1
|
Okochi H, Louie A, Phung N, Zhang K, Tallerico RM, Kuncze K, Spinelli MA, Koss CA, Benet LZ, Gandhi M. Tenofovir and emtricitabine concentrations in hair are comparable between individuals on tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus tenofovir alafenamide-based ART. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1354-1370. [PMID: 33742745 PMCID: PMC9131373 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) in combination with emtricitabine (FTC) is the backbone for both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) worldwide. Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) with FTC is increasingly used in HIV treatment and was recently approved for PrEP among men-who-have-sex-with-men. TDF and TAF are both metabolized into tenofovir (TFV). Antiretrovirals in plasma are taken up into hair over time, with hair levels providing a long-term measure of adherence. Here, we report a simple, robust, highly sensitive, and validated high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS)-based analytical method for analyzing TFV and FTC from individuals on either TDF/FTC or TAF/FTC in small hair samples. TFV/FTC are extracted from ~5 mg hair and separated on a column using a gradient elution. The lower quantification limits are 0.00200 (TFV) and 0.0200 (FTC) ng/mg hair; the assay is linear up to 0.400 (TFV) and 4.00 (FTC) ng/mg hair. The intra-day and inter-day coefficients of variance (CVs) are 5.39-12.6% and 6.40-13.5% for TFV and 0.571-2.45% and 2.45-5.16% for FTC. TFV concentrations from participants on TDF/FTC-based regimens with undetectable plasma HIV RNA were 0.0525 ± 0.0295 ng/mg, whereas those from individuals on TAF/FTC-based regimens were 0.0426 ± 0.0246 ng/mg. Despite the dose of TFV in TDF being 10 times that of TAF, hair concentrations of TFV were not significantly different for those on TDF versus TAF regimens. Pharmacological enhancers (ritonavir and cobicistat) did not boost TFV concentrations in hair. In summary, we developed and validated a sensitive analytical method to analyze TFV and FTC in hair and found that hair concentrations of TFV were essentially equivalent among those on TDF and TAF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Okochi
- Division of HIV, Infection Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- UCSF-Hair Analytical Laboratory, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alexander Louie
- Division of HIV, Infection Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- UCSF-Hair Analytical Laboratory, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nhi Phung
- Division of HIV, Infection Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- UCSF-Hair Analytical Laboratory, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kevin Zhang
- Division of HIV, Infection Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- UCSF-Hair Analytical Laboratory, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Regina M. Tallerico
- Division of HIV, Infection Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- UCSF-Hair Analytical Laboratory, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Karen Kuncze
- Division of HIV, Infection Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- UCSF-Hair Analytical Laboratory, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Matthew A. Spinelli
- Division of HIV, Infection Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Catherine A. Koss
- Division of HIV, Infection Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Leslie Z. Benet
- UCSF-Hair Analytical Laboratory, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Monica Gandhi
- Division of HIV, Infection Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- UCSF-Hair Analytical Laboratory, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Acquavia MA, Foti L, Pascale R, Nicolò A, Brancaleone V, Cataldi TRI, Martelli G, Scrano L, Bianco G. Detection and quantification of Covid-19 antiviral drugs in biological fluids and tissues. Talanta 2021; 224:121862. [PMID: 33379073 PMCID: PMC7642756 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) started as a fast-spreading pandemic, causing a huge number of deaths worldwide, several therapeutic options have been tested to counteract or reduce the clinical symptoms of patients infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Currently, no specific drugs for COVID-19 are available, but many antiviral agents have been authorised by several national agencies. Most of them are under investigation in both preclinical and clinical trials; however, pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies are needed to identify the most suitable dose to achieve the desired effect on SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, the efforts of the scientific community have focused on the screening of therapies able to counteract the most severe effects of the infection, as well as on the search of sensitive and selective analytical methods for drug detection in biological matrices, both fluids and tissues. In the last decade, many analytical methods have been proposed for the detection and quantification of antiviral compounds currently being tested for COVID-19 treatment. In this review, a critical discussion on the overall analytical procedure is provided, i.e (a) sample pre-treatment and extraction methods such as protein precipitation (PP), solid-phase extraction (SPE), liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe), (b) detection and quantification methods such as potentiometry, spectrofluorimetry and mass spectrometry (MS) as well as (c) methods including a preliminary separation step, such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to UV-Vis or MS detection. Further current trends, advantages and disadvantages and prospects of these methods have been discussed, to help the analytical advances in reducing the harm caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Acquavia
- Università Degli Studi Della Basilicata, Dipartimento di Scienze, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100, Potenza, Italy; ALMAGISI S.r.l Corso Italia, 27-39100, Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Luca Foti
- Università Degli Studi Della Basilicata, Dipartimento di Scienze, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100, Potenza, Italy.
| | - Raffaella Pascale
- Università Degli Studi Della Basilicata, Dipartimento di Scienze, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100, Potenza, Italy.
| | - Antonia Nicolò
- Università Degli Studi Della Basilicata, Dipartimento di Scienze, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100, Potenza, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Brancaleone
- Università Degli Studi Della Basilicata, Dipartimento di Scienze, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100, Potenza, Italy.
| | - Tommaso R I Cataldi
- Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via E. Orabona, 4-70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Martelli
- Università Degli Studi Della Basilicata, Dipartimento di Scienze, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100, Potenza, Italy.
| | - Laura Scrano
- Università Degli Studi Della Basilicata, Dipartimento Delle Culture Europee e Del Mediterraneo: Arch., Ambiente, Patrimoni Culturali, Via Lanera, 20-75100, Matera, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Bianco
- Università Degli Studi Della Basilicata, Dipartimento di Scienze, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10-85100, Potenza, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Olejarz P, Chwatko G, Kubalczyk P, Purgat K, Głowacki R, Borowczyk K. Application of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for Simultaneous Determination of Tenofovir and Creatinine in Human Urine and Plasma Samples. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13110367. [PMID: 33167541 PMCID: PMC7694483 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is widely used in the therapy of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus; however, a high concentration of the prodrug effects kidney function damage. To control the effectiveness of kidney functions in treated patients, the level of creatinine in the body must be controlled. This work describes a simple, fast, and “plastic-waste” reducing method for the simultaneous determination of tenofovir and creatinine in human urine and plasma. In both assays, only 50 µL of body fluid was required. The tests were carried out by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. In urine samples, the limits of detection for tenofovir and creatinine were 4 µg mL−1 and 0.03 µmol mL−1, respectively. In plasma samples, the limits of detection were 0.15 µg mL−1 for tenofovir and 0.0003 µmol mL−1 for creatinine. The method was applied for the determination of tenofovir and creatinine in human urine and plasma samples. The biggest advantage of the elaborated method is the possibility to determine tenofovir and creatinine in one analytical run in both urine and plasma sample collected from HIV and HBV patients. The possibility to reduce the level of laboratory waste in a sample preparation protocol is in the mainstream of a new trend of analytical chemistry which is based on green chemistry.
Collapse
|
4
|
Xiao D, Ling KHJ, Tarnowski T, Majeed SR, Kearney B, Kolaris C, Zondlo S. The determination of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell counts using a genomic DNA standard and application in tenofovir diphosphate quantitation. Anal Biochem 2019; 585:113399. [PMID: 31437427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.113399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescent quantitation method to determine PBMC-derived DNA amounts using purified human genomic DNA (gDNA) as the reference standard was developed and validated. gDNA was measured in a fluorescence-based assay using a DNA intercalant, SYBR green. The fluorescence signal was proportional to the amount (mass) of DNA in the sample. The results confirmed a linear fit from 0.0665 to 1.17 μg/μL for gDNA, corresponding to 2.0 × 106 to 35.0 × 106 cells/PBMC sample. Intra-batch and inter-batch accuracy (%RE) was within ±15%, and precision (%CV) was <15%. Benchtop stability, freeze/thaw stability and long term storage stability of gDNA in QC sample matrix, PBMC pellets samples, and pellet debris samples, respectively, as well as dilution linearity had been established. Consistency between hemocytometry cell counting method and gDNA-based counting method was established. 6 out of 6 evaluated PBMC lots had hemocytometry cell counts that were within ±20% of the cell counts determined by the gDNA method. This method was used in conjunction with a validated LC-MS/MS method to determine the level of tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP), the active intracellular metabolite of the prodrugs tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), measured in PBMCs in clinical trials of TAF or TDF-containing fixed dose combinations.
Collapse
|
5
|
Charbe NB, Zacconi FC, Amnerkar N, Ramesh B, Tambuwala MM, Clementi E. Bio-analytical Assay Methods used in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antiretroviral Drugs-A Review. CURRENT DRUG THERAPY 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1574885514666181217125550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Several clinical trials, as well as observational statistics, have exhibited that the advantages of antiretroviral [ARV] treatment for humans with Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome HIV/AIDS exceed their risks. Therapeutic drug monitoring [TDM] plays a key role in optimization of ARV therapy. Determination of ARV’s in plasma, blood cells, and other biological matrices frequently requires separation techniques capable of high effectiveness, specific selectivity and high sensitivity. High-performance liquid chromatography [HPLC] coupled with ultraviolet [UV], Photodiode array detectors [PDA], Mass spectrophotometer [MS] detectors etc. are the important quantitative techniques used for the estimation of pharmaceuticals in biological samples. </P><P> Objective: This review article is aimed to give an extensive outline of different bio-analytical techniques which have been reported for direct quantitation of ARV’s. This article aimed to establish an efficient role played by the TDM in the optimum therapeutic outcome of the ARV treatment. It also focused on establishing the prominent role played by the separation techniques like HPLC and UPLC along with the detectors like UV and Mass in TDM. </P><P> Methods: TDM is based on the principle that for certain drugs, a close relationship exists between the plasma level of the drug and its clinical effect. TDM is of no value if the relationship does not exist. The analytical methodology employed in TDM should: 1) distinguish similar compounds; 2) be sensitive and precise and 3) is easy to use. </P><P> Results: This review highlights the advancement of the chromatographic techniques beginning from the HPLC-UV to the more advanced technique like UPLC-MS/MS. TDM is essential to ensure adherence, observe viral resistance and to personalize ARV dose regimens. It is observed that the analytical methods like immunoassays and liquid chromatography with detectors like UV, PDA, Florescent, MS, MS/MS and Ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-MS/MS have immensely contributed to the clinical outcome of the ARV therapy. Assay methods are not only helping physicians in limiting the side effects and drug interactions but also assisting in monitoring patient’s compliance. </P><P> Conclusion: The present review revealed that HPLC has been the most widely used system irrespective of the availability of more sensitive chromatographic technique like UPLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitin B. Charbe
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Av. Vicuna McKenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Flavia C. Zacconi
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Av. Vicuna McKenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Nikhil Amnerkar
- Adv V. R. Manohar Institute of Diploma in Pharmacy, Wanadongri, Hingna Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441110, India
| | - B. Ramesh
- Sri Adichunchunagiri University, Sri Adichunchunagiri College of Pharmacy, BG Nagar, Karnataka 571418, India
| | - Murtaza M. Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Ulster, Coleraine, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Emilio Clementi
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Universita di Milano, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jadav T, Jain S, Kalia K, Sengupta P. Current Standing and Technical Guidance on Intracellular Drug Quantification: A New Site Specific Bioavailability Prediction Approach. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 50:50-61. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1570462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarang Jadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Sonali Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Morawska K, Popławski T, Ciesielski W, Smarzewska S. Electrochemical and spectroscopic studies of the interaction of antiviral drug Tenofovir with single and double stranded DNA. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 123:227-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
8
|
Xiao D, Ling KHJ, Custodio J, Majeed SR, Tarnowski T. Quantitation of intracellular triphosphate metabolites of antiretroviral agents in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and corresponding cell count determinations: review of current methods and challenges. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:781-802. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1500552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deqing Xiao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Kah Hiing John Ling
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Custodio
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Sophia R. Majeed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Tarnowski
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ouyang B, Zhou F, Zhen L, Peng Y, Sun J, Chen Q, Jin X, Wang G, Zhang J. Simultaneous determination of tenofovir alafenamide and its active metabolites tenofovir and tenofovir diphosphate in HBV-infected hepatocyte with a sensitive LC-MS/MS method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 146:147-153. [PMID: 28881311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tenofovir (TFV), a first-line anti-viral agent, has been prepared as various forms of prodrugs for better bioavailability, lower systemic exposure and higher target cells loading of TFV to enhance efficacy and reduce toxicity. TFV undergoes intracellular phosphorylation to form TFV diphosphate (TFV-DP) in target cell to inhibit viral DNA replication. Hence, TFV-DP is the key active metabolite that exhibits anti-virus activity, its intracellular exposure and half-life determine the final activity. Therefore, simultaneous monitoring prodrug, TFV and TFV-DP in target cells will comprehensively evaluate TFV prodrugs, both considering the stability of ester prodrug, and the intracellular exposure of TFV-DP. Thus we intended to develop a convenient general analytical method, taking tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) as a representative of TFV prodrugs. A sensitive LC-MS/MS method was developed, and TAF, TFV and TFV-DP were separated on a XSelect HSS T3 column (4.6mm×150mm, 3.5μm, Waters) with gradient elution after protein precipitation. The method provided good linearity for all the compounds (2-500nM for TFV and TAF; 20-5000nM for TFV-DP) with the correlation coefficients (r) greater than 0.999. Intra- and inter-day accuracies (in terms of relative error, RE<10.4%) and precisions (in terms of coefficient of variation, CV<14.1%) satisfied the standard of validation. The matrix effect, recovery and stability were also within acceptable criteria. Finally, we investigated the intracellular pharmacokinetics of TAF and its active metabolites in HepG2.2.15 cells with this method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingchen Ouyang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Le Zhen
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianguo Sun
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianying Chen
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoliang Jin
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jingwei Zhang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Billat PA, Saint-Marcoux F. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry methods for the intracellular determination of drugs and their metabolites: a focus on antiviral drugs. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:5837-5853. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0449-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
11
|
Goud EV, Sivaramakrishna A, Vijayakrishna K. Aminophosphine Oxides: A Platform for Diversified Functions. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2017; 375:10. [PMID: 28058632 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-016-0090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes significant contributions reported on aminophosphine oxides (AmPOs), specifically those containing at least one amino group present as amino substituents on α- and β-carbons including direct P-N bond containing molecules. AmPOs have additional 'N' site(s), including highly basic 'P=O' groups, and these features make favor smooth and unexpected behavior. The most striking manifestations of flexibility of AmPOs are that they are exciting ligand systems for the coordination chemistry of actinides, and their involvement in catalytic organic reactions including enantioselective opening of meso-epoxides, addition of silyl enol ethers, allylation with allyltributylstannane, etc. The diverse properties of the AmPOs and their metal complexes demonstrate both the scope and complexity of these systems, depending on the basicity of phosphoryl group, and nature of the substituents on the pentavalent tetracoordinate phosphorus atom and metal. Two components key to understanding the challenges of actinide separations are detailed here, namely, previously described separation methods, and recent investigations into the fundamental coordination chemistry of actinides. Both are aimed at probing the critical features necessary for improved selectivity of separations. This review leads to the conclusion that, although many AmPOs have already been discovered and developed over the past century, many opportunities nevertheless exist for further developments towards new extraction processes and new catalytic materials by fine tuning the electronic and steric properties of substituents on the central phosphorus atom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Veerashekhar Goud
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 014, India
| | - Akella Sivaramakrishna
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 014, India.
| | - Kari Vijayakrishna
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 014, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Heydari R, Shamsipur M. Enantiomeric Separation and Quantitation of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Using Amylose-Based Chiral Stationary Phases by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2015. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.27.2015.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
13
|
Validation and Application of a Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method To Determine the Concentrations of Sofosbuvir Anabolites in Cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:7671-9. [PMID: 26416874 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01693-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sofosbuvir (SOF) is a highly efficacious and well-tolerated uridine nucleotide analog that inhibits the hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B polymerase enzyme. SOF is administered as a prodrug, which undergoes intracellular phosphorylation by host enzymes to a monophosphate, diphosphate, and finally a pharmacologically active triphosphate. In order to fully understand the clinical pharmacology of SOF, there is a great need to determine the intracellular phosphate concentrations of the drug. We describe the validation and utilization of a method to characterize SOF's disposition into various in vivo cell types, including hepatocytes, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and red blood cells (RBC). Standard bioanalytical validation criteria were applied to lysed cellular matrices, with a validated linear range of 50 to 50,000 fmol/sample for each phosphate moiety. The assay was utilized to collect the first data demonstrating concentrations of phosphorylated anabolites formed in PBMC, hepatocytes, and RBC in vivo during SOF therapy. Median concentrations in PBMC were 220 (range, 51.5 to 846), 70.2 (range, 25.8 to 275), and 859 (range, 54.5 to 6,756) fmol/10(6) cells in the monophosphate, diphosphate, and triphosphate fractions, respectively. In contrast, RBC triphosphate concentrations were much lower than those of PBMC, as the median concentration was 2.91 (range, 1.14 to 10.4) fmol/10(6) cells. The PBMC triphosphate half-life was estimated at 26 h using noncompartmental approaches, while nonlinear mixed-effect modeling was used to estimate a 69 h half-life for this moiety in RBC. The validated method and the data it generates provide novel insight into the cellular disposition of SOF and its phosphorylated anabolites in vivo.
Collapse
|
14
|
The search for nucleoside/nucleotide analog inhibitors of dengue virus. Antiviral Res 2015; 122:12-9. [PMID: 26241002 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs represent the largest class of antiviral agents and have been actively pursued for potential therapy of dengue virus (DENV) infection. Early success in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the recent approval of sofosbuvir for chronic hepatitis C have provided proof of concept for this class of compounds in clinics. Here we review (i) nucleoside analogs with known anti-DENV activity; (ii) challenges of the nucleoside antiviral approach for dengue; and (iii) potential strategies to overcome these challenges. This article forms part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on flavivirus drug discovery.
Collapse
|
15
|
Keizer RJ, Jansen RS, Rosing H, Thijssen B, Beijnen JH, Schellens JHM, Huitema ADR. Incorporation of concentration data below the limit of quantification in population pharmacokinetic analyses. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00131. [PMID: 26038706 PMCID: PMC4448983 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Handling of data below the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), below the limit of quantification (BLOQ) in population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) analyses is important for reducing bias and imprecision in parameter estimation. We aimed to evaluate whether using the concentration data below the LLOQ has superior performance over several established methods. The performance of this approach (“All data”) was evaluated and compared to other methods: “Discard,” “LLOQ/2,” and “LIKE” (likelihood-based). An analytical and residual error model was constructed on the basis of in-house analytical method validations and analyses from literature, with additional included variability to account for model misspecification. Simulation analyses were performed for various levels of BLOQ, several structural PopPK models, and additional influences. Performance was evaluated by relative root mean squared error (RMSE), and run success for the various BLOQ approaches. Performance was also evaluated for a real PopPK data set. For all PopPK models and levels of censoring, RMSE values were lowest using “All data.” Performance of the “LIKE” method was better than the “LLOQ/2” or “Discard” method. Differences between all methods were small at the lowest level of BLOQ censoring. “LIKE” method resulted in low successful minimization (<50%) and covariance step success (<30%), although estimates were obtained in most runs (∼90%). For the real PK data set (7.4% BLOQ), similar parameter estimates were obtained using all methods. Incorporation of BLOQ concentrations showed superior performance in terms of bias and precision over established BLOQ methods, and shown to be feasible in a real PopPK analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ron J Keizer
- Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco Box 2911, San Francisco, California, 94143 ; Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert S Jansen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde Rosing
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Thijssen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Division of Drug Toxicology, Section of Biomedical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H M Schellens
- Division of Drug Toxicology, Section of Biomedical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University Utrecht, The Netherlands ; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medical Oncology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Hospital/the Netherlands Cancer Institute Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alwin D R Huitema
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital/The Netherlands Cancer Institute Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Derissen EJB, Hillebrand MJX, Rosing H, Schellens JHM, Beijnen JH. Development of an LC-MS/MS assay for the quantitative determination of the intracellular 5-fluorouracil nucleotides responsible for the anticancer effect of 5-fluorouracil. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 110:58-66. [PMID: 25804433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and its oral prodrug capecitabine are among the most widely used chemotherapeutics. For cytotoxic activity, 5-FU requires cellular uptake and intracellular metabolic activation. Three intracellular formed metabolites are responsible for the antineoplastic effect of 5-FU: 5-fluorouridine 5'-triphosphate (FUTP), 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate (FdUTP) and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate (FdUMP). In this paper, we describe the development of an LC-MS/MS assay for quantification of these active 5-FU nucleotides in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Because the intracellular 5-FU nucleotide concentrations were very low, maximization of the release from the cell matrix and minimization of interference were critical factors. Therefore, a series of experiments was performed to select the best method for cell lysis and nucleotide extraction. Chromatography was optimized to obtain separation from endogenous nucleotides, and the effect of different cell numbers was examined. The assay was validated for the following concentration ranges in PBMC lysate: 0.488-19.9 nM for FUTP, 1.66-67.7 nM for FdUTP and 0.748-30.7 nM for FdUMP. Accuracies were between -2.2 and 7.0% deviation for all analytes, and the coefficient of variation values were ≤ 4.9%. The assay was successfully applied to quantify 5-FU nucleotides in PBMC samples from patients treated with capecitabine and patients receiving 5-FU intravenously. FUTP amounts up to 3054 fmol/10(6) PBMCs and FdUMP levels up to 169 fmol/10(6) PBMCs were measured. The FdUTP concentrations were below the lower limit of quantification. To our knowledge, this is the first time that 5-FU nucleotides were quantified in cells from patients treated with 5-FU or capecitabine without using a radiolabel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen J B Derissen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital - The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Michel J X Hillebrand
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital - The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde Rosing
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital - The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H M Schellens
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Science Faculty, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Division of Pharmaco-epidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital - The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Science Faculty, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Division of Pharmaco-epidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Quantitative determination of azacitidine triphosphate in peripheral blood mononuclear cells using liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 90:7-14. [PMID: 24317024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Azacitidine is a cytidine analog used in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia. The pharmacological effect of azacitidine arises after incorporation into the DNA and RNA. To this end, the drug first has to be converted into its triphosphate forms. This paper describes the development of an assay for quantitative determination of azacitidine triphosphate (aza-CTP) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). To quantify aza-CTP, separation from the endogenous nucleotides cytidine triphosphate (CTP) and uridine triphosphate (UTP) is required. This was a challenge as the structures of these nucleotides are highly similar and the monoisotopic molecular masses of aza-CTP, UTP and the naturally occurring [(13)C]- and [(15)N]-isotopes of CTP differ less than 0.02 Da. Efforts to select a specific MS(2)-fragment for aza-CTP using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer remained without success. Therefore, we investigated the feasibility to separate these highly resembling nucleotides based on accurate mass spectrometry using a linear trap quadrupole (LTQ) coupled with an Orbitrap. The LTQ-Orbitrap was able to differentiate between aza-CTP and the endogenous nucleotides UTP and [(13)C]-CTP. There was no baseline resolution between aza-CTP and [(15)N]-CTP, but the [(15)N]-CTP interference was low. For quantification, extracted ion chromatograms were obtained for the accurate m/z window of the aza-CTP product ion. The assay was able to determine aza-CTP concentrations in PBMC lysate from 40.7 to 281 nM. Assuming that an average cell suspension extracted from 16 mL blood contains 10 to 42 million PBMCs per mL, this range corresponds with 2.58/10.9-17.8/74.9 pmol aza-CTP per million PBMCs. Intra-assay accuracies were between -1.1 and 9.5% deviation and coefficient of variation values were ≤13.2%. The assay was successfully applied to quantify aza-CTP in samples from two patients treated with azacitidine. Aza-CTP concentrations up to 19.0 pmol per million PBMCs were measured. This is the first time that aza-CTP concentrations were quantified in PBMCs from patients treated with azacitidine.
Collapse
|
18
|
Lai JP, Xie L, Sun H, Chen F. Synthesis and evaluation of molecularly imprinted polymeric microspheres for highly selective extraction of an anti-AIDS drug emtricitabine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:4269-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6818-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
19
|
Coulier L, Gerritsen H, van Kampen JJA, Reedijk ML, Luider TM, Osterhaus ADME, Gruters RA, Brüll L. Comprehensive analysis of the intracellular metabolism of antiretroviral nucleosides and nucleotides using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and method improvement by using ultra performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:2772-82. [PMID: 21862423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are a key class of drugs for the treatment of HIV infection. NRTIs are intracellularly phosphorylated to their active triphosphate metabolites and compete with endogenous deoxynucleotides (dNTP) for substrate binding. It is therefore important to analyze the intracellular concentrations of these compounds to understand drug efficacy and toxicity. To that purpose an analytical platform was developed that is capable of analyzing 8 NRTIs, 12 phosphorylated NRTIs and 4 dNTPs in small numbers of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, i.e. 1 × 10(6) cells. The platform consists of two liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods: a reversed-phase method for NRTIs using positive electrospray ionization (ESI) and an ion-pair LC-MS/MS method for the phosphorylated compounds using negative ESI. The methods use the same LC-MS system and column and changing from one method to the other only includes changing the mobile phase. The methods were partially validated, focussing on sensitivity, accuracy and precision. Successful transfer of the methods to ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) led to a significant improvement of speed for the analysis of NRTIs and sensitivity for both NRTIs and phosphorylated NRTIs. The latter was demonstrated by the improved separation by UHPLC of dGTP vs. AZT-TP and ATP which made direct analysis of dGTP possible using the optimal MS/MS transition thereby significantly improving the detection limit of dGTP. Typically LLOQs observed for both the NRTIs and phosphorylated NRTIs were 1 nM, while the mean accuracy varied between 82 and 120% and inter- and intra-assay precision was generally <20%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leon Coulier
- TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bushman LR, Kiser JJ, Rower JE, Klein B, Zheng JH, Ray ML, Anderson PL. Determination of nucleoside analog mono-, di-, and tri-phosphates in cellular matrix by solid phase extraction and ultra-sensitive LC-MS/MS detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 56:390-401. [PMID: 21715120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An ultra-sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay was developed and validated to facilitate the assessment of clinical pharmacokinetics of nucleotide analogs from lysed intracellular matrix. The method utilized a strong anion exchange isolation of mono-(MP), di-(DP), and tri-phosphates (TP) from intracellular matrix. Each fraction was then dephosphorylated to the parent moiety yielding a molar equivalent to the original nucleotide analog intracellular concentration. The analytical portion of the methodology was optimized in specific nucleoside analog centric modes (i.e. tenofovir (TFV) centric, zidovudine (ZDV) centric), which included desalting/concentration by solid phase extraction and detection by LC-MS/MS. Nucleotide analog MP-, DP-, and TP-determined on the TFV centric mode of analysis include TFV, lamivudine (3TC), and emtricitibine (FTC). The quantifiable linear range for TFV was 2.5-2000 fmol/sample, and that for 3TC/FTC was 0.1 200 pmol/sample. Nucleoside analog MP-, DP-, and TP-determined on the ZDV centric mode of analysis included 3TC and ZDV. The quantifiable linear range for 3TC was 0.1 100 pmol/sample, and 5-2000 fmol/sample for ZDV. Stable labeled isotopic internal standards facilitated accuracy and precision in alternative cell matrices, which supported the intended use of the method for MP, DP, and TP determinations in various cell types. The method was successfully applied to clinical research samples generating novel intracellular information for TFV, FTC, ZDV, and 3TC nucleotides. This document outlines method development, validation, and application to clinical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lane R Bushman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Mail Stop V20-C238, 12850 E. Montview Blvd., Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|