A facile strategy for the preparation of photothermal silk fibroin aerogels with antibacterial and oil-water separation abilities

From Hemostasis to Angiogenesis: A Self-Healing Hydrogel Loaded with Copper Sulfide-Based Nanoenzyme for Whole-Process Management of Diabetic Wounds

Diabetic wounds pose considerable healing challenges due to factors such as impaired angiogenesis, persistent inflammation, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species, and bacterial infections. In this study, we synthesized copper sulfide nanoparticles (NPs) using sericin as a biotemplate and functionalized them with tannic acid-Fe (TA-Fe) metal-phenolic network coatings to create CuS-based nanoenzymes (CuS-Se@TA-Fe NPs). These NPs were integrated into a composite hydrogel formed from polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethyl chitosan, and borax. The hydrogen bonding between polyvinyl alcohol and carboxymethyl chitosan, combined with the borate ester bonds from borax and the electrostatic interactions with CuS-Se@TA-Fe NPs, resulted in a hydrogel with remarkable adhesion, self-healing capabilities, and shape retention (PCCuT hydrogel). Additionally, the PCCuT hydrogel demonstrated superoxide dismutase and catalase mimetic activities to eliminate excess free radicals, along with excellent photothermal conversion and antimicrobial properties due to the photothermal effect. Both in vitro and in vivo investigations indicated that the PCCuT hydrogel could enhance angiogenesis and promote the transformation of macrophages into the M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype. Notably, in a rat model of diabetic wound infection, the hydrogel exhibited substantial wound-healing benefits. In summary, the PCCuT hydrogel holds promise for advancing the treatment of diabetic wounds complicated by infection.

A brief strategy for the preparation of silk fibroin-copper sulfide-based electrospun nanofibrous membranes with photothermal antimicrobial properties to accelerate the infected wound healing

Bacterial infections often hinder the wound-healing process. Antibiotics are commonly used to eradicate bacteria, but long-term use can lead to the development of drug-resistant bacteria. Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a promising technology that utilizes a photothermal agent (PTA) to convert near-infrared radiation into heat, which can eliminate bacteria and has the advantages of being highly effective, controllable, and low drug resistance. In this study, we obtained silk fibroin-copper sulfide nanoparticles(SF/CuS NPs)in situ with excellent photothermal responsive properties by a green synthesis strategy using silk fibroin proteins as biological templates. Then, the SF/CuS NPs were mixed with PVA solution, and the photothermal nanofiber membrane (PVA-SF/CuS) was prepared using the electrostatic spinning technique. The synthesized SF/CuS NPs endowed the nanofiber membrane with excellent photothermal sterilization properties. In addition, the constructed PVA-SF/CuS nanofibrous membranes had good cytocompatibility and haemocompatibility. Meanwhile, in vivo experiments confirmed that PVA-SF/CuS nanofibrous membrane could inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory factor (IL-6), promote the expression of angiogenic factor (VEGF), and accelerate collagen deposition and neovascularization under near-infrared light irradiation, which could then promote the healing of infected wounds. Thus, the PVA-SF/CuS nanofiber membrane provides a new candidate material for treating bacterially infected wounds.

Non-fluorinated lignin-based melamine sponges with superhydrophobic and photothermal properties for multi-functional applications

Frequent oil spills and the discharge of oily wastewaters become a significant threat to the environment and ecosystem. Herein, a non-fluorinated lignin-based melamine sponge with superhydrophobic and photothermal properties (labeled as MS@COF/LPs/PDMS) has been achieved by decorating with covalent organic framework (COF), lignin particles (LPs) and PDMS. The MS@COF/LPs/PDMS shows excellent surface superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 152.3° and a sliding angle of 6°. The adsorption capacities of the MS@COF/LPs/PDMS range from 38.4 g/g to 100.3 g/g for various oils and organic solvents, and the separation efficiency of the MS@COF/LPs/PDMS for CCl4 reaches 99.7 %. Furthermore, the maximum surface temperature of the MS@COF/LPs/PDMS reaches 61.2 °C because of the thermal vibration of LPs and COF under solar irradiation (1.0 kW/m2). Surprisingly, the MS@COF/LPs/PDMS can rapidly adsorb a droplet of crude oils within 32 s due to the superoleophilicity and excellent photothermal effect. Besides, the melting time of the MS@COF/LPs/PDMS (400 s) reduces by 70 % for an ice droplet under solar irradiation than that of pristine melamine sponge (1330 s). Thus, this study provides new insights into the rational design of low-cost lignin-based melamine sponges for the applications of oil/water separation, crude oil recovery, and de-icing.

Highly Porous, Ultralight, Biocompatible Silk Fibroin Aerogel-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator

This study presents the fabrication of an ultralight, porous, and high-performance triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) utilizing silk fibroin (SF) aerogels and PDMS sponges as the friction layer. The transition from two-dimensional film friction layers to three-dimensional porous aerogels significantly increased the specific surface area, offering an effective strategy for designing high-performance SF aerogel-based TENGs. The TENG incorporating the porous SF aerogel exhibited optimal output performance at a 3% SF concentration, achieving a maximum open circuit voltage of 365 V, a maximum short-circuit current of 11.8 μA, and a maximum power density of 7.52 W/m2. In comparison to SF-film-based TENGs, the SF-aerogel based TENG demonstrated a remarkable 6.5-fold increase in voltage and a 4.5-fold increase in current. Furthermore, the power density of our SF-based TENG surpassed the previously reported optimal values for SF-based TENGs by 2.4 times. Leveraging the excellent mechanical stability and biocompatibility of TENGs, we developed an SF-based TENG self-powered sensor for the real-time monitoring of subtle biological movements. The SF-based TENG exhibits promising potential as a wearable bioelectronic device for health monitoring.

Green, Low-carbon Silk-based Materials in Water Treatment: Current State and Future Trends

The improper and inadequate treatment of industrial, agricultural, and household wastewater exerts substantial pressure on the existing ecosystem and poses a serious threat to the health of both humans and animals. To address these issues, different types of materials have been employed to eradicate detrimental pollutants from wastewater and facilitate the reuse of water resources. Nevertheless, owing to the challenges associated with the degradation of these traditional materials post-use and their incompatibility with the environment, natural biopolymers have garnered considerable interest. Silk protein, as a biomacromolecule, exhibits advantageous characteristics including environmental friendliness, low carbon emissions, biodegradability, sustainability, and biocompatibility. Considering recent research findings, this comprehensive review outlines the structure and properties of silk proteins and offers a detailed overview of the manufacturing techniques employed in the production of silk-based materials (SBMs) spanning different forms. Furthermore, it conducts an in-depth analysis of the state-of-the-art SBMs for water treatment purposes, encompassing adsorption, catalysis, water disinfection, desalination, and biosensing. The review highlights the potential of SBMs in addressing the challenges of wastewater treatment and provides valuable insights into prospective avenues for further research.

Effect of Interfacial Modification on the Low-Temperature Fatigue Properties of Polymer/MXene Flexible Pressure Sensors

Maintaining an excellent force-electric response under cyclic bending at low temperatures is still challenging for resistive-type electrically conductive polymer composite-based pressure sensors. In this study, the effect of low temperature on the fatigue failure of flexible MXene/polymer pressure sensors was systematically investigated through the silane functionalization of MXene nanosheets embedded with different polymer matrixes. The results show that the MXene/polymer interfaces are the primary factors affecting the temperature-dependent bending fatigue of the Cu/MXene/polymer/Cu sensor. Using finite element analysis and theoretical calculations, we reveal that the MXene/polymer interfaces are affected by free volume changes and the molecular chain motion under different temperatures. At room temperature, the well-distributed free volume in the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix permits local segmental mobility that promotes the affinity between the polymer and MXene. As the temperature decreases, the free volume in the matrix shrinks with less space left for molecular chains to slide relatively, weakening the polymer/MXene interfacial bonding strength. However, for PDMS/MXene sensors with the interface modified using the silane coupling agent KH550, the nanoconstrained structure formed by strong hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds at the PDMS/MXene interface can hinder the mobility of polymer chains, which greatly helps to dissipate the inter/intrachain friction. It thus alleviates the debonding energy dissipation during cyclic bending at subzero temperatures.

Highly elastic photothermal nanofibrillated cellulose aerogels for solar-assisted efficient cleanup of viscous oil spill

Frequent oil spills and illegal industrial pollutant discharge cause ecological and resource damages, so it is necessary to establish efficient adsorption and recovery strategies for oils in wastewater. Herein, inspired by solar-driven viscosity-breaking, we propose a facile approach to fabricate multifunctional nanofibrillated cellulose-based aerogel with high elasticity, excellent photothermal conversion, efficient selective oil adsorption and antibacterial properties. Firstly, copper sulfide (CuS) nanoparticles were in situ deposited on the template of oxidative nanofibrillated cellulose (ONC), aiming at achieving efficient photothermal effect and antibacterial properties. Ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE) was employed to establish multiple crosslinking network between CuS@ONC and polyethyleneimine (PEI). A thin hydrophobic PMTS layer deposited on the surface of aerogel via a facile gas-solid reaction ensured stable oil selectivity. The resulting composite aerogel can rapidly adsorb oil under solar self-heating, significantly reducing the adsorption time from 25 to 5 min. Furthermore, it exhibits excellent adsorption capacities for various oils, retaining over 92 % of its initial capacity even after 20 adsorption-desorption cycles, and the antibacterial properties extend its lifespan. This work offers a promising method for constructing multifunctional aerogels for efficient oil-water separation, especially beneficial for high-viscosity and high-melting-point oil cleanup.

Facile and eco-friendly fabrication of biocompatible hydrogel containing CuS@Ser NPs with mechanical flexibility and photothermal antibacterial activity to promote infected wound healing

Bacterial infections can significantly impede wound healing and pose a serious threat to the patient's life. The excessive use of antibiotics to combat bacterial infections has led to the emergence of multi-drug-resistant bacteria. Therefore, there is a pressing need for alternative approaches, such as photothermal therapy (PTT), to address this issue. In this study, for the first time, CuS NPs with photothermal properties were synthesized using sericin as a biological template, named CuS@Ser NPs. This method is simple, green, and does not produce toxic and harmful by-products. These nanoparticles were incorporated into a mixture (XK) of xanthan gum and konjac glucomannan (KGM) to obtain XK/CuS NPs composite hydrogel, which could overcome the limitations of current wound dressings. The composite hydrogel exhibited excellent mechanical flexibility, photothermal response, and biocompatibility. It also demonstrated potent antibacterial properties against both Gram-positive and negative bacteria via antibacterial experiments and accelerated wound healing in animal models. Additionally, it is proved that the hydrogel promoted tissue regeneration by stimulating collagen deposition, angiogenesis, and reducing inflammation. In summary, the XK/CuS NPs composite hydrogel presents a promising alternative for the clinical management of infected wounds, offering a new approach to promote infected wound healing.

Antibacterial Superhydrophobic Cotton Fabric with Photothermal, Self-Cleaning, and Ultraviolet Protection Functionalities

Cotton fabrics with superhydrophobic, antibacterial, UV protection, and photothermal properties were developed using Ag/PDMS coatings, and the role of coating formulations on the obtained functionalities was studied. Specific attention was paid to understanding the relationships between the fabrics' superhydrophobicity and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. UV protection performance of Ag/PDMS coatings was thoroughly evaluated based on the variation of UV transmission rate through coated fabrics and photoinduced chemiluminescence spectra. Moreover, the effect of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and PDMS on developing a photothermal effect on fabrics was discussed. It was found that the content of Ag NPs and PDMS played critical roles in determining the water contact angle (WCA) on modified fabrics. The largest WCA was 171.31°, which was durable even after numerous accelerated wash cycles and abrasions. Antibacterial activity of fabrics showed the positive effect of pure PDMS in bacterial growth inhibition. Moreover, it was found that the antibacterial performance was greatly affected by the content of Ag NPs loaded on fabrics rather than their superhydrophobic status. Moreover, increasing the content of Ag NPs boosted the UV protection level of fabrics, improved fabrics photostability, and reduced the UV transmission rate through fabrics. Testing the photothermal effect confirmed that the content of Ag NPs and PDMS both played prominent roles, where Ag acted as a photothermal agent and PDMS determined the NIR reflection rate from the coated surface. The modified fabrics were characterized using TGA, SEM, FTIR, and XRD techniques, and it was confirmed that using a higher amount of PDMS increased the amount of Ag NPs deposition on fabrics.

One-step synthesis of Enteromorpha graphene aerogel modified by hydrophilic polyethylene glycol achieving high evaporation efficiency and pollutant tolerance

Photothermal evaporation using solar energy is a sustainable way to produce fresh water from seawater. Aiming to explore functional materials as a solar-energized evaporator with enhanced evaporation rate and pollutant tolerance, this study was to synthesize a self-floating composite graphene aerogel (GA) doped with Enteromorpha and modified polyethylene glycol (PEG), named as PEGA using solar energy for desalination. Physio-chemical properties and evaporative mechanism of PEGA were experimentally investigated and analyzed with respect to molecular weight, PEG dosage, and ratio of Enteromorpha and graphene oxide. Experimental data revealed that the modification of PEG improved hydrophilic functional ability of PEGA, resulting in increasing the evaporation rate and photothermal conversion efficiency up to 2.55 kg/(m²·h) and 105.71 %, respectively. The ion removal rate of seawater exceeds 99.99 % via the PEGA conducted solar evaporation. Furthermore, PEGA possessed an excellent property of salinity emulsion pollution tolerance. Particularly, the evaporation rate of the PEG-modified biomass-based aerogel was 2.84 kg/(m²·h) in a 15 wt% NaCl solution (1 sun, 6 h) and 2.50 kg/(m²·h) at 1 h. The formation of hydrogen bonds between -OH of PEG and water molecules assist to conduct water along the graphene matrix to improve water evaporation. The cost of the graphene aerogel modified by Enteromorpha was reduced by 38.88 % less than the original graphene aerogel. The results from this study will greatly promote the application of graphene aerogel for desalination via solar evaporation.

Nanocatalytic Hydrogel with Rapid Photodisinfection and Robust Adhesion for Fortified Cutaneous Regeneration

Chronic inflammation caused by invasive bacterial infections severely interferes with the normal healing process of skin regeneration. Hypoxia of the infection microenvironment (IME) seriously affects the antibacterial effect of photodynamic therapy in phototherapy. To address this serious issue, a nanocatalytic hydrogel with an enhanced phototherapy effect consisting of a hydrogel polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) scaffold, MXene/CuS bio-heterojunction, and polydopamine (PDA) for photothermal antibacterial effects and promoting skin regeneration is designed. The MXene/CuS bio-heterojunction has a benign photothermal effect. Singlet oxygen (¹O₂) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) were generated under near-infrared light, which made the hydrogel system have good antioxidant and antibacterial properties. The addition of PDA further improves the biocompatibility and endows the nanocatalytic hydrogel with adhesion. Additionally, in vivo assays display that the nanocatalytic hydrogel has good skin regeneration ability, including ability to kill bacteria, and promotes capillary angiogenesis and collagen deposition. This work proposes an approach for nanocatalyzed hydrogels with an activated IME response to treat wound infections by enhancing the phototherapeutic effects.

Construction of a carbon nanosphere aerogel with magnetic response for efficient oil/water separation

A magnetic carbon nanosphere aerogel with high adsorption capacity was synthesized, which could realize positioning adsorption and rapid recovery.

High-performance solar-driven interfacial evaporation through molecular design of antibacterial, biomass-derived hydrogels

Hydrogel has been regarded as one of the most promising candidates for next-generation solar evaporation technology to produce freshwater from non-potable water. However, synthesizing hydrogel absorbers that can precisely regulate water state and significantly reduce the water vaporization enthalpy remains a grand challenge. Herein, we report the rational design of a novel hydrogel hybrid solar evaporator constructed by poly(vinyl alcohol) and sodium lignosulfonate (SLS), with addition of carbon nanotube as a light absorption material. The abundant sulfonate and hydroxyl groups of SLS enhance the interplay between hydrogel and water molecule through electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bond. As such, the presence of SLS not only remarkably promotes the hydrophilicity and water transport of hydrogel, but also precisely tunes the state of water molecule and the content of intermediate water for reducing the water vaporization enthalpy. The combined advantageous features endow the as-prepared hydrogel with an evaporation rate up to 2.09 kg m^-2 h^-1 under 1 Sun illumination, along with good anti-acid/basic abilities, antibacterial property, high salt-tolerance, and self-cleaning capability in purifying different types of wastewater. Finally, an outdoor solar seawater desalination device is designed to generate drinking water from seawater. The daily drinking water production amount per square meter is ca. 13 kg, which satifies the five adults' daily water consumption (12.5 kg). The present study highlights that rationally constructing the molecular architecture of hydrogel and tuning the interplay between water and hydrogel are effective strategies to fabricate advanced hydrogel solar evaporators for addressing the global freshwater shortage.