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Moreira F, Carmo H, Guedes de Pinho P, Bastos MDL. Doping detection in animals: A review of analytical methodologies published from 1990 to 2019. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:474-504. [PMID: 33440053 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the impressive innate physical abilities of horses, camels, greyhounds, or pigeons, doping agents might be administered to these animals to improve their performance. To control these illegal practices, anti-doping analytical methodologies have been developed. This review compiles the analytical methods that have been published for the detection of prohibited substances administered to animals involved in sports over 30 years. Relevant papers meeting the search criteria that discussed analytical methods aiming to detect and/or quantify doping substances in animal biological matrices published from 1990 to 2019 were considered. A total of 317 studies were included, of which 298 were related to horses, demonstrating significant advances toward the development of doping detection methods for equine sports. However, analytical methods for the detection of doping agents in sports involving other species are lacking. Due to enhanced accuracy and specificity, chromatographic analysis coupled to mass spectrometry detection is preferred over immunoassays. Regarding biological matrices, blood and urine remain the first choice, although alternative biological matrices, such as hair and feces, have been considered. With the increasing number and type of drugs used as doping agents, the analytes addressed in the published papers are diverse. It is very important to continue to detect and quantify these drugs, recognizing those that are most frequently used, in order to punish the abusers, protect animals' health, and ensure a healthier and genuine competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Moreira
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Área Técnico-Científica de Farmácia, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Carmo
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Zak A, Siwinska N, Slowikowska M, Borowicz H, Szpot P, Zawadzki M, Niedzwiedz A. The detection of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin in horse serum following long-term local administration. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:193. [PMID: 29914499 PMCID: PMC6006555 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1518-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin are alkaloids with analgesic effects in humans and animals. When used locally, both of them minimalise pain sensation by defunctionalising nerve endings. According to the Federation Equestrian International Prohibited Substances List, these are substance banned in horse competitions. The aim of the study was to determine the detection time of capsaicin in both plasma and serum after long-term use of a gel recommended for commercial use and applied as intended. The objective of the study was to select the best material for the detection of capsaicin as a doping substance in horses. Methods Nine healthy mature horses were administered 0.1% capsaicin topically in the form of a commercial analgesic gel (15 g of the gel per limb) to the front limbs every 24 hours for five days with a polar fleece bandage. Blood serum and plasma were collected prior to gel application and in the 12th, 18th, 24th, 36th, 42nd, 48th, 60th, 84th, 108th, 132nd, 156th hour after the gel application. Qualitative and quantitative analysis was performed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS). Results The concentration of capsaicin in the serum samples did not exceed the lower limit of quantification. Capsaicin was not detected in the plasma samples during the entire study period. Dihydrocapsaicin was not detected in blood serum or plasma. Conclusion The presented results suggest that capsaicin is not detected in horse serum in the 24-hour-periodfollowing its last application according to the dosage regimen used by owners and veterinarians for therapy rather than doping, based on a five day gel application and a polar bandage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 47, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - N Siwinska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 47, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - M Slowikowska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 47, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - H Borowicz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 47, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - P Szpot
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 4, 50-345, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - M Zawadzki
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 4, 50-345, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - A Niedzwiedz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 47, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland
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Fragkaki AG, Kioukia-Fougia N, Kiousi P, Kioussi M, Tsivou M. Challenges in detecting substances for equine anti-doping. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1291-1303. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. G. Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
| | - N. Kioukia-Fougia
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
| | - P. Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
| | - M. Kioussi
- Laboratory of Pesticides Residues, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy; Benaki Phytopathological Institute; 8 St. Delta str., 14561 Kifissia Athens Greece
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Athens; 15771 Panepistimiopolis-Zographou Athens Greece
| | - M. Tsivou
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
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Ogawa T, Tada M, Hattori H, Shiraishi Y, Suzuki T, Iwai M, Kusano M, Zaitsu K, Ishii A, Seno H. Sensitive determination of picrotoxin by liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2016; 20:8-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mut L, Grobosch T, Binscheck-Domaß T, Frenzel W. Toxicological screening of human plasma by on-line SPE-HPLC-DAD: identification and quantification of acidic and neutral drugs. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 30:343-62. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Mut
- Berlin Institute of Technology; Department of Environmental Technology; Straße des 17. Juni 135 D-10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Thomas Grobosch
- Labor Berlin - Charité Vivantes GmbH; Department for Laboratory Medicine and Toxicology; Sylter Str. 2 D-13353 Berlin Germany
| | - Torsten Binscheck-Domaß
- Labor Berlin - Charité Vivantes GmbH; Department for Laboratory Medicine and Toxicology; Sylter Str. 2 D-13353 Berlin Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frenzel
- Berlin Institute of Technology; Department of Environmental Technology; Straße des 17. Juni 135 D-10623 Berlin Germany
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Ho ENM, Kwok WH, Leung DKK, Riggs CM, Sidlow G, Stewart BD, Wong ASY, Wan TSM. Control of the misuse of testosterone in castrated horses based on an international threshold in plasma. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:414-9. [PMID: 24889217 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmie N. M. Ho
- Racing Laboratory Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse Sha Tin N.T. Hong Kong, China
| | - W. H. Kwok
- Racing Laboratory Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse Sha Tin N.T. Hong Kong, China
| | - David K. K. Leung
- Racing Laboratory Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse Sha Tin N.T. Hong Kong, China
| | - Christopher M. Riggs
- Equine Hospital; the Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse Sha Tin N.T. Hong Kong, China
| | - Gordon Sidlow
- Equine Hospital; the Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse Sha Tin N.T. Hong Kong, China
| | - Brian D. Stewart
- Equine Hospital; the Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse Sha Tin N.T. Hong Kong, China
| | - April S. Y. Wong
- Racing Laboratory Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse Sha Tin N.T. Hong Kong, China
| | - Terence S. M. Wan
- Racing Laboratory Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse Sha Tin N.T. Hong Kong, China
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You Y, Uboh CE, Soma LR, Guan F, Taylor D, Li X, Liu Y, Chen J. Validated UHPLC–MS-MS Method for Rapid Analysis of Capsaicin and Dihydrocapsaicin in Equine Plasma for Doping Control. J Anal Toxicol 2013; 37:122-32. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bks098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Ho ENM, Kwok WH, Wong ASY, Wan TSM. High resolution accurate mass screening of prohibited substances in equine plasma using liquid chromatography - Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2012; 5:509-28. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmie N. M. Ho
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin; N.T.; Hong Kong, China
| | - W. H. Kwok
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin; N.T.; Hong Kong, China
| | - April S. Y. Wong
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin; N.T.; Hong Kong, China
| | - Terence S. M. Wan
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin; N.T.; Hong Kong, China
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Derivatization of carboxylic acids with 4-APEBA for detection by positive-ion LC-ESI–MS(/MS) applied for the analysis of prostanoids and NSAID in urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1393-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Viette V, Fathi M, Rudaz S, Hochstrasser D, Veuthey JL. Current role of liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in clinical toxicology screening methods. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011; 49:1091-103. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
This chapter reviews drug and medication control in equestrian sports and addresses the rules of racing, the technological advances that have been made in drug detection and the importance of metabolism studies in the development of effective drug surveillance programmes. Typical approaches to screening and confirmatory analysis are discussed, as are the quality processes that underpin these procedures. The chapter also addresses four specific topics relevant to equestrian sports: substances controlled by threshold values, the approach adopted recently by European racing authorities to control some therapeutic substances, anabolic steroids in the horse and LC-MS analysis in drug testing in animal sports and metabolism studies. The purpose of discussing these specific topics is to emphasise the importance of research and development and collaboration to further global harmonisation and the development and support of international rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Houghton
- HFL Sport Science, Newmarket Road, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK.
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Chen Y, Zhao L, Lu F, Yu Y, Chai Y, Wu Y. Determination of synthetic drugs used to adulterate botanical dietary supplements using QTRAP LC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2009; 26:595-603. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030802641880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Dowling G, Gallo P, Fabbrocino S, Serpe L, Regan L. Determination of ibuprofen, ketoprofen, diclofenac and phenylbutazone in bovine milk by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008; 25:1497-508. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030802383160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zhang H, Yang Y. An algorithm for thorough background subtraction from high-resolution LC/MS data: application for detection of glutathione-trapped reactive metabolites. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:1181-1190. [PMID: 18300330 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A control sample background-subtraction algorithm was developed for thorough subtraction of background and matrix-related signals in high-resolution, accurate mass liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) data to reveal ions of interest in an analyte sample. This algorithm checked all ions in the control scans within a specified time window around the analyte scan for potential subtraction of ions found in that analyte scan. Applying this method, chromatographic fluctuations between runs were dealt with and background and matrix-related signals in the sample could be thoroughly subtracted. The effectiveness of this algorithm was demonstrated using four test compounds, clozapine, diclofenac, imipramine, and tacrine, to reveal glutathione (GSH)-trapped reactive metabolites after incubation with human liver microsomes supplemented with GSH (30 microM compound, 45-min incubation). Using this algorithm with a+/-1.0 min control scan time window, a+/-5 ppm mass error tolerance, and appropriate control samples, the GSH-trapped metabolites were revealed as the major peaks in the processed LC/MS profiles. Such profiles allowed for comprehensive and reliable identification of these metabolites without the need for any presumptions regarding their behavior or properties with respect to mass spectrometric detection. The algorithm was shown to provide superior results when compared to several commercially available background-subtraction algorithms. Many of the metabolites detected were doubly charged species which would be difficult to detect with traditional GSH adduct screening techniques, and thus, some of the adducts have not previously been reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Zhang
- Biotransformation, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA.
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Zhang H, Ma L, He K, Zhu M. An algorithm for thorough background subtraction from high-resolution LC/MS data: application to the detection of troglitazone metabolites in rat plasma, bile, and urine. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:1191-1200. [PMID: 18521834 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Interferences from biological matrices remain a major challenge to the in vivo detection of drug metabolites. For the last few decades, predicted metabolite masses and fragmentation patterns have been employed to aid in the detection of drug metabolites in liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) data. Here we report the application of an accurate mass-based background-subtraction approach for comprehensive detection of metabolites formed in vivo using troglitazone as an example. A novel algorithm was applied to check all ions in the spectra of control scans within a specified time window around an analyte scan for potential background subtraction from that analyte spectrum. In this way, chromatographic fluctuations between control and analyte samples were dealt with, and background and matrix-related signals could be effectively subtracted from the data of the analyte sample. Using this algorithm with a+/-1.0 min control scan time window, a+/-10 ppm mass error tolerance, and respective predose samples as controls, troglitazone metabolites were reliably identified in rat plasma and bile samples. Identified metabolites included those reported in the literature as well as some that had not previously been reported, including a novel sulfate conjugate in bile. In combination with mass defect filtering, this algorithm also allowed for identification of troglitazone metabolites in rat urine samples. With a generic data acquisition method and a simple algorithm that requires no presumptions of metabolite masses or fragmentation patterns, this high-resolution LC/MS-based background-subtraction approach provides an efficient alternative for comprehensive metabolite identification in complex biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Zhang
- Biotransformation, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
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Hsieh Y. HPLC-MS/MS in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic screening. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2007; 4:93-101. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.4.1.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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