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Røjkjær Rasmussen D, Lock N, Quinson J. Lights on the Synthesis of Surfactant-Free Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles in Alkaline Mixtures of Alcohols and Water. CHEMSUSCHEM 2025; 18:e202400763. [PMID: 39344878 PMCID: PMC11789972 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Surfactant-free colloidal syntheses in aqueous media are attractive to develop nanomaterials relevant for various applications, e. g. catalysis or medicine. However, controlled green syntheses without surfactants of metal nanoparticles in aqueous media remain scarce. Here, room temperature syntheses of gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs) that require only HAuCl4, alkaline water and an alcohol, i. e. relatively benign chemicals and mild reaction conditions, are developed. The findings of a comprehensive multi-parameters screening performed in small volumes (<3 mL) over 1000+ experiments pave the way to greener high throughput screenings of large parametric spaces and lead to scalable (100 mL) synthetic strategies. A rational selection of the alcohol is proposed. The influence of lights with defined wavelengths (222-690 nm) is investigated. It is found that lights with lower wavelengths favor the formation of smaller 5 nm NPs. Different kinetics and formation pathways are observed for different alcohols and for lights with different wavelengths. The sensitivity to various experimental parameters increases with the alcohol used in the order glycerol
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Lock
- Biological and Chemical Engineering DepartmentAarhus University40 ÅbogadeAarhus8200Denmark
| | - Jonathan Quinson
- Biological and Chemical Engineering DepartmentAarhus University40 ÅbogadeAarhus8200Denmark
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2
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Pittkowski RK, Punke S, Anker AS, Bornet A, Magnard NP, Schlegel N, Graversen LG, Quinson J, Dworzak A, Oezaslan M, Kirkensgaard JJK, Mirolo M, Drnec J, Arenz M, Jensen KMØ. Monitoring the Structural Changes in Iridium Nanoparticles during Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysis with Operando X-ray Total Scattering. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:27517-27527. [PMID: 39344255 PMCID: PMC11468871 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c08149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the structure of nanoparticles under (electro)catalytic operating conditions is crucial for uncovering structure-property relationships. By combining operando X-ray total scattering and pair distribution function analysis with operando small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), we obtained comprehensive structural information on ultrasmall (<3 nm) iridium nanoparticles and tracked their changes during oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acid. When subjected to electrochemical conditions at reducing potentials, the metallic Ir nanoparticles are found to be decahedral. The iridium oxide formed in the electrochemical oxidation contains small rutile-like clusters composed of edge- and corner-connected [IrO6] octahedra of a very confined range. These rutile domains are smaller than 1 nm. Combined with complementary SAXS data analysis to extract the particle size, we find that the OER-active iridium oxide phase lacks crystalline order. Additionally, we observe an iridium oxide contraction under OER conditions, which is confirmed by operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Our results highlight the need for multitechnique operando studies for a complete understanding of the electrochemically formed Ir oxide active in OER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K. Pittkowski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefanie Punke
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andy S. Anker
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aline Bornet
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicolas Schlegel
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laura G. Graversen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Quinson
- Biological
and Chemical Engineering Department, Aarhus
University, 40 Åbogade, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alexandra Dworzak
- Technical
Electrocatalysis Laboratory, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mehtap Oezaslan
- Technical
Electrocatalysis Laboratory, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jacob J. K. Kirkensgaard
- Niels
Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department
of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Marta Mirolo
- ESRF—The
European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Jakub Drnec
- ESRF—The
European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Matthias Arenz
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kirsten M. Ø. Jensen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Quinson J, Kunz S, Arenz M. Surfactant-Free Colloidal Syntheses of Precious Metal Nanoparticles for Improved Catalysts. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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4
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Mathiesen JK, Quinson J, Blaseio S, Kjær ETS, Dworzak A, Cooper SR, Pedersen JK, Wang B, Bizzotto F, Schröder J, Kinnibrugh TL, Simonsen SB, Theil Kuhn L, Kirkensgaard JJK, Rossmeisl J, Oezaslan M, Arenz M, Jensen KMØ. Chemical Insights into the Formation of Colloidal Iridium Nanoparticles from In Situ X-ray Total Scattering: Influence of Precursors and Cations on the Reaction Pathway. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1769-1782. [PMID: 36631996 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Iridium nanoparticles are important catalysts for several chemical and energy conversion reactions. Studies of iridium nanoparticles have also been a key for the development of kinetic models of nanomaterial formation. However, compared to other metals such as gold or platinum, knowledge on the nature of prenucleation species and structural insights into the resultant nanoparticles are missing, especially for nanoparticles obtained from IrxCly precursors investigated here. We use in situ X-ray total scattering (TS) experiments with pair distribution function (PDF) analysis to study a simple, surfactant-free synthesis of colloidal iridium nanoparticles. The reaction is performed in methanol at 50 °C with only a base and an iridium salt as precursor. From different precursor salts─IrCl3, IrCl4, H2IrCl6, or Na2IrCl6─colloidal nanoparticles as small as Ir∼55 are obtained as the final product. The nanoparticles do not show the bulk iridium face-centered cubic (fcc) structure but show decahedral and icosahedral structures. The formation route is highly dependent on the precursor salt used. Using IrCl3 or IrCl4, metallic iridium nanoparticles form rapidly from IrxClyn- complexes, whereas using H2IrCl6 or Na2IrCl6, the iridium nanoparticle formation follows a sudden growth after an induction period and the brief appearance of a crystalline phase. With H2IrCl6, the formation of different Irn (n = 55, 55, 85, and 116) nanoparticles depends on the nature of the cation in the base (LiOH, NaOH, KOH, or CsOH, respectively) and larger particles are obtained with larger cations. As the particles grow, the nanoparticle structure changes from partly icosahedral to decahedral. The results show that the synthesis of iridium nanoparticles from IrxCly is a valuable iridium nanoparticle model system, which can provide new compositional and structural insights into iridium nanoparticle formation and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jette K Mathiesen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.,Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej Bldg. 312, 2800Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Quinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.,Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Åbogade 40, 8200Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Sonja Blaseio
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt Str. 35a, 38106Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Emil T S Kjær
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Alexandra Dworzak
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt Str. 35a, 38106Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Susan R Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jack K Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Baiyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Francesco Bizzotto
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012Bern, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Schröder
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tiffany L Kinnibrugh
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Søren B Simonsen
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej Bldg. 310, 2800Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Luise Theil Kuhn
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej Bldg. 310, 2800Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jacob J K Kirkensgaard
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,Niels-Bohr-Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jan Rossmeisl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Mehtap Oezaslan
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt Str. 35a, 38106Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Arenz
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kirsten M Ø Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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5
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Mints VA, Pedersen JK, Bagger A, Quinson J, Anker AS, Jensen KMØ, Rossmeisl J, Arenz M. Exploring the Composition Space of High-Entropy Alloy Nanoparticles for the Electrocatalytic H 2/CO Oxidation with Bayesian Optimization. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav A. Mints
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Jack K. Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
| | - Alexander Bagger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Quinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
| | - Andy S. Anker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
| | - Kirsten M. Ø. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
| | - Jan Rossmeisl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
| | - Matthias Arenz
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
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6
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Nanostructured Iridium Oxide: State of the Art. INORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics10080115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Iridium Oxide (IrO2) is a metal oxide with a rutile crystalline structure, analogous to the TiO2 rutile polymorph. Unlike other oxides of transition metals, IrO2 shows a metallic type conductivity and displays a low surface work function. IrO2 is also characterized by a high chemical stability. These highly desirable properties make IrO2 a rightful candidate for specific applications. Furthermore, IrO2 can be synthesized in the form of a wide variety of nanostructures ranging from nanopowder, nanosheets, nanotubes, nanorods, nanowires, and nanoporous thin films. IrO2 nanostructuration, which allows its attractive intrinsic properties to be enhanced, can therefore be exploited according to the pursued application. Indeed, IrO2 nanostructures have shown utility in fields that span from electrocatalysis, electrochromic devices, sensors, fuel cell and supercapacitors. After a brief description of the IrO2 structure and properties, the present review will describe the main employed synthetic methodologies that are followed to prepare selectively the various types of nanostructures, highlighting in each case the advantages brought by the nanostructuration illustrating their performances and applications.
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7
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Quinson J. Iridium and IrO x nanoparticles: an overview and review of syntheses and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 303:102643. [PMID: 35334351 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Precious metals are key in various fields of research and precious metal nanomaterials are directly relevant for optics, catalysis, pollution management, sensing, medicine, and many other applications. Iridium based nanomaterials are less studied than metals like gold, silver or platinum. A specific feature of iridium nanomaterials is the relatively small size nanoparticles and clusters easily obtained, e.g. by colloidal syntheses. Progress over the years overcomes the related challenging characterization and it is expected that the knowledge on iridium chemistry and nanomaterials will be growing. Although Ir nanoparticles have been preferred systems for the development of kinetic-based models of nanomaterial formation, there is surprisingly little knowledge on the actual formation mechanism(s) of iridium nanoparticles. Following the impulse from the high expectations on Ir nanoparticles as catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction in electrolyzers, new areas of applications of iridium materials have been reported while more established applications are being revisited. This review covers different synthetic strategies of iridium nanoparticles and provides an in breadth overview of applications reported. Comprehensive Tables and more detailed topic-oriented overviews are proposed in Supplementary Material, covering synthesis protocols, the historical role or iridium nanoparticles in the development of nanoscience and applications in catalysis.
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8
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Juelsholt M, Quinson J, Kjær ETS, Wang B, Pittkowski R, Cooper SR, Kinnibrugh TL, Simonsen SB, Theil Kuhn L, Escudero-Escribano M, Jensen KMØ. Surfactant-free syntheses and pair distribution function analysis of osmium nanoparticles. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 13:230-235. [PMID: 35281627 PMCID: PMC8895034 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.13.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A surfactant-free synthesis of precious metal nanoparticles (NPs) performed in alkaline low-boiling-point solvents has been recently reported. Monoalcohols are here investigated as solvents and reducing agents to obtain colloidal Os nanoparticles by using low-temperature (<100 °C) surfactant-free syntheses. The effect of the precursor (OsCl3 or H2OsCl6), precursor concentration (up to 100 mM), solvent (methanol or ethanol), presence or absence of a base (NaOH), and addition of water (0 to 100 vol %) on the resulting nanomaterials is discussed. It is found that no base is required to obtain Os nanoparticles as opposed to the case of Pt or Ir NPs. The robustness of the synthesis for a precursor concentration up to 100 mM allows for the performance of X-ray total scattering with pair distribution function (PDF) analysis, which shows that 1-2 nm hexagonal close packed (hcp) NPs are formed from chain-like [OsO x Cl y ] complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Juelsholt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 5 Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Quinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 5 Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Emil T S Kjær
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 5 Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Baiyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 5 Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Rebecca Pittkowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 5 Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Susan R Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 5 Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Tiffany L Kinnibrugh
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Søren B Simonsen
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej Bldg. 310, Lyngby, DK-2800 Kgs., Denmark
| | - Luise Theil Kuhn
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej Bldg. 310, Lyngby, DK-2800 Kgs., Denmark
| | - María Escudero-Escribano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 5 Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Kirsten M Ø Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 5 Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
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Mathiesen J, Cooper SR, Anker AS, Kinnibrugh TL, Jensen KMØ, Quinson J. Simple Setup Miniaturization with Multiple Benefits for Green Chemistry in Nanoparticle Synthesis. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:4714-4721. [PMID: 35155963 PMCID: PMC8829938 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of nanomaterials often relies on wet-chemical synthesis performed in reflux setups using round-bottom flasks. Here, an alternative approach to synthesize nanomaterials is presented that uses glass tubes designed for NMR analysis as reactors. This approach uses less solvent and energy, generates less waste, provides safer conditions, is less prone to contamination, and is compatible with high-throughput screening. The benefits of this approach are illustrated by an in breadth study with the synthesis of gold, iridium, osmium, and copper sulfide nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jette
K. Mathiesen
- Chemistry
Department, University of Copenhagen, 5 Universitetsparken, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susan R. Cooper
- Chemistry
Department, University of Copenhagen, 5 Universitetsparken, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andy S. Anker
- Chemistry
Department, University of Copenhagen, 5 Universitetsparken, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tiffany L. Kinnibrugh
- X-ray
Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Kirsten M. Ø. Jensen
- Chemistry
Department, University of Copenhagen, 5 Universitetsparken, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Quinson
- Chemistry
Department, University of Copenhagen, 5 Universitetsparken, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Quinson J. Surfactant-Free Precious Metal Colloidal Nanoparticles for Catalysis. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2021.770281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colloidal syntheses of nanoparticles (NPs) are one of the preferred approaches to prepare precious metal catalysts. Unfortunately, most colloidal syntheses developed require stabilizing agents to avoid NP agglomeration and/or control NP size and morphology. While these surfactants can bring positive features, they typically block catalytically active sites on the NP surface. As a consequence, these additives often need to be removed by energy and/or time consuming steps, at the risk of complicating the synthesis, introducing irreproducibility and negatively altering the structure and properties of the prepared catalysts. Fortunately, several surfactant-free colloidal syntheses have been reported and are being developed. This Mini Review addresses the challenges in defining a surfactant-free colloidal synthesis of NPs and survey established and emerging strategies to obtain surfactant-free colloidal precious metal NPs. A focus is given to approaches that show promising features to bridge the gap between fundamental and applied research towards industrial applications.
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