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Yu L, Zhang L, Sun Y. Protein behavior at surfaces: Orientation, conformational transitions and transport. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1382:118-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.12.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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2
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Basconi JE, Carta G, Shirts MR. Multiscale modeling of protein adsorption and transport in macroporous and polymer-grafted ion exchangers. AIChE J 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.14621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Basconi
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; University of Virginia; Charlottesville VA
| | - Giorgio Carta
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; University of Virginia; Charlottesville VA
| | - Michael R. Shirts
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; University of Virginia; Charlottesville VA
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3
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Liapis AI, Wang JC. Design of Polymeric Porous Adsorbent Media and the Dynamic Behavior of Transport and Adsorption of Bioactive Molecules in Such Media. CHEM-ING-TECH 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201000139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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4
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Riccardi E, Wang JC, Liapis AI. A molecular dynamics study on the transport of a charged biomolecule in a polymeric adsorbent medium and its adsorption onto a charged ligand. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:084904. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3473930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Riccardi E, Liapis AI. Adsorption of a single protein interacting with multiple ligands: Inner radial humps in the concentration profiles induced by non-uniform ligand density distributions. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:4059-68. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Riccardi E, Wang JC, Liapis AI. Protein adsorption in porous adsorbent particles: A multiscale modeling study on inner radial humps in the concentration profiles of adsorbed protein induced by nonuniform ligand density distributions. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:3084-98. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Masica DL, Gray JJ. Solution- and adsorbed-state structural ensembles predicted for the statherin-hydroxyapatite system. Biophys J 2009; 96:3082-91. [PMID: 19383454 PMCID: PMC2718269 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a multiscale structure prediction technique to study solution- and adsorbed-state ensembles of biomineralization proteins. The algorithm employs a Metropolis Monte Carlo-plus-minimization strategy that varies all torsional and rigid-body protein degrees of freedom. We applied the technique to fold statherin, starting from a fully extended peptide chain in solution, in the presence of hydroxyapatite (HAp) (001), (010), and (100) monoclinic crystals. Blind (unbiased) predictions capture experimentally observed macroscopic and high-resolution structural features and show minimal statherin structural change upon adsorption. The dominant structural difference between solution and adsorbed states is an experimentally observed folding event in statherin's helical binding domain. Whereas predicted statherin conformers vary slightly at three different HAp crystal faces, geometric and chemical similarities of the surfaces allow structurally promiscuous binding. Finally, we compare blind predictions with those obtained from simulation biased to satisfy all previously published solid-state NMR (ssNMR) distance and angle measurements (acquired from HAp-adsorbed statherin). Atomic clashes in these structures suggest a plausible, alternative interpretation of some ssNMR measurements as intermolecular rather than intramolecular. This work demonstrates that a combination of ssNMR and structure prediction could effectively determine high-resolution protein structures at biomineral interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Masica
- Program in Molecular Biophysics, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Jeffrey J. Gray
- Program in Molecular Biophysics, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
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8
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Riccardi E, Wang JC, Liapis AI. Porous Polymer Adsorbent Media Constructed by Molecular Dynamics Modeling and Simulations: The Immobilization of Charged Ligands and Their Effect on Pore Structure and Local Nonelectroneutrality. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:2317-27. [PMID: 19182931 DOI: 10.1021/jp806956j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Riccardi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 400 West 11th Street, Rolla, Missouri 65409-1230
| | - J.-C. Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 400 West 11th Street, Rolla, Missouri 65409-1230
| | - A. I. Liapis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 400 West 11th Street, Rolla, Missouri 65409-1230
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9
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Yang K, Bai S, Sun Y. Protein adsorption dynamics in cation-exchange chromatography quantitatively studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Chem Eng Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2008.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Molecular dynamics modeling of the interface between surface functionalized graphitic structures and calcium–silicate–hydrate: Interaction energies, structure, and dynamics. J Colloid Interface Sci 2008; 323:349-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2008.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Riccardi E, Wang JC, Liapis AI. Rational Surface Design for Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Porous Polymer Adsorbent Media. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:7478-88. [PMID: 18517244 DOI: 10.1021/jp800078v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Riccardi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 400 West 11th Street, Rolla, Missouri 65409-1230
| | - J.-C. Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 400 West 11th Street, Rolla, Missouri 65409-1230
| | - A. I. Liapis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 400 West 11th Street, Rolla, Missouri 65409-1230
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12
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Optics-intrinsic double-circle phenomenon in protein adsorption visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Biochem Eng J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2007.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Jia GD, Dong XY, Sun Y. Dye–ligand affinity electrochromatography with transverse and/or longitudinal electric field. Sep Purif Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2007.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Ljunglöf A, Lacki KM, Mueller J, Harinarayan C, van Reis R, Fahrner R, Van Alstine JM. Ion exchange chromatography of antibody fragments. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 96:515-24. [PMID: 17096387 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Effects of pH and conductivity on the ion exchange chromatographic purification of an antigen-binding antibody fragment (Fab) of pI 8.0 were investigated. Normal sulfopropyl (SP) group modified agarose particles (SP Sepharosetrade mark Fast Flow) and dextran modified particles (SP Sepharose XL) were studied. Chromatographic measurements including adsorption isotherms and dynamic breakthrough binding capacities, were complemented with laser scanning confocal microscopy. As expected static equilibrium and dynamic binding capacities were generally reduced by increasing mobile phase conductivity (1-25 mS/cm). However at pH 4 on SP Sepharose XL, Fab dynamic binding capacity increased from 130 to 160 (mg/mL media) as mobile phase conductivity changed from 1 to 5 mS/cm. Decreasing protein net charge by increasing pH from 4 to 5 at 1.3 mS/cm caused dynamic binding capacity to increase from 130 to 180 mg/mL. Confocal scanning laser microscopy studies indicate such increases were due to faster intra-particle mass transport and hence greater utilization of the media's available binding capacity. Such results are in agreement with recent studies related to ion exchange of whole antibody molecules under similar conditions.
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Liapis AI, Grimes BA. The effect of the pore structure and zeta potential of porous polymer monoliths on separation performance in ion-exchange mode. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:648-57. [PMID: 17461102 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Most often, in bioseparations involving charged macromolecules, the chromatographic systems have low Reynolds and high Peclet numbers. For such systems, an expression is developed and presented in this work for evaluating the throughput in polymeric monoliths where ion-exchange adsorption occurs, as a function of (i) the pressure drop along the length of the monolith, (ii) the functional form and width of the throughpore-size distribution of the monolith, and (iii) the magnitude of the zeta potential on the surface of the throughpores of the monolith. Gaussian and log-normal throughpore-size distributions whose mean throughpore-size and standard deviation values are based on experimentally measured throughpore-size distribution data by mercury porosimetry employed on polymeric monoliths are used in this work, and their effect on the throughput relative to that obtained from a polymeric monolith having a uniform throughpore-size distribution is studied for different values of the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean throughpore-size. The results indicate that relatively modest increases in the throughput, when compared with the throughput that could be achieved in a polymeric monolith having a uniform throughpore-size distribution, could be obtained in polymeric monoliths having disperse throughpore-size distributions, and the magnitude of the increase becomes larger when the disperse distribution is skewed to larger throughpore sizes. Furthermore, the results of this work indicate that, under certain conditions, relatively modest increases in the throughput of a charged analyte could also be achieved by altering the value of the zeta potential on the surface of the throughpores of the monolith. Due to the difficulties inherent in controlling the functional form and width of the throughpore-size distribution during the synthesis of polymeric monoliths, it would appear to be more practical to increase the value of the throughput of a charged analyte by altering the value of the zeta potential through prudent selection of the ion-exchange surface functional groups and fine-tuned with the pH of the mobile phase. Thus, for ion-exchange chromatography systems, the zeta potential could be considered an important parameter for column designers and operators to manipulate, since its alteration could increase the through-put of a charged analyte in polymeric monoliths or in columns packed with charged particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios I Liapis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Biochemical Processing Institute, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, Missouri 65409-1230, USA.
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16
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Harinarayan C, Mueller J, Ljunglöf A, Fahrner R, Van Alstine J, van Reis R. An exclusion mechanism in ion exchange chromatography. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 95:775-87. [PMID: 16897740 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Protein dynamic binding capacities on ion exchange resins are typically expected to decrease with increasing conductivity and decreasing protein charge. There are, however, conditions where capacity increases with increasing conductivity and decreasing protein charge. Capacity measurements on two different commercial ion exchange resins with three different monoclonal antibodies at various pH and conductivities exhibited two domains. In the first domain, the capacity unexpectedly increased with increasing conductivity and decreasing protein charge. The second domain exhibited traditional behavior. A mechanism to explain the first domain is postulated; proteins initially bind to the outer pore regions and electrostatically hinder subsequent protein transport. Such a mechanism is supported by protein capacity and confocal microscopy studies whose results suggest how knowledge of the two types of IEX behavior can be leveraged in optimizing resins and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Harinarayan
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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17
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Tan GM, Shi QH, Sun Y. Oscillatory transverse electric field enhances mass transfer and protein capacity in ion-exchange electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1098:131-7. [PMID: 16314169 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Revised: 08/17/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ion-exchange electrochromatography with an oscillatory electric field perpendicular to mobile-phase flow driven by pressure (pIEEC) was developed with a column design of rectangle cross-section. The effect of electric field strength on the dynamic binding capacity (DBC) was examined by frontal analysis of bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorption to the packed beds of DEAE Sepharose FF in Tris-glycine buffer (pH 8.2). It was shown that the DBC at 10% breakthrough (Q(10)) in the pIEEC increased linearly with increasing the electric field strength. For example, with a packed-bed height of 15mm and electric potential gradient of 38V/cm, Q(10) increased four times over that in normal ion-exchange chromatography. So, the transverse electric field has created significant electro-kinetic mass transports (electroosmosis and electrophoresis) that intensified exterior liquid-film and intraparticle mass transfers, leading to the increased protein binding capacity. Due to the increased capacity in the pIEEC, partial resolution of BSA and IgG under an overload condition was realized without any process optimization. The results have revealed that an electric potential gradient of 20V/cm was enough to greatly enhance the DBC in the pIEEC, and when necessary, high electric field strength can be realized with a low applied voltage because the side distance of the column is usually an order of magnitude smaller than its height. The use of low voltage to carry out electrochromatography is a significant advantage of the pIEEC over conventional electrochromatography with axial electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Min Tan
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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18
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Hahn R, Tscheliessnig A, Zöchling A, Jungbauer A. Shallow Bed Adsorption: Theoretical Background and Applications. Chem Eng Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.200500221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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19
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Zhang X, Wang JC, Lacki KM, Liapis AI. Construction by Molecular Dynamics Modeling and Simulations of the Porous Structures Formed by Dextran Polymer Chains Attached on the Surface of the Pores of a Base Matrix: Characterization of Porous Structures. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:21028-39. [PMID: 16853725 DOI: 10.1021/jp053421h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Significant increases in the separation of bioactive molecules by using ion-exchange chromatography are realized by utilizing porous adsorbent particles in which the affinity group/ligand is linked to the base matrix of the porous particle via a polymeric extender. To study and understand the behavior of such systems, the M3B model is modified and used in molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies to construct porous dextran layers on the surface of a base matrix, where the dextran polymer chains and the surface are covered by water. Two different porous polymer layers having 25 and 40 monomers per main polymer chain of dextran, respectively, are constructed, and their three-dimensional (3D) porous structures are characterized with respect to porosity, pore size distribution, and number of conducting pathways along the direction of net transport. It is found that the more desirable practical implications with respect to structural properties exhibited by the porous polymer layer having 40 monomers per main polymer chain, are mainly due to the higher flexibility of the polymer chains of this system, especially in the upper region of the porous structure. The characterization and analysis of the porous structures have suggested a useful definition for the physical meaning and implications of the pore connectivity of a real porous medium that is significantly different than the artificial physical meaning associated with the pore connectivity parameter employed in pore network models and whose physical limitations are discussed; furthermore, the methodology developed for the characterization of the three-dimensional structures of real porous media could be used to analyze the experimental data obtained from high-resolution noninvasive three-dimensional methods like high-resolution optical microscopy. The MD modeling and simulations methodology presented here could be used, considering that the type and size of affinity group/ligand as well as the size of the biomolecule to be adsorbed onto the affinity group/ligand are known, to construct different porous dextran layers by varying the length of the polymeric chain of dextran, the number of attachment points to the base matrix, the degree of side branching, and the number of main polymeric chains immobilized per unit surface area of base matrix. After the characterization of the porous structures of the different porous dextran layers is performed, then only a few promising structures would be selected for studying the immobilization of adsorption sites on the pore surfaces and the subsequent adsorption of the bioactive molecules onto the immobilized affinity groups/ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Biochemical Processing Institute, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO 65409-1230, USA
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Zhang X, Wang JC, Lacki KM, Liapis AI. Molecular dynamics simulation studies of the conformation and lateral mobility of a charged adsorbate biomolecule: Implications for estimating the critical value of the radius of a pore in porous media. J Colloid Interface Sci 2005; 290:373-82. [PMID: 15925373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2005.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Revised: 04/22/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The conformations, the values of the lateral transport coefficient of a charged biomolecule (desmopressin) in the adsorbed layer and in the liquid layers above the adsorbed layer, the potential energies of the interaction between the biomolecules located in different liquid layers with the charged solid surface and with the biomolecules in the adsorbed layer, the potential energies of the interaction between water molecules in the hydration layers surrounding the conformations of the biomolecules in different layers, as well as the structure and number of hydration layers between the different conformations of desmopressin, were determined by molecular dynamics simulation studies. The results show that the lateral mobility of the adsorbed desmopressin is approximately equal to zero and the value of the lateral transport coefficient of the biomolecule in the liquid layers located above the adsorbed layer increases as the distance of the liquid layer from the charged solid surface increases. But the values of the lateral transport coefficient of the biomolecule in the liquid layers above the adsorbed layer are lower in magnitude than the value of the transport coefficient of desmopressin along the direction normal to the charged solid surface in the liquid phase located above the vacant charged sites of the solid surface, and these differences in the values of the transport coefficients have important implications with respect to the replenishment of the biomolecules in the inner parts of a channel (pore), the overall rate of adsorption, and the form of the constitutive equations that would have to be used in macroscopic models to describe the mechanisms of mass transfer and adsorption in the pores of adsorbent media. Furthermore, a novel method is presented in this work that utilizes the information about the sizes of the conformations of the biomolecule in the adsorbed layer and in the liquid layers above the adsorbed layer along the direction that is normal to the charged solid surface, as well as the number and size of the hydration layers along the same direction, and could be used to estimate the value of the lower bound of the linear characteristic dimension of a pore (i.e., pore radius) in porous adsorbent media (e.g., porous adsorbent particles; skeletons of porous monoliths) in order to realize effective transport and overall adsorption rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Biochemical Processing Institute, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO 65409-1230, USA
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Liapis AI, Grimes BA. The coupling of the electrostatic potential with the transport and adsorption mechanisms in ion-exchange chromatography systems: Theory and experiments. J Sep Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Han M. Thermophoresis in liquids: a molecular dynamics simulation study. J Colloid Interface Sci 2005; 284:339-48. [PMID: 15752822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2004.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2004] [Accepted: 09/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thermophoresis in liquids is studied by molecular dynamics simulation (MD). A theory is developed that divides the problem in the way consistent with the characteristic scales. MD is then conducted to obtain the solution of each problem, which is to be all combined for macroscopic predictions. It is shown that when the temperature gradient is applied to the nonconducting liquid bath that contains neutral particles, there occurs a pressure gradient tangential to the particle surface at the particle-liquid interface. This may induce the flow in the interfacial region and eventually the particle to move. This applies to the material system that interacts through van der Waals forces and may be a general source of the thermophoresis phenomenon in liquids. The particle velocity is linearly proportional to the temperature gradient. And, in a large part of the given temperature range, the particle motion is in the direction toward the cold end and decreases with respect to the temperature. It is also shown that the particle velocity decreases or even reverses its sign in the lowest limit of the temperature range or with a particle of relatively weak molecular interactions with the liquid. The characteristics of the phenomenon are analyzed in molecular details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsub Han
- Micro Thermal Research Center, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shinlim-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.
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Liapis AI. Expression for the Film Mass-Transfer Coefficient of Charged Solutes in a Liquid Stream Flowing in Packed Beds of Charged Particles and Charged Porous Monoliths. Ind Eng Chem Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ie049120w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios I. Liapis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Biochemical Processing Institute, University of MissouriRolla, Rolla, Missouri 65409-1230
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