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Kubo Y, Shoji K, Tajima A, Horiguchi S, Fukuoka H, Nishikawa M, Kagawa Y, Kawabata T. Serum 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate Status Is Associated with One-Carbon Metabolism-Related Metabolite Concentrations and Enzyme Activity Indicators in Young Women. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10993. [PMID: 37446171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining optimal one-carbon metabolism (OCM) is essential for health and pregnancy. In this cross-sectional study, folate status was assessed based on 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) levels, and the association between 5-MTHF and OCM-related metabolites was investigated in 227 female Japanese university students aged 18-25 years. The participants were divided into high and low 5-MTHF groups based on their folate status. Serum samples of the participants were collected while they were fasting, and 18 OCM-related metabolites were measured using stable-isotope dilution liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. The association between serum 5-MTHF and OCM-related metabolite concentrations was assessed using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Serum 5-MTHF concentrations were negatively correlated with total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations and positively correlated with S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and total cysteine (tCys) concentrations. Serum 5-MTHF concentrations demonstrated a stronger negative correlation with tHcy/tCys than with tHcy alone. The negative correlation between betaine and tHcy concentrations was stronger in the low 5-MTHF group than in the high 5-MTHF group. The 5-MTHF status could be linked to Hcy flux into the transsulfuration pathway via SAM. Therefore, the tHcy/tCys ratio may be a more sensitive indicator of the 5-MTHF status than tHcy alone. Furthermore, a low 5-MTHF status can enhance Hcy metabolism via betaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Kubo
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado 350-0288, Japan
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu 520-2192, Japan
| | - Kumiko Shoji
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado 350-0288, Japan
| | - Akiko Tajima
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado 350-0288, Japan
| | - Sayaka Horiguchi
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado 350-0288, Japan
| | - Hideoki Fukuoka
- Department of Perinatal Mesenchymal Stem Cell Research, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Masazumi Nishikawa
- Department of Food Management, School of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Miyagi University, 2-2-1 Hatadate, Taihaku-ku, Sendai 982-0215, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kagawa
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado 350-0288, Japan
| | - Terue Kawabata
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado 350-0288, Japan
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Mitic BM, Mattanovich D, Hann S, Causon T. Tailored extraction and ion mobility-mass spectrometry enables isotopologue analysis of tetrahydrofolate vitamers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04786-5. [PMID: 37347300 PMCID: PMC10404201 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Climate change directs the focus in biotechnology increasingly on one-carbon metabolism for fixation of CO2 and CO2-derived chemicals (e.g. methanol, formate) to reduce our reliance on both fossil and food-competing carbon sources. The tetrahydrofolate pathway is involved in several one-carbon fixation pathways. To study such pathways, stable isotope-labelled tracer analysis performed with mass spectrometry is state of the art. However, no such method is currently available for tetrahydrofolate vitamers. In the present work, we established a fit-for-purpose extraction method for the methylotrophic yeast Komagataella phaffii that allows access to intracellular methyl- and methenyl-tetrahydrofolate (THF) with demonstrated stability over several hours. To determine isotopologue distributions of methyl-THF, LC-QTOFMS provides a selective fragment ion with suitable intensity of at least two isotopologues in all samples, but not for methenyl-THF. However, the addition of ion mobility separation provided a critical selectivity improvement allowing accurate isotopologue distribution analysis of methenyl-THF with LC-IM-TOFMS. Application of these new methods for 13C-tracer experiments revealed a decrease from 83 ± 4 to 64 ± 5% in the M + 0 carbon isotopologue fraction in methyl-THF after 1 h of labelling with formate, and to 54 ± 5% with methanol. The M + 0 carbon isotopologue fraction of methenyl-THF was reduced from 83 ± 2 to 78 ± 1% over the same time when using 13C-methanol labelling. The labelling results of multiple strains evidenced the involvement of the THF pathway in the oxygen-tolerant reductive glycine pathway, the presence of the in vivo reduction of formate to formaldehyde, and the activity of the spontaneous condensation reaction of formaldehyde with THF in K. phaffii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd M Mitic
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Department of Chemistry, Insitute of Analytical Chemistry, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Diethard Mattanovich
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Hann
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Department of Chemistry, Insitute of Analytical Chemistry, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tim Causon
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Department of Chemistry, Insitute of Analytical Chemistry, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
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Cao Y, Zeng J, Huang T, Chen J. A sensitive, robust and high-throughput isotope dilution LC-MS/MS method for quantifying three folate forms in serum. Bioanalysis 2023; 15:249-258. [PMID: 36976934 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to establish an isotope dilution LC-MS/MS method for the determination of folic acid, 5-formyltetrahydrofolate and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in human serum. This method was then used to quantify these three folate forms in the healthy adult population and supplement users. A stable 96-well solid-phase extraction system was used to prepare serum samples. The highly sensitive method was established using a Shimadzu LCMS-8060NX. The linearity was good in the range of 0.1-10 nmol/l for folic acid and 5-formyltetrahydrofolate and 1.0-100 nmol/l for 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. The accuracy and precision were good. The method was sensitive, robust and high-throughput and could be used for the routine clinical monitoring of these three folate forms in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Cao
- Development Platform for Mass Spectrometry Technology, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Technologies, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Laohumin Road 779, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200232, China
| | - Jia Zeng
- Development Platform for Mass Spectrometry Technology, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Technologies, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Laohumin Road 779, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200232, China
| | - Ting Huang
- Development Platform for Mass Spectrometry Technology, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Technologies, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Laohumin Road 779, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200232, China
| | - Jianxing Chen
- Development Platform for Mass Spectrometry Technology, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Technologies, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Laohumin Road 779, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200232, China
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Liu Z, Jin L, Zhang J, Zhou W, Zeng J, Zhang T, Zhang C. The establishment of LC-MS/MS assays-specific reference intervals for serum folates and its application in evaluating FA-supplemented folate deficiency patients: Appeals for a suitable and individualized supplementation. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 537:96-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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The Controversial Role of HCY and Vitamin B Deficiency in Cardiovascular Diseases. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071412. [PMID: 35406025 PMCID: PMC9003430 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma homocysteine (HCY) is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease CVD and stroke. However, more than two decades of intensive research activities has failed to demonstrate that Hcy lowering through B-vitamin supplementation results in a reduction in CVD risk. Therefore, doubts about a causal involvement of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) and B-vitamin deficiencies in atherosclerosis persist. Existing evidence indicates that HHcy increases oxidative stress, causes endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) stress, alters DNA methylation and, thus, modulates the expression of numerous pathogenic and protective genes. Moreover, Hcy can bind directly to proteins, which can change protein function and impact the intracellular redox state. As most mechanistic evidence is derived from experimental studies with rather artificial settings, the relevance of these results in humans remains a matter of debate. Recently, it has also been proposed that HHcy and B-vitamin deficiencies may promote CVD through accelerated telomere shortening and telomere dysfunction. This review provides a critical overview of the existing literature regarding the role of HHcy and B-vitamin deficiencies in CVD. At present, the CVD risk associated with HHcy and B vitamins is not effectively actionable. Therefore, routine screening for HHcy in CVD patients is of limited value. However, B-vitamin depletion is rather common among the elderly, and in such cases existing deficiencies should be corrected. While Hcy-lowering with high doses of B vitamins has no beneficial effects in secondary CVD prevention, the role of Hcy in primary disease prevention is insufficiently studied. Therefore, more intervention and experimental studies are needed to address existing gaps in knowledge.
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Akbari A, Koolivand Z, Mohamadi MB, Zahedi A, Ghasemnezhad M, Sabati Z, Chamkouri N. Determination of B Vitamins by Double-Vortex-Ultrasonic Assisted Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction and Evaluation of their Possible Roles in Susceptibility to COVID-19 Infection: Hybrid Box-Behnken Design and Genetic Algorithm. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 60:897-906. [PMID: 34718458 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmab124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, double-vortex-ultrasonic assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DVUDLLME) was applied to determine the concentration of vitamin B9, 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate (5-MeTHF) and vitamin B12 in human serum samples. METHODS High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with DVUDLLME was applied to analyze vitamins B in patients with Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Then, significant variables were chosen and optimized using the hybrid Box-Behnken design and genetic algorithm. RESULTS The detection limits of DVUDLLME-HPLC were 0.21 ng mL-1, 0.18 ng mL-1 and 55 pgmL-1 for vitamin B9, 5-MeTHF and vitamin B12, respectively. Subsequently, DVUDLLME-HPLC was applied to measure B vitamins and investigated their possible roles in susceptibility to COVID-19 infection. Fifty-seven percent of the patients without an underlying disease have significantly lower serum vitamin B12 levels in comparison to controls. CONCLUSIONS The advantages of this method are low detection limit, simple preparation, low retention time and the use of a cheaper technique instead of expensive mass detectors. The results suggest that vitamin B12 deficiency may decrease the immune system defenses against COVID-19 patients without an underlying disease and cause the disease to become severe. However, these works need a large population and further research, such as a randomized trial and a cohort study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Akbari
- Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | - Zolfaghar Sabati
- MSc student of Hematology, Student Research Committee, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ntasi G, Tsarbopoulos A, Mikros E, Gikas E. Targeted Metabolomics: The LC-MS/MS Based Quantification of the Metabolites Involved in the Methylation Biochemical Pathways. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11070416. [PMID: 34202851 PMCID: PMC8307054 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11070416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Biochemical methylation reactions mediate the transfer of the methyl group regulating vital biochemical reactions implicated in various diseases as well as the methylation of DNA regulating the replication processes occurring in living organisms. As a finite number of methyl carriers are involved in the methyl transfer, their quantification could aid towards the assessment of an organism's methylation potential. An Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography-Liquid Chromatography Multiple Reaction Monitoring (HILIC-LC-MRM) mass spectrometry (MS) methodology was developed and validated according to Food & Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), and International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) for the simultaneous determination of nine metabolites i.e., B12, folic acid, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, betaine, phosphocholine, N,N-dimethylglycine, and deoxythymidine monophosphate in human blood plasma. The sample pretreatment was based on a single step Solid-phase extraction (SPE) methodology using C18 cartridges. The methodology was found to accurately quantitate the analytes under investigation according to the corresponding dynamic range proposed in the literature for each analyte. The applicability of the method was assessed using blood donor samples and its applicability demonstrated by the assessment of their basal levels, which were shown to agree with the established basal levels. The methodology can be used for diagnostic purposes as well as for epigenetic screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Ntasi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece or (G.N.); (E.M.)
| | - Anthony Tsarbopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- The Goulandris Natural History Museum, Bioanalytical Laboratory, GAIA Research Center, 13 Levidou Street, 14562 Kifissia, Greece
| | - Emmanuel Mikros
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece or (G.N.); (E.M.)
| | - Evagelos Gikas
- The Goulandris Natural History Museum, Bioanalytical Laboratory, GAIA Research Center, 13 Levidou Street, 14562 Kifissia, Greece
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistiomiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
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Hyung SW, Lee S, Han J, Lee J, Beak SY, Kim B, Choi K, Ahn S. Highly sensitive analytical method for the accurate determination of 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid monoglutamate in various volumes of human plasma using isotope dilution ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1179:122725. [PMID: 34311437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
One predominant and bioactive folate vitamer circulating in the blood is 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-Me-THF). In this study, a method for the accurate determination of 5-Me-THF in human plasma samples of various volumes was established using isotope dilution ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (ID-UPLC-MS). For this purpose, 500 μL of homogeneous human plasma was initially employed, and the 5-Me-THF and the 13C5-5-Me-THF standard solutions prepared using 1% ascorbic acid in water gave the calibration solution and spiking sample. The desired amount of 13C5-5-Me-THF standard solution was spiked into the sample followed by sample pretreatment. The method was validated for its repeatability, reproducibility, recovery, and limits of detection and quantification. Subsequently, it was applied to smaller volumes of human plasma samples (i.e., 50 and 10 μL), the results of which corresponded well with those obtained using 500 μL. The feasibility of the method was further confirmed using 10 μL of a standard reference material, SRM 3949, which is a human serum sample containing three different levels of 5-Me-THF. The established ID-UPLC-MS method was successfully applied to various volumes of human plasma or serum ranging from 500 to 10 μL, which exhibited particularly good sensitivity in addition to reliable results for the quantification of 5-Me-THF. Our method therefore expands on the ability to obtain accurate quantitative results for 5-Me-THF using small volumes of blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Won Hyung
- Division of Chemical and Medical Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sunyoung Lee
- Division of Chemical and Medical Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeesoo Han
- Division of Chemical and Medical Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonhee Lee
- Division of Chemical and Medical Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Yee Beak
- Division of Chemical and Medical Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungjoo Kim
- Division of Chemical and Medical Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwhan Choi
- Division of Chemical and Medical Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghee Ahn
- Division of Chemical and Medical Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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Pharmacokinetics of Sodium and Calcium Salts of (6S)-5-Methyltetrahydrofolic Acid Compared to Folic Acid and Indirect Comparison of the Two Salts. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123623. [PMID: 33255787 PMCID: PMC7760477 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
(6S)-5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid ((6S)-5-Methyl-THF) salts and folic acid may differ in their abilities to raise plasma (6S)-5-Methyl-THF levels. We compared the area under the curve (AUC), Cmax, and Tmax of plasma (6S)-5-Methyl-THF after intakes of (6S)-5-Methyl-THF-Na salt (Arcofolin®) and folic acid. Moreover, we compared the AUCs after intakes of (6S)-5-Methyl-THF-Na and the calcium salt, (6S)-5-Methyl-THF-Ca, that were tested against folic acid in two independent studies. The study was randomized, double blind, and cross over. Twenty-four adults (12 men and 12 women) received a single oral dose of 436 µg (6S)-5-Methyl-THF-Na and an equimolar dose of folic acid (400 µg) on two kinetic days with two weeks washout period in between. The plasma concentrations of (6S)-5-Methyl-THF were measured at 9 time points between 0 and 8 h. We found that the AUC0–8 h of plasma (6S)-5-Methyl-THF (mean (SD) = 126.0 (33.6) vs. 56.0 (25.3) nmol/L*h) and Cmax (36.8 (10.8) vs. 11.1 (4.1) nmol/L) were higher after administration of (6S)-5-Methyl-THF-Na than after the administration of folic acid (p < 0.001 for both). These differences were present in men and women. Only administration of folic acid resulted in a transient increase in plasma unmetabolized folic acid (2.5 (2.0) nmol/L after 0.5 h and 4.7 (2.9) nmol/L after 1 h). Intake of (6S)-5-Methyl-THF-Na was safe. The ratios of the AUC0–8 h for (6S)-5-Methyl-THF-Na and (6S)-5-Methyl-THF-Ca to the corresponding folic acid reference group and the delta of these AUC0–8 h did not differ between the studies. In conclusion, a single oral dose of (6S)-5-Methyl-THF-Na caused higher AUC0–8 h and Cmax of plasma (6S)-5-Methyl-THF compared to folic acid. The Na- and Ca- salts of (6S)-5-Methyl-THF are not likely to differ in their pharmacokinetics. Further studies may investigate whether supplementation of the compounds for a longer time will lead to differences in circulating or intracellular/tissue folate concentrations.
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Kubo Y, Fukuoka H, Kawabata T, Shoji K, Mori C, Sakurai K, Nishikawa M, Ohkubo T, Oshida K, Yanagisawa N, Yamashiro Y. Distribution of 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate and Folic Acid Levels in Maternal and Cord Blood Serum: Longitudinal Evaluation of Japanese Pregnant Women. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061633. [PMID: 32492914 PMCID: PMC7352618 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
“Total” folate in blood has usually been measured to evaluate the folate status of pregnant women. However, folate is composed of many metabolites. The main substrate is 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF), with folic acid (FA) representing a very small component as an unmetabolized species in blood. We longitudinally evaluated 5-MTHF, FA and total homocysteine in maternal and cord blood from Japanese pregnant women. Subjects were 146 pregnant women who participated in the Chiba study of Mother and Child Health (C-MACH) prospective cohort study. Sera were obtained in early and late pregnancy, at delivery, and from cord blood. Species levels were measured by isotope-dilution mass spectrometry. Both 5-MTHF and FA levels were lower than reported levels from pregnant women in populations from countries with mandatory FA fortification. As gestational age progressed, serum 5-MTHF levels decreased, whereas serum FA levels were slightly reduced only at delivery compared to early pregnancy. A significant negative association between serum 5-MTHF and total homocysteine was shown at all examined times, but no associations with FA were evident. At delivery, cord 5-MTHF was significantly higher than maternal levels, while FA again showed no significant correlation. These results suggest that 5-MTHF is actively transported to the fetus through placental transporters and may reflect folate status during pregnancy as a physiologically important species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Kubo
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama 350-0288, Japan; (T.K.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-49-282-3705
| | - Hideoki Fukuoka
- Department of Progressive DOHaD Research, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan;
| | - Terue Kawabata
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama 350-0288, Japan; (T.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Kumiko Shoji
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama 350-0288, Japan; (T.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Chisato Mori
- Department of Bioenvironmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan;
- Department of Sustainable Health Science, Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Kenichi Sakurai
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan;
| | - Masazumi Nishikawa
- Department of Food Management, School of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Miyagi University, 2-2-1 Hatadate, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 982-0215, Japan;
| | - Takeshi Ohkubo
- Department of Health Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences, Sendai Shirayuri Women’s College, Honda-Cho, Izumi-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-3107, Japan;
| | - Kyoichi Oshida
- Research & Development Department, Taiko Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. 2-3-3, Higashishinbash, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0021, Japan;
| | - Naotake Yanagisawa
- Medical Technology Innovation Center, Juntendo University, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan;
| | - Yuichiro Yamashiro
- Probiotics Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-9-8-3F, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
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Hyung SW, Kim B. Bias reduction in the quantitative analysis of a target analyte present in a limited quantity in human plasma using dual-mode heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4831. [PMID: 32181511 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Dual-mode heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography (DMHC 2D-LC) was applied to isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) to reduce the bias in the quantitative analysis of a target analyte present in a limited quantity in human plasma. Based on a Waters I-Class LC system, the DMHC 2D-LC system was operated in one- and two-dimensional modes to facilitate the determination of heart-cutting time and the efficient trapping of the target LC eluate. Experiments to determine the feasibility of coupling with IDMS were performed with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry using folic acid standards and/or 13 C5 -folic acid. To validate the performance of the DMHC 2D-LC/IDMS system on a complex sample, human plasma was analyzed for folic acid and the result was compared with that obtained using conventional single-column LC. The total run time of the DMHC 2D-LC system was 20 min, the same as that of the single-column LC system. The peak profile of the spiked 13 C5 -folic acid obtained with single-column LC/MS was affected by matrix effects, but resolved with DMHC 2D-LC/MS, thus improving the accuracy of the analysis. The DMHC 2D-LC/IDMS system showed reliable performance in analyzing the target analyte in human plasma, eliminating matrix effects and saving analysis time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Won Hyung
- Division of Chemical and Medical Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Byungjoo Kim
- Division of Chemical and Medical Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea
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Meng F, Zhang G, Wang C, Zhu R, Li H, Xu J, Shakya S, Chen W, Wu L, Zhang J. Folic acid and its metabolite codetermination for pharmacokinetics with circadian rhythms and evaluation of oral bioavailability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 71:1645-1654. [PMID: 31435940 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pharmacokinetics of vitamins is still a challenge. In this study, folic acid (FA) was used as a model drug and aimed at investigating a reliable method for its detailed pharmacokinetic evaluations. METHODS An high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and performed to determinate the FA and 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-methylTHF) simultaneously, which was applied to characterize the circadian rhythms as well as the pharmacokinetics of different preparations. KEY FINDINGS The plasma concentration of 5-methylTHF in fasted state was twofold higher than that in fed state. The circadian rhythms were studied before the pharmacokinetics and revealed that free FA was almost undetected in blank plasma, while 5-methylTHF had a slight decrement at 12:00. Hence, the pharmacokinetics of FA was conducted and showed that the administration of FA solution resulted in enhancing bioavailability of 5-methylTHF comparing with FA raw material suspension, whereas the free FA level in plasma was similar. The mechanism could be that FA was rapidly metabolized to 5-methylTHF in intestinal epithelial cell after absorption, which revealed that intestinal metabolism would affect its bioavailability. CONCLUSION A suitable method was established considering the baseline level, circadian rhythms and intestinal metabolism to investigate the pharmacokinetics of FA for guiding the further research of vitamins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyue Meng
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Caifen Wang
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shailendra Shakya
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Li Wu
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- Center for Drug Delivery Systems, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Verstraete J, Kiekens F, Strobbe S, De Steur H, Gellynck X, Van Der Straeten D, Stove CP. Clinical determination of folates: recent analytical strategies and challenges. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:4383-4399. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01574-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Development and Validation of a Rapid High-Performance Liquid Chromatography⁻Tandem Mass Spectrometric Method for Determination of Folic Acid in Human Plasma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11020052. [PMID: 29861484 PMCID: PMC6027057 DOI: 10.3390/ph11020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There are health concerns associated with increased folic acid intake from fortified food and supplements. Existing analytical methods, however, which can be employed to carry out epidemiological and bioavailability studies for folic acid involve laborious sample preparation and/or lengthy chromatographic analysis. In this paper we describe a simple, rapid, and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–ESI-MS/MS) method for determination of unmetabolised folic acid in human plasma using folic acid-d4 as an internal standard. The method required only a simple sample preparation step of protein precipitation and had a total run time of 3.5 min, which is the shortest run time reported to date for HPLC–MS/MS method employed for quantifying folic acid in plasma. The analytes were separated on a C18 column (3 µm; 50 × 3.00 mm) using an isocratic mobile phase consisting of ammonium acetate (1 mM)-acetic acid-acetonitrile (9.9:0.1:90, v/v/v). The method was fully validated in terms of accuracy, precision, linearity, selectivity, recovery, matrix effect, and stability. The short run time and the minimal sample preparation makes the method a valuable tool for performing high-throughput analyses. To demonstrate the applicability of the method in real conditions, it was applied successfully in a bioavailability study for the determination of unmetabolised folic acid levels in vivo in human plasma after oral administration of folic acid.
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15
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Awwad HM, Ohlmann CH, Stoeckle M, Geisel J, Obeid R. Serum concentrations of folate vitamers in patients with a newly diagnosed prostate cancer or hyperplasia. Clin Biochem 2018; 56:41-46. [PMID: 29673813 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Folate is required for synthesis of methyl groups and DNA in growing cells. The association between folate and prostate cancer (PCa) is not conclusive. METHODS We investigated concentrations of folate vitamers, S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) in blood of men with PCa (n = 129) or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (n = 73) who were recruited just after the first diagnosis. RESULTS In younger subjects <65 years, concentrations of (6S)-5-CH3-H4folate (15.3 vs. 17.7 nmol/L) or total folate (UPLC-MS/MS) (18.7 vs. 23.0 nmol/L) did not differ between men with BPH and those with PCa, while SAM was higher in the controls (128 vs. 116 nmol/L). Younger patients with low- and high grade cancer did not differ in (6S)-5-CH3-H4folate (17.8 vs. 17.3 nmol/L) or total folate (UPLC-MS/MS) (22.9 vs. 23.3 nmol/L), but SAM was lower in patients with low grade PCa (111 vs. 126 nmol/L). In the older group ≥65 years, (6S)-5-CH3-H4folate (18.4 vs. 18.2 nmol/L) and total folate (UPLC-MS/MS) (22.5 vs. 22.1 nmol/L) did not differ between BPH and PCa. Older patients with advanced tumors had lower (6S)-5-CH3-H4folate compared with those with low grade tumor (12.8 vs. 20.0 nmol/L: p = 0.013). Plasma SAM was not different between older patients and controls and was not related to PCa grade. CONCLUSIONS Lowered serum methyl folate measured at the time of diagnosis in older patients with advanced PCa, and lowered plasma SAM in younger patients with low grade PCa suggest differential folate metabolism that may have mechanistic, prognostic or predictive values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain Mohamad Awwad
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Saarland University Hospital, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | | | - Michael Stoeckle
- Department of Urology, Saarland University Hospital, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Juergen Geisel
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Saarland University Hospital, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Rima Obeid
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Saarland University Hospital, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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16
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Hyung SW, Lee J, Seo HY, Kim B. Quantification of Folic Acid in Human Serum Using Isotope Dilution Ultra-High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Won Hyung
- Division of Chemical and Medical Metrology; Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science; Daejeon 34113 South Korea
| | - Joonhee Lee
- Division of Chemical and Medical Metrology; Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science; Daejeon 34113 South Korea
| | - Hye-Young Seo
- Hygienic Safety and Analysis Center; World Institute of Kimchi; Gwangju 61755 South Korea
| | - Byungjoo Kim
- Division of Chemical and Medical Metrology; Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science; Daejeon 34113 South Korea
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Fazili Z, Sternberg MR, Paladugula N, Pfeiffer CM. Two International Round-Robin Studies Showed Good Comparability of 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate but Poor Comparability of Folic Acid Measured in Serum by Different High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Methods. J Nutr 2017; 147:1815-1825. [PMID: 28768831 PMCID: PMC5712443 DOI: 10.3945/jn.117.254144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Serum folate methods produce different results. The comparability of HPLC-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS methods is not well documented.Objective: We conducted an international "round-robin" investigation to assess the comparability, precision, and accuracy of serum folate HPLC-MS/MS methods.Methods: The CDC laboratory, 7 laboratories with independently developed methods (group 1), and 6 laboratories with an adapted CDC method (group 2) analyzed folate forms in 6 serum pools and 6 calibrators from the CDC (duplicate analysis over 2 d) and in two 3-level reference materials (duplicate analysis).Results: All laboratories measured 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-methylTHF) and folic acid; some measured additional folate forms. The geometric mean (range) concentrations (nanomoles per liter) for 5-methylTHF in the 6 serum pools were 18.3 nmol/L (CDC), 13.8-28.9 nmol/L (group 1), and 16.8-18.6 nmol/L (group 2); for folic acid the concentrations were 3.42 nmol/L (CDC), 1.09-4.74 nmol/L (group 1), and 1.74-2.90 nmol/L (group 2). The median imprecision (CV) for 5-methylTHF was 4.1% (CDC), 4.6-11% (group 1), and 1.7-6.0% (group 2); for folic acid it was 6.9% (CDC), 4.9-20% (group 1), and 3.9-23% (group 2). The mean ± SD (range) recovery of 5-methylTHF spiked into serum was 98% ± 27% (59-138%) for group 1 and 98% ± 10% (82-111%) for group 2; for folic acid it was 93% ± 29% (67-198%) for group 1 and 81% ± 16% (64-102%) for group 2. The mean relative bias for 5-methylTHF compared with the reference material certificate value was 12% (CDC), -24% to 30% (group 1), and -0.6% to 16% (group 2); for folic acid it was 73% (CDC), -47% to 578% (group 1), and -3.3% to 67% (group 2).Conclusions: For 5-methylTHF, group 2 laboratories demonstrated better agreement and precision, less variable spiking recovery, and less bias by using a reference material. Laboratory performance for folic acid was highly variable and needs improvement. Certified reference materials for serum folate forms and total folate are needed to improve method accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zia Fazili
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Maya R Sternberg
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Neelima Paladugula
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Christine M Pfeiffer
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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Ferraro S, Panzeri A, Panteghini M. Tackling serum folate test in European countries within the health technology assessment paradigm: request appropriateness, assays and health outcomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 55:1262-1275. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2016-0804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AbstractSeveral authors have recently claimed an excess in serum folate test ordering, suggesting phasing out it from clinical use. According to studies performed in countries undergoing folic acid fortification policies, it is indeed no more cost-effective to test folate in the face of deficiency prevalence <1%. In this paper, we sought to evaluate request appropriateness, analytical issues, and cost-effectiveness of serum folate determination for clinical purposes in the European context, considering if evidence retrieved in fortified countries may be generalized. Studies performed in non-fortified countries have generally reported a suboptimal folate intake and suggest a remarkable prevalence of folate deficiency. Our internal data suggest that ~20%–25% of the subjects undergoing serum folate test are at risk for deficiency. However, a reliable evaluation of the risk for deficiency implies the knowledge of all issues related to the total testing process of folate measurement as well as the identification of the appropriate population in which to perform the test. The cost-effectiveness of the test is maximized when the request is oriented to subjects suggestive/at risk for deficiency, becoming low if the test is used as a screening tool or for monitoring of vitamin intake/supplementation. Because the individual folate status has a key role in ensuring normal development, physiologic growth, and maintenance of optimal health, the evaluation of its serum levels has to be retained in the clinical use in non-fortified countries, boosting for more appropriate request, and evidence from countries following fortification policies should be cautionary interpreted.
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One-carbon metabolites and telomere length in a prospective and randomized study of B- and/or D-vitamin supplementation. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:1887-1898. [PMID: 27379829 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1231-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin B deficiency is common in elderly people and has been associated with an increased risk of developing age-related diseases. B-vitamins are essential for the synthesis and stability of DNA. Telomers are the end caps of chromosomes that shorten progressively with age, and short telomers are associated with DNA instability. OBJECTIVE In the present randomized intervention study, we investigated whether the one-carbon metabolism is related to telomere length, a surrogate marker for cellular aging. DESIGN Sixty-five subjects (>54 years) were randomly assigned to receive either a daily combination of vitamin D3 (1200 IU), folic acid (0.5 mg), vitamin B12 (0.5 mg), vitamin B6 (50 mg) and calcium carbonate (456 mg) (group A) or vitamin D3 and calcium carbonate alone (group B). Blood testing was performed at baseline and after 1 year of supplementation. The concentrations of several metabolites of the one-carbon pathway, as well as relative telomere length (RTL) and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T genotype, were analyzed. RESULTS At baseline, age- and gender-adjusted RTL correlated with total folate and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-methylTHF). Subjects with RTL above the median had higher concentrations of total folate and 5-methylTHF compared to subjects below the median. At study end, gender- and age-adjusted RTL correlated in group A with methylmalonic acid (MMA; r = -0.460, p = 0.0012) and choline (r = 0.434, p = 0.0021) and in group B with 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate (r = 0.455, p = 0.026) and dimethylglycine (DMG; r = -0.386, p = 0.047). Subjects in the group A with RTL above the median had lower MMA and higher choline compared to subjects below the median. CONCLUSIONS The present pilot study suggests a functional relationship between one-carbon metabolism and telomere length. This conclusion is supported by several correlations that were modified by B-vitamin supplementation. In agreement with our hypothesis, the availability of nucleotides and methylation groups seems to impact telomere length. Due to the small sample size and the limitations of the study, further studies should confirm the present results in a larger cohort.
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Lind MV, Savolainen OI, Ross AB. The use of mass spectrometry for analysing metabolite biomarkers in epidemiology: methodological and statistical considerations for application to large numbers of biological samples. Eur J Epidemiol 2016; 31:717-33. [PMID: 27230258 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-016-0166-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Data quality is critical for epidemiology, and as scientific understanding expands, the range of data available for epidemiological studies and the types of tools used for measurement have also expanded. It is essential for the epidemiologist to have a grasp of the issues involved with different measurement tools. One tool that is increasingly being used for measuring biomarkers in epidemiological cohorts is mass spectrometry (MS), because of the high specificity and sensitivity of MS-based methods and the expanding range of biomarkers that can be measured. Further, the ability of MS to quantify many biomarkers simultaneously is advantageously compared to single biomarker methods. However, as with all methods used to measure biomarkers, there are a number of pitfalls to consider which may have an impact on results when used in epidemiology. In this review we discuss the use of MS for biomarker analyses, focusing on metabolites and their application and potential issues related to large-scale epidemiology studies, the use of MS "omics" approaches for biomarker discovery and how MS-based results can be used for increasing biological knowledge gained from epidemiological studies. Better understanding of the possibilities and possible problems related to MS-based measurements will help the epidemiologist in their discussions with analytical chemists and lead to the use of the most appropriate statistical tools for these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads V Lind
- Food and Nutritional Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 3rd Floor, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Otto I Savolainen
- Food and Nutritional Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alastair B Ross
- Food and Nutritional Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Pusceddu I, Herrmann M, Kirsch SH, Werner C, Hübner U, Bodis M, Laufs U, Wagenpfeil S, Geisel J, Herrmann W. Prospective study of telomere length and LINE-1 methylation in peripheral blood cells: the role of B vitamins supplementation. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:1863-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Zheng XH, Jiang LY, Zhao LT, Zhang QY, Ding L. Simultaneous quantitation of folic acid and 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid in human plasma by HPLC-MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Anal 2015; 5:269-275. [PMID: 29403940 PMCID: PMC5762215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A sensitive method based on high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) has been developed for the simultaneous determination of folic acid (FA) and its active metabolite, 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-M-THF), in human plasma. The analytes were extracted from plasma with methanol solution containing 10 mg/mL of 2-mercaptoethanol and 0.025% (v/v) ammonium hydroxide. FA and 5-M-THF were more stable after the addition of 2-mercaptoethanol and ammonium hydroxide in the sample preparation procedures of this study than they were in the previously published methods. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Hedera ODS-2 column using a gradient elution system of acetonitrile and 1 mM ammonium acetate buffer solution containing 0.6% formic acid as mobile phase. LC–MS/MS was carried out with an ESI ion-source and operated in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The assay was linear over the concentration ranges of 0.249–19.9 ng/mL for FA, and 5.05–50.5 ng/mL for 5-M-THF. The developed LC–MS/MS method offers increased sensitivity for quantification of FA and 5-M-THF in human plasma and was applicable to a pharmacokinetic study of FA and 5-M-THF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Li-Yuan Jiang
- Medical Faculty, Quzhou College of Technology, 18 Jiangyuan road, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Lan-Ting Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Quan-Ying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
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Obeid R, Kirsch SH, Dilmann S, Klein C, Eckert R, Geisel J, Herrmann W. Folic acid causes higher prevalence of detectable unmetabolized folic acid in serum than B-complex: a randomized trial. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:1021-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0916-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Folate status and concentrations of serum folate forms in the US population: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:1965-77. [PMID: 25917925 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515001142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Serum and erythrocyte (RBC) total folate are indicators of folate status. No nationally representative population data exist for folate forms. We measured the serum folate forms (5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-methylTHF), unmetabolised folic acid (UMFA), non-methyl folate (sum of tetrahydrofolate (THF), 5-formyltetrahydrofolate (5-formylTHF), 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate (5,10-methenylTHF)) and MeFox (5-methylTHF oxidation product)) by HPLC-MS/MS and RBC total folate by microbiologic assay in US population ≥ 1 year (n approximately 7500) participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2. Data analysis for serum total folate was conducted including and excluding MeFox. Concentrations (geometric mean; detection rate) of 5-methylTHF (37·5 nmol/l; 100 %), UMFA (1·21 nmol/l; 99·9 %), MeFox (1·53 nmol/l; 98·8 %), and THF (1·01 nmol/l; 85·2 %) were mostly detectable. 5-FormylTHF (3·6 %) and 5,10-methenylTHF (4·4 %) were rarely detected. The biggest contributor to serum total folate was 5-methylTHF (86·7 %); UMFA (4·0 %), non-methyl folate (4·7 %) and MeFox (4·5 %) contributed smaller amounts. Age was positively related to MeFox, but showed a U-shaped pattern for other folates. We generally noted sex and race/ethnic biomarker differences and weak (Spearman's r< 0·4) but significant (P< 0·05) correlations with physiological and lifestyle variables. Fasting, kidney function, smoking and alcohol intake showed negative associations. BMI and body surface area showed positive associations with MeFox but negative associations with other folates. All biomarkers showed significantly higher concentrations with recent folic acid-containing dietary supplement use. These first-time population data for serum folate forms generally show similar associations with demographic, physiological and lifestyle variables as serum total folate. Patterns observed for MeFox may suggest altered folate metabolism dependent on biological characteristics.
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Strandler HS, Patring J, Jägerstad M, Jastrebova J. Challenges in the determination of unsubstituted food folates: impact of stabilities and conversions on analytical results. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:2367-2377. [PMID: 25642846 DOI: 10.1021/jf504987n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tetrahydrofolate is the parent molecule of the folate coenzymes required for one carbon metabolism. Together with other unsubstituted folates such as dihydrofolate and folic acid, tetrahydrofolate represents the third pool of dietary folates following 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and formyl folates. Low intake of dietary folates and poor folate status are common problems in many countries. There is a critical need for reliable methods to determine folate in foods to accurately estimate folate intakes in populations. However, current values for folates in foods in databanks are often underestimated due to the high instability of several folate forms, especially tetrahydrofolate. The present review highlights the occurrence of unsubstituted folates in foods and their oxidation mechanisms and chemical behavior as well as interconversion reaction between tetrahydrofolate and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. The review shows also the important role of antioxidants in protecting folates during analysis and describes strategies to stabilize unsubstituted folates throughout all steps of the analytical procedure.
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Hartman BA, Fazili Z, Pfeiffer CM, O’Connor DL. Neither folic acid supplementation nor pregnancy affects the distribution of folate forms in the red blood cells of women. J Nutr 2014; 144:1364-9. [PMID: 24991041 PMCID: PMC4811356 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.189233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is not known whether folate metabolism is altered during pregnancy to support increased DNA and RNA biosynthesis. By using a state-of-the-art LC tandem mass spectrometry technique, the aim of this study was to investigate differences in RBC folate forms between pregnant and nonpregnant women and between nonpregnant women consuming different concentrations of supplemental folic acid. Forms of folate in RBCs were used to explore potential shifts in folate metabolism during early erythropoiesis. Total RBC folate and folate forms [tetrahydrofolate; 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-methyl-THF); 4α-hydroxy-5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate (an oxidation product of 5-methyl-THF); 5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate; and 5,10-methenyl-tetrahydrofolate] were measured in 4 groups of women (n = 26): pregnant women (PW) (30-36 wk of gestation) consuming 1 mg/d of folic acid, and nonpregnant women consuming 0 mg/d (NPW-0), 1 mg/d (NPW-1), and 5 mg/d (NPW-5) folic acid. The mean ± SD RBC folate concentration of the NPW-0 group (890 ± 530 nmol/L) was lower than the NPW-1 (1660 ± 350 nmol/L) and NPW-5 (1980 ± 570 nmol/L) groups as assessed by microbiologic assay (n = 26, P < 0.0022). No difference was found between the NPW-1 and NPW-5 groups. We detected 5-methyl-THF [limit of detection (LOD) = 0.06 nmol/L] in all groups and tetrahydrofolate (LOD = 0.2 nmol/L) in most women regardless of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotype. Most women consuming folic acid supplements had detectable concentrations of 5,10-methenyl-tetrahydrofolate (LOD = 0.31 nmol/L). However, there was no difference in the relative distribution of 5-methyl-THF (83-84%), sum of non-methyl folates (0.6-3%), or individual non-methyl folate forms in RBCs across groups. We conclude that although folic acid supplementation in nonpregnant women increases RBC total folate and the concentration of individual folate forms, it does not alter the relative distribution of folate forms. Similarly, distribution of RBC folate forms did not differ between pregnant and nonpregnant women. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01741077.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda A. Hartman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,The Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Deborah L. O’Connor
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,The Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada,To whom correspondence should be addressed.
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Folate determination in human health: UPLC-MS/MS is the emerging methodology of choice. Bioanalysis 2014; 5:3023-31. [PMID: 24320128 DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This Perspective provides a brief description of the essential role that folates play in human health, together with an overview of the various analytical methods that have been used for quantitation of folates in human populations over the past few decades. Essentially, folate methodology has evolved from microbiological assay-based, to binding-based technology and, more recently, to separation-based methodology. Separation-based methods initially used traditional LC in conjunction with various detection techniques, with the most recent methods utilizing UPLC-MS/MS. Current UPLC methods offer exceptional speed, sensitivity and quantitation ability for the monoglutamate folate isoforms. It appears that the only limitation to properly quantifying all folates as polyglutamates, some 40-50 species, is the current lack of corresponding stable-isotope standards. Clearly, UPLC-MS/MS is emerging as the 'method of choice' for the determination of folates, whether in support of basic research, clinical investigations or population studies.
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Wang X, Zhang T, Zhao X, Guan Z, Wang Z, Zhu Z, Xie Q, Wang J, Niu B. Quantification of folate metabolites in serum using ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 962:9-13. [PMID: 24878879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Folate deficiency is considered a risk factor for many diseases such as cancer, congenital heart disease and neural tube defects (NTDs). There is a pressing need for more methods of detecting folate and its main metabolites in the human body. Here, we developed a simple, fast and sensitive ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) method for the simultaneous quantifications of folate metabolites including folic acid, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MeTHF), 5-formyltetrahydrofolate (5-FoTHF), homocysteine (Hcy), S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). The method was validated by determining the linearity (r(2)>0.998), sensitivity (limit of detection ranged from 0.05 to 0.200ng/mL), intra- and inter-day precision (both CV<6%) and recovery (each analyte was >90%). The total analysis time was 7min. Serum samples of NTD-affected pregnancies and controls from a NTD high-risk area in China were analyzed by this method, the NTD serum samples showed lower concentrations of 5-MeTHF (P<0.05) and 5-FoTHF (P<0.05), and higher concentrations of Hcy (P<0.05) and SAH (P<0.05) compared with serum samples from controls, consistent with a previous study. These results showed that the method is sensitive and reliable for simultaneous determination of six metabolites, which might indicate potential risk factors for NTDs, aid early diagnosis and provide more insights into the pathogenesis of NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwei Wang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Chines Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, Beijing 100023, China
| | - Zhen Guan
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhu
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Qiu Xie
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China.
| | - Bo Niu
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China.
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29
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Jägerstad M, Jastrebova J. Occurrence, stability, and determination of formyl folates in foods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:9758-9768. [PMID: 24033320 DOI: 10.1021/jf4028427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The B-vitamin folate has specific tasks as a one-carbon (C1) group supplier in the building and repair of DNA and RNA as well as in the methylation of homocysteine to methionine. Folate occurs in all living cells as a dynamic pool of several interconvertible forms carrying different C1 groups. Along the food chain, this dynamic pool of folates constantly changes due to either enzymatic or chemical interconversions during food processing and storage. These interconversions make it difficult to determine individual folate forms in foods. The formyl folates, the second most predominant forms of food folates, after 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, are particularly prone to interconvert at low pH. Today, this knowledge is often neglected, leading to risks for analytical underestimation of formyl folates. The purpose of the review is to explore the stability and interconversions of formyl folates in foods as well as to analyze the pitfalls in the determination of formyl folates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha Jägerstad
- Department of Food Science, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) , P.O. Box 7051, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Stability of dietary 5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate and its determination by HPLC: a pilot study on impact of pH, temperature and antioxidants on analytical results. Eur Food Res Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-013-2046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Witherspoon M, Chen Q, Kopelovich L, Gross SS, Lipkin SM. Unbiased metabolite profiling indicates that a diminished thymidine pool is the underlying mechanism of colon cancer chemoprevention by alpha-difluoromethylornithine. Cancer Discov 2013; 3:1072-81. [PMID: 23771434 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-12-0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) is a highly effective chemopreventive agent for colorectal cancer thought to act via polyamine depletion. However, in DFMO-treated patients, mucosal polyamine levels do not directly correlate with colorectal cancer risk. Untargeted metabolite profiling was used to broadly survey DFMO actions on colon cancer cell metabolism. We found that DFMO treatment of Apc(Min) intestinal tumors and human colorectal cancer cells is associated with reduced levels of folate-dependent metabolites, including S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), thymidine pools, and related pathway intermediates. We hypothesized that unrestrained SAM consumption/regeneration constitutes a futile DFMO-triggered cascade that can steal tetrahydrofolate from thymidylate synthase and thereby diminish thymidine pools. In accord with this hypothesis, DFMO treatment altered the folate cofactor balance and thymidine supplementation prevented DFMO-elicited cytostasis without restoring polyamine levels. These findings suggest that thymidine metabolite pool insufficiency is a fundamental mechanism of DFMO cytostatic activity. SIGNIFICANCE A previously unappreciated metabolic linkage between polyamine and thymidine biosynthesis is revealed, based on the competing requirement of these pathways for a limited pool of tetrahydrofolate cofactor. This study identifies the fi rst shared mechanism for colorectal cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy, suggesting a common metabolic target for both premalignant and malignant colon cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mavee Witherspoon
- 1Departments of Medicine, Genetic Medicine and Cell Biology, and 2Pharmacology, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, New York, New York; and 3Division of Chemoprevention, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
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Fazili Z, Whitehead RD, Paladugula N, Pfeiffer CM. A high-throughput LC-MS/MS method suitable for population biomonitoring measures five serum folate vitamers and one oxidation product. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:4549-60. [PMID: 23462981 PMCID: PMC5326548 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6854-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Small specimen volume and high sample throughput are key features needed for routine methods used for population biomonitoring. We modified our routine eight-probe solid phase extraction (SPE) LC-MS/MS method for the measurement of five folate vitamers [5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-methylTHF), folic acid (FA), plus three minor forms: THF, 5-formylTHF, 5,10-methenylTHF] and one oxidation product of 5-methylTHF (MeFox) to require less serum volume (150 μL instead of 275 μL) by using 96-well SPE plates with 50 mg instead of 100 mg phenyl sorbent and to provide faster throughput by using a 96-probe SPE system. Total imprecision (10 days, two replicates/day) for three serum quality control pools was 2.8-3.6% for 5-methylTHF (19.5-51.1 nmol/L), 6.6-8.7% for FA (0.72-11.4 nmol/L), and ≤11.4% for the minor folate forms (<1-5 nmol/L). The mean (±SE) recoveries of folates spiked into serum (3 days, four levels, two replicates/level) were: 5-methylTHF, 99.4 ± 3.6%; FA, 100 ± 1.8%; minor folates, 91.7-108%. SPE extraction efficiencies were ≥85%, except for THF (78%). Limits of detection were ≤0.3 nmol/L. The new method correlated well with our routine method [n = 150, r = 0.99 for 5-methylTHF, FA, and total folate (tFOL, sum of folate forms)] and produced slightly higher tFOL (5.6%) and 5-methylTHF (7.3%) concentrations, likely due to the faster 96-probe SPE process (1 vs. 5 h), resulting in improved SPE efficiency and recovery compared to the eight-probe SPE method. With this improved LC-MS/MS method, 96 samples can be processed in ~2 h, and all relevant folate forms can be accurately measured using a small serum volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zia Fazili
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Ralph D. Whitehead
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Neelima Paladugula
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Christine M. Pfeiffer
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341
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Denoroy L, Zimmer L, Renaud B, Parrot S. Ultra high performance liquid chromatography as a tool for the discovery and the analysis of biomarkers of diseases: A review. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 927:37-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Zhang S, You J, Ning S, Song C, Suo YR. Analysis of estrogenic compounds in environmental and biological samples by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with stable isotope-coded ionization-enhancing reagent. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1280:84-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fazili Z, Pfeiffer CM. Accounting for an isobaric interference allows correct determination of folate vitamers in serum by isotope dilution-liquid chromatography-tandem MS. J Nutr 2013; 143:108-13. [PMID: 23173171 PMCID: PMC5362735 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.166769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild and prolonged oxidative degradation of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-methylTHF) leads to the biologically inactive pyrazino-s-triazine derivative of 4α-hydroxy-5-methylTHF (MeFox). MeFox and the biologically active 5-formyltetrahydrofolate (5-formylTHF) are isobaric compounds that behave similarly during chromatographic and mass separation, making coelution and misidentification likely. Our published routine liquid chromatography-tandem MS (LC-MS/MS) method did not discern between 5-formylTHF and MeFox, measuring the sum of these compounds at a mass to charge ratio (m/z) of 474→327 as 5-formylTHF. We modified this method to separate MeFox and 5-formylTHF by either chromatography or unique mass transitions and then applied the 2 methods to serum specimens to determine typical concentrations of these compounds. The 2 unique transitions (m/z: 5-formylTHF, 474→299; MeFox, 474→284) showed good sensitivity [limit of detection (nmol/L): 5-formylTHF, 0.21; MeFox, 0.34], selectivity (no interfering peaks), spiking recovery (mean ± SD: 5-formylTHF, 103 ± 3.4%; MeFox, 94 ± 10%), and low imprecision (CV: 5-formylTHF, 3.9% at 2.4 nmol/L; MeFox, 5.1% at 2.9 nmol/L). The mass separation method detected 5-formylTHF in the same specimens as the chromatographic separation method. Analysis of several thousand serum specimens showed that the majority (∼85%) contained MeFox at <3 nmol/L but no detectable 5-formylTHF concentrations, some (∼14%) contained 5-formylTHF at <0.5 nmol/L, and a few specimens contained 5-formylTHF at >1 nmol/L and MeFox at >10 nmol/L. In summary, serum can contain 5-formylTHF high enough to contribute to total folate and contains MeFox that will bias total folate if not appropriately separated. Including measurements of MeFox and 5-formylTHF along with the other folate vitamers will enhance assessments of the association between biologically active folate and health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zia Fazili
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Christine M. Pfeiffer
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Christine M. Pfeiffer, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, NE, MS F-55, Atlanta, GA 30341,
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36
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Gong H, Huang T, Yang Y, Wang H. Purity determination and uncertainty evaluation of folic acid by mass balance method. Talanta 2012; 101:96-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Electrochemical behavior of folic acid in neutral solution on the modified glassy carbon electrode: Platinum nanoparticles doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes with Nafion as adhesive. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Assay of whole blood (6S)-5-CH3-H4folate using ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:895-902. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6180-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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Factors affecting the distribution of folate forms in the serum of elderly German adults. Eur J Nutr 2012; 52:497-504. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0351-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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40
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Kaaki K, Hervé-Aubert K, Chiper M, Shkilnyy A, Soucé M, Benoit R, Paillard A, Dubois P, Saboungi ML, Chourpa I. Magnetic nanocarriers of doxorubicin coated with poly(ethylene glycol) and folic acid: relation between coating structure, surface properties, colloidal stability, and cancer cell targeting. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:1496-1505. [PMID: 22172203 DOI: 10.1021/la2037845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report the efficient one-step synthesis and detailed physicochemical evaluation of novel biocompatible nanosystems useful for cancer therapeutics and diagnostics (theranostics). These systems are the superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) carrying the anticancer drug doxorubicin and coated with the covalently bonded biocompatible polymer poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), native and modified with the biological cancer targeting ligand folic acid (PEG-FA). These multifunctional nanoparticles (SPION-DOX-PEG-FA) are designed to rationally combine multilevel mechanisms of cancer cell targeting (magnetic and biological), bimodal cancer cell imaging (by means of MRI and fluorescence), and bimodal cancer treatment (by targeted drug delivery and by hyperthermia effect). Nevertheless, for these concepts to work together, the choice of ingredients and particle structure are critically important. Therefore, in the present work, a detailed physicochemical characterization of the organic coating of the hybrid nanoparticles is performed by several surface-specific instrumental methods, including surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). We demonstrate that the anticancer drug doxorubicin is attached to the iron oxide surface and buried under the polymer layers, while folic acid is located on the extreme surface of the organic coating. Interestingly, the moderate presence of folic acid on the particle surface does not increase the particle surface potential, while it is sufficient to increase the particle uptake by MCF-7 cancer cells. All of these original results contribute to the better understanding of the structure-activity relationship for hybrid biocompatible nanosystems and are encouraging for the applications in cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Kaaki
- EA 4244, Physicochimie des matériaux et des biomolécules, équipe Nanovecteurs magnétiques pour la chimiothérapie, Université F. Rabelais, Faculté de Pharmacie, 31 avenue Monge, F-37200 Tours, France
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41
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Indyk HE. An optical biosensor assay for the determination of folate in milk and nutritional dairy products. Int Dairy J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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Blackmore S, Pfeiffer CM, Lee A, Fazili Z, Hamilton MS. Isotope Dilution–LC-MS/MS Reference Method Assessment of Serum Folate Assay Accuracy and Proficiency Testing Consensus Mean. Clin Chem 2011; 57:986-94. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.160135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Current methods for measuring folates in clinical laboratories are competitive folate binding protein assays. These assays show a considerable lack of agreement that has implications for the comparability of data across studies as well as for long-term population studies. The development of isotope dilution–liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (ID-LC-MS/MS) reference methods permitted the evaluation of method accuracy and consistency over time.
METHODS
We measured 3 pools of human serum by ID-LC-MS/MS, calculated values for total folate, and distributed the same pools to participants in a national External Quality Assessment scheme. We used linear regression to compare the all-laboratory and method data with reference method values. The exercise was repeated after 18 months to assess the stability of the all-laboratory and method data.
RESULTS
The distributed serum pools had mass spectrometry values for folate species typical of those found in healthy individuals from populations not receiving dietary folic acid fortification. There was good agreement of the all-laboratory data set with the reference method (y =0.86x + 0.91 μg/L) at both time points. Linear regression demonstrated that the Abbott Architect showed the closest agreement with the reference method. The Roche Elecsys method was nonlinear and showed a calibration offset of 2.6 μg/L (4.57 nmol/L).
CONCLUSIONS
Calibration of serum folate assays traceable to higher-order reference methods increases method accuracy and improves consistency. The all-laboratory consensus mean proved sufficiently accurate and stable to be used as the target for monitoring laboratory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena Blackmore
- UK NEQAS Haematinics Scheme for Haematinics, Good Hope Hospital, Sutton Coldfield, UK
| | - Christine M Pfeiffer
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Anne Lee
- UK NEQAS Haematinics Scheme for Haematinics, Good Hope Hospital, Sutton Coldfield, UK
| | - Zia Fazili
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Malcolm S Hamilton
- UK NEQAS Haematinics Scheme for Haematinics, Good Hope Hospital, Sutton Coldfield, UK
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Obeid R, Kasoha M, Kirsch SH, Munz W, Herrmann W. Concentrations of unmetabolized folic acid and primary folate forms in pregnant women at delivery and in umbilical cord blood. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92:1416-22. [PMID: 20844072 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of unmetabolized folic acid in maternal and fetal blood is not known. OBJECTIVE We investigated total folate, tetrahydrofolate (THF), 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF), formyl-THF, 5,10-methenylTHF, and folic acid concentrations in women and in umbilical cord blood at delivery. DESIGN The study included 87 pregnant women and 29 cord blood samples, including 24 mother-infant pairs. We measured serum concentrations of folate forms by using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Pregnant women who received 400 μg folic acid daily (n = 25) had higher total folate (P = 0.041), 5-MTHF (P = 0.049), and formyl-THF (P < 0.001) concentrations and slightly higher THF (P = 0.093) concentrations than did nonsupplemented pregnant women (n = 61). We measured folic acid concentrations >0.20 nmol/L in 38 (44%) pregnant women and in 55% of the cord serum samples, but these measurements were not explained by maternal supplement use. Concentrations of folic acid were nonsignificantly higher in cord blood from supplemented women than in cord blood from nonsupplemented women (P = 0.154). Proportions of folic acid to total folate in cord serum did not differ according to maternal supplement usage (0.54% compared with 0.43% in supplemented and nonsupplemented women, respectively). Concentrations of folic acid did not differ between maternal and cord serum. However, folic acid constituted a significantly lower proportion of total folate in cord serum than in maternal serum. CONCLUSIONS We detected unmetabolized folic acid in more than one-half of cord blood samples. Folic acid (400 μg/d) supplied during pregnancy is not likely to accumulate in the fetus, in contrast to 5-MTHF and THF, which accumulate in the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Obeid
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine and Gynecology, University Hospital of Saarland, Homburg, Germany.
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