaneously valid for the three processes was also built for predicting glucose, lactate and ammonia, yielding a R(2) of 0.95, 0.97 and 0.86, and a RMSECV of 0.33, 0.57, and 0.09 mM, respectively. Therefore, MIR spectroscopy combined with multivariate data analysis represents a promising tool for both optimization and control of MSCs expansion processes. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:447-455, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Rosa
- Engineering Faculty, Catholic University of Portugal, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
| | - Kevin C Sales
- Engineering Faculty, Catholic University of Portugal, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
| | - Joana G Carmelo
- Dept. of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade De Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisboa, 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Ana Fernandes-Platzgummer
- Dept. of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade De Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisboa, 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Cláudia L da Silva
- Dept. of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade De Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisboa, 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Marta B Lopes
- ISEL-Instituto Superior De Engenharia De Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1, Lisboa, 1959-007, Portugal.,Institute of Telecommunications, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisboa, 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Cecília R C Calado
- ISEL-Instituto Superior De Engenharia De Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1, Lisboa, 1959-007, Portugal
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28
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Mercier SM, Rouel PM, Lebrun P, Diepenbroek B, Wijffels RH, Streefland M. Process analytical technology tools for perfusion cell culture. Eng Life Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201500035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Mercier
- Vaccine Process and Analytical Development Janssen Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Perrine M. Rouel
- Vaccine Process and Analytical Development Janssen Leiden The Netherlands
| | | | - Bas Diepenbroek
- Vaccine Process and Analytical Development Janssen Leiden The Netherlands
| | - René H. Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture University of Nordland Bodø Norway
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29
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Rosa F, Sales KC, Cunha BR, Couto A, Lopes MB, Calado CRC. A comprehensive high-throughput FTIR spectroscopy-based method for evaluating the transfection event: estimating the transfection efficiency and extracting associated metabolic responses. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:8097-108. [PMID: 26329279 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8983-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reporter genes are routinely used in every laboratory for molecular and cellular biology for studying heterologous gene expression and general cellular biological mechanisms, such as transfection processes. Although well characterized and broadly implemented, reporter genes present serious limitations, either by involving time-consuming procedures or by presenting possible side effects on the expression of the heterologous gene or even in the general cellular metabolism. Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) spectroscopy was evaluated to simultaneously analyze in a rapid (minutes) and high-throughput mode (using 96-wells microplates), the transfection efficiency, and the effect of the transfection process on the host cell biochemical composition and metabolism. Semi-adherent HEK and adherent AGS cell lines, transfected with the plasmid pVAX-GFP using Lipofectamine, were used as model systems. Good partial least squares (PLS) models were built to estimate the transfection efficiency, either considering each cell line independently (R (2) ≥ 0.92; RMSECV ≤ 2 %) or simultaneously considering both cell lines (R (2) = 0.90; RMSECV = 2 %). Additionally, the effect of the transfection process on the HEK cell biochemical and metabolic features could be evaluated directly from the FT-IR spectra. Due to the high sensitivity of the technique, it was also possible to discriminate the effect of the transfection process from the transfection reagent on KEK cells, e.g., by the analysis of spectral biomarkers and biochemical and metabolic features. The present results are far beyond what any reporter gene assay or other specific probe can offer for these purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Rosa
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Estrada Otávio Pato, 2635-631, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
| | - Kevin C Sales
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Estrada Otávio Pato, 2635-631, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
| | - Bernardo R Cunha
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Estrada Otávio Pato, 2635-631, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
| | - Andreia Couto
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Estrada Otávio Pato, 2635-631, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
| | - Marta B Lopes
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Estrada Otávio Pato, 2635-631, Rio de Mouro, Portugal.,Instituto de Telecomunicações, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cecília R C Calado
- Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1, 1959-007, Lisbon, Portugal.
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30
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Sales KC, Rosa F, Sampaio PN, Fonseca LP, Lopes MB, Calado CRC. In situ near-infrared (NIR) versus high-throughput mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy to monitor biopharmaceutical production. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 69:760-772. [PMID: 25955848 DOI: 10.1366/14-07588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of biopharmaceutical manufacturing processes presents critical constraints, with the major constraint being that living cells synthesize these molecules, presenting inherent behavior variability due to their high sensitivity to small fluctuations in the cultivation environment. To speed up the development process and to control this critical manufacturing step, it is relevant to develop high-throughput and in situ monitoring techniques, respectively. Here, high-throughput mid-infrared (MIR) spectral analysis of dehydrated cell pellets and in situ near-infrared (NIR) spectral analysis of the whole culture broth were compared to monitor plasmid production in recombinant Escherichia coli cultures. Good partial least squares (PLS) regression models were built, either based on MIR or NIR spectral data, yielding high coefficients of determination (R(2)) and low predictive errors (root mean square error, or RMSE) to estimate host cell growth, plasmid production, carbon source consumption (glucose and glycerol), and by-product acetate production and consumption. The predictive errors for biomass, plasmid, glucose, glycerol, and acetate based on MIR data were 0.7 g/L, 9 mg/L, 0.3 g/L, 0.4 g/L, and 0.4 g/L, respectively, whereas for NIR data the predictive errors obtained were 0.4 g/L, 8 mg/L, 0.3 g/L, 0.2 g/L, and 0.4 g/L, respectively. The models obtained are robust as they are valid for cultivations conducted with different media compositions and with different cultivation strategies (batch and fed-batch). Besides being conducted in situ with a sterilized fiber optic probe, NIR spectroscopy allows building PLS models for estimating plasmid, glucose, and acetate that are as accurate as those obtained from the high-throughput MIR setup, and better models for estimating biomass and glycerol, yielding a decrease in 57 and 50% of the RMSE, respectively, compared to the MIR setup. However, MIR spectroscopy could be a valid alternative in the case of optimization protocols, due to possible space constraints or high costs associated with the use of multi-fiber optic probes for multi-bioreactors. In this case, MIR could be conducted in a high-throughput manner, analyzing hundreds of culture samples in a rapid and automatic mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Sales
- Engineering Faculty, Catholic University of Portugal, Estrada Octávio Pato, 2635-631, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
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31
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Biechele P, Busse C, Solle D, Scheper T, Reardon K. Sensor systems for bioprocess monitoring. Eng Life Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201500014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Biechele
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Leibniz University; Hannover Germany
| | - Christoph Busse
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Leibniz University; Hannover Germany
| | - Dörte Solle
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Leibniz University; Hannover Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Leibniz University; Hannover Germany
| | - Kenneth Reardon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
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32
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33
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Capito F, Zimmer A, Skudas R. Mid-infrared spectroscopy-based analysis of mammalian cell culture Parameters. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:578-84. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Capito
- Inst. for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Technische Universität Darmstadt; 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Aline Zimmer
- Merck Millipore, Pharm Chemical Solutions, Upstream Cell culture media R&D; Frankfurter Strasse 250 64293 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Romas Skudas
- Merck KGaA, PTD; Frankfurter Strasse 250 64293 Darmstadt Germany
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34
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Pais DAM, Carrondo MJT, Alves PM, Teixeira AP. Towards real-time monitoring of therapeutic protein quality in mammalian cell processes. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 30:161-7. [PMID: 25035940 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein biopharmaceuticals are mainly produced in mammalian cells which can perform human-like post-translational modifications crucial to protein function. Subject to high variability, these critical quality attributes should be monitored and controlled during the manufacturing process. However, the large time requirements for analysis have been a bottleneck. Recent advances towards automated and high-throughput techniques, combined with multivariate data analysis, are increasingly providing relevant process knowledge in near real-time. New or re-designed analytical tools suited for monitoring product quality are starting to fit in this landscape. Moreover, omics technologies are expanding our understanding of how intracellular mechanisms and the extracellular milieu influence protein quality and quantity, reshaping the adoption of Process Analytical Technology (PAT) and Quality by Design (QbD) in the biopharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A M Pais
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Manuel J T Carrondo
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paula M Alves
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana P Teixeira
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
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35
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In situmicroscopy and MIR-spectroscopy as non-invasive optical sensors for cell cultivation process monitoring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.14.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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On-line near infrared bioreactor monitoring of cell density and concentrations of glucose and lactate during insect cell cultivation. J Biotechnol 2014; 173:106-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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