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Gonzalez-Canas C, Ding Q, Simpson VL, Hass Z. Testing Race Differences in Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Associated with Household Food Insecurity (Using NHANES 2007-2018). Am J Perinatol 2024; 41:e3008-e3017. [PMID: 37913781 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1776351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to estimate the association of household food insecurity with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk by race and ethnic group. STUDY DESIGN The study was a secondary analysis from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2007 to 2018. A survey-weighted logistic regression model was constructed with self-reported GDM as the response. The primary independent variable was a four-level food security indicator, defined as the inability to obtain food in a socially acceptable way due to the lack of financial resources and controlled for several established risk factors. Analyses were stratified by race (White and Black) and ethnicity (Hispanic) to provide insight into how gestational diabetes risk differs by subpopulation. RESULTS Results indicated that family history of diabetes is a risk factor across all races (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 4.22-16.26), while household food insecurity is a significant risk factor for only Hispanic women living with a partner (aOR: 8.50 for very low food security). CONCLUSION In the United States, Hispanic women's GDM risk may be uniquely impacted by food insecurity. KEY POINTS · This study provides a national estimate of the GDM risk from food insecurity by race and ethnicity.. · The results in this study suggest a statistically significant relationship between household food insecurity and an increasing risk of developing GDM for Hispanic individuals.. · White women who live alone (without spouse or partner) were also at elevated risk of GDM.. · Age at delivery, poverty ratio, and family history of diabetes are also risk factors for the disease..
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qinglan Ding
- School of Nursing, Purdue, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | | | - Zachary Hass
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue, West Lafayette, Indiana
- School of Nursing, Purdue, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Regenstrief Center for Healthcare Engineering, Purdue, West Lafayette, Indiana
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Locatelli A, Ornaghi S, Terzaghi A, Belleudi V, Fortinguerra F, Poggi FR, Perna S, Trotta F. Antidiabetic Therapy during Pregnancy: The Prescription Pattern in Italy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:7139. [PMID: 38063570 PMCID: PMC10706431 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20237139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Pregestational and gestational diabetes mellitus are relevant complications of pregnancy, and antidiabetic drugs are prescribed to obtain glycemic control and improve perinatal outcomes. The objective of this study was to describe the prescription pattern of antidiabetics before, during and after pregnancy in Italy and to evaluate its concordance with the Italian guideline on treatment of diabetes mellitus. A multi-database cross-sectional population study using a Common Data Model was performed. In a cohort of about 450,000 women, the prescribing profile of antidiabetics seemed to be in line with the Italian guideline, which currently does not recommend the use of oral antidiabetics and non-insulin injection, even if practice is still heterogeneous (up to 3.8% in the third trimester used oral antidiabetics). A substantial variability in the prescription pattern was observed among the Italian regions considered: the highest increase was registered in Tuscany (4.2%) while the lowest was in Lombardy (1.5%). Women with multiple births had a higher proportion of antidiabetic prescriptions than women with singleton births both in the preconception period and during pregnancy (1.3% vs. 0.7%; 3.4% vs. 2.6%) and used metformin more frequently. The consumption of antidiabetics in foreign women was higher than Italians (second trimester: 1.8% vs. 0.9%, third trimester: 3.6% vs. 1.8%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Locatelli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy; (A.L.); (A.T.)
| | - Sara Ornaghi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy; (A.L.); (A.T.)
| | - Alessandra Terzaghi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy; (A.L.); (A.T.)
| | - Valeria Belleudi
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, ASL Roma 1, 00147 Rome, Italy; (V.B.); (F.R.P.)
| | | | - Francesca Romana Poggi
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, ASL Roma 1, 00147 Rome, Italy; (V.B.); (F.R.P.)
| | - Serena Perna
- Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA), 00187 Rome, Italy; (F.F.); (S.P.); (F.T.)
| | - Francesco Trotta
- Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA), 00187 Rome, Italy; (F.F.); (S.P.); (F.T.)
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Xu H, Buchanan L, Wang Y, Phongsavan P, Baur LA, Wen LM. Associations of dietary and sedentary behaviours of pregnant women with their children's birth weight: findings from the CHAT trial in Australia. Public Health Nutr 2023; 26:2859-2867. [PMID: 37842791 PMCID: PMC10755386 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980023002161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the associations of pregnant women's dietary and sedentary behaviours with their children's birth weight. DESIGN Secondary data analysis was conducted using data from a randomised controlled trial, Communicating Healthy Beginnings Advice by Telephone, conducted in Australia. Information on mothers' socio-demographics, dietary and sedentary behaviours during pregnancy was collected by telephone survey at the third trimester. Birth weight data were extracted from the child's health record book. Multinomial logistic regression models were built to examine the associations of pregnant women's dietary and sedentary behaviours with children's birth weight. SETTING Participating families. PARTICIPANTS Pregnant women and their children. RESULTS A total of 1132 mother-child dyads were included in the analysis. The majority of infants (87 %, n 989) were of normal birth weight (2500 g to <4000 g), 4 % (n 50) had low birth weight (<2500 g) and 8 % (n 93) had macrosomia (≥4000 g). Mothers who ate processed meat during pregnancy were more likely to have macrosomia (adjusted risk ratio (ARR) 1·80, 95 % CI (1·12, 2·89)). The risk of macrosomia decreased as the number of dietary recommendations met by mothers increased (ARR 0·84, 95 % CI (0·71, 0·99)). Children's birth weight was not associated with mothers' sedentary time. Children's low birth weight was not associated with mothers' dietary and sedentary behaviours during pregnancy. CONCLUSION Maternal consumption of processed meat during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of macrosomia. Increasing number of dietary recommendations met by mothers was associated with a lower risk of macrosomia. The findings suggested encouraging pregnancy women to meet dietary recommendation will benefit children's birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilan Xu
- Health Promotion, Population Health Research & Evaluation Hub, Sydney Local Health District, Forest Lodge, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Women, Children and Their Families, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Limin Buchanan
- Health Promotion, Population Health Research & Evaluation Hub, Sydney Local Health District, Forest Lodge, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Women, Children and Their Families, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in the Early Prevention of Obesity in Childhood (EPOCH), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yong Wang
- Health Promotion, Population Health Research & Evaluation Hub, Sydney Local Health District, Forest Lodge, NSW, Australia
| | - Philayrath Phongsavan
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Louise A Baur
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in the Early Prevention of Obesity in Childhood (EPOCH), Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Li Ming Wen
- Health Promotion, Population Health Research & Evaluation Hub, Sydney Local Health District, Forest Lodge, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Women, Children and Their Families, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in the Early Prevention of Obesity in Childhood (EPOCH), Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Sadiq R, Bukhari MH, Brown TT, Bennett WL, Retnakaran R, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB. Association of cumulative social risk and gestational diabetes mellitus in the US, 2007-2018. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2023; 203:110840. [PMID: 37482220 PMCID: PMC10592126 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Little is known regarding the association of multiple social risk factors and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS We analyzed the 2007-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys including 10,439 women aged ≥20 years (8 % with history of GDM). We created a cumulative social risk score (CSR) by adding scores assigned to each of the following: race/ethnicity, citizenship status and country of birth, education, and family income (score of 0 used as reference group). Using logistic regression, we assessed the associations of individual social risk factors (education, income, race/ethnicity and citizenship status) and CSR score with GDM, adjusting for age, parity, insurance status, care access, smoking, diet, physical activity, and body mass index. RESULTS Among individual social risk factors, being a non-U.S. citizen (OR:1.51, 95% CI: 1.06-2.15) or belonging to a minority racial/ethnic group (OR:1.30, 95% CI: 1.04-1.59) was significantly associated with a greater odds of GDM. When examining the combined effects of social risk factors, a CSR score ≥3 was associated with an increased odds of GDM (OR:1.64, 95% CI: 1.22-2.1). CONCLUSIONS Women with a greater burden of social risk factors are more likely to have GDM, thus should be the focus of interventions to prevent and treat GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabail Sadiq
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Muhammad H Bukhari
- Department of Medicine, Norwalk Hospital affiliated with Yale University School of Medicine, Norwalk, CT, USA
| | - Todd T Brown
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wendy L Bennett
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ravi Retnakaran
- Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Endocrinology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin B Echouffo-Tcheugui
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Fuller H, Iles MM, Moore JB, Zulyniak MA. Metabolic drivers of dysglycemia in pregnancy: ethnic-specific GWAS of 146 metabolites and 1-sample Mendelian randomization analyses in a UK multi-ethnic birth cohort. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1157416. [PMID: 37255970 PMCID: PMC10225646 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1157416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common pregnancy complication worldwide and is associated with short- and long-term health implications for both mother and child. Prevalence of GDM varies between ethnicities, with South Asians (SAs) experiencing up to three times the risk compared to white Europeans (WEs). Recent evidence suggests that underlying metabolic difference contribute to this disparity, but an investigation of causality is required. Methods To address this, we paired metabolite and genomic data to evaluate the causal effect of 146 distinct metabolic characteristics on gestational dysglycemia in SAs and WEs. First, we performed 292 GWASs to identify ethnic-specific genetic variants associated with each metabolite (P ≤ 1 x 10-5) in the Born and Bradford cohort (3688 SA and 3354 WE women). Following this, a one-sample Mendelian Randomisation (MR) approach was applied for each metabolite against fasting glucose and 2-hr post glucose at 26-28 weeks gestation. Additional GWAS and MR on 22 composite measures of metabolite classes were also conducted. Results This study identified 15 novel genome-wide significant (GWS) SNPs associated with tyrosine in the FOXN and SLC13A2 genes and 1 novel GWS SNP (currently in no known gene) associated with acetate in SAs. Using MR approach, 14 metabolites were found to be associated with postprandial glucose in WEs, while in SAs a distinct panel of 11 metabolites were identified. Interestingly, in WEs, cholesterols were the dominant metabolite class driving with dysglycemia, while in SAs saturated fatty acids and total fatty acids were most commonly associated with dysglycemia. Discussion In summary, we confirm and demonstrate the presence of ethnic-specific causal relationships between metabolites and dysglycemia in mid-pregnancy in a UK population of SA and WE pregnant women. Future work will aim to investigate their biological mechanisms on dysglycemia and translating this work towards ethnically tailored GDM prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriett Fuller
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Public Health Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Mark M. Iles
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - J. Bernadette Moore
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A. Zulyniak
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Carbonneau E, Dumas A, Brodeur-Doucet A, Fontaine-Bisson B. A Community Prenatal Intervention in Social Nutrition: Evaluating the Impact on Pregnancy and Birthweight Outcomes. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061151. [PMID: 35334807 PMCID: PMC8951613 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to assess the associations between structural features of the Montreal Diet Dispensary’s social nutrition intervention and pregnancy (i.e., anemia, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), gestational weight gain (GWG), hypertension) and birthweight outcomes (i.e., small- or large-for-gestational-age) among pregnant women, most of them recent immigrants. The study consists of a secondary analysis of the digital client database of the Montreal Diet Dispensary (n = 2925). Logistic regressions were used to estimate the odds of pregnancy and birthweight outcomes, depending on structural features of the intervention. Pregnant women who attended a welcoming group session presented lower odds of GDM and anemia compared to those who did not attend. A longer duration of intervention was also associated with lower odds of GDM and anemia. Each additional appointment with a dietitian was associated with higher odds of excessive GWG and lower odds of insufficient GWG only among women with a pre-pregnancy BMI lower than 25 kg/m2. This study emphasizes the importance of providing nutritional services early in pregnancy to reduce the risk of GDM and anemia. It also stresses the importance of using appropriate nutritional guidelines to avoid increasing the risk of excessive GWG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Carbonneau
- School of Nutrition Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
- Centre NUTRISS—Nutrition, Santé et Société, Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Alex Dumas
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
- Institut du Savoir Montfort, Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, ON K1K 0T2, Canada
| | | | - Bénédicte Fontaine-Bisson
- School of Nutrition Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
- Institut du Savoir Montfort, Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, ON K1K 0T2, Canada
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Launbo N, Davidsen E, Granich-Armenta A, Bygbjerg IC, Sánchez M, Ramirez-Silva I, Avila-Jimenez L, Christensen DL, Rivera-Dommarco JA, Cantoral A, Nielsen KK, Grunnet LG. Overlooked paradox of the coexistence of overweight/obesity and anaemia during pregnancy. Nutrition 2022; 99-100:111650. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Melero V, García de la Torre N, Assaf-Balut C, Jiménez I, del Valle L, Durán A, Bordiú E, Valerio JJ, Herraiz MA, Izquierdo N, Torrejón MJ, Runkle I, Barabash A, Rubio MA, Calle-Pascual AL. Effect of a Mediterranean Diet-Based Nutritional Intervention on the Risk of Developing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Other Maternal-Fetal Adverse Events in Hispanic Women Residents in Spain. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113505. [PMID: 33202607 PMCID: PMC7696021 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most frequent morbidity found in pregnancy, and it increases the risk for several maternal-fetal complications. Hispanic women are considered at high risk. The St. Carlos GDM prevention study is a randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted from 2016–2017. Normoglycemic women were randomized at 12–14 Gestation week (WG) to an intervention group (IG) receiving recommendations based on the MedDiet (supplemented with ExtraVirgin Olive Oil/pistachios), or to a control group (CG), recommended to limit fat intake. After RCT conclusion, IG recommendations were applied to a real-world group (RW) in routine clinical practice. The primary endpoint of the current study is an assessment of the GDM rate in Hispanic participants of the aforementioned studies: 132 RCT, 128 CT, 284 RW participants. The GDM rate was lower in IG: 19/128(14.8%), p = 0.021, and RW: 38/284(13.4%), p = 0.029) than in CG: 34/132(25.8%). Adjusted RR (95%CI) for GDM: 0.72 (0.50–0.97), p = 0.037 in IG and 0.77 (0.61–0.97), p = 0.008 in RW. Rates of urinary tract infections, emergency caesarean-sections and perineal trauma were also lower in IG and RW. Other adverse outcomes were lower in IG vs. CG. In conclusion, a MedDiet-based intervention reduces the rate of GDM and several adverse maternal-fetal outcomes in Hispanic women residing in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Melero
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), E 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.); (N.G.d.l.T.); (C.A.-B.); (I.J.); (L.d.V.); (A.D.); (E.B.); (J.J.V.); (I.R.); (A.B.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Nuria García de la Torre
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), E 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.); (N.G.d.l.T.); (C.A.-B.); (I.J.); (L.d.V.); (A.D.); (E.B.); (J.J.V.); (I.R.); (A.B.); (M.A.R.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), E 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carla Assaf-Balut
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), E 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.); (N.G.d.l.T.); (C.A.-B.); (I.J.); (L.d.V.); (A.D.); (E.B.); (J.J.V.); (I.R.); (A.B.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Inés Jiménez
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), E 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.); (N.G.d.l.T.); (C.A.-B.); (I.J.); (L.d.V.); (A.D.); (E.B.); (J.J.V.); (I.R.); (A.B.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Laura del Valle
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), E 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.); (N.G.d.l.T.); (C.A.-B.); (I.J.); (L.d.V.); (A.D.); (E.B.); (J.J.V.); (I.R.); (A.B.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Alejandra Durán
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), E 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.); (N.G.d.l.T.); (C.A.-B.); (I.J.); (L.d.V.); (A.D.); (E.B.); (J.J.V.); (I.R.); (A.B.); (M.A.R.)
- Medicina 2 Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.A.H.); (N.I.)
| | - Elena Bordiú
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), E 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.); (N.G.d.l.T.); (C.A.-B.); (I.J.); (L.d.V.); (A.D.); (E.B.); (J.J.V.); (I.R.); (A.B.); (M.A.R.)
- Medicina 2 Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.A.H.); (N.I.)
| | - Johanna J. Valerio
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), E 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.); (N.G.d.l.T.); (C.A.-B.); (I.J.); (L.d.V.); (A.D.); (E.B.); (J.J.V.); (I.R.); (A.B.); (M.A.R.)
- Medicina 2 Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.A.H.); (N.I.)
| | - Miguel A Herraiz
- Medicina 2 Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.A.H.); (N.I.)
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), E 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Izquierdo
- Medicina 2 Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.A.H.); (N.I.)
- Clinical Laboratory Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), E 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Maria José Torrejón
- Clinical Laboratory Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), E 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Isabelle Runkle
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), E 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.); (N.G.d.l.T.); (C.A.-B.); (I.J.); (L.d.V.); (A.D.); (E.B.); (J.J.V.); (I.R.); (A.B.); (M.A.R.)
- Medicina 2 Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.A.H.); (N.I.)
| | - Ana Barabash
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), E 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.); (N.G.d.l.T.); (C.A.-B.); (I.J.); (L.d.V.); (A.D.); (E.B.); (J.J.V.); (I.R.); (A.B.); (M.A.R.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), E 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Rubio
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), E 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.); (N.G.d.l.T.); (C.A.-B.); (I.J.); (L.d.V.); (A.D.); (E.B.); (J.J.V.); (I.R.); (A.B.); (M.A.R.)
- Medicina 2 Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.A.H.); (N.I.)
| | - Alfonso L Calle-Pascual
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), E 28040 Madrid, Spain; (V.M.); (N.G.d.l.T.); (C.A.-B.); (I.J.); (L.d.V.); (A.D.); (E.B.); (J.J.V.); (I.R.); (A.B.); (M.A.R.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), E 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Medicina 2 Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.A.H.); (N.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-330-3281; Fax: +34-91-330-3240
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