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Kushwah BS, Thummar MM, Yadav AS, Dhiman V, Samanthula G. Development of stability-indicating method for separation and characterization of benidipine forced degradation products using LC-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5517. [PMID: 36200917 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes forced degradation of benidipine (BEN) as per Q1A (R2) and Q1B guidelines of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. BEN degraded under hydrolysis (neutral, acidic, and alkaline), hydrogen peroxide induced oxidation, and UV light mediated photolytic degradation. A total of 14 degradation products (DPs) were found in all degradation studies, comprising 4 hydrolytic DPs, 8 oxidative DPs, and 4 photolytic DPs. A selective stability-indicating method was developed using an XBridge BEH C18 column with gradient elution program consisting of ammonium acetate (10 mM, 4.8 pH, acetic acid) and acetonitrile. The flow rate was maintained at 1 ml min-1 . All DPs were separated well using the developed HPLC method and were characterized using LC-MS/MS data. As this method is effective in identifying and separating BEN and its DPs with sufficient resolution, it can be used in laboratories for quality control of drugs in daily routine analysis and stability studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhoopendra Singh Kushwah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Mohit M Thummar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Amrej Singh Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Vivek Dhiman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Gananadhamu Samanthula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
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Sensitivity Enhanced Ecofriendly UV Spectrophotometric Methods for Quality Control of Telmisartan and Benidipine Formulations: Comparison of Whiteness and Greenness with HPLC Methods. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127260. [PMID: 35742510 PMCID: PMC9223904 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The development of an environmentally friendly analytical technique for simultaneous measurement of medicines with large concentration differences is difficult yet critical for environmental protection. Hence, in this work, new manipulated UV-spectroscopic methods with high scaling factors were established for concurrent quantification of telmisartan (TEL) and benidipine (BEN) in fixed-dose combinations. Two different methods were developed and established by calculation of peak height at zero crossing point of second derivative and the ratio of first derivative spectra with a scaling factor of 200 and 100, respectively. The absorption difference between the peaks and troughs of the ratio spectra, as well as continuous subtraction from ratio spectra, were established as additional methods. In addition, new procedures were validated using ICH recommendations. The proposed methods’ linearity curves were constructed in the range of 0.5–10 µg mL−1 and 1–30 µg mL−1 for BEN and TEL, respectively, under optimized conditions. Furthermore, both the detection (0.088–0.139 µg mL−1 for BEN and 0.256–0.288 µg mL−1 for TEL) and quantification limits (0.293–0.465 µg mL−1 for BEN and 0.801–0.962 µg mL−1 for TEL) were adequate for quantifying both analytes in the formulation ratios. The accuracy and precision were confirmed by the good recovery percent (98.37%–100.6%), with low percent relative error (0.67%–1.70%) and less than 2 percent relative standard deviation, respectively. The specificity of the methods was proven by accurate and precise outcomes from the standard addition method and analysis of laboratory mixed solutions with large differences in concentrations of both analytes. Finally, the BEN and TEL content of the formulations was determined simultaneously without prior separation using these first ever reported spectroscopic methods. Furthermore, developed UV derivative spectroscopic methods demonstrated high greenness and whiteness when compared to the reported HPLC methods. These findings show that the projected methods were effective, practical, and environmentally acceptable for quality control of BEN and TEL in multicomponent formulations.
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Jagadeesh K, Annapurna N. Stability Indicating Method to Analyze Benidipine and Chlorthalidone Using HPLC Technique: Establishment, Validation and Application to Tablets. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.34172/ps.2019.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
: The combination of chlorthalidone and benidipine was used to manage hypertension. The mixture of chlorthalidone and benidipine in tablet dosage form has not been previously determined by any method. A stability indicating HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous determination of benidipine and chlorthalidone in bulk and tablets. Methods: Chromatographic separation was accomplished in a reverse phase system using an isocratic elution with a mobile phase composed of methanol-0.1M dipotassium hydrogen phosphate buffer (40:60, v/v), at 1 ml/min flow rate. The photodiode array (PDA) detector set at 260 nm was used to detect and quantify benidipine and chlorthalidone. Benidipine and chlorthalidone tablet samples were subjected to degradation under acid, neutral, alkali, thermal, photo and oxidative. The proposed method was effectively adapted to quantify benidipine and chlorthalidone in the combined tablet formulation. Results: The elution times for benidipine and chlorthalidone were approximately 4.573 min and 6.422 min, respectively. The method was validated within a concentration range of 2 - 6 μg/ml (R2 = 0.9997) for benidipine and 6.25 - 18.75 μg/ml (R2 = 0.9998) for chlorthalidone. Adequate results were obtained for precision (RSD% = 0.106% for benidipine and RSD% = 0.031% for chlorthalidone) and accuracy (99.95 - 100.25 % mean recovery for benidipine and 99.60 - 99.63% mean recovery for chlorthalidone). Robustness has also been found to be acceptable. During the degradation study, interference was not noticed in the analysis of studied drugs. Conclusion: The findings demonstrated that the method could be useful for determination of the selected drug combination in routine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadali Jagadeesh
- Basic Science Department, Shri Vishnu Engineering College for Women, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India- 534201
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, AU College of Engineering (A), Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India -530003
| | - Nowduri Annapurna
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, AU College of Engineering (A), Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India -530003
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Sunwoo YE, Nguyen PTT, Chien CM, Ryu JY, Shon J, Shin JG. Effect of rifampin on enantioselective disposition and anti-hypertensive effect of benidipine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 85:737-745. [PMID: 30589098 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS In vitro study showed that benidipine is exclusively metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A. This study evaluated the effect of rifampin on the enantioselective disposition and anti-hypertensive effect of benidipine. METHODS Benidipine (8 mg) was administered to healthy subjects with or without repeated rifampin dosing, in a crossover design. Plasma concentrations of (S)-(S)-(+)-α and (R)-(R)-(-)-α isomers of benidipine and blood pressure were measured for up to 24 h after dosing. In addition, CYP3A metabolic capacity was evaluated in each subject using oral clearance of midazolam. RESULTS The exposure of (S)-(S)-(+)-α-benidipine was greater than that of (R)-(R)-(-)-α-benidipine by approximately three-fold following single dose of benidipine. Repeated doses of rifampin significantly decreased the exposure of both isomers. Geometric mean ratios (GMRs) (95% CI) of Cmax and AUC∞ for (S)-(S)-(+)-α-benidipine were 0.14 (0.10-0.18) and 0.12 (0.08-0.18), respectively. GMRs (95% CI) of Cmax and AUC∞ for (R)-(R)-(-)-α-benidipine were 0.10 (0.06-0.17) and 0.10 (0.06-0.17), respectively. Oral clearances of both isomers were increased equally by approximately 10-fold. There were no significant differences in cardiovascular effect following benidipine administration between control and rifampin treatment. CYP3A activity using midazolam did not appear to correlate with oral clearance of benidipine. CONCLUSIONS After single administration of racemic benidipine, enantioselective disposition of (S)-(S)-(+)-α- and (R)-(R)-(-)-α-benidipine was observed. Treatments with rifampin significantly decreased the exposure of both isomers but appeared to marginally affect its blood pressure-lowering effect in healthy subjects. Impact of coadministration of rifampin on the treatment effects of benidipine should be assessed in hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Eun Sunwoo
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Phuong Thi Thu Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam
| | - Chin May Chien
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Ryu
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihong Shon
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gook Shin
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Bellur Atici E, Karlığa B. Identification, synthesis and characterization of process related impurities of benidipine hydrochloride, stress-testing/stability studies and HPLC/UPLC method validations. J Pharm Anal 2015; 5:256-268. [PMID: 29403939 PMCID: PMC5762216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Benidipine hydrochloride, used as an antihypertensive agent and long-acting calcium antagonist, is synthesized for commercial use as a drug substance in highly pure form. During the synthetic process development studies of benidipine, process related impurities were detected. These impurities were identified, synthesized and characterized and mechanisms of their formation were discussed in detail. After all standardization procedures, they were used as reference standards for analytical studies. In addition, a separate HPLC method was developed and validated for detection of residual 1-benzylpiperidin-3-ol (Ben-2), which is used during benidipine synthesis and controlled as a potential process related impurity. As complementary of this work, stress-testing studies of benidipine were carried out under specified conditions and a stability-indicating UPLC assay method was developed, validated and used during stability studies of benidipine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esen Bellur Atici
- Deva Holding A.Ş., Çerkezköy-2 Production Plant, Karaağaç Mh. Fatih Blv. No: 26, Adres No: 2278035833, Kapaklı, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Bekir Karlığa
- Deva Holding A.Ş., Çerkezköy-2 Production Plant, Karaağaç Mh. Fatih Blv. No: 26, Adres No: 2278035833, Kapaklı, Tekirdağ, Turkey
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Karadas N, Sanli S, Gumustas M, Ozkan SA. Voltammetric and RP-LC assay for determination of benidipine HCl. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 66:116-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Development of a liquid chromatography/negative-ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry assay for the determination of cilnidipine in human plasma and its application to a bioequivalence study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 862:246-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2007] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Yun HY, Yun MH, Kang W, Kwon KI. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of benidipine using a slow receptor-binding model. J Clin Pharm Ther 2006; 30:541-7. [PMID: 16336286 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2005.00682.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the relationship between the plasma concentration of benidipine, a long-lasting antihypertensive agent with Ca(2+)-channel-blocking properties, and its cardiovascular effects (reduction in blood pressure and increase in heart rate) in order to assess the usefulness of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modelling in describing this relationship. METHODS Two groups of 24 healthy volunteers received either a 4- or 8-mg benidipine hydrochloride tablet; 11 additional subjects received a placebo. Serial blood sampling and PD measurements were performed over 8 h thereafter. Plasma concentrations of benidipine were measured with a validated LC/MS/MS system, and the effects on blood pressure and heart rate were assessed during the same period. A two-compartment open model with lag time was used to explain the PK properties, and the PD model was characterized by slow receptor binding, reflecting the binding of benidipine to the ion-channel receptor. RESULTS Benidipine reached mean peak plasma concentrations of 1.04 and 3.85 ng/mL at 0.5 and 0.75 h after 4 and 8 mg doses, respectively. Peak cardiovascular effects were detected approximately 2 h after the administration of either dose. Maximal decreases in diastolic blood pressure with 4 and 8 mg of benidipine were 7.79 and 14.75 mmHg, respectively, and maximal increases in heart rate were 7.32 and 17.56 bpm, respectively. No significant changes in systolic blood pressure were observed. The cardiovascular effects were analysed according to a slow receptor-binding model. CONCLUSIONS The tested PK-PD model successfully described the relationship between the plasma concentration of benidipine and its cardiovascular effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-Y Yun
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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Yao K, Nagashima K, Miki H. Pharmacological, Pharmacokinetic, and Clinical Properties of Benidipine Hydrochloride, a Novel, Long-Acting Calcium Channel Blocker. J Pharmacol Sci 2006; 100:243-61. [PMID: 16565579 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.dtj05001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Benidipine is a dihydropyridine-derived calcium channel blocker developed in Japan, with several unique mechanisms of action, that is, triple calcium channels (L, N, and T) blocking action with a membrane approach. Benidipine has relatively high vascular selectivity and is expected to show protective effects on vascular endothelial cells. Renal protective effects of benidipine also have been shown in several basic and clinical studies. Moreover, anti-oxidative action and enhancing nitric oxide production have been noted with this drug, following its cardio-protective effects in patients with ischemic heart diseases. In fact, benidipine exerted a better prognostic effect than other calcium channel blockers in the therapy for patients with vasospastic angina. In addition, benidipine showed reliable antihypertensive, renoprotective effects if used in combination with angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs) when adequate anti-hypertensive effects are not achieved by ARBs alone, indicating that benidipine is an useful calcium channel blocker in combination therapy for hypertension. Benidipine was launched on the Japanese market 14 years ago, but few severe side effects have been reported, suggesting that this is a drug with established safety and long-acting pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozo Yao
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Biology, Pharmaceutical Research Center, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd., Japan
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Kang W, Lee DJ, Liu KH, Sunwoo YE, Kwon KI, Cha IJ, Shin JG. Analysis of benidipine enantiomers in human plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using a macrocyclic antibiotic (Vancomycin) chiral stationary phase column. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 814:75-81. [PMID: 15607710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2004] [Accepted: 10/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We used a novel chromatographic method to rapidly and simply characterize the pharmacokinetics of benidipine enantiomers in human plasma. The stereoisomers of benidipine were extracted from plasma using diethylether under alkaline conditions. After evaporating the organic layer, the residue was reconstituted in the mobile phase (methanol:acetic acid:triethylamine, 100:0.01:0.0001, v/v/v). The enantiomers in the extract were separated on a macrocyclic antibiotic (Vancomycin) chiral stationary phase column. The mobile phase was eluted at 1 ml/min and was split by an interface. One-fifth of the eluent was used to quantify both isomers in a tandem mass spectrometer in multiple reaction-monitoring mode. The coefficient of variation of the precision of the assay was less than 8%, the assay accuracy was between 93.4 and 113.3%, and the limit of detection was 0.05 ng/ml for 1 ml of plasma. The method described above was used to measure the concentration of both benidipine enantiomers in plasma from healthy subjects who received a single oral dose of a racemate of 8 mg benidipine. The C(max) and AUC(inf) values of (+)-alpha benidipine were higher than those of (-)-alpha benidipine by 1.96- and 1.85-fold, respectively (p<0.001), whereas, the T(max) and t(1/2) for each of the benidipine stereoisomers were not significantly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonku Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics Research Center, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
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Kang WK, Yun HY, Kwon KI. Assessing the bioequivalence of 4- and 8-mg benidipine tablets in healthy volunteers after a single oral dose. J Clin Pharm Ther 2005; 30:85-90. [PMID: 15659008 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2004.00614.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the bioequivalence of a new tablet formulation of benidipine hydrochloride with reference to a marketed product. METHODS Two groups, consisting of 24 healthy volunteers each, received a 4- or 8-mg (one or two tablets) reference benidipine hydrochloride tablet and one or two test tablets in a 2 x 2 cross-over study. There was a 6-day washout period between doses. The plasma benidipine concentration was monitored using LC/MS/MS for 8 h after the dose. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to the last sampling time (AUCt) was calculated using the linear-log trapezoidal rule. The maximum plasma drug concentration (Cmax) and the time to reach Cmax (Tmax) were compiled from the plasma concentration-time data. Analysis of variance was carried out using logarithmically transformed AUCt and Cmax, and untransformed Tmax. RESULTS The geometric mean AUCt was 2.23 ng/mL/h (test medication) and 2.47 ng/mL/h (reference medication) for the 4-mg tablet, and 9.57 and 9.97 ng/mL/h for the 8-mg tablet, respectively. A Cmax of 1.94 and 2.01 ng/mL was achieved for the test and reference medication for the 4-mg tablet, and 5.94 and 6.53 ng/mL for the 8-mg tablet, respectively. The 90% confidence intervals for AUCt and Cmax were 0.8441-1.0481 and 0.8739-1.2037 for the 4-mg tablet, and 0.8559-1.1273 and 0.9926-1.2176 for the 8-mg tablet, respectively, satisfying the bioequivalence criteria of the US Food and Drug Administration Guidelines, and the Korea Food and Drug Administration Guidelines. These results indicate that the 4- and 8-mg tablets of benidipine are bioequivalent to the reference formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K Kang
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2004; 39:1383-1394. [PMID: 15532071 PMCID: PMC7166839 DOI: 10.1002/jms.712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of mass spectrometry. Each bibliography is divided into 11 sections: 1 Books, Reviews & Symposia; 2 Instrumental Techniques & Methods; 3 Gas Phase Ion Chemistry; 4 Biology/Biochemistry: Amino Acids, Peptides & Proteins; Carbohydrates; Lipids; Nucleic Acids; 5 Pharmacology/Toxicology; 6 Natural Products; 7 Analysis of Organic Compounds; 8 Analysis of Inorganics/Organometallics; 9 Surface Analysis; 10 Environmental Analysis; 11 Elemental Analysis. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author (5 Weeks journals ‐ Search completed at 8th. Sept. 2004)
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