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Karakurt E, Coskun N, Beytut E, Dag S, Yilmaz V, Nuhoglu H, Yildiz A, Kurtbas E. Cytokine profile in lambs naturally infected with sheeppox virus. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:401. [PMID: 37950091 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03823-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, in order to reveal the immune response against the disease in naturally infected sheep with SPPV, the expressions of various pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interleukin-12 (IL-12) were evaluated immunohistochemically. The material of this study consisted of tissue samples taken from 24 sheep, which were brought as dead for routine histopathological examination to the Department of Pathology. Avidin-biotin-peroxidase method was used for immunohistochemistry. Characteristic pox lesions were observed in the skin, lungs and kidneys. In histopathological examinations, pox cells, which are very characteristic for the diagnosis of the disease, were observed in all three tissues. Capripoxvirus nucleic acid was detected in 8 of the 24 tissues. Samples were sequenced, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed with reference strains from GenBank. Strains from the study clustered with sheeppox virus references. In conclusion, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-8 and IL12 (Th1) were much more dominant compared to the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines: IL-10 and IL-6 (Th2). This supported the fact that the cellular immune response is much more effective than the humoral immune response in sheeppox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emin Karakurt
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey.
| | - Nuvit Coskun
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Enver Beytut
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Serpil Dag
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Volkan Yilmaz
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Hilmi Nuhoglu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Ayfer Yildiz
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Emre Kurtbas
- Institute Health Sciences, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
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Rodríguez-Cuadrado FJ, Nájera L, Suárez D, Silvestre G, García-Fresnadillo D, Roustan G, Sánchez-Vázquez L, Jo M, Santonja C, Garrido-Ruiz MC, Vicente-Montaña AM, Rodríguez-Peralto JL, Requena L. Clinical, histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic findings in cutaneous monkeypox: A multicenter retrospective case series in Spain. J Am Acad Dermatol 2023; 88:856-863. [PMID: 36581043 PMCID: PMC9794029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2022.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The worldwide outbreak of monkeypox has evidenced the usefulness of the dermatologic manifestations for its diagnosis. OBJECTIVE To describe the histopathologic and immunohistochemical findings of monkeypox cutaneous lesions. METHODS This is a retrospective histopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 20 patients with positive Monkeypox virus DNA polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical positivity for Vaccinia virus in cutaneous lesions. Four cases were also examined by electron microscopy. RESULTS The most characteristic histopathologic findings consisted of full-thickness epidermal necrosis with hyperplasia and keratinocytic ballooning at the edges. In some cases, the outer root sheath of the hair follicle and the sebaceous gland epithelium were affected. Intraepithelial cytoplasmic inclusion bodies and scattered multinucleated keratinocytes were occasionally found. Immunohistochemically, strong positivity with anti-Vaccinia virus antibody was seen in the cytoplasm of ballooned keratinocytes. Electron microscopy study demonstrated numerous viral particles of monkeypox in affected keratinocytes. LIMITATIONS Small sample size. Electron microscopic study was only performed in 4 cases. CONCLUSION Epidermal necrosis and keratinocytic ballooning are the most constant histopathologic findings. Immunohistochemical positivity for Vaccinia virus was mostly detected in the cytoplasm of the ballooned keratinocytes. These findings support the usefulness of histopathologic and immunohistochemical studies of cutaneous lesions for diagnosis of monkeypox.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Nájera
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Suárez
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gala Silvestre
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego García-Fresnadillo
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gaston Roustan
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Sánchez-Vázquez
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Jo
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Santonja
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Luis Requena
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
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Badr Y, Noreldin AE, Elewa YHA, Ahmed MS, Inoshima Y, Baker NM, Aamer WN, Abas OM, Nayel M, Rahman MM, Elgendy E, Saleh AG, El-Neweshy MS. Cellular infiltration, cytokines, and histopathology of skin lesions associated with different clinical forms and stages of naturally occurring lumpy skin disease in cattle. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 90-91:101894. [PMID: 36270050 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) caused by the Capripoxvirus LSD virus which infects cattle, leading to a serious disease characterized by fever and the eruption of skin nodules all over the surface of the body. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease is still incomplete, particularly the immunopathological alterations occurring in the skin nodules of infected animals. Therefore, we collected skin nodules from naturally infected cattle with different forms of the disease, both in the early stage of clinical infection and after disease progression. The skin samples were examined both histopathologically and immunohistochemically using a variety of antibodies targeting immune cellular markers and cytokines. As a result, the dermatohistopathology revealed orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, vasculitis, epidermal microvesicles, and cellules claveleuses of Borrel in the early stage of infection, with the severity of the lesions correlating with the severity of the clinical disease. Meanwhile, late-stage samples had epidermal hyperkeratosis as well as dermal lymphocytic and histiocytic infiltrations. The predominant cellular infiltrates in the cutaneous lesions of early-stage LSD samples were interferon (IFN)-γ+ cells and CD4+ T lymphocytes with few macrophage lineage cells. However, in the late-stage samples, numerous Iba-1+ macrophages, with few IFN-γ+ cells and CD4+ T lymphocytes, were detected. Our findings indicate that IFN-γ+ cells, CD4+ T lymphocytes, and macrophages play a key role in the immunity against natural LSD virus infection and imply that cutaneous vasculopathy associated with LSD virus infection is an immune-mediated lesion. The current study contributes to our understanding of the pathogenesis of LSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassien Badr
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, El-Beheira, Egypt; Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Ahmed E Noreldin
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Yaser Hosny Ali Elewa
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Yasuo Inoshima
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University (GeFAH), 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Nabil M Baker
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Waleed Nabih Aamer
- Agricultural Research Center, Animal Health research Institute, Damanhour, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Osama M Abas
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Nayel
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Md Matiur Rahman
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Emad Elgendy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Asmaa G Saleh
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud S El-Neweshy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.
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Zewdie G, Derese G, Getachew B, Belay H, Akalu M. Review of sheep and goat pox disease: current updates on epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and control measures in Ethiopia. ANIMAL DISEASES 2021; 1:28. [PMID: 34806086 PMCID: PMC8591591 DOI: 10.1186/s44149-021-00028-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sheep pox, goat pox, and lumpy skin diseases are economically significant and contagious viral diseases of sheep, goats and cattle, respectively, caused by the genus Capripoxvirus (CaPV) of the family Poxviridae. Currently, CaPV infection of small ruminants (sheep and goats) has been distributed widely and are prevalent in Central Africa, the Middle East, Europe and Asia. This disease poses challenges to food production and distribution, affecting rural livelihoods in most African countries, including Ethiopia. Transmission occurs mainly by direct or indirect contact with infected animals. They cause high morbidity (75-100% in endemic areas) and mortality (10-85%). Additionally, the mortality rate can approach 100% in susceptible animals. Diagnosis largely relies on clinical symptoms, confirmed by laboratory testing using real-time PCR, electron microscopy, virus isolation, serology and histology. Control and eradication of sheep pox virus (SPPV), goat pox virus (GTPV), and lumpy skin disease (LSDV) depend on timely recognition of disease eruption, vector control, and movement restriction. To date, attenuated vaccines originating from KSGPV O-180 strains are effective and widely used in Ethiopia to control CaPV throughout the country. This vaccine strain is clinically safe to control CaPV in small ruminants but not in cattle which may be associated with insufficient vaccination coverage and the production of low-quality vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girma Zewdie
- National Veterinary Institute, P. O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Getaw Derese
- National Veterinary Institute, P. O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | | | - Hassen Belay
- Africa Union Pan African Veterinary Vaccine Center (AU-PANVAC), P. O. Box: 1746, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Mirtneh Akalu
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Gunture, AP 522502 India
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Chibssa TR, Kangethe RT, Berguido FJ, Settypalli TBK, Liu Y, Grabherr R, Loitsch A, Sassu EL, Pichler R, Cattoli G, Diallo A, Wijewardana V, Lamien CE. Innate Immune Responses to Wildtype and Attenuated Sheeppox Virus Mediated Through RIG-1 Sensing in PBMC In-Vitro. Front Immunol 2021; 12:666543. [PMID: 34211465 PMCID: PMC8240667 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.666543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheeppox (SPP) is a highly contagious disease of small ruminants caused by sheeppox virus (SPPV) and predominantly occurs in Asia and Africa with significant economic losses. SPPV is genetically and immunologically closely related to goatpox virus (GTPV) and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), which infect goats and cattle respectively. SPPV live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) are used for vaccination against SPP and goatpox (GTP). Mechanisms related to innate immunity elicited by SPPV are unknown. Although adaptive immunity is responsible for long-term immunity, it is the innate responses that prevent viral invasion and replication before LAVs generate specific long-term protection. We analyzed the relative expression of thirteen selected genes that included pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), Nuclear factor-κβ p65 (NF-κβ), and cytokines to understand better the interaction between SPPV and its host. The transcripts of targeted genes in sheep PBMC incubated with either wild type (WT) or LAV SPPV were analyzed using quantitative PCR. Among PRRs, we observed a significantly higher expression of RIG-1 in PBMC incubated with both WT and LAV, with the former producing the highest expression level. However, there was high inter-individual variability in cytokine transcripts levels among different donors, with the expression of TNFα, IL-15, and IL-10 all significantly higher in both PBMC infected with either WT or LAV compared to control PBMC. Correlation studies revealed a strong significant correlation between RIG-1 and IL-10, between TLR4, TNFα, and NF-κβ, between IL-18 and IL-15, and between NF-κβ and IL-10. There was also a significant negative correlation between RIG-1 and IFNγ, between TLR3 and IL-1 β, and between TLR4 and IL-15 (P< 0.05). This study identified RIG-1 as an important PRR in the signaling pathway of innate immune activation during SPPV infection, possibly through intermediate viral dsRNA. The role of immunomodulatory molecules produced by SPPV capable of inhibiting downstream signaling activation following RIG-1 upregulation is discussed. These findings advance our knowledge of the induction of immune responses by SPPV and will help develop safer and more potent vaccines against SPP and GTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye Rufael Chibssa
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Agricultural and Biotechnology Laboratory, Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.,National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Richard Thiga Kangethe
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Agricultural and Biotechnology Laboratory, Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Francisco J Berguido
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Agricultural and Biotechnology Laboratory, Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tirumala Bharani K Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Agricultural and Biotechnology Laboratory, Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yang Liu
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Reingard Grabherr
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Loitsch
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Vienna, Austria
| | - Elena Lucia Sassu
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Agricultural and Biotechnology Laboratory, Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.,Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Pichler
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Agricultural and Biotechnology Laboratory, Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Agricultural and Biotechnology Laboratory, Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adama Diallo
- Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar, Sénégal.,UMR CIRAD INRA, Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes (ASTRE), Montpellier, France
| | - Viskam Wijewardana
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Agricultural and Biotechnology Laboratory, Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Agricultural and Biotechnology Laboratory, Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
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Sanz-Bernardo B, Haga IR, Wijesiriwardana N, Hawes PC, Simpson J, Morrison LR, MacIntyre N, Brocchi E, Atkinson J, Haegeman A, De Clercq K, Darpel KE, Beard PM. Lumpy Skin Disease Is Characterized by Severe Multifocal Dermatitis With Necrotizing Fibrinoid Vasculitis Following Experimental Infection. Vet Pathol 2021; 57:388-396. [PMID: 32314676 PMCID: PMC7201124 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820913268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease is a high-consequence disease in cattle caused by infection with the
poxvirus lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). The virus is endemic in most countries in Africa
and an emerging threat to cattle populations in Europe and Asia. As LSDV spreads into new
regions, it is important that signs of disease are recognized promptly by animal
caregivers. This study describes the gross, microscopic, and ultrastructural changes that
occur over time in cattle experimentally challenged with LSDV. Four calves were inoculated
with wildtype LSDV and monitored for 19 to 21 days. At 7 days after inoculation, 2 of the
4 cattle developed multifocal cutaneous nodules characteristic of LSD. Some lesions
displayed a targetoid appearance. Histologically, intercellular and intracellular edema
was present in the epidermis of some nodules. Occasional intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies
were identified in keratinocytes. More severe and consistent changes were present in the
dermis, with marked histiocytic inflammation and necrotizing fibrinoid vasculitis of
dermal vessels, particularly the deep dermal plexus. Chronic lesions consisted of
full-thickness necrosis of the dermis and epidermis. Lesions in other body organs were not
a major feature of LSD in this study, highlighting the strong cutaneous tropism of this
virus. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy identified LSDV-infected histiocytes
and fibroblasts in the skin nodules of affected cattle. This study highlights the
noteworthy lesions of LSDV and how they develop over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Linda R Morrison
- The Roslin Institute / Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Neil MacIntyre
- The Roslin Institute / Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Emiliana Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - John Atkinson
- MSD Animal Health, Walton Manor, Walton, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Andy Haegeman
- Sciensano, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Sciensano, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Ukkel, Belgium
| | | | - Philippa M Beard
- The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, UK.,The Roslin Institute / Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
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Pham TH, Lila MAM, Rahaman NYA, Lai HLT, Nguyen LT, Do KV, Noordin MM. Epidemiology and clinico-pathological characteristics of current goat pox outbreak in North Vietnam. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:128. [PMID: 32375821 PMCID: PMC7203824 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02345-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In view of the current swine fever outbreak and the government aspiration to increase the goat population, a need arises to control and prevent outbreaks of goat pox. Despite North Vietnam facing sporadic cases of goat pox, this most recent outbreak had the highest recorded morbidity, mortality and case fatality rate. Thus, owing to the likelihood of a widespread recurrence of goat pox infection, an analysis of that outbreak was done based on selected signalment, management and disease pattern (signs and pathology) parameters. This includes examination of animals, inspection of facilities, tissue sampling and analysis for confirmation of goatpox along with questionaires. Results It was found that the susceptible age group were between 3 and 6 months old kids while higher infection rate occurred in those under the free-range rearing system. The clinical signs of pyrexia, anorexia, nasal discharge and lesions of pocks were not restricted to the skin but have extended into the lung and intestine. The pathogen had been confirmed in positive cases via PCR as goat pox with prevalence of 79.69%. Conclusions The epidemiology of the current goat pox outbreak in North Vietnam denotes a significant prevalence which may affect the industry. This signals the importance of identifying the salient clinical signs and post mortem lesions of goat pox at the field level in order to achieve an effective control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Hong Pham
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia-Lam District, Hanoi, 010000, Vietnam.
| | - Mohd Azmi Mohd Lila
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Yasmin Abd Rahaman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Huong Lan Thi Lai
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia-Lam District, Hanoi, 010000, Vietnam
| | - Lan Thi Nguyen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia-Lam District, Hanoi, 010000, Vietnam
| | - Khien Van Do
- Institute of Veterinary Research and Development of Central Vietnam, Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa, 650000, Vietnam
| | - Mustapha M Noordin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Dynamics of Pathological and Virological Findings During Experimental Calpox Virus Infection of Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Viruses 2017; 9:v9120363. [PMID: 29182537 PMCID: PMC5744138 DOI: 10.3390/v9120363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental intranasal infection of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) with calpox virus results in fatal disease. Route and dose used for viral inoculation of the test animals mimics the natural transmission of smallpox, thus representing a suitable model to study pathogenesis and to evaluate new vaccines against orthopoxvirus infection. However, the pathogenic mechanisms leading to death are still unclear. Therefore, our study aimed at investigating the kinetics of pathological alterations to clarify the pathogenesis in calpox virus infection. Following intranasal inoculation with two different viral doses, common marmosets were sacrificed on days 3, 5, 7, 10 and 12 post inoculation. Collected tissue was screened using histopathology, immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, and virological assays. Our data suggest that primary replication took place in nasal and bronchial epithelia followed by secondary replication in submandibular lymph nodes and spleen. Parallel to viremia at day 7, virus was detectable in many organs, mainly located in epithelial cells and macrophages, as well as in endothelial cells. Based on the onset of clinical signs, the histological and ultrastructural lesions and the immunohistochemical distribution pattern of the virus, the incubation period was defined to last 11 days, which resembles human smallpox. In conclusion, the data indicate that the calpox model is highly suitable for studying orthopoxvirus-induced disease.
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9
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Tuppurainen ESM, Venter EH, Shisler JL, Gari G, Mekonnen GA, Juleff N, Lyons NA, De Clercq K, Upton C, Bowden TR, Babiuk S, Babiuk LA. Review: Capripoxvirus Diseases: Current Status and Opportunities for Control. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 64:729-745. [PMID: 26564428 PMCID: PMC5434826 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease, sheeppox and goatpox are high-impact diseases of domestic ruminants with a devastating effect on cattle, sheep and goat farming industries in endemic regions. In this article, we review the current geographical distribution, economic impact of an outbreak, epidemiology, transmission and immunity of capripoxvirus. The special focus of the article is to scrutinize the use of currently available vaccines to investigate the resource needs and challenges that will have to be overcome to improve disease control and eradication, and progress on the development of safer and more effective vaccines. In addition, field evaluation of the efficacy of the vaccines and the genomic database available for poxviruses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S M Tuppurainen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E H Venter
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - J L Shisler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - G Gari
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - G A Mekonnen
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - N Juleff
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - N A Lyons
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - K De Clercq
- CODA-CERVA, Vesicular and Exotic Diseases Unit, Uccle, Belgium
| | - C Upton
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - T R Bowden
- CSIRO, Health & Biosecurity Flagship, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | - S Babiuk
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, WA, Canada
| | - L A Babiuk
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Falendysz EA, Londoño-Navas AM, Meteyer CU, Pussini N, Lopera JG, Osorio JE, Rocke TE. Evaluation of monkeypox virus infection of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) using in vivo bioluminescent imaging. J Wildl Dis 2014; 50:524-36. [PMID: 24779460 PMCID: PMC4636010 DOI: 10.7589/2013-07-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Monkeypox (MPX) is a re-emerging zoonotic disease that is endemic in Central and West Africa, where it can cause a smallpox-like disease in humans. Despite many epidemiologic and field investigations of MPX, no definitive reservoir species has been identified. Using recombinant viruses expressing the firefly luciferase (luc) gene, we previously demonstrated the suitability of in vivo bioluminescent imaging (BLI) to study the pathogenesis of MPX in animal models. Here, we evaluated BLI as a novel approach for tracking MPX virus infection in black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). Prairie dogs were affected during a multistate outbreak of MPX in the US in 2003 and have since been used as an animal model of this disease. Our BLI results were compared with PCR and virus isolation from tissues collected postmortem. Virus was easily detected and quantified in skin and superficial tissues by BLI before and during clinical phases, as well as in subclinical secondary cases, but was not reliably detected in deep tissues such as the lung. Although there are limitations to viral detection in larger wild rodent species, BLI can enhance the use of prairie dogs as an animal model of MPX and can be used for the study of infection, disease progression, and transmission in potential wild rodent reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Falendysz
- 1 US Geological Survey-National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA
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Nigella sativa seed extract: 1. Enhancement of sheep macrophage immune functions in vitro. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:437-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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