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Handling unstable analytes: literature review and expert panel survey by Japan Bioanalysis Forum Discussion Group. Bioanalysis 2021; 14:169-185. [PMID: 34894755 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyzing unstable small molecule drugs and metabolites in blood continues to be challenging for bioanalysis. Although scientific countermeasures such as immediate cooling, immediate freezing, addition of enzyme inhibitors, pH adjustment, dried blood spot or derivatization have been developed, selecting the best practices has become an issue in the pharmaceutical industry as the number of drugs with such problems is increasing, even for generic drugs. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive literature review and a questionnaire survey to determine a suitable practice for evaluating instability and implementing countermeasures. Three areas of focus, matrix selection, effect of hemolysis and selection of esterase inhibitors, are discussed.
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2
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Crotti S, Posocco B, Marangon E, Nitti D, Toffoli G, Agostini M. Mass spectrometry in the pharmacokinetic studies of anticancer natural products. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:213-251. [PMID: 26280357 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In the history of medicine, nature has represented the main source of medical products. Indeed, the therapeutic use of plants certainly goes back to the Sumerian and Hippocrates and nowadays nature still represents the major source for new drugs discovery. Moreover, in the cancer treatment, drugs are either natural compounds or have been developed from naturally occurring parent compounds firstly isolated from plants and microbes from terrestrial and marine environment. A critical element of an anticancer drug is represented by its severe toxicities and, after administration, the drug concentrations have to remain in an appropriate range to be effective. Anyway, the drug dosage defined during the clinical studies could be inappropriate for an individual patient due to differences in drug absorption, metabolism and excretion. For this reason, personalized medicine, based on therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), represents one of most important challenges in cancer therapy. Mass spectrometry sensitivity, specificity and fastness lead to elect this technique as the Golden Standard for pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism studies therefore for TDM. This review focuses on the mass spectrometry-based methods developed for pharmacokinetic quantification in human plasma of anticancer drugs derived from natural sources and already used in clinical practice. Particular emphasis was placed both on the pre-analytical and analytical steps, such as: sample preparation procedures, sample size required by the analysis and the limit of quantification of drugs and metabolites to give some insights on the clinical practice applicability. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev. 36:213-251, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Crotti
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy
| | - Bianca Posocco
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Elena Marangon
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Donato Nitti
- Surgical Clinic, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Nicolo Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Marco Agostini
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy
- Surgical Clinic, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Nicolo Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
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Guichard N, Guillarme D, Bonnabry P, Fleury-Souverain S. Antineoplastic drugs and their analysis: a state of the art review. Analyst 2017; 142:2273-2321. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00367f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We provide an overview of the analytical methods available for the quantification of antineoplastic drugs in pharmaceutical formulations, biological and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Guichard
- Pharmacy
- Geneva University Hospitals (HUG)
- Geneva
- Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Geneva
- University of Lausanne
- Geneva
- Switzerland
| | - Pascal Bonnabry
- Pharmacy
- Geneva University Hospitals (HUG)
- Geneva
- Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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Development and validation of a sensitive LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of sinotecan and its active metabolite in human blood. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 951-952:62-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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5
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Jain A, Gulbake A, Jain A, Shilpi S, Hurkat P, Kashaw S, Jain SK. Development and Validation of the HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Paclitaxel and Topotecan. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 52:697-703. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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6
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Li N, Han X, Yang J, Gui L, Song Y, Du P, Shi Y. Absolute bioavailability studies of a new oral topotecan formulation in Chinese patients using UHPLC–MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 76:252-6. [PMID: 23354352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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7
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Hu Z, Sun Y, Du F, Niu W, Xu F, Huang Y, Li C. Accurate determination of the anticancer prodrug simmitecan and its active metabolite chimmitecan in various plasma samples based on immediate deactivation of blood carboxylesterases. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6646-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Saini PK, Jain CL, Singh RM, Mathur SC, Singh GN. Development and Validation of a RP-Ultra performance liquid chromatographic Method for Quantification of Topotecan Hydrochloride in Bulk and Injection Dosage Form. Indian J Pharm Sci 2011; 72:494-7. [PMID: 21218062 PMCID: PMC3013564 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.73925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, very fast, precise and accurate reverse phase ultra performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination and validation of topotecan hydrochloride in bulk and injection dosage form. A Waters BEH C18, 50×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm particle size column in gradient mode was used with mobile phase comprising of 0.1% v/v orthophosphoric acid in water and acetonitrile. The analytical column was thermostated at 50° and flow rate was set at 0.4 ml per min, with photo diode array detection at 260 nm. The retention time of topotecan was found 1.38 min. The method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision and specificity. The calibration curve was found linear between 20 to 60 μg/ml. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were found 0.2353 and 0.7131 μg/ml, respectively. Percentage recoveries were obtained in the range of 98.91% and 99.17%. The proposed method is precise, accurate, selective and reproducible. The ultra performance liquid chromatographic assay procedure, which proved superior because of its greater sensitivity and relatively shorter (4 min) run time, should be an important tool for speedy future analysis of topotecan hydrochloride in bulk and its injection dosage form.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Saini
- Research and Development Division, Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Sector-23, Rajnagar Ghaziabad-201 001, India
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9
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Raghu NS, Reddy YR, Naresh V, Rao VS. SEPARATION, IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTITATION OF DEGRADANTS OF TOPOTECAN AND ITS RELATED IMPURITIES IN TOPOTECAN INJECTION BY RP-HPLC AND LC-MS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.551610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nandan Srinivasan Raghu
- a Analytical Research and Formulation Development, Integrated Product Development, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd. , Andhra Pradesh State, India
- b Department of Chemistry , S.K University , Ananthpur, Andhra Pradesh State, India
| | - Y. Ramachandra Reddy
- b Department of Chemistry , S.K University , Ananthpur, Andhra Pradesh State, India
| | - V. Naresh
- a Analytical Research and Formulation Development, Integrated Product Development, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd. , Andhra Pradesh State, India
| | - V. Suryanarayana Rao
- b Department of Chemistry , S.K University , Ananthpur, Andhra Pradesh State, India
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Li H, Li J, Yang Z, Xu Q, Hu X. Sodium dodecyl sulfate sensitized electrochemical method for sub-picomole level determination of topotecan hydrochloride at a novel disposable electrode. Sci China Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-010-4089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Quantification of topotecan by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). Application to intestinal transport using rat everted gut sacs. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:645-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Srinivas NR. Lack of stability of topotecan in heart tissue homogenates: is it an analytical dilemma or a real phenomenon? Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:447-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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13
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Jin QR, Kim IW, Choi MK, Shim WS, Tian GY, Lee S, Lee J, Kim DD, Chung SJ, Shim CK. Determination of Belotecan in the Plasma, Bile, and Urine of Rats by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection and Its Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study. ANAL LETT 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710802568572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Involvement of P-glycoprotein, Multidrug Resistance Protein 2 and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein in the Transport of Belotecan and Topotecan in Caco-2 and MDCKII Cells. Pharm Res 2008; 25:2601-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9678-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Vali AM, Toliyat T, Shafaghi B, Dadashzadeh S. Preparation, optimization, and characterization of topotecan loaded PEGylated liposomes using factorial design. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 34:10-23. [PMID: 18214751 DOI: 10.1080/03639040701385055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the development of liposomal system for a potent antitumor drug, topotecan. To achieve this goal conventional and PEGylated liposomes were prepared according to a factorial design by hydration method followed by extrusion. Parameters such as type of lipid, percentage of cholesterol, percentage of phosphatidylglycerols, percentage of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-lipids, and drug to lipid molar ratio were considered as important factors for the optimizing the entrapment and retention of topotecan inside the liposomes. The size and zeta-potential of the PEGylated and conventional liposomes were measured by particle size analyzer and zeta-potentiometer, respectively. The stability and release characteristics of PEGylated liposome loaded topotecan were compared with conventional liposomes and free topotecan. The optimized PEGylated [distearoyl phosphatidylcholine (DSPC)/cholesterol/ distearoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DSPG)/ distearoyl phosphatidylethanolamine-PEG(2000) (DSPE-PEG(2000)); 7:7:3:1.28] and related conventional [DSPC/cholesterol/DSPG; 7:7:3] liposomes showed a narrow size distribution with a polydipersity index of 0.15 and 0.10, an average diameter of 103.0 +/- 13.1 and 95.2 +/- 11.10 nm, and with drug loading of 11.44 and 6.21%, respectively. Zeta-potential was -10 +/- 2.3 and -22 +/- 2.8 mV for PEGylated and conventional liposomes, respectively. The results of stability evaluation showed that the lactone ring of topotecan was notably preserved upon liposome encapsulation. PEGylated liposomes containing topotecan showed a significant decrease (P < 0.001) in release rate in comparison with conventional leptosomes. These results indicate the suitability of PEGylated liposomes in controlling topotecan release. The prepared liposomes (especially PEGylated liposomes) as those described here may be clinically useful to stabilize and deliver topotecan for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Masoud Vali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Saravanan G, Suryanarayana MV, Balaji N, Someswararao N, Sekhar NM. A Stability-Indicating LC Method for Assay of Topotecan Hydrochloride. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0468-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Bansal T, Singh M, Mishra G, Talegaonkar S, Khar RK, Jaggi M, Mukherjee R. Concurrent determination of topotecan and model permeability markers (atenolol, antipyrine, propranolol and furosemide) by reversed phase liquid chromatography: Utility in Caco-2 intestinal absorption studies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 859:261-6. [PMID: 17936093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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de Vries NA, Ouwehand M, Buckle T, Beijnen JH, van Tellingen O. Determination of topotecan in human and mouse plasma and in mouse tissue homogenates by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 2007; 21:1191-200. [PMID: 17582233 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay has been developed and validated for quantification of total topotecan in human and mouse plasma and in mouse tissue samples. Isocratic separation was achieved on a Zorbax SB-C(18) column and topotecan was monitored fluorimetrically. Two ranges of calibrations curves were used to determine lower levels of topotecan more accurately. Acceptable accuracy and precision was achieved for all matrices. Topotecan was stable upon repeated freeze-thawing for three cycles or storage for 24 h at ambient temperatures in spiked plasma samples and tissue homogenates, except in heart homogenates. In an additional validation experiment in which (14)C-labeled topotecan was administered to mice, the levels of unchanged topotecan were about 80-90% of the total radioactivity in tissue homogenates collected 10 min after drug administration and virtually similar as in plasma samples. However, results in tissue homogenates obtained 4 h post-drug administration indicated substantial metabolism of topotecan. This assay is suitable for studying the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of topotecan in mice. Our results demonstrate the importance of including all tissues of interest for pharmacokinetic studies in the validation procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke A de Vries
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute (Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital), Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Elbarbry F, Wilby K, Alcorn J. Validation of a HPLC method for the determination of p-nitrophenol hydroxylase activity in rat hepatic microsomes. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 834:199-203. [PMID: 16497568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Revised: 12/23/2005] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We report a HPLC-UV method for determination of p-nitrophenol (PNP) hydroxylation to 4-nitrocatechol (4NC) as a marker for CYP2E1 activity in rat hepatic microsomes. Proteins were precipitated by addition of 50 microL phosphoric acid (50%, v/v in water) to 500 microL microsomal suspensions. Following vortex mixing and centrifugation the supernatant (20 microL) was injected onto a Supelcosil C(18) column (150 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microm), and mobile phase (22% acetonitrile, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acetic acid, 0.5% triethylamine) delivered at 1.0 mL/min produced resolved peaks for internal standard, 4NC, and PNP in < 11 min. Calibration curves were linear (r(2) = 0.999) from 0.1 to 40 microM with intra- and inter-day precision < 12% and accuracy >90%. The method's improved sensitivity (LOQ = 0.1 microM) and minimal sample processing allowed rapid monitoring of PNP hydroxylase activity in fetal, neonatal, juvenile, and adult rat livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawzy Elbarbry
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada S7N5C9
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