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Alsultan A, Farge D, Kili S, Forte M, Weiss DJ, Grignon F, Boelens JJ. International Society for Cell and Gene Therapy Clinical Translation Committee recommendations on mesenchymal stromal cells in graft-versus-host disease: easy manufacturing is faced with standardizing and commercialization challenges. Cytotherapy 2024:S1465-3249(24)00713-8. [PMID: 38804990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2024.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been used in multiple clinical trials for steroid-refractory moderate-severe (grade II-IV) acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) across the world over the last two decades. Despite very promising results in a variety of trials, it failed to get widespread approval by regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency. What lessons can we learn from this for future studies on MSCs and other cell therapy products? Broad heterogeneity among published trials using MSCs in aGVHD was likely the core problem. We propose a standardized approach in regards to donor-related factors, MSCs-related characteristics, as well as clinical trial design, to limit heterogeneity in trials for aGVHD and to fulfill the requirements of regulatory agencies. This approach may be expanded beyond MSCs to other Cell and Gene therapy products and trials in other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Alsultan
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MSK Kids, Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dominique Farge
- Internal Medicine Unit (UF 04): CRMR MATHEC, Autoimmune diseases and Cellular Therapy, St-Louis Hospital, Center of reference for rare systemic autoimmune diseases of Ile-de-France (FAI2R), AP-HP, Hôpital St-Louis, Paris University, IRSL, Paris, France; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sven Kili
- Sven Kili Consulting Ltd., Shrewsbury, UK; Saisei Ventures, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; CCRM, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Daniel J Weiss
- University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Felix Grignon
- International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jaap Jan Boelens
- Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MSK Kids, Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
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2
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Major GS, Doan VK, Longoni A, Bilek MMM, Wise SG, Rnjak-Kovacina J, Yeo GC, Lim KS. Mapping the microcarrier design pathway to modernise clinical mesenchymal stromal cell expansion. Trends Biotechnol 2024:S0167-7799(24)00001-5. [PMID: 38320911 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Microcarrier expansion systems show exciting potential to revolutionise mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-based clinical therapies by providing an opportunity for economical large-scale expansion of donor- and patient-derived cells. The poor reproducibility and efficiency of cell expansion on commercial polystyrene microcarriers have driven the development of novel microcarriers with tuneable physical, mechanical, and cell-instructive properties. These new microcarriers show innovation toward improving cell expansion outcomes, although their limited biological characterisation and compatibility with dynamic culture systems suggest the need to realign the microcarrier design pathway. Clear headway has been made toward developing infrastructure necessary for scaling up these technologies; however, key challenges remain in characterising the wholistic effects of microcarrier properties on the biological fate and function of expanded MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretel S Major
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vinh K Doan
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alessia Longoni
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcela M M Bilek
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Nano Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Steven G Wise
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jelena Rnjak-Kovacina
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Tyree Institute of Health Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Giselle C Yeo
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Khoon S Lim
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Nano Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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3
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López-Fernández A, Garcia-Gragera V, Lecina M, Vives J. Identification of critical process parameters for expansion of clinical grade human Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in stirred-tank bioreactors. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300381. [PMID: 38403461 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Cell therapies based on multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are traditionally produced using 2D culture systems and platelet lysate- or serum-containing media (SCM). Although cost-effective for single-dose autologous treatments, this approach is not suitable for larger scale manufacturing (e.g., multiple-dose autologous or allogeneic therapies with banked MSCs); automated, scalable and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)-compliant platforms are urgently needed. The feasibility of transitioning was evaluated from an established Wharton's jelly MSCs (WJ-MSCs) 2D production strategy to a new one with stirred-tank bioreactors (STRs). Experimental conditions included four GMP-compliant xeno- and serum-free media (XSFM) screened in 2D conditions and two GMP-grade microcarriers assessed in 0.25 L-STRs using SCM. From the screening, a XSFM was selected and compared against SCM using the best-performing microcarrier. It was observed that SCM outperformed the 2D-selected medium in STRs, reinforcing the importance of 2D-to-3D transition studies before translation into clinical production settings. It was also found that attachment efficiency and microcarrier colonization were essential to attain higher fold expansions, and were therefore defined as critical process parameters. Nevertheless, WJ-MSCs were readily expanded in STRs with both media, preserving critical quality attributes in terms of identity, viability and differentiation potency, and yielding up to 1.47 × 109 cells in a real-scale 2.4-L batch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba López-Fernández
- Servei de Teràpia Cel·lular i Avançada, Banc de Sang i Teixits, Edifici Dr. Frederic Duran i Jordà, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Garcia-Gragera
- Servei de Teràpia Cel·lular i Avançada, Banc de Sang i Teixits, Edifici Dr. Frederic Duran i Jordà, Barcelona, Spain
- Engineering Materials Group (GEMAT), Bioprocessing Lab, IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramón Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martí Lecina
- Engineering Materials Group (GEMAT), Bioprocessing Lab, IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramón Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Vives
- Servei de Teràpia Cel·lular i Avançada, Banc de Sang i Teixits, Edifici Dr. Frederic Duran i Jordà, Barcelona, Spain
- Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Kaneko M, Sato A, Ayano S, Fujita A, Kobayashi G, Ito A. Expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells on poly(vinyl alcohol) microcarriers. J Biosci Bioeng 2023; 136:407-414. [PMID: 37657971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Microcarriers provide a high surface-area-to-volume ratio that can realize high yields of cell products, including human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Here, we report a novel poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based microcarrier for hMSC expansion in suspension culture. PVA microcarriers were prepared as collagen-coated PVA hydrogels 181 μm in size and a high surface-area-to-weight ratio of 2945 cm2/g. The PVA microcarriers supported a 2.6-fold expansion of hMSCs in a 30-mL single-use stirred bioreactor after a 7 d culture period, comparable to that of commercially available microcarriers. Interestingly, we observed that hMSCs on PVA microcarriers adhered to adjacent microcarriers, resulting in the aggregation of hMSC-PVA microcarriers. Therefore, we conducted a long-term expansion culture using a bead-to-bead cell transfer method with PVA microcarriers. Fresh microcarriers were added to the cell-populated microcarriers in the bioreactor on days 7 and 14. hMSCs on PVA microcarriers continued to grow for 21 d using the bead-to-bead cell transfer method. Furthermore, magnetic PVA (PVA-mag) microcarriers were developed by loading magnetic nanoparticles into PVA microcarriers, and we demonstrated that these PVA-mag microcarriers enabled cell recovery by magnetic separation. These results suggest that these PVA microcarriers can contribute to the large-scale culture of hMSCs for regenerative medicine and cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kaneko
- Department of Chemical Systems Engineering, School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Airi Sato
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Satoru Ayano
- Research and Development Division, Kuraray Co., Ltd., 41 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0841, Japan
| | - Akio Fujita
- Research and Development Division, Kuraray Co., Ltd., 41 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0841, Japan
| | - Goro Kobayashi
- Research and Development Division, Kuraray Co., Ltd., 41 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0841, Japan
| | - Akira Ito
- Department of Chemical Systems Engineering, School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
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5
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Zhang A, Wong JKU, Redzikultsava K, Baldry M, Alavi SK, Wang Z, van Koten E, Weiss A, Bilek M, Yeo GC, Akhavan B. A cost-effective and enhanced mesenchymal stem cell expansion platform with internal plasma-activated biofunctional interfaces. Mater Today Bio 2023; 22:100727. [PMID: 37529421 PMCID: PMC10388840 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) used for clinical applications require in vitro expansion to achieve therapeutically relevant numbers. However, conventional planar cell expansion approaches using tissue culture vessels are inefficient, costly, and can trigger MSC phenotypic and functional decline. Here we present a one-step dry plasma process to modify the internal surfaces of three-dimensional (3D) printed, high surface area to volume ratio (high-SA:V) porous scaffolds as platforms for stem cell expansion. To address the long-lasting challenge of uniform plasma treatment within the micrometre-sized pores of scaffolds, we developed a packed bed plasma immersion ion implantation (PBPI3) technology by which plasma is ignited inside porous materials for homogeneous surface activation. COMSOL Multiphysics simulations support our experimental data and provide insights into the role of electrical field and pressure distribution in plasma ignition. Spatial surface characterisation inside scaffolds demonstrates the homogeneity of PBPI3 activation. The PBPI3 treatment induces radical-containing chemical structures that enable the covalent attachment of biomolecules via a simple, non-toxic, single-step incubation process. We showed that PBPI3-treated scaffolds biofunctionalised with fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) significantly promoted the expansion of MSCs, preserved cell phenotypic expression, and multipotency, while reducing the usage of costly growth factor supplements. This breakthrough PBPI3 technology can be applied to a wide range of 3D polymeric porous scaffolds, paving the way towards developing new biomimetic interfaces for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyu Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Sydney Nano Institute, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Johnny Kuan Un Wong
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Sydney Nano Institute, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Katazhyna Redzikultsava
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mark Baldry
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Sydney Nano Institute, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Seyedeh Kh Alavi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Anthony Weiss
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Marcela Bilek
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Sydney Nano Institute, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Giselle C Yeo
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Behnam Akhavan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Sydney Nano Institute, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), Precision Medicine Program, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
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6
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Fernandes-Platzgummer A, Cunha R, Morini S, Carvalho M, Moreno-Cid J, García C, Cabral JMS, da Silva CL. Optimized operation of a controlled stirred tank reactor system for the production of mesenchymal stromal cells and their extracellular vesicles. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:2742-2755. [PMID: 37318000 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic effects of human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have been attributed mostly to their paracrine activity, exerted through small-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) rather than their engraftment into injured tissues. Currently, the production of MSC-derived EVs (MSC-EVs) is performed in laborious static culture systems with limited manufacturing capacity using serum-containing media. In this work, a serum-/xenogeneic-free microcarrier-based culture system was successfully established for bone marrow-derived MSC cultivation and MSC-EV production using a 2 l-scale controlled stirred tank reactor (STR) operated under fed-batch (FB) or fed-batch combined with continuous perfusion (FB/CP). Overall, maximal cell numbers of (3.0 ± 0.12) × 108 and (5.3 ± 0.32) × 108 were attained at Days 8 and 12 for FB and FB/CP cultures, respectively, and MSC(M) expanded under both conditions retained their immunophenotype. MSC-EVs were identified in the conditioned medium collected from all STR cultures by transmission electron microscopy, and EV protein markers were successfully identified by Western blot analysis. Overall, no significant differences were observed between EVs isolated from MSC expanded in STR operated under the two feeding approaches. EV mean sizes of 163 ± 5.27 nm and 162 ± 4.44 nm (p > 0.05) and concentrations of (2.4 ± 0.35) × 1011 EVs/mL and (3.0 ± 0.48) × 1011 EVs/mL (p > 0.05) were estimated by nanoparticle tracking analysis for FB and FB/CP cultures, respectively. The STR-based platform optimized herein represents a major contribution toward the development of human MSC- and MSC-EV-based products as promising therapeutic agents for Regenerative Medicine settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Fernandes-Platzgummer
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Raquel Cunha
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara Morini
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Carvalho
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Juan Moreno-Cid
- Bionet Servicios Técnicos S.L., Avenida Azul, parcela 2.11.2, 30320 Parque Tecnológico de Fuente Álamo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen García
- Bionet Servicios Técnicos S.L., Avenida Azul, parcela 2.11.2, 30320 Parque Tecnológico de Fuente Álamo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Joaquim M S Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cláudia L da Silva
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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7
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Wang Z, Zhang X, Xue L, Wang G, Li X, Chen J, Xu R, Xu T. A controllable gelatin-based microcarriers fabrication system for the whole procedures of MSCs amplification and tissue engineering. Regen Biomater 2023; 10:rbad068. [PMID: 37638061 PMCID: PMC10458456 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbad068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Biopolymer microbeads present substantial benefits for cell expansion, tissue engineering, and drug release applications. However, a fabrication system capable of producing homogeneous microspheres with high precision and controllability for cell proliferation, passaging, harvesting and downstream application is limited. Therefore, we developed a co-flow microfluidics-based system for the generation of uniform and size-controllable gelatin-based microcarriers (GMs) for mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) expansion and tissue engineering. Our evaluation of GMs revealed superior homogeneity and efficiency of cellular attachment, expansion and harvest, and MSCs expanded on GMs exhibited high viability while retaining differentiation multipotency. Optimization of passaging and harvesting protocols was achieved through the addition of blank GMs and treatment with collagenase, respectively. Furthermore, we demonstrated that MSC-loaded GMs were printable and could serve as building blocks for tissue regeneration scaffolds. These results suggested that our platform held promise for the fabrication of uniform GMs with downstream application of MSC culture, expansion and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixian Wang
- Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuxiu Zhang
- Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Limin Xue
- Department of Research and Development, Huaqing Zhimei (Shenzhen) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518107, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gangwei Wang
- Department of Emergency, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinda Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Chen
- Bio-intelligent Manufacturing and Living Matter Bioprinting Center, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518057, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruxiang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Xu
- Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, People’s Republic of China
- Bio-intelligent Manufacturing and Living Matter Bioprinting Center, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518057, People’s Republic of China
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Jankovic MG, Stojkovic M, Bojic S, Jovicic N, Kovacevic MM, Ivosevic Z, Juskovic A, Kovacevic V, Ljujic B. Scaling up human mesenchymal stem cell manufacturing using bioreactors for clinical uses. Curr Res Transl Med 2023; 71:103393. [PMID: 37163885 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2023.103393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are multipotent cells and an attractive therapeutic agent in regenerative medicine and intensive clinical research. Despite the great potential, the limitation that needs to be overcome is the necessity of ex vivo expansion because of insufficient number of hMSCs presented within adult organs and the high doses required for a transplantation. As a result, numerous research studies aim to provide novel expansion methods in order to achieve appropriate numbers of cells with preserved therapeutic quality. Bioreactor-based cell expansion provide high-level production of hMSCs in accordance with good manufacturing practice (GMP) and quality standards. This review summarizes current knowledge about the hMSCs manufacturing platforms with a main focus to the application of bioreactors for large-scale production of GMP-grade hMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gazdic Jankovic
- University of Kragujevac, Serbia, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Genetics, Serbia.
| | | | - Sanja Bojic
- Newcastle University, School of Computing, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nemanja Jovicic
- University of Kragujevac, Serbia, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Histology and Embryology, Serbia
| | - Marina Miletic Kovacevic
- University of Kragujevac, Serbia, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Histology and Embryology, Serbia
| | - Zeljko Ivosevic
- University of Kragujevac, Serbia, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Genetics, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Juskovic
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Clinical Centre of Montenegro, 81110 Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Vojin Kovacevic
- University of Kragujevac, Serbia, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Serbia
| | - Biljana Ljujic
- University of Kragujevac, Serbia, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Genetics, Serbia
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9
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Korntner SH, Di Nubila A, Gaspar D, Zeugolis DI. Macromolecular crowding in animal component-free, xeno-free and foetal bovine serum media for human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell expansion and differentiation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1136827. [PMID: 36949882 PMCID: PMC10025396 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1136827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cell culture media containing undefined animal-derived components and prolonged in vitro culture periods in the absence of native extracellular matrix result in phenotypic drift of human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs). Methods: Herein, we assessed whether animal component-free (ACF) or xeno-free (XF) media formulations maintain hBMSC phenotypic characteristics more effectively than foetal bovine serum (FBS)-based media. In addition, we assessed whether tissue-specific extracellular matrix, induced via macromolecular crowding (MMC) during expansion and/or differentiation, can more tightly control hBMSC fate. Results: Cells expanded in animal component-free media showed overall the highest phenotype maintenance, as judged by cluster of differentiation expression analysis. Contrary to FBS media, ACF and XF media increased cellularity over time in culture, as measured by total DNA concentration. While MMC with Ficoll™ increased collagen deposition of cells in FBS media, FBS media induced significantly lower collagen synthesis and/or deposition than the ACF and XF media. Cells expanded in FBS media showed higher adipogenic differentiation than ACF and XF media, which was augmented by MMC with Ficoll™ during expansion. Similarly, Ficoll™ crowding also increased chondrogenic differentiation. Of note, donor-to-donor variability was observed for collagen type I deposition and trilineage differentiation capacity of hBMSCs. Conclusion: Collectively, our data indicate that appropriate screening of donors, media and supplements, in this case MMC agent, should be conducted for the development of clinically relevant hBMSC medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie H. Korntner
- Regenerative, Modular and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL) and Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Alessia Di Nubila
- Regenerative, Modular and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL) and Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Diana Gaspar
- Regenerative, Modular and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL) and Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Dimitrios I. Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL) and Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Regenerative, Modular and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Charles Institute of Dermatology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research and School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Dimitrios I. Zeugolis,
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10
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Yan XR, Li J, Na XM, Li T, Xia YF, Zhou WQ, Ma GH. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Proliferation on Konjac Glucomannan Microcarriers: Effect of Rigidity. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2800-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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11
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Dai Y, Cui X, Zhang G, Mohsin A, Xu H, Zhuang Y, Guo M. Development of a novel feeding regime for large scale production of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem/stromal cells. Cytotechnology 2022; 74:351-369. [DOI: 10.1007/s10616-022-00523-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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12
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Rogers RE, Haskell A, White BP, Dalal S, Lopez M, Tahan D, Pan S, Kaur G, Kim H, Barreda H, Woodard SL, Benavides OR, Dai J, Zhao Q, Maitland KC, Han A, Nikolov ZL, Liu F, Lee RH, Gregory CA, Kaunas R. A scalable system for generation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from induced pluripotent cells employing bioreactors and degradable microcarriers. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:1650-1665. [PMID: 34505405 PMCID: PMC8641084 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.21-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are effective in treating disorders resulting from an inflammatory or heightened immune response. The hMSCs derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (ihMSCs) share the characteristics of tissue derived hMSCs but lack challenges associated with limited tissue sources and donor variation. To meet the expected future demand for ihMSCs, there is a need to develop scalable methods for their production at clinical yields while retaining immunomodulatory efficacy. Herein, we describe a platform for the scalable expansion and rapid harvest of ihMSCs with robust immunomodulatory activity using degradable gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) microcarriers. GelMA microcarriers were rapidly and reproducibly fabricated using a custom microfluidic step emulsification device at relatively low cost. Using vertical wheel bioreactors, 8.8 to 16.3‐fold expansion of ihMSCs was achieved over 8 days. Complete recovery by 5‐minute digestion of the microcarriers with standard cell dissociation reagents resulted in >95% viability. The ihMSCs matched or exceeded immunomodulatory potential in vitro when compared with ihMSCs expanded on monolayers. This is the first description of a robust, scalable, and cost‐effective method for generation of immunomodulatory ihMSCs, representing a significant contribution to their translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Rogers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew Haskell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Berkley P White
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, Emerging Technologies Building, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Sujata Dalal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Megan Lopez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel Tahan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Simin Pan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Gagandeep Kaur
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Hyemee Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Heather Barreda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Susan L Woodard
- National Center for Therapeutics Manufacturing, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Oscar R Benavides
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, Emerging Technologies Building, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jing Dai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, Wisenbaker Engineering Building, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Qingguo Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Kristen C Maitland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, Emerging Technologies Building, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Arum Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, Emerging Technologies Building, College Station, Texas, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, Wisenbaker Engineering Building, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Zivko L Nikolov
- National Center for Therapeutics Manufacturing, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.,Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, Scoates Hall, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Ryang Hwa Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Carl A Gregory
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Roland Kaunas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, Emerging Technologies Building, College Station, Texas, USA
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13
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Sion C, Ghannoum D, Ebel B, Gallo F, de Isla N, Guedon E, Chevalot I, Olmos E. A new perfusion mode of culture for WJ-MSCs expansion in a stirred and online monitored bioreactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:4453-4464. [PMID: 34387862 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
As a clinical dose requires a minimum of 106 cells per kilogram of patients, it is, therefore, crucial to develop a scalable method of production of Wharton Jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) with maintained inner characteristics. Scalable expansion of WJ-MSCs on microcarriers usually found in cell culture, involves specific cell detachment using trypsin and could have harmful effects on cells. In this study, the performance of batch, fed-batch, and perfused-continuous mode of culture were compared. The batch and fed-batch modes resulted in expansion factors of 5 and 43, respectively. The perfused-continuous mode strategy consisted of the implementation of a settling tube inside the bioreactor. The diameter of the tube was calculated to maintain microcarriers colonized by cells in the bioreactor whereas empty microcarriers (responsible for potentially damaging collisions) were removed, using a continuous flow rate based on MSCs physiological requirements. Thanks to this strategy, a maximal number of 800 million cells was obtained in a 1.5 L bioreactor in 10 days. Lastly, online dielectric spectroscopy was implemented in the bioreactor and indicated that cell growth could be monitored during the culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Sion
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Université de Lorraine, CNRS UMR 7274, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Dima Ghannoum
- Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire, Université de Lorraine, CNRS UMR 7365, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Bruno Ebel
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Université de Lorraine, CNRS UMR 7274, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Fanny Gallo
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Université de Lorraine, CNRS UMR 7274, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Natalia de Isla
- Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire, Université de Lorraine, CNRS UMR 7365, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Emmanuel Guedon
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Université de Lorraine, CNRS UMR 7274, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Isabelle Chevalot
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Université de Lorraine, CNRS UMR 7274, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Eric Olmos
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Université de Lorraine, CNRS UMR 7274, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
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14
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Tsai AC, Pacak CA. Bioprocessing of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells: From Planar Culture to Microcarrier-Based Bioreactors. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:bioengineering8070096. [PMID: 34356203 PMCID: PMC8301102 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8070096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have demonstrated great potential to be used as therapies for many types of diseases. Due to their immunoprivileged status, allogeneic hMSCs therapies are particularly attractive options and methodologies to improve their scaling and manufacturing are needed. Microcarrier-based bioreactor systems provide higher volumetric hMSC production in automated closed systems than conventional planar cultures. However, more sophisticated bioprocesses are necessary to successfully convert from planar culture to microcarriers. This article summarizes key steps involved in the planar culture to microcarrier hMSC manufacturing scheme, from seed train, inoculation, expansion and harvest. Important bioreactor parameters, such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), mixing, feeding strategies and cell counting techniques, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang-Chen Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
- Correspondence: (A.-C.T.); (C.A.P.)
| | - Christina A. Pacak
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Correspondence: (A.-C.T.); (C.A.P.)
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15
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Hanga MP, de la Raga FA, Moutsatsou P, Hewitt CJ, Nienow AW, Wall I. Scale-up of an intensified bioprocess for the expansion of bovine adipose-derived stem cells (bASCs) in stirred tank bioreactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3175-3186. [PMID: 34076888 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cultivated meat is an emerging field, aiming to establish the production of animal tissue for human consumption in an in vitro environment, eliminating the need to raise and slaughter animals for their meat. To realise this, the expansion of primary cells in a bioreactor is needed to achieve the high cell numbers required. The aim of this study was to develop a scalable, microcarrier based, intensified bioprocess for the expansion of bovine adipose-derived stem cells as precursors of fat and muscle tissue. The intensified bioprocess development was carried out initially in spinner flasks of different sizes and then translated to fully controlled litre scale benchtop bioreactors. Bioprocess intensification was achieved by utilising the previously demonstrated bead-to-bead transfer phenomenon and through the combined addition of microcarrier and medium to double the existing surface area and working volume in the bioreactor. Choosing the optimal time point for the additions was critical in enhancing the cell expansion. A significant fold increase of 114.19 ± 1.07 was obtained at the litre scale in the intensified bioprocess compared to the baseline (**p < .005). The quality of the cells was evaluated pre- and post-expansion and the cells were found to maintain their phenotype and differentiation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Petronela Hanga
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK
| | - Fritz Anthony de la Raga
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK
| | - Panagiota Moutsatsou
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher J Hewitt
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alvin W Nienow
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ivan Wall
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Nanobiomedical Science, Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
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16
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Hanga MP, Nienow AW, Murasiewicz H, Pacek AW, Hewitt CJ, Coopman K. Expansion of human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells on temporary liquid microcarriers. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (OXFORD, OXFORDSHIRE : 1986) 2021; 96:930-940. [PMID: 33776183 PMCID: PMC7984227 DOI: 10.1002/jctb.6601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional large-scale culture systems for human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hMSCs) use solid microcarriers as attachment substrates. Although the use of such substrates is advantageous because of the high surface-to-volume ratio, cell harvest from the same substrates is a challenge as it requires enzymatic treatment, often combined with agitation. Here, we investigated a two-phase system for expansion and non-enzymatic recovery of hMSCs. Perfluorocarbon droplets were dispersed in a protein-rich growth medium and were used as temporary liquid microcarriers for hMSC culture. RESULTS hMSCs successfully attached to these liquid microcarriers, exhibiting similar morphologies to those cultured on solid ones. Fold increases of 3.03 ± 0.98 (hMSC1) and 3.81 ± 0.29 (hMSC2) were achieved on day 9. However, the maximum expansion folds were recorded on day 4 (4.79 ± 0.47 (hMSC1) and 4.856 ± 0.7 (hMSC2)). This decrease was caused by cell aggregation upon reaching confluency due to the contraction of the interface between the two phases. Cell quality, as assessed by differentiation, cell surface marker expression and clonogenic ability, was retained post expansion on the liquid microcarriers. Cell harvesting was achieved non-enzymatically in two steps: first by inducing droplet coalescence and then aspirating the interface. Quality characteristics of hMSCs continued to be retained even after inducing droplet coalescence. CONCLUSION The prospect of a temporary microcarrier that can be used to expand cells and then 'disappear' for cell release without using proteolytic enzymes is a very exciting one. Here, we have demonstrated that hMSCs can attach and proliferate on these perfluorocarbon liquid microcarriers while, very importantly, retaining their quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P Hanga
- Department of Biosciences, School of Life and Health SciencesAston UniversityBirminghamUK
- Centre for Biological Engineering, School of AACME, Chemical Engineering DepartmentLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | - Alvin W Nienow
- Department of Biosciences, School of Life and Health SciencesAston UniversityBirminghamUK
- Centre for Biological Engineering, School of AACME, Chemical Engineering DepartmentLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Halina Murasiewicz
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and EngineeringWest Pomeranian University of TechnologySzczecinPoland
| | - Andrzej W Pacek
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Christopher J Hewitt
- Department of Biosciences, School of Life and Health SciencesAston UniversityBirminghamUK
- Centre for Biological Engineering, School of AACME, Chemical Engineering DepartmentLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | - Karen Coopman
- Centre for Biological Engineering, School of AACME, Chemical Engineering DepartmentLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
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17
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Noronha NC, Mizukami A, Orellana MD, Oliveira MC, Covas DT, Swiech K, Malmegrim KC. Hypoxia priming improves in vitro angiogenic properties of umbilical cord derived-mesenchymal stromal cells expanded in stirred-tank bioreactor. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.107949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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18
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Wong KU, Zhang A, Akhavan B, Bilek MM, Yeo GC. Biomimetic Culture Strategies for the Clinical Expansion of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021. [PMID: 33599471 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) typically require significant ex vivo expansion to achieve the high cell numbers required for research and clinical applications. However, conventional MSC culture on planar (2D) plastic surfaces has been shown to induce MSC senescence and decrease cell functionality over long-term proliferation, and usually, it has a high labor requirement, a high usage of reagents, and therefore, a high cost. In this Review, we describe current MSC-based therapeutic strategies and outline the important factors that need to be considered when developing next-generation cell expansion platforms. To retain the functional value of expanded MSCs, ex vivo culture systems should ideally recapitulate the components of the native stem cell microenvironment, which include soluble cues, resident cells, and the extracellular matrix substrate. We review the interplay between these stem cell niche components and their biological roles in governing MSC phenotype and functionality. We discuss current biomimetic strategies of incorporating biochemical and biophysical cues in MSC culture platforms to grow clinically relevant cell numbers while preserving cell potency and stemness. This Review summarizes the current state of MSC expansion technologies and the challenges that still need to be overcome for MSC clinical applications to be feasible and sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Un Wong
- Charles Perkins Center, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Anyu Zhang
- School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Behnam Akhavan
- School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Marcela M Bilek
- Charles Perkins Center, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Giselle C Yeo
- Charles Perkins Center, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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19
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Development of a Biodegradable Microcarrier for the Cultivation of Human Adipose Stem Cells (hASCs) with a Defined Xeno- and Serum-Free Medium. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11030925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stirred single-use bioreactors in combination with microcarriers (MCs) have established themselves as a technology that has the potential to meet the demands of current and future cell therapeutic markets. However, most of the published processes have been performed using fetal bovine serum (FBS) containing cell culture medium and non-biocompatible MCs. This approach has two significant drawbacks: firstly, the inevitable potential risks associated with the use of FBS for clinical applications; secondly, non-biocompatible MCs have to be removed from the cell suspension before implantation, requiring a step that causes loss of viable cells and adds further costs and complications. This study aimed to develop a new platform based on a chemically defined xeno- and serum-free cell culture medium and biodegradable MC that can support the growth of human adipose stem cells (hASCs) while still preserving their undifferentiated status. A specific combination of components and manufacturing parameters resulted in a MC prototype, called “BR44”, which delivered the desired functionality. MC BR44 allows the hASCs to stick to its surface and grow in a chemically defined xeno- and serum-free medium (UrSuppe). Although the cells’ expansion rate was not as high as with a commercial non-biodegradable standard MC, those cultured on BR44 maintained a better undifferentiated status in both static and dynamic conditions than those cultured on traditional 2D surfaces.
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20
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Somville E, Kumar AA, Guicheux J, Halgand B, Demoustier-Champagne S, des Rieux A, Jonas AM, Glinel K. Green and Tunable Animal Protein-Free Microcarriers for Cell Expansion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:50303-50314. [PMID: 33119274 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell culture on microcarriers emerges as an alternative of two-dimensional culture to produce large cell doses, which are required for cell-based therapies. Herein, we report a versatile and easy solvent-free greener fabrication process to prepare microcarriers based on a biosourced and compostable polymer. The preparation of the microcarrier core, which is based on poly(L-lactide) crystallization from a polymer blend, allows us to easily tune the density, porosity, and size of the microparticles. A bioadhesive coating based on biopolymers, devoid of animal protein and optimized to improve cell adhesion, is then successfully deposited on the surface of the microcarriers. The ability of these new microcarriers to expand human adipose-derived stromal cells with good yield, in semistatic and dynamic conditions, is demonstrated. Finally, bead-to-bead cell transfer is shown to increase the yield of cell production without having to stop the culture. These microcarriers are therefore a promising and efficient green alternative to currently existing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleana Somville
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Bio and Soft Matter, Universite' catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1, Box L7.04.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Anitha Ajith Kumar
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Bio and Soft Matter, Universite' catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1, Box L7.04.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Guicheux
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, 44042 Nantes, France
| | - Boris Halgand
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, 44042 Nantes, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, PHU4 OTONN, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Demoustier-Champagne
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Bio and Soft Matter, Universite' catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1, Box L7.04.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Anne des Rieux
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Bio and Soft Matter, Universite' catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1, Box L7.04.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier 73, Box B1.73.12, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alain M Jonas
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Bio and Soft Matter, Universite' catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1, Box L7.04.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Karine Glinel
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Bio and Soft Matter, Universite' catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1, Box L7.04.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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21
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de Almeida Fuzeta M, Bernardes N, Oliveira FD, Costa AC, Fernandes-Platzgummer A, Farinha JP, Rodrigues CAV, Jung S, Tseng RJ, Milligan W, Lee B, Castanho MARB, Gaspar D, Cabral JMS, da Silva CL. Scalable Production of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Under Serum-/Xeno-Free Conditions in a Microcarrier-Based Bioreactor Culture System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:553444. [PMID: 33224943 PMCID: PMC7669752 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.553444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) hold great promise for tissue engineering and cell-based therapies due to their multilineage differentiation potential and intrinsic immunomodulatory and trophic activities. Over the past years, increasing evidence has proposed extracellular vesicles (EVs) as mediators of many of the MSC-associated therapeutic features. EVs have emerged as mediators of intercellular communication, being associated with multiple physiological processes, but also in the pathogenesis of several diseases. EVs are derived from cell membranes, allowing high biocompatibility to target cells, while their small size makes them ideal candidates to cross biological barriers. Despite the promising potential of EVs for therapeutic applications, robust manufacturing processes that would increase the consistency and scalability of EV production are still lacking. In this work, EVs were produced by MSC isolated from different human tissue sources [bone marrow (BM), adipose tissue (AT), and umbilical cord matrix (UCM)]. A serum-/xeno-free microcarrier-based culture system was implemented in a Vertical-WheelTM bioreactor (VWBR), employing a human platelet lysate culture supplement (UltraGROTM-PURE), toward the scalable production of MSC-derived EVs (MSC-EVs). The morphology and structure of the manufactured EVs were assessed by atomic force microscopy, while EV protein markers were successfully identified in EVs by Western blot, and EV surface charge was maintained relatively constant (between −15.5 ± 1.6 mV and −19.4 ± 1.4 mV), as determined by zeta potential measurements. When compared to traditional culture systems under static conditions (T-flasks), the VWBR system allowed the production of EVs at higher concentration (i.e., EV concentration in the conditioned medium) (5.7-fold increase overall) and productivity (i.e., amount of EVs generated per cell) (3-fold increase overall). BM, AT and UCM MSC cultured in the VWBR system yielded an average of 2.8 ± 0.1 × 1011, 3.1 ± 1.3 × 1011, and 4.1 ± 1.7 × 1011 EV particles (n = 3), respectively, in a 60 mL final volume. This bioreactor system also allowed to obtain a more robust MSC-EV production, regarding their purity, compared to static culture. Overall, we demonstrate that this scalable culture system can robustly manufacture EVs from MSC derived from different tissue sources, toward the development of novel therapeutic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel de Almeida Fuzeta
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno Bernardes
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filipa D Oliveira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Costa
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Fernandes-Platzgummer
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Paulo Farinha
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos A V Rodrigues
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Brian Lee
- PBS Biotech Inc., Camarillo, CA, United States
| | - Miguel A R B Castanho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diana Gaspar
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M S Cabral
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Lobato da Silva
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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22
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Liu G, David BT, Trawczynski M, Fessler RG. Advances in Pluripotent Stem Cells: History, Mechanisms, Technologies, and Applications. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 16:3-32. [PMID: 31760627 PMCID: PMC6987053 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09935-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, and particularly in the last decade, significant developmental milestones have driven basic, translational, and clinical advances in the field of stem cell and regenerative medicine. In this article, we provide a systemic overview of the major recent discoveries in this exciting and rapidly developing field. We begin by discussing experimental advances in the generation and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), next moving to the maintenance of stem cells in different culture types, and finishing with a discussion of three-dimensional (3D) cell technology and future stem cell applications. Specifically, we highlight the following crucial domains: 1) sources of pluripotent cells; 2) next-generation in vivo direct reprogramming technology; 3) cell types derived from PSCs and the influence of genetic memory; 4) induction of pluripotency with genomic modifications; 5) construction of vectors with reprogramming factor combinations; 6) enhancing pluripotency with small molecules and genetic signaling pathways; 7) induction of cell reprogramming by RNA signaling; 8) induction and enhancement of pluripotency with chemicals; 9) maintenance of pluripotency and genomic stability in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs); 10) feeder-free and xenon-free culture environments; 11) biomaterial applications in stem cell biology; 12) three-dimensional (3D) cell technology; 13) 3D bioprinting; 14) downstream stem cell applications; and 15) current ethical issues in stem cell and regenerative medicine. This review, encompassing the fundamental concepts of regenerative medicine, is intended to provide a comprehensive portrait of important progress in stem cell research and development. Innovative technologies and real-world applications are emphasized for readers interested in the exciting, promising, and challenging field of stem cells and those seeking guidance in planning future research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gele Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical College, 1725 W. Harrison St., Suite 855, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Brian T David
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical College, 1725 W. Harrison St., Suite 855, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Matthew Trawczynski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical College, 1725 W. Harrison St., Suite 855, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Richard G Fessler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical College, 1725 W. Harrison St., Suite 855, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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23
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de Sá da Silva J, Severino P, Wodewotzky TI, Covas DT, Swiech K, Cavalheiro Marti L, Torres Suazo CA. Mesenchymal stromal cells maintain the major quality attributes when expanded in different bioreactor systems. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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Hanga MP, Ali J, Moutsatsou P, de la Raga FA, Hewitt CJ, Nienow A, Wall I. Bioprocess development for scalable production of cultivated meat. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:3029-3039. [PMID: 32568406 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Traditional farm-based products based on livestock are one of the main contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. Cultivated meat is an alternative that mimics animal meat, being produced in a bioreactor under controlled conditions rather than through the slaughtering of animals. The first step in the production of cultivated meat is the generation of sufficient reserves of starting cells. In this study, bovine adipose-derived stem cells (bASCs) were used as starting cells due to their ability to differentiate towards both fat and muscle, two cell types found in meat. A bioprocess for the expansion of these cells on microcarriers in spinner flasks was developed. Different cell seeding densities (1,500, 3,000, and 6,000 cells/cm2 ) and feeding strategies (80%, 65%, 50%, and combined 80%/50% medium exchanges) were investigated. Cell characterization was assessed pre- and postbioprocessing to ensure that bioprocessing did not negatively affect bASC quality. The best growth was obtained with the lowest cell seeding density (1,500 cells/cm2 ) with an 80% medium exchange performed (p < .0001) which yielded a 28-fold expansion. The ability to differentiate towards adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic lineages was retained postbioprocessing and no significant difference (p > .5) was found in clonogenicity pre- or postbioprocessing in any of the feeding regimes tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P Hanga
- Department of Biosciences, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Junaid Ali
- Department of Biosciences, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Panagiota Moutsatsou
- Department of Biosciences, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Fritz A de la Raga
- Department of Biosciences, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher J Hewitt
- Department of Biosciences, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alvin Nienow
- Department of Biosciences, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ivan Wall
- Department of Biosciences, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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25
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Costa LA, Eiro N, Fraile M, Gonzalez LO, Saá J, Garcia-Portabella P, Vega B, Schneider J, Vizoso FJ. Functional heterogeneity of mesenchymal stem cells from natural niches to culture conditions: implications for further clinical uses. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:447-467. [PMID: 32699947 PMCID: PMC7375036 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03600-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are present in all organs and tissues. Several studies have shown the therapeutic potential effect of MSC or their derived products. However, the functional heterogeneity of MSC constitutes an important barrier for transferring these capabilities to the clinic. MSC heterogeneity depends on their origin (biological niche) or the conditions of potential donors (age, diseases or unknown factors). It is accepted that many culture conditions of the artificial niche to which they are subjected, such as O2 tension, substrate and extracellular matrix cues, inflammatory stimuli or genetic manipulations can influence their resulting phenotype. Therefore, to attain a more personalized and precise medicine, a correct selection of MSC is mandatory, based on their functional potential, as well as the need to integrate all the existing information to achieve an optimal improvement of MSC features in the artificial niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Costa
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro 161, 33920, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Noemi Eiro
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro 161, 33920, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - María Fraile
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro 161, 33920, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Luis O Gonzalez
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro 161, 33920, Gijón, Asturias, Spain.,Department of Anatomical Pathology, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Spain
| | - Jorge Saá
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro 161, 33920, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Pablo Garcia-Portabella
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro 161, 33920, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Belén Vega
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro 161, 33920, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - José Schneider
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Vizoso
- Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Avda. Eduardo Castro 161, 33920, Gijón, Asturias, Spain.
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26
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Wang B, Liu XM, Liu ZN, Wang Y, Han X, Lian AB, Mu Y, Jin MH, Liu JY. Human hair follicle-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Isolation, expansion, and differentiation. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:462-470. [PMID: 32742563 PMCID: PMC7360986 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i6.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hair follicles are easily accessible skin appendages that protect against cold and potential injuries. Hair follicles contain various pools of stem cells, such as epithelial, melanocyte, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that continuously self-renew, differentiate, regulate hair growth, and maintain skin homeostasis. Recently, MSCs derived from the dermal papilla or dermal sheath of the human hair follicle have received attention because of their accessibility and broad differentiation potential. In this review, we describe the applications of human hair follicle-derived MSCs (hHF-MSCs) in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. We have described protocols for isolating hHF-MSCs from human hair follicles and their culture condition in detail. We also summarize strategies for maintaining hHF-MSCs in a highly proliferative but undifferentiated state after repeated in vitro passages, including supplementation of growth factors, 3D suspension culture technology, and 3D aggregates of MSCs. In addition, we report the potential of hHF-MSCs in obtaining induced smooth muscle cells and tissue-engineered blood vessels, regenerated hair follicles, induced red blood cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. In summary, the abundance, convenient accessibility, and broad differentiation potential make hHF-MSCs an ideal seed cell source of regenerative medical and cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zi-Nan Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xing Han
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ao-Bo Lian
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ying Mu
- Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ming-Hua Jin
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jin-Yu Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
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27
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Tsai AC, Jeske R, Chen X, Yuan X, Li Y. Influence of Microenvironment on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapeutic Potency: From Planar Culture to Microcarriers. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:640. [PMID: 32671039 PMCID: PMC7327111 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are a promising candidate in cell therapy as they exhibit multilineage differentiation, homing to the site of injury, and secretion of trophic factors that facilitate tissue healing and/or modulate immune response. As a result, hMSC-derived products have attracted growing interests in preclinical and clinical studies. The development of hMSC culture platforms for large-scale biomanufacturing is necessary to meet the requirements for late-phase clinical trials and future commercialization. Microcarriers in stirred-tank bioreactors have been widely utilized in large-scale expansion of hMSCs for translational applications because of a high surface-to-volume ratio compared to conventional 2D planar culture. However, recent studies have demonstrated that microcarrier-expanded hMSCs differ from dish- or flask-expanded cells in size, morphology, proliferation, viability, surface markers, gene expression, differentiation potential, and secretome profile which may lead to altered therapeutic potency. Therefore, understanding the bioprocessing parameters that influence hMSC therapeutic efficacy is essential for the optimization of microcarrier-based bioreactor system to maximize hMSC quantity without sacrificing quality. In this review, biomanufacturing parameters encountered in planar culture and microcarrier-based bioreactor culture of hMSCs are compared and discussed with specific focus on cell-adhesion surface (e.g., discontinuous surface, underlying curvature, microcarrier stiffness, porosity, surface roughness, coating, and charge) and the dynamic microenvironment in bioreactor culture (e.g., oxygen and nutrients, shear stress, particle collision, and aggregation). The influence of dynamic culture in bioreactors on hMSC properties is also reviewed in order to establish connection between bioprocessing and stem cell function. This review addresses fundamental principles and concepts for future design of biomanufacturing systems for hMSC-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang-Chen Tsai
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Richard Jeske
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Xingchi Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Xuegang Yuan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
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28
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Lavrentieva A, Hoffmann A, Lee-Thedieck C. Limited Potential or Unfavorable Manipulations? Strategies Toward Efficient Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell Applications. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:316. [PMID: 32509777 PMCID: PMC7248306 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite almost 50 years of research and over 20 years of preclinical and clinical studies, the question of curative potential of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) is still widely discussed in the scientific community. Non-reproducible treatment outcomes or even absence of treatment effects in comparison to control groups challenges the potential of these cells for routine application both in tissue engineering and in regenerative medicine. One of the reasons of such outcomes is non-standardized and often disadvantageous ex vivo manipulation of MSCs prior therapy. In most cases, clinically relevant cell numbers for MSC-based therapies can be only obtained by in vitro expansion of isolated cells. In this mini review, we will discuss point by point possible pitfalls in the production of human MSCs for cell therapies, without consideration of material-based applications. Starting with cell source, choice of donor and recipient, as well as isolation methods, we will then discuss existing expansion protocols (two-/three-dimensional cultivation, basal medium, medium supplements, static/dynamic conditions, and hypoxic/normoxic conditions) and influence of these strategies on the cell functionality after implantation. The role of potency assays will also be addressed. The final aim of this mini review is to illustrate the heterogeneity of current strategies for gaining MSCs for clinical applications with their strengths and weaknesses. Only a careful consideration and standardization of all pretreatment processes/methods for the different applications of MSCs will ensure robust and reproducible performance of these cell populations in the different experimental and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Hoffmann
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graded Implants and Regenerative Strategies, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Cornelia Lee-Thedieck
- Institute of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Leibniz University Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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29
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Yan X, Zhang K, Yang Y, Deng D, Lyu C, Xu H, Liu W, Du Y. Dispersible and Dissolvable Porous Microcarrier Tablets Enable Efficient Large-Scale Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Expansion. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2020; 26:263-275. [PMID: 32268824 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2020.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have wide applications in regenerative medicine but their clinical translation is largely hindered by limited production capacity of current cell expansion regime. This study utilizes a novel dispersible and dissolvable porous microcarrier tablet, 3D TableTrix™, in stirred bioreactor to demonstrate a scalable expansion protocol for industrial manufacturing of hMSCs. The 3D TableTrix is a ready-to-use tablet that disperses into 10s of 1000s porous microcarriers upon contact with culture media, eliminating the need to prepare microcarriers before cell seeding, hence simplifying operation process. We demonstrate over 500 times expansion of adipose-derived hMSCs using serum-free culture medium in 11 days with bead-to-bead transfer for a partial scale-up from laboratory-scale spinner flasks to a 1-L bioreactor system. A final yield of 1.05 ± 0.11 × 109 hMSCs was achieved, and yield of over 3 × 109 with an overall expansion factor of 1530 could theoretically be realized with full scale-up. Cells were harvested by dissolving microcarriers with 98.6% ± 0.1% recovery rate. Cells retained their immunophenotypic characteristics, trilineage differentiation potential, and genome stability with low indications of senescence phenotype. This study illuminates the potential of industrializing clinical-grade hMSC production using 3D TableTrix microcarrier tablets and stirred tank bioreactors. Impact statement The 3D TableTrix™ is a newly available microcarrier ingeniously designed as dispersible and dissolvable porous microcarrier tablets for human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) expansion. This eliminates the need of tedious preparation work usually required for microcarriers and its dissolvable nature allows for high cell recovery rate of 98.6% ± 0.1%. Over 500 times expansion of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in serum-free culture media using a 1-L bioreactor system demonstrates its tremendous potential for industrial production of hMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-PKU Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-PKU Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanping Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-PKU Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongkai Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-PKU Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Lyu
- Beijing CytoNiche Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Huanye Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-PKU Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-PKU Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing CytoNiche Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-PKU Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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30
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Lam AT, Reuveny S, Oh SKW. Human mesenchymal stem cell therapy for cartilage repair: Review on isolation, expansion, and constructs. Stem Cell Res 2020; 44:101738. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.101738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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31
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Sion C, Loubière C, Wlodarczyk-Biegun M, Davoudi N, Müller-Renno C, Guedon E, Chevalot I, Olmos E. Effects of microcarriers addition and mixing on WJ-MSC culture in bioreactors. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Jokinen M, Pittois K, van den Akker S, Gutschoven I, Assmuth T, Metz T, Lehtilä H, Alanne P. Multiphase matrix of silica, culture medium and air for 3D mammalian cell culture. Cytotechnology 2020; 72:271-282. [PMID: 32072348 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-020-00376-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The craving for multiphase materials with adjustable properties for mammalian cell encapsulation persists despite intensive research on 3D cell culture and tissue engineering. This interest is incited by the complex interaction between cells and different materials, various manufacturing methods, cell chip applications, and the aspiration to abolish animal experiments. This study aims to show the feasibility of preparing a stable multiphase material for prolonged mammalian cell embedment and 3D cell culture. The material comprises silica as the solid phase, cell culture medium with serum as the main liquid phase and air as the gas phase. The silica sol-cell culture medium-serum mixture was foamed, and it turned into a stable foamed hydrogel. The stability, flow properties and foaming parameters were studied by rheological and surface tension measurements. The viability of embedded cells was studied by measuring the metabolic activity at different time points. Their sensitivity to the surrounding conditions was compared to cells grown in monolayers by exposing them to a toxic compound. A stable foamed hydrogel with cell culture medium as the main liquid phase was prepared. Based on oscillatory measurements, the foamed hydrogel stays stable for at least 6-7 weeks and the embedded mammalian cells remain viable for the same time period. Appropriate surface tension and viscosity were crucial for an at least twofold volume increase by foaming, which is necessary for the mammalian cells to survive and proliferate. A test with a toxic compound reveals a difference in the sensitivity of cells in monolayer cultures versus embedded cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Jokinen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Turku University of Applied Sciences, Lemminkäisenkatu 30, 20100, Turku, Finland.
| | - Karen Pittois
- Department of Science and Technology, Artesis Plantijn University College, Kronenburgstraat 47, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Suzanne van den Akker
- Department of Science and Technology, Artesis Plantijn University College, Kronenburgstraat 47, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Inge Gutschoven
- Department of Science and Technology, Artesis Plantijn University College, Kronenburgstraat 47, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tatu Assmuth
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Turku University of Applied Sciences, Lemminkäisenkatu 30, 20100, Turku, Finland
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, 20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Tapio Metz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Turku University of Applied Sciences, Lemminkäisenkatu 30, 20100, Turku, Finland
| | - Hanna Lehtilä
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Turku University of Applied Sciences, Lemminkäisenkatu 30, 20100, Turku, Finland
| | - Pekka Alanne
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Turku University of Applied Sciences, Lemminkäisenkatu 30, 20100, Turku, Finland
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33
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Pinto DS, Ahsan T, Serra J, Fernandes-Platzgummer A, Cabral JMS, da Silva CL. Modulation of the in vitro angiogenic potential of human mesenchymal stromal cells from different tissue sources. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:7224-7238. [PMID: 32037550 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been widely exploited for the treatment of several conditions due to their intrinsic regenerative and immunomodulatory properties. MSC have demonstrated to be particularly relevant for the treatment of ischemic diseases, where MSC-based therapies can stimulate angiogenesis and induce tissue regeneration. Regardless of the condition targeted, recent analyses of MSC-based clinical trials have demonstrated limited benefits indicating a need to improve the efficacy of this cell product. Preconditioning MSC ex vivo through microenvironment modulation was found to improve MSC survival rate and thus prolong their therapeutic effect. This workstudy aims at enhancing the in vitro angiogenic capacity of a potential MSC-based medicinal product by comparing different sources of MSC and culture conditions. MSC from three different sources (bone marrow [BM], adipose tissue [AT], and umbilical cord matrix [UCM]) were cultured with xenogeneic-/serum-free culture medium under static conditions and their angiogenic potential was studied. Results indicated a higher in vitro angiogenic capacity of UCM MSC, compared with cells derived from BM and AT. Physicochemical preconditioning of UCM MSC through a microcarrier-based culture platform and low oxygen concentration (2% O2 , compared with atmospheric air) increased the in vitro angiogenic potential of the cultured cells. Envisaging the clinical manufacturing of an allogeneic, off-the-shelf MSC-based product, preconditioned UCM MSC maintain the angiogenic gene expression profile upon cryopreservation and delivery processes in the conditions of our study. These results are expected to contribute to the development of MSC-based therapies in the context of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo S Pinto
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Tabassum Ahsan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Joana Serra
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Fernandes-Platzgummer
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M S Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cláudia L da Silva
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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34
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Derakhti S, Safiabadi-Tali SH, Amoabediny G, Sheikhpour M. Attachment and detachment strategies in microcarrier-based cell culture technology: A comprehensive review. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 103:109782. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.109782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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35
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Metabolic and proliferation evaluation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ASC) in different culture medium volumes: standardization of static culture. Biologicals 2019; 62:93-101. [PMID: 31495708 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (ASC) have acquired a prominent role in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, the standardization of basic culture procedures in this cellular type is still not well established according to the main qualitative cellular attributes. We evaluate the cell growth profile of human ASC in a different culture medium volumes and their nutritional composition utilizing static cultivation. Culture medium volumes (5, 10 and 15 mL/25 cm2) in T-flasks were evaluated by kinetic parameters and the metabolic composition was determined by biochemical analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) absorption spectroscopy. 50% renewal of culture medium volume every 48 h was adopted. Immunophenotypic characterization and cell differentiation were performed. There was no difference (p > 0.05) in the kinetic parameters of cell proliferation between the culture medium volumes or in FT-IR composition. However, the concentrations of glucose, glutamine, lactate, and glutamate varied significantly during the cultivation process as a function of the medium volume. ASC presented specific antigens and differentiation potential of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells. It was concluded that the minimal culture medium volume (5 mL/25 cm2 in static culture) was sufficient to maintain the stability, potency, and growth of ASC, representing an economic and safe standardization for this cell culture process.
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36
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37
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Caplan H, Olson SD, Kumar A, George M, Prabhakara KS, Wenzel P, Bedi S, Toledano-Furman NE, Triolo F, Kamhieh-Milz J, Moll G, Cox CS. Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapeutic Delivery: Translational Challenges to Clinical Application. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1645. [PMID: 31417542 PMCID: PMC6685059 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For several decades, multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been extensively studied for their therapeutic potential across a wide range of diseases. In the preclinical setting, MSCs demonstrate consistent ability to promote tissue healing, down-regulate excessive inflammation and improve outcomes in animal models. Several proposed mechanisms of action have been posited and demonstrated across an array of in vitro models. However, translation into clinical practice has proven considerably more difficult. A number of prominent well-funded late-phase clinical trials have failed, thus calling out for new efforts to optimize product delivery in the clinical setting. In this review, we discuss novel topics critical to the successful translation of MSCs from pre-clinical to clinical applications. In particular, we focus on the major routes of cell delivery, aspects related to hemocompatibility, and potential safety concerns associated with MSC therapy in the different settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Caplan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Scott D. Olson
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Akshita Kumar
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mitchell George
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Karthik S. Prabhakara
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Pamela Wenzel
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Supinder Bedi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Naama E. Toledano-Furman
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Fabio Triolo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Julian Kamhieh-Milz
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Guido Moll
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Charles S. Cox
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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Park W, Jang S, Kim TW, Bae J, Oh TI, Lee E. Microfluidic-Printed Microcarrier for In Vitro Expansion of Adherent Stem Cells in 3D Culture Platform. Macromol Biosci 2019; 19:e1900136. [PMID: 31268233 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201900136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microcarrier-based stem cell expansion cultures can increase the dimensions of in vitro stem cell cultures from 2D to 3D. The culture handling process then becomes more efficient compared with conventional 2D cultures. However, the use of spherical plastic microcarriers complicates the monitoring of cell culture. To facilitate monitoring, transparent disc-shaped microcarriers are manufactured using a light-initiated microfluidic printing system and the obtained microcarriers are named as 2.5D microcarrier. The 2.5D microcarriers (diameter/height ≈ 5) enable us to use conventional monitoring tools in 2D-based platform during the in vitro expansion on a 3D culture platform. Surface modification via a 1 h-long poly-dopamine (PDA) reaction can maintain the transparent nature of the microcarriers while optimizing the cell attachment. The surface marker expression and differentiation potential of the 2.5D microcarrier-expanded stem cells reveal that the characteristics and functionalities preserved during expansion. The 2.5D microcarrier is readily integrated into an on-bead assay to conserve reagents and permit a high number (n = 9) of repeated measurements with reliable results. These results demonstrate that the 2.5D microcarrier-based scale-up culture provides a valuable tool for the in vitro expansion of adherent stem cells, especially if repetitive monitoring is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wook Park
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Institute for Wearable Convergence Electronics, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeongdae-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, South Korea
| | - Seoyoung Jang
- Department of Medical Engineering, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, South Korea
| | - Tae Woo Kim
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, South Korea
| | - Junghyun Bae
- College of Electronics Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeongdae-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, South Korea
| | - Tong In Oh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, South Korea
| | - EunAh Lee
- Impedance Imaging Research Center, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, South Korea
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Pinto D, Bandeiras C, Fuzeta M, Rodrigues CAV, Jung S, Hashimura Y, Tseng R, Milligan W, Lee B, Ferreira FC, Silva C, Cabral JMS. Scalable Manufacturing of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in the Vertical‐Wheel Bioreactor System: An Experimental and Economic Approach. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1800716. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Pinto
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de LisboaAvenida Rovisco Pais Lisboa 1049‐001 Portugal
| | - Cátia Bandeiras
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de LisboaAvenida Rovisco Pais Lisboa 1049‐001 Portugal
- The Discoveries Center for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Instituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de LisboaAvenida Rovisco Pais Lisboa 1049‐001 Portugal
- Division of Clinical Informatics, Department of MedicineBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center1330 Beacon Street Brookline MA 02446 USA
| | - Miguel Fuzeta
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de LisboaAvenida Rovisco Pais Lisboa 1049‐001 Portugal
| | - Carlos A. V. Rodrigues
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de LisboaAvenida Rovisco Pais Lisboa 1049‐001 Portugal
- The Discoveries Center for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Instituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de LisboaAvenida Rovisco Pais Lisboa 1049‐001 Portugal
| | - Sunghoon Jung
- PBS Biotech Inc1183 Calle Suerte Camarillo CA 93012 USA
| | - Yas Hashimura
- PBS Biotech Inc1183 Calle Suerte Camarillo CA 93012 USA
| | - Rong‐Jeng Tseng
- AventaCell Biomedical Corp., Global Center for Medical Innovation (GCMI)575 14th St NW Atlanta GA 30318 USA
| | - William Milligan
- AventaCell Biomedical Corp., Global Center for Medical Innovation (GCMI)575 14th St NW Atlanta GA 30318 USA
| | - Brian Lee
- PBS Biotech Inc1183 Calle Suerte Camarillo CA 93012 USA
| | - Frederico Castelo Ferreira
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de LisboaAvenida Rovisco Pais Lisboa 1049‐001 Portugal
- The Discoveries Center for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Instituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de LisboaAvenida Rovisco Pais Lisboa 1049‐001 Portugal
| | - Cláudia Silva
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de LisboaAvenida Rovisco Pais Lisboa 1049‐001 Portugal
- The Discoveries Center for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Instituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de LisboaAvenida Rovisco Pais Lisboa 1049‐001 Portugal
| | - Joaquim M. S. Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de LisboaAvenida Rovisco Pais Lisboa 1049‐001 Portugal
- The Discoveries Center for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Instituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de LisboaAvenida Rovisco Pais Lisboa 1049‐001 Portugal
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Zhai W, Yong D, El-Jawhari JJ, Cuthbert R, McGonagle D, Win Naing M, Jones E. Identification of senescent cells in multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell cultures: Current methods and future directions. Cytotherapy 2019; 21:803-819. [PMID: 31138507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regardless of their tissue of origin, multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are commonly expanded in vitro for several population doublings to achieve a sufficient number of cells for therapy. Prolonged MSC expansion has been shown to result in phenotypical, morphological and gene expression changes in MSCs, which ultimately lead to the state of senescence. The presence of senescent cells in therapeutic MSC batches is undesirable because it reduces their viability, differentiation potential and trophic capabilities. Additionally, senescent cells acquire senescence-activated secretory phenotype, which may not only induce apoptosis in the neighboring host cells following MSC transplantation, but also trigger local inflammatory reactions. This review outlines the current and promising new methodologies for the identification of senescent cells in MSC cultures, with a particular emphasis on non-destructive and label-free methodologies. Technologies allowing identification of individual senescent cells, based on new surface markers, offer potential advantage for targeted senescent cell removal using new-generation senolytic agents, and subsequent production of therapeutic MSC batches fully devoid of senescent cells. Methods or a combination of methods that are non-destructive and label-free, for example, involving cell size and spectroscopic measurements, could be the best way forward because they do not modify the cells of interest, thus maximizing the final output of therapeutic-grade MSC cultures. The further incorporation of machine learning methods has also recently shown promise in facilitating, automating and enhancing the analysis of these measured data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichao Zhai
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and musculoskeletal Medicine, Leeds, UK; Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, A*STAR, Innovis, Singapore
| | - Derrick Yong
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, A*STAR, Innovis, Singapore
| | - Jehan Jomaa El-Jawhari
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and musculoskeletal Medicine, Leeds, UK; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Richard Cuthbert
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and musculoskeletal Medicine, Leeds, UK
| | - Dennis McGonagle
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and musculoskeletal Medicine, Leeds, UK
| | - May Win Naing
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, A*STAR, Innovis, Singapore
| | - Elena Jones
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and musculoskeletal Medicine, Leeds, UK.
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41
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Serra M, Cunha B, Peixoto C, Gomes-Alves P, Alves PM. Advancing manufacture of human mesenchymal stem cells therapies: technological challenges in cell bioprocessing and characterization. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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A Fully-Closed and Automated Hollow Fiber Bioreactor for Clinical-Grade Manufacturing of Human Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2018; 14:141-143. [PMID: 29188439 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9787-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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43
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Perucca Orfei C, Talò G, Viganò M, Perteghella S, Lugano G, Fabro Fontana F, Ragni E, Colombini A, De Luca P, Moretti M, Torre ML, de Girolamo L. Silk/Fibroin Microcarriers for Mesenchymal Stem Cell Delivery: Optimization of Cell Seeding by the Design of Experiment. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E200. [PMID: 30352986 PMCID: PMC6321597 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this methodological paper, lyophilized fibroin-coated alginate microcarriers (LFAMs) proposed as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) delivery systems and optimal MSCs seeding conditions for cell adhesion rate and cell arrangement, was defined by a Design of Experiment (DoE) approach. Cells were co-incubated with microcarriers in a bioreactor for different time intervals and conditions: variable stirring speed, dynamic culture intermittent or continuous, and different volumes of cells-LFAMs loaded in the bioreactor. Intermittent dynamic culture resulted as the most determinant parameter; the volume of LFAMs/cells suspension and the speed used for the dynamic culture contributed as well, whereas time was a less influencing parameter. The optimized seeding conditions were: 98 min of incubation time, 12.3 RPM of speed, and 401.5 µL volume of cells-LFAMs suspension cultured with the intermittent dynamic condition. This DoE predicted protocol was then validated on both human Adipose-derived Stem Cells (hASCs) and human Bone Marrow Stem Cells (hBMSCs), revealing a good cell adhesion rate on the surface of the carriers. In conclusion, microcarriers can be used as cell delivery systems at the target site (by injection or arthroscopic technique), to maintain MSCs and their activity at the injured site for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Perucca Orfei
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Orthopaedic Biotechnology Lab, Via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milano, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Talò
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Cells and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milano, Italy.
| | - Marco Viganò
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Orthopaedic Biotechnology Lab, Via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milano, Italy.
| | - Sara Perteghella
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, via T. Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Gaia Lugano
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Orthopaedic Biotechnology Lab, Via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milano, Italy.
| | | | - Enrico Ragni
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Orthopaedic Biotechnology Lab, Via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milano, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Colombini
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Orthopaedic Biotechnology Lab, Via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milano, Italy.
| | - Paola De Luca
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Orthopaedic Biotechnology Lab, Via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milano, Italy.
| | - Matteo Moretti
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Cells and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milano, Italy.
| | - Maria Luisa Torre
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, via T. Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Laura de Girolamo
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Orthopaedic Biotechnology Lab, Via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milano, Italy.
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Liu W, Hu D, Gu C, Zhou Y, Tan WS. Fabrication and in vitro evaluation of a packed-bed bioreactor based on an optimum two-stage culture strategy. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 127:506-514. [PMID: 30322683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A packed-bed (PB) bioreactor for bioartificial liver (BAL) was fabricated based on an optimum two-stage culture strategy and evaluated in vitro in this research. Human induced hepatocytes (hiHeps) were first expanded using Cytodex 3 microcarriers and the choice of microcarrier concentration and fetal bovine serum (FBS) content was optimized. Then, the cells expanded under the optimum expansion condition were perfused into a perfusion system containing Fibra-Cel (FC) disks to fabricate a PB bioreactor. Operating parameters including flow rate and seeding density for perfusion culture were optimized, respectively. Results indicated that during suspension culture, rapid cell proliferation and favorable amino acid metabolism were achieved at 3 mg/mL microcarriers combined with 1% FBS. While for the perfusion culture, the most effective flow rate and seeding density were 2 mL/min and 1 × 106 cells/mL, respectively. Under this optimum perfusion condition, hiHeps showed good proliferation ability, high viability, homogeneous distribution, high metabolism activities and efficient albumin secretion as well as high liver-specific genes expression. Therefore, the two-stage culture strategy based on operating parameters optimization provides a new method for the development of PB bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Dan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Ce Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Wen-Song Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
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45
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Tavassoli H, Alhosseini SN, Tay A, Chan PP, Weng Oh SK, Warkiani ME. Large-scale production of stem cells utilizing microcarriers: A biomaterials engineering perspective from academic research to commercialized products. Biomaterials 2018; 181:333-346. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Moloudi R, Oh S, Yang C, Teo KL, Lam ATL, Warkiani ME, Naing MW. Inertial-Based Filtration Method for Removal of Microcarriers from Mesenchymal Stem Cell Suspensions. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12481. [PMID: 30127526 PMCID: PMC6102204 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31019-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapidly evolving cell-based therapies towards clinical trials demand alternative approaches for efficient expansion of adherent cell types such as human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Using microcarriers (100-300 µm) in a stirred tank bioreactor offers considerably enhanced surface to volume ratio of culture environment. However, downstream purification of the harvested cell product needs to be addressed carefully due to distinctive features and fragility of these cell products. This work demonstrates a novel alternative approach which utilizes inertial focusing to separate microcarriers (MCs) from the final cell suspension. First, we systematically investigated MC focusing dynamics inside scaled-up curved channels with trapezoidal and rectangular cross-sections. A trapezoidal spiral channel with ultra-low-slope (Tan(α) = 0.0375) was found to contribute to strong MC focusing (~300 < Re < ~400) while managing high MC volume fractions up to ~1.68%. Accordingly, the high-throughput trapezoidal spiral channel successfully separated MCs from hMSC suspension with total cell yield~94% (after two passes) at a high volumetric flow rate of ~30 mL/min (Re~326.5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Moloudi
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.,Bio-Manufacturing Programme, Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Steve Oh
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Centros, Singapore, 138668, Singapore
| | - Chun Yang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Kim Leng Teo
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Centros, Singapore, 138668, Singapore
| | - Alan Tin-Lun Lam
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Centros, Singapore, 138668, Singapore
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Ultimo NSW, 2007, Australia. .,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - May Win Naing
- Bio-Manufacturing Programme, Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore.
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Bunpetch V, Wu H, Zhang S, Ouyang H. From "Bench to Bedside": Current Advancement on Large-Scale Production of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 26:1662-1673. [PMID: 28934885 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the primary cell source in cell therapy and regenerative medicine due to its extraordinary self-renewing capacity and multilineage differentiation potential. Clinical trials involving MSCs are being conducted in a range of human diseases and the number of registered cases is continuously increasing. However, a wide gap exists between the number of MSCs obtainable from the donor site and the number required for implantation to damage tissues, and also between MSC scalability and MSC phenotype stability. The clinical translation of MSCs necessitates a scalable expansion bioprocess for the biomanufacturing of therapeutically qualified cells. This review presents current achievements for expansion of MSCs. Issues involving culture condition modification, bioreactor systems, as well as microcarrier and scaffold platforms for optimal MSC systems are discussed. Most importantly, the gap between current MSC expansion and clinical application, as well as outbreak directions for the future are discussed. The present systemic review will bring new insights into future large-scale MSC expansion and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varitsara Bunpetch
- 1 Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,2 Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,3 Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Haoyu Wu
- 1 Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,2 Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,3 Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Shufang Zhang
- 1 Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,2 Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,3 Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Ouyang
- 1 Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,2 Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,3 Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,4 State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,5 Department of Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
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48
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Rafiq QA, Ruck S, Hanga MP, Heathman TR, Coopman K, Nienow AW, Williams DJ, Hewitt CJ. Qualitative and quantitative demonstration of bead-to-bead transfer with bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells on microcarriers: Utilising the phenomenon to improve culture performance. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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49
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Inwood S, Xu H, Black MA, Betenbaugh MJ, Feldman S, Shiloach J. Continuous production process of retroviral vector for adoptive T- cell therapy. Biochem Eng J 2018; 132:145-151. [PMID: 29977134 DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive T-Cell therapy is being considered as a promising method for cancer treatment. In this approach, patient's T cells are isolated, modified, expanded, and administered back to the patient. Modifications may include adding specific T cell receptors (TCR) or chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) to the isolated cells by using retroviral vectors. PG13 cells, derivatives of NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts, are being used to stably produce retroviral vectors that transduce the T cells. PG13 cells are anchorage-dependent cells that grow in roller bottles or cell factories and lately also in fixed bed bioreactors to produce the needed viral vector. To scale up viral vector production, PG13 cells were propagated on microcarriers in a stirred tank bioreactor utilizing an alternating tangential flow perfusion system. Microcarriers are 10 µm - 0.5 mm beads that support the attachment of cells and are suspended in the bioreactor that provides controlled growth conditions. As a result, growth parameters, such as dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, and nutrients are monitored and continuously controlled. There were no detrimental effects on the specific viral vector titer or on the efficacy of the vector in transducing the T cells of several patients. Viral vector titer increased throughout the 11 days perfusion period, a total of 4.8 × 1011 transducing units (TU) were obtained with an average titer of 4.4 × 107 TU/mL and average specific productivity of 10.3 (TU) per cell, suggesting that this method can be an efficient way to produce large quantities of active vector suitable for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Inwood
- Biotechnology Core Laboratory NIDDK, NIH Bethesda Maryland 20892, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Hui Xu
- Surgery Branch Vector Production Facility, Center For Cancer Research, NCI, NIH Bethesda Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Mary A Black
- Surgery Branch Vector Production Facility, Center For Cancer Research, NCI, NIH Bethesda Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Steven Feldman
- Surgery Branch Vector Production Facility, Center For Cancer Research, NCI, NIH Bethesda Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Joseph Shiloach
- Biotechnology Core Laboratory NIDDK, NIH Bethesda Maryland 20892, USA
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Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: From Discovery to Manufacturing and Commercialization. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:4083921. [PMID: 30057622 PMCID: PMC6051015 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4083921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have been the focus of intense research by academia and industry due to their unique features. MSC can be easily isolated and expanded through in vitro culture by taking full advantage of their self-renewing capacity. In addition, MSC exert immunomodulatory effects and can be differentiated into various lineages, which makes them highly attractive for clinical applications in cell-based therapies. In this review, we attempt to provide a brief historical overview of MSC discovery, characterization, and the first clinical studies conducted. The current MSC manufacturing platforms are reviewed with special attention regarding the use of bioreactors for the production of GMP-compliant clinically relevant cell numbers. The first commercial MSC-based products are also addressed, as well as the remaining challenges to the widespread use of MSC-derived products.
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