1
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Zhang JX, Pan P, Yang ZC, He J, Zeng PF, Zhang R. A Printable Deep Eutectic/Copper Conductive Colloid for Wearable Devices. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2025. [PMID: 40383928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5c00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2025]
Abstract
The advancement of wearable electronics has placed higher demands on the comfort and convenience of flexible materials. In this work, a conductive pseudoplastic colloid was developed by utilizing the oxygen elements adsorbed on the surface of copper powder, which forms donor-acceptor interactions with the hydrogen bond donors in a deep eutectic solvent. The flakelike copper powder, serving as a conductive filler, provides more efficient spatial conductive pathways and further enhances the cross-linking ability between the copper powder and the deep eutectic solvent. The resulting deep eutectic/copper colloid not only exhibits low volume resistivity (1.19 × 10-3 (Ω·m)), high viscosity, and excellent thermal stability but also demonstrates outstanding strain-resistance characteristics. By printing onto a textile substrate, a flexible strain sensor with a wide linear strain range (5-90%) and ultrahigh sensitivity (gauge factor ≈ 1 × 105) was fabricated. This sensor can sensitively and stably detect human body movements such as joint and muscle motions. Furthermore, the sensor has been integrated into a portable glove for motion detection and human-machine interaction, showcasing its great potential as a high-performance wearable strain sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xian Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300382, China
| | - Peng Pan
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300382, China
| | - Zheng-Chun Yang
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300382, China
| | - Jie He
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300382, China
| | - Pei-Feng Zeng
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300382, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300382, China
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2
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Tian H, Liu J, Zhang W, Liu Z, Liu H, Zhu X, Liu Z, Wu J, Bian B, Wu Y, Liu Y, Shang J, Li RW. Recent advances for core-shell gallium-based liquid metal particles: properties, fabrication, modification, and applications. NANOSCALE 2025; 17:11934-11959. [PMID: 40269561 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr05380j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2025]
Abstract
Gallium-based liquid metal micro-nanoparticles (Ga-LMPs) have attracted extensive attention in recent years due to their unique physicochemical properties, such as biocompatibility, fluidity and large specific surface area. However, the surface of gallium-based liquid metal is prone to oxidation, forming a solid insulating gallium oxide shell that limits its functionality and applications. Therefore, it has become a hot research topic to endow Ga-LMPs with new functionalities by surface modification. This review summarizes the surface properties, preparation methods, and surface modification mechanisms of Ga-LMPs, with a focus on the diverse functionalities gained through surface modification, such as enhanced particle stability, electrical conductivity, drug delivery, stimulus responsiveness, thermoelectric property and catalytic activity. The potential applications of these properties in fields such as sensing, energy storage, and catalysis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, PR China.
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinyun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, PR China.
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wuxu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, PR China.
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaopeng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, PR China.
| | - Hao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, PR China.
| | - Xingyu Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, PR China.
| | - Zhongqi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, PR China.
| | - Jiawei Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, PR China.
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baoru Bian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, PR China.
| | - Yuanzhao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, PR China.
| | - Yiwei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, PR China.
| | - Jie Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, PR China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Run-Wei Li
- Eastern Institute of Technology, Ningbo 315200, China
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3
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Zhao W, Yao L, Shen J, Chen S, Zhu S, Chen S, Wang L, Li Y, Liu S, Zhao Q. Advanced Liquid Metal-Based Hydrogels for Flexible Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2025; 17:27713-27739. [PMID: 40323766 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5c05225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2025]
Abstract
With the rapid development of flexible electronics in wearable devices, healthcare devices, and the Internet of Things (IoT), liquid metals (LMs)-based hydrogels have emerged as cutting-edge functional materials due to their high electrical conductivity, tunable mechanical properties, excellent biocompatibility, and unique self-healing properties. Through various physical or chemical methods, LMs can be integrated to form multifunctional LMs-based hydrogels, thus broadening the potential application fields. In this Review, the recent advancement in LMs-based hydrogels for flexible electronics is comprehensively and systematically reviewed from three aspects of synthesis methods, properties, and applications. For the first time, the existing innovative synthesis methods of LMs-based hydrogels are classified and summarized, including patterned LMs on/inside hydrogel substrates, LMs as conductive fillers in polymeric hydrogels, LMs as initiators in hydrogels, and LMs as cross-linkers with organic/inorganic materials. The synthesis mechanism is also stated in detail to highlight the multiple roles of LMs in adjusting the hydrogel properties. The versatile applications of LMs-based hydrogels in flexible electronics, including flexible sensors, wireless communications, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, soft robot actuators, energy storage and conversion, etc., are separately described. Finally, the current challenges and future prospects of LMs-based hydrogels are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Le Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiacheng Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shujiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shujing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Longlu Wang
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shujuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
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4
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Li Y, Tan S, Zhang X, Li Z, Cai J, Liu Y. Design Strategies and Emerging Applications of Conductive Hydrogels in Wearable Sensing. Gels 2025; 11:258. [PMID: 40277694 PMCID: PMC12027214 DOI: 10.3390/gels11040258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2025] [Revised: 03/22/2025] [Accepted: 03/25/2025] [Indexed: 04/26/2025] Open
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels, integrating high conductivity, mechanical flexibility, and biocompatibility, have emerged as crucial materials driving the evolution of next-generation wearable sensors. Their unique ability to establish seamless interfaces with biological tissues enables real-time acquisition of physiological signals, external stimuli, and even therapeutic feedback, paving the way for intelligent health monitoring and personalized medical interventions. To fully harness their potential, significant efforts have been dedicated to tailoring the conductive networks, mechanical properties, and environmental stability of these hydrogels through rational design and systematic optimization. This review comprehensively summarizes the design strategies of conductive hydrogels, categorized into metal-based, carbon-based, conductive polymer-based, ionic, and hybrid conductive systems. For each type, the review highlights structural design principles, strategies for conductivity enhancement, and approaches to simultaneously enhance mechanical robustness and long-term stability under complex environments. Furthermore, the emerging applications of conductive hydrogels in wearable sensing systems are thoroughly discussed, covering physiological signal monitoring, mechano-responsive sensing platforms, and emerging closed-loop diagnostic-therapeutic systems. Finally, this review identifies key challenges and offers future perspectives to guide the development of multifunctional, intelligent, and scalable conductive hydrogel sensors, accelerating their translation into advanced flexible electronics and smart healthcare technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Li
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Center for Flexible Electronics, Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Shaozhe Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Wide-Bandgap Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Technology, Faculty of Integrated Circuit, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Xuesi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Wide-Bandgap Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Technology, Faculty of Integrated Circuit, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Wide-Bandgap Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Technology, Faculty of Integrated Circuit, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Jun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Wide-Bandgap Semiconductor Devices and Integrated Technology, Faculty of Integrated Circuit, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Yannan Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
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5
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Wang J, Zhao K, Zhao Y, Ye C. Highly Conductive, Ultratough, and Adhesive Eutectogels with Environmental Tolerance Enabled by Liquid Metal Composites. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2025; 21:e2410806. [PMID: 39822060 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202410806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2024] [Revised: 12/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2025]
Abstract
Eutectogels are recently emerged as promising alternatives to hydrogels owing to their good environmental stability derived from deep eutectic solvents (DES). However, construction of competent eutectogels with both high conductivity and mechanical toughness is still difficult to achieve yet highly demanded. In this work, new LMNP-PEDOT-CMC-AA (LPCA) eutectogels are prepared using acrylic acid (AA) and carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMC) as polymeric networks, liquid metal nanoparticle-poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (LMNP-PEDOT) are added as multifunctional soft fillers. Benefiting from the compliant and conductive LMNP-PEDOT, the LPCA eutectogels exhibit high conductivity (0.224 S m-1), electromechanical coupling, stretchability (4228%) and exceptional toughness (7.278 MJ m-3). Additionally, abundant hydrogen interactions and available functional groups within eutectogels endow them excellent self-healing and adhesion on different substrates. Moreover, the LPCA eutectogels demonstrate superior environmental tolerance including anti-freezing and anti-drying, thus allowing for long-term functional reliability. These appealing characteristics enable accurate and stable tracking of human motions, as well as information delivery based on Morse code. This study opens the possibility of designing conductive and tough eutectogels enabled by LM composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Yanbo Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Changqing Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
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6
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Wang S, Zhai H, Zhang Q, Hu X, Li Y, Xiong X, Ma R, Wang J, Chang Y, Wu L. Trends in Flexible Sensing Technology in Smart Wearable Mechanisms-Materials-Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2025; 15:298. [PMID: 39997861 PMCID: PMC11858378 DOI: 10.3390/nano15040298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2025] [Revised: 02/10/2025] [Accepted: 02/10/2025] [Indexed: 02/26/2025]
Abstract
Flexible sensors are revolutionizing our lives as a key component of intelligent wearables. Their pliability, stretchability, and diverse designs enable foldable and portable devices while enhancing comfort and convenience. Advances in materials science have provided numerous options for creating flexible sensors. The core of their application in areas like electronic skin, health medical monitoring, motion monitoring, and human-computer interaction is selecting materials that optimize sensor performance in weight, elasticity, comfort, and flexibility. This article focuses on flexible sensors, analyzing their "sensing mechanisms-materials-applications" framework. It explores their development trajectory, material characteristics, and contributions in various domains such as electronic skin, health medical monitoring, and human-computer interaction. The article concludes by summarizing current research achievements and discussing future challenges and opportunities. Flexible sensors are expected to continue expanding into new fields, driving the evolution of smart wearables and contributing to the intelligent development of society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China;
| | - Haorui Zhai
- School of Automotive Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China; (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.X.)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China;
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Automotive Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China; (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Xueling Hu
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.H.); (L.W.)
- CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Yujiao Li
- School of Automotive Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China; (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Xin Xiong
- School of Automotive Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China; (Q.Z.); (Y.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Ruhong Ma
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China;
| | - Jianlei Wang
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.H.); (L.W.)
- CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Ying Chang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China;
| | - Lixin Wu
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.H.); (L.W.)
- CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
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7
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Peng L, Ding J, Liu M, Yang X, Sui G. Liquid metal nanoparticles as photo-initiators for preparation of transparent hydrogel with adjustable mechanical properties. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 672:415-422. [PMID: 38850866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
To achieve rapid preparation of hydrogels without using conventional chemical initiators, a stable suspension of eutectic gallium indium (EGaIn) liquid metal nanoparticles is explored by probe-sonicating the metal in an aqueous solution. Liquid metal suspension was sonicated to serve as a photo-initiator for acrylamide polymerization and produce hydrogels. The initiation effect comes from the fact that liquid metal suspension after sonication can produce a large number of free radicals when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, leading to initiation. The changes of liquid metal nanodroplets under UV light irradiation have been systematically investigated. Further, the liquid metal colloidal solutions were used to prepare hydrogels with the same transparency and adjustable mechanical properties as the samples initiated by commercial photo-initiators. This work shows the great application potential of liquid metal in the preparation of hydrogels and provides a new technical idea for the design of multifunctional hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Jingze Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Manyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Gang Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China.
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Zhu Y, Qian K, Miao M, Feng X. Oxhide gelatin-regulated aramid nanofiber/liquid metal films with sandwiched structure for electromagnetic interference shielding. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:133897. [PMID: 39019368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Liquid metal (LM) based electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials with high conductivity and continuous deformation capacity are important needs for meeting modern advanced electronic equipment. However, an independent free-standing film with LM is difficult to achieve due to its unique fluidity properties. Here, a simple alternating filtration film-forming method was utilized to orderly construct a sandwiched EMI shielding film with LM stabilized by bio-based oxhide gelatin (gel) as the intermediate conductive layer, and two films of aramid nanofibers/oxhide gel (ANF/gel) as the external insulating protective layers. This design not only prevents LM from being exposed to environmental conditions, but also reduces the risk of chemical corrosion in practical applications. Under optimal LM addition conditions, the sandwiched film (0.3-3 L) exhibited better EMI shielding performance of 50.4 dB in the X-band than the blended film (0.7 dB), as well as excellent mechanical properties (tensile strength of 65.8 MPa, strain 8.6 %). More importantly, the sandwiched film still maintained reliable EMI shielding performance after being experienced largely physical deformation. This study provides a new solution for preparing LM-based EMI shielding composites, and is expected to arouse pursuit of high EMI shielding effects of bio-based gel while also paying attention to their safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhu
- Research Center of Nano Science and Technology, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Kunpeng Qian
- Research Center of Nano Science and Technology, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Miao Miao
- Research Center of Nano Science and Technology, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Xin Feng
- Research Center of Nano Science and Technology, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
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9
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Jiang H, Yuan B, Guo H, Pan F, Meng F, Wu Y, Wang X, Ruan L, Zheng S, Yang Y, Xiu Z, Li L, Wu C, Gong Y, Yang M, Lu W. Malleable, printable, bondable, and highly conductive MXene/liquid metal plasticine with improved wettability. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6138. [PMID: 39033166 PMCID: PMC11271265 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50541-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Integration of functional fillers into liquid metals (LM) induces rheology modification, enabling the free-form shaping of LM at the micrometer scale. However, integrating non-chemically modified low-dimensional materials with LM to form stable and uniform dispersions remain a great challenge. Herein, we propose a solvent-assisted dispersion (SAD) method that utilizes the fragmentation and reintegration of LM in volatile solvents to engulf and disperse fillers. This method successfully integrates MXene uniformly into LM, achieving better internal connectivity than the conventional dry powder mixing (DPM) method. Consequently, the MXene/LM (MLM) coating exhibits high electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance (105 dB at 20 μm, which is 1.6 times that of coatings prepared by DPM). Moreover, the rheological characteristic of MLM render it malleable and facilitates direct printing and adaptation to diverse structures. This study offers a convenient method for assembling LM with low-dimensional materials, paving the way for the development of multifunctional soft devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Jiang
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Bin Yuan
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Hongtao Guo
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Fei Pan
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Fanmao Meng
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Yongpeng Wu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Lingyang Ruan
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Shuhuai Zheng
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Zheng Xiu
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Lixin Li
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Changsheng Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Yongqing Gong
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Menghao Yang
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Shanghai Key Lab. of D&A for Metal Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China.
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10
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Kim JH, Kim S, Dickey MD, So JH, Koo HJ. Interface of gallium-based liquid metals: oxide skin, wetting, and applications. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024; 9:1099-1119. [PMID: 38716614 DOI: 10.1039/d4nh00067f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Gallium-based liquid metals (GaLMs) are promising for a variety of applications-especially as a component material for soft devices-due to their fluidic nature, low toxicity and reactivity, and high electrical and thermal conductivity comparable to solid counterparts. Understanding the interfacial properties and behaviors of GaLMs in different environments is crucial for most applications. When exposed to air or water, GaLMs form a gallium oxide layer with nanoscale thickness. This "oxide nano-skin" passivates the metal surface and allows for the formation of stable microstructures and films despite the high-surface tension of liquid metal. The oxide skin easily adheres to most smooth surfaces. While it enables effective printing and patterning of the GaLMs, it can also make the metals challenging to handle because it adheres to most surfaces. The oxide also affects the interfacial electrical resistance of the metals. Its formation, thickness, and composition can be chemically or electrochemically controlled, altering the physical, chemical, and electrical properties of the metal interface. Without the oxide, GaLMs wet metallic surfaces but do not wet non-metallic substrates such as polymers. The topography of the underlying surface further influences the wetting characteristics of the metals. This review outlines the interfacial attributes of GaLMs in air, water, and other environments and discusses relevant applications based on interfacial engineering. The effect of surface topography on the wetting behaviors of the GaLMs is also discussed. Finally, we suggest important research topics for a better understanding of the GaLMs interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Kim
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyoung Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Ju-Hee So
- Material & Component Convergence R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Ansan-si, 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung-Jun Koo
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Lu Q, Liu W, Chen D, Yu D, Song Z, Wang H, Li G, Liu X, Ge S. Hydrophobic association-improved multi-functional hydrogels with liquid metal droplets stabilized by xanthan gum and PEDOT:PSS for strain sensors. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132494. [PMID: 38788874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of liquid metal-infused hydrogels, typically constituted by polyacrylamide networks crosslinked through covalent bonds, often encounters a conundrum: they exhibit restricted extensibility and a diminished capacity for self-repair, owing to the inherently irreversible nature of the covalent linkages. This study introduces a hydrophobically associated hydrogel embedding gallium (Ga)-droplets, realized through the in situ free radical copolymerization of hydrophobic hexadecyl methacrylate (HMA) and hydrophilic acrylamide (AM) in a milieu containing xanthan gum (XG) and PEDOT:PSS, which co-stabilizes the Ga-droplets. The Ga-droplets, synergistically functioning as conductive agents alongside PEDOT:PSS, also expedite the hydrogel's formation. The resultant XG/PEDOT:PSS-Ga-P(AM-HMA) hydrogel is distinguished by its remarkable extensibility (2950 %), exceptional toughness (3.28 MJ/m3), superior adherence to hydrophobic, smooth substrates, and an innate ability for hydrophobic-driven self-healing. As a strain sensing medium, this hydrogel-based sensor exhibits heightened sensitivity (gauge factor = 12.66), low detection threshold (0.1 %), and robust durability (>500 cycles). Furthermore, the inclusion of glycerol endows the XG/PEDOT:PSS-Ga-P(AM-HMA) hydrogel with anti-freezing properties without compromising its mechanical integrity and sensing acumen. This sensor adeptly captures a spectrum of human movements, from the nuanced radial pulse to extensive joint articulations. This research heralds a novel approach for fabricating multifaceted PAM-based hydrogels with toughness and superior sensing capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qishu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Wenxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Duo Chen
- Department of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Dehai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Zhaoping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Huili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Guodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Xiaona Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Shaohua Ge
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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12
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Feng J, Cao P, Yang T, Ao H, Xing B. Fabrication of Microgel-Modified Hydrogel Flexible Strain Sensors Using Electrohydrodynamic Direct Printing Method. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3038. [PMID: 38793894 PMCID: PMC11125415 DOI: 10.3390/s24103038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogel flexible strain sensors, renowned for their high stretchability, flexibility, and wearable comfort, have been employed in various applications in the field of human motion monitoring. However, the predominant method for fabricating hydrogels is the template method, which is particularly inefficient and costly for hydrogels with complex structural requirements, thereby limiting the development of flexible hydrogel electronic devices. Herein, we propose a novel method that involves using microgels to modify a hydrogel solution, printing the hydrogel ink using an electrohydrodynamic printing device, and subsequently forming the hydrogel under UV illumination. The resulting hydrogel exhibited a high tensile ratio (639.73%), high tensile strength (0.4243 MPa), and an ionic conductivity of 0.2256 S/m, along with excellent electrochemical properties. Moreover, its high linearity and sensitivity enabled the monitoring of a wide range of subtle changes in human movement. This novel approach offers a promising pathway for the development of high-performance, complexly structured hydrogel flexible sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Feng
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Peng Cao
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (T.Y.); (H.A.)
| | - Tao Yang
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (T.Y.); (H.A.)
| | - Hezheng Ao
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (T.Y.); (H.A.)
| | - Bo Xing
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China;
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13
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Wu Y, Zhang XF, Bai Y, Yu M, Yao J. Cellulose-reinforced highly stretchable and adhesive eutectogels as efficient sensors. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:131115. [PMID: 38522691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
A cellulose-reinforced eutectogel was constructed by deep eutectic solvent (DES) and cotton linter cellulose. Cellulose was dispersed in the ternary DES consisting of acrylic acid, choline chloride and AlCl3·6H2O. The photoinitiator was then introduced into the system to in situ polymerize acrylic acid monomer to form transparent and ionic conductive eutectogels while keeping all the DES. The crosslinks formed by Al3+ induced ionic bonds and reversible links formed by hydrogen bonds give the eutectogels high stretchability (3200 ± 200 % tensile strain), self-adhesive (52.1 kPa to glass), self-healing and good mechanical strength (670 kPa). The eutectogels were assembled into sensors and epidermal patch electrodes that demonstrated high quality human motion sensing and physiological signal detection (electrocardiogram and electromyography). This work provides a facile way to design flexible electronics for sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiong-Fei Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Yunhua Bai
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Mengjiao Yu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jianfeng Yao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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14
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Sadat Afi Kheljani S, Didehban K, Atai M, Zou C, Ahmadjo S, Rodríguez-Pizarro M, Bahri-Laleh N, Poater A. In-situ photo-crosslinkable elastomer based on polyalphaolefin/halloysite nanohybrid. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 659:751-766. [PMID: 38211492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.12.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
In this research, new injectable and in situ photocurable elastomeric nanohybrids have been fabricated from polyalphaolefin (PAO) resins and halloysite nanofiller. In this regard, the co-oligomerization of long α-olefin monomers (C6, C8 and C10) with alkenol counterparts was carried out via a simple cationic route to provide OH-functionalized PAOs. The newly formed PAO type copolymer resins as well as halloysite nanoclay were then equipped with photocurable CC bonds containing an acrylate moiety. After the characterization of the final chemical substances and also of the intermediate structures, experimentally and computationally by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, the neat treated PAO and PAO/halloysite nanohybrids were subjected to a curing process by visible light irradiation (λ ∼ 475 nm, blue light). The crosslinking efficiency of the neat resins and the formed nanohybrid was evaluated using shrinkage strain-time curves and equilibrium swelling method. The suggested nanohybrid is not only biocompatible (96 % in the MTT assay), and hydrophilic (with a water contact angle of 61°), but also exhibits an easy, fast and robust curing process with great potential for coating and sealing technologies for medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khadijeh Didehban
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-36972 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Atai
- Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute (IPPI), P. O. Box: 14965/115 Tehran, Iran
| | - Chen Zou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Saeid Ahmadjo
- Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute (IPPI), P. O. Box: 14965/115 Tehran, Iran
| | - Montserrat Rodríguez-Pizarro
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Universitat de Girona, c/ Mª Aurèlia Capmany 69, Girona, Catalonia 17003, Spain
| | - Naeimeh Bahri-Laleh
- Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute (IPPI), P. O. Box: 14965/115 Tehran, Iran; Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (WPI-SKCM(2)), Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
| | - Albert Poater
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Universitat de Girona, c/ Mª Aurèlia Capmany 69, Girona, Catalonia 17003, Spain.
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15
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Xu Y, Tan C, He Y, Luo B, Liu M. Chitin nanocrystals stabilized liquid metal for highly stretchable and anti-freeze hydrogels as flexible strain sensor. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 328:121728. [PMID: 38220327 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels show extensive applications in flexible electronics and biomedical areas, but it is a challenge to simultaneously achieve high mechanical properties, satisfied electrical conductivity, good biocompatibility, self-recovery and anti-freezing properties through a simple preparation method. Herein, chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs) were employed to encapsulate liquid metal nanoparticles (LMNPs) to ensure the dispersion stability of LMNPs in a hydrogel system composed of polyacrylamide (PAM) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The synergistic effect of ChNCs-stabilized LMNPs imparts remarkable conductivity to the hydrogel, making it an effective strain sensor for human motion. With 1 % LMNPs, the composite hydrogel stretches up to 2100 %, showing excellent stretchability. Under 10 cycles of 200 % strain, hysteresis loop curves overlap, indicating outstanding fatigue resistance. The hydrogel exhibits remarkable self-recovery, enduring 1400 % deformation without rupture. In addition, its effective antifreeze properties result from immersion in a glycerol-water solvent. Even at -20 °C and 60 °C, the hydrogel maintains stable, reproducible resistance changes at 150 % tensile strain. Therefore, the high-performance conductive hydrogel containing ChNCs stabilized LM has promising applications in flexible wearable sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, PR China
| | - Cuiying Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, PR China
| | - Yunqing He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, PR China
| | - Binghong Luo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, PR China
| | - Mingxian Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Speed Capability Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
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16
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Yuan T, Zhang Z, Liu Q, Liu XT, Tao SQ, Yao CL. Cellulose nanofiber/MXene (Ti 3C 2T x)/liquid metal film as a highly performance and flexible electrode material for supercapacitors. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:130119. [PMID: 38346617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
In recent times, there has been significant interest in the utilization of cellulose nanofiber (CNF) films as the foundation for supercapacitors due to their three-dimensional structure, flexibility and eco-friendliness. An ultrasonic and vacuum filtration method was used to prepare a hybrid film consisting of MXene (Ti3C2Tx), CNF and liquid metal (LM). The combination of CNF and LM with MXene produces a porous structure with higher electrical conductivity, which facilitates the transportation of ions and electrons within the composition and confers the material with heightened electrochemical properties. The CNF/MXene/LM electrode has a significant area capacitance of 871.3 mF cm-2 at a current density of 5 mA cm-2. The hybrid film demonstrates excellent stability, maintaining a high conductivity of 546.4 S∙cm-1 and retaining 96.9 % capacitance after 2000 cycles at a current density of 10 mA cm-2. By utilizing the thin film as an electrode, a high-performance quasi-solid supercapacitor was fabricated, with a remarkably thin thickness of only 0.319 mm. Supercapacitors show exceptional electrical properties, including a surface-specific capacitance of 188.2 mF cm-2 at a current density of 5 mA cm-2. This study indicates that flexible electrodes made from cellulose nanofiber have extensive potential in the realm of supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiu-Tong Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shao-Qu Tao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chun-Li Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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17
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Wang B, Wang X, Liu W, Song Z, Wang H, Li G, Yu D, Liu X, Ge S. Using chitosan nanofibers to synergistically construct a highly stretchable multi-functional liquid mental-based hydrogel for assembling strain sensor with high sensitivity and broad working range. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129225. [PMID: 38184053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Liquid metal (LM) microdroplets have garnered significant interest as conductive materials for initiating free radical polymerization in the development of conductive hydrogels suited for strain sensors. However, crafting multi-functional conductive hydrogels that boast both high stretchability and superior sensing capabilities remains as a challenge. In this study, we have successfully synthesized LM-based conductive hydrogels characterized by remarkable stretchability and sensing performance employing acrylic acid (AA) to evenly distribute chitosan nanofibers (CSFs) and to subsequently catalyze the free radical polymerization of AA. The resultant polymer network was crosslinked within situ polyacrylic acid (PAA), facilitated by Ga3+ in conjunction with guar gum (GG)-stabilized Ga droplets. The strategic interplay between the rigid, and protonated CSFs and the pliable PAA matrix, coupled with the ionic crosslinking of Ga3+, endows the resulting GG-Ga-CSF-PAA hydrogel with high stretchability (3700 %), ultrafast self-healing, robust moldability, and strong adhesiveness. When deployed as a strain sensing material, this hydrogel exhibits a high gauge factor (38.8), a minimal detection threshold, enduring durability, and a broad operational range. This versatility enables the hydrogel-based strain sensor to monitor a wide spectrum of human motions. Remarkably, the hydrogel maintains its stretchability and sensing efficacy under extreme temperatures after a simple glycerol solution treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong academy of science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Xueyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong academy of science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Wenxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong academy of science, Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Zhaoping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong academy of science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Huili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong academy of science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Guodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong academy of science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Dehai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong academy of science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Xiaona Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong academy of science, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Shaohua Ge
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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18
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Xiao S, Lao Y, Liu H, Li D, Wei Q, Li Z, Lu S. Highly stretchable anti-freeze hydrogel based on aloe polysaccharides with high ionic conductivity for multifunctional wearable sensors. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127931. [PMID: 37944728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels have limitations such as non-degradability, loss of electrical conductivity at sub-zero temperatures, and single functionality, which limit their applicability as materials for wearable sensors. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes a bio-based hydrogel using aloe polysaccharides as the matrix and degradable polyvinyl alcohol as a reinforcing material. The hydrogel was crosslinked with borax in a glycerol-water binary solvent system, producing good toughness and compressive strength. Furthermore, the hydrogel was developed as a sensor that could detect both small and large deformations with a low detection limit of 1 % and high stretchability of up to 300 %. Moreover, the sensor exhibited excellent frost resistance at temperatures above -50 °C, and the gauge factor of the hydrogel was 2.86 at 20 °C and 2.12 at -20 °C. The Aloe-polysaccharide-based conductive hydrogels also functioned effectively as a wearable sensor; it detected a wide range of humidities (0-98 % relative humidity) and exhibited fast response and recovery times (1.1 and 0.9 s) while detecting normal human breathing. The polysaccharide hydrogel was also temperature sensitive (1.737 % °C-1) and allowed for information sensing during handwriting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suijun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal & Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yufei Lao
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal & Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal & Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Dacheng Li
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal & Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Qiaoyan Wei
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal & Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Ziwei Li
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal & Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Shaorong Lu
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal & Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
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19
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Xing S, Liu Y. Functional micro-/nanostructured gallium-based liquid metal for biochemical sensing and imaging applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 243:115795. [PMID: 37913588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, liquid metals (LMs) have garnered increasing attention for their expanded applicability, and wide application potential in various research fields. Among them, gallium (Ga)-based LMs exhibit remarkable analytical performance in electrical and optical sensors, thanks to their excellent conductivity, large surface area, biocompatibility, small bandgap, and high elasticity. This review comprehensively summarizes the latest advancements in functional micro-/nanostructured Ga-based LMs for biochemical sensing and imaging applications. Firstly, the electrical, optical, and biocompatible features of Ga-based LM micro-/nanoparticles are briefly discussed, along with the manufacturing and functionalization processes. Subsequently, we demonstrate the utilization of Ga-based LMs in biochemical sensing techniques, encompassing electrochemistry, electrochemiluminescence, optical sensing techniques, and various biomedical imaging. Lastly, we present an insightful perspective on promising research directions and remaining challenges in LM-based biochemical sensing and imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Xing
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Kay Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Kay Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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20
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Chen J, Tian G, Liang C, Yang D, Zhao Q, Liu Y, Qi D. Liquid metal-hydrogel composites for flexible electronics. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14353-14369. [PMID: 37916888 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04198k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging functional material, liquid metal-hydrogel composites exhibit excellent biosafety, high electrical conductivity, tunable mechanical properties and good adhesion, thus providing a unique platform for a wide range of flexible electronics applications such as wearable devices, medical devices, actuators, and energy conversion devices. Through different composite methods, liquid metals can be integrated into hydrogel matrices to form multifunctional composite material systems, which further expands the application range of hydrogels. In this paper, we provide a brief overview of the two materials: hydrogels and liquid metals, and discuss the synthesis method of liquid metal-hydrogel composites, focusing on the improvement of the performance of hydrogel materials by liquid metals. In addition, we summarize the research progress of liquid metal-hydrogel composites in the field of flexible electronics, pointing out the current challenges and future prospects of this material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Chen
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for the Multi-modal Prevention and Control of Major Chronic Diseases, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Gongwei Tian
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for the Multi-modal Prevention and Control of Major Chronic Diseases, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Cuiyuan Liang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for the Multi-modal Prevention and Control of Major Chronic Diseases, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Dan Yang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for the Multi-modal Prevention and Control of Major Chronic Diseases, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Qinyi Zhao
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for the Multi-modal Prevention and Control of Major Chronic Diseases, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for the Multi-modal Prevention and Control of Major Chronic Diseases, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Dianpeng Qi
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for the Multi-modal Prevention and Control of Major Chronic Diseases, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
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Alshangiti DM, El-Damhougy TK, Zaher A, Madani M, Mohamady Ghobashy M. Revolutionizing biomedicine: advancements, applications, and prospects of nanocomposite macromolecular carbohydrate-based hydrogel biomaterials: a review. RSC Adv 2023; 13:35251-35291. [PMID: 38053691 PMCID: PMC10694639 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07391b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanocomposite hydrogel biomaterials represent an exciting Frontier in biomedicine, offering solutions to longstanding challenges. These hydrogels are derived from various biopolymers, including fibrin, silk fibroin, collagen, keratin, gelatin, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, alginate, carrageenan, and cellulose. While these biopolymers possess inherent biocompatibility and renewability, they often suffer from poor mechanical properties and rapid degradation. Researchers have integrated biopolymers such as cellulose, starch, and chitosan into hydrogel matrices to overcome these limitations, resulting in nanocomposite hydrogels. These innovative materials exhibit enhanced mechanical strength, improved biocompatibility, and the ability to finely tune drug release profiles. The marriage of nanotechnology and hydrogel chemistry empowers precise control over these materials' physical and chemical properties, making them ideal for tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound healing, and biosensing applications. Recent advancements in the design, fabrication, and characterization of biopolymer-based nanocomposite hydrogels have showcased their potential to transform biomedicine. Researchers are employing strategic approaches for integrating biopolymer nanoparticles, exploring how nanoparticle properties impact hydrogel performance, and utilizing various characterization techniques to evaluate structure and functionality. Moreover, the diverse biomedical applications of these nanocomposite hydrogels hold promise for improving patient outcomes and addressing unmet clinical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tasneam K El-Damhougy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science (Girls), Al-Azhar University P.O. Box: 11754, Yousef Abbas Str. Nasr City Cairo Egypt
| | - Ahmed Zaher
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, El-Mansoura University Egypt
| | - Mohamed Madani
- College of Science and Humanities, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University Jubail Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Mohamady Ghobashy
- Radiation Research of Polymer Chemistry Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority P.O. Box 29 Nasr City Cairo Egypt
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22
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Manyuan N, Otsuki T, Tsumura Y, Fujii S, Kawasaki H. Dry liquid metals stabilized by silica particles: Synthesis and application in photothermoelectric power generation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 649:581-590. [PMID: 37364458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.06.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Gallium-based room-temperature liquid metals (LMs) have unique physicochemical properties; however, their high surface tension, low flowability, and high corrosiveness to other materials limit their advanced processing (including precise shaping) and application. Consequently, LM-rich free-flowing powders, named "dry LMs" that offer the inherent advantages of dry powders, should play a critical role in expanding the application scope of LMs. EXPERIMENTS A general method of preparing silica-nanoparticle-stabilized LMs in the form of LM-rich powders (>95 wt% LM) is developed. FINDINGS Dry LMs can be simply prepared by mixing LMs with silica nanoparticles in a planetary centrifugal mixer in the absence of solvents. As a sustainable dry-process route alternative to wet-process routes, this ecofriendly and simple method of dry LM fabrication has several advantages, e.g., high throughput, scalability, and low toxicity owing to the lack of organic dispersion agents and milling media. Moreover, the unique photothermal properties of dry LMs are used for photothermal electric power generation. Thus, dry LMs not only pave the way for the use of LMs in powder form but also provide a new opportunity for expanding their application scope in energy conversion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichayanan Manyuan
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35, Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Tomoko Otsuki
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35, Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tsumura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Syuji Fujii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Hideya Kawasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35, Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan.
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