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Passerini S, Prezioso C, Babini G, Ferlosio A, Cosio T, Campione E, Moens U, Ciotti M, Pietropaolo V. Detection of Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV) DNA and Transcripts in Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC). Pathogens 2023; 12:894. [PMID: 37513741 PMCID: PMC10385104 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is the etiological agent of the majority of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC): a rare skin tumor. To improve our understanding of the role of MCPyV in MCCs, the detection and analysis of MCPyV DNA and transcripts were performed on primary tumors and regional lymph nodes from two MCC patients: one metastatic and one non-metastatic. MCPyV-DNA was searched by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), followed by the amplification of a Large T Antigen (LTAg), Viral Protein 1 (VP1) and Non-Coding Control Region (NCCR). LTAg and VP1 transcripts were investigated by reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR). Viral integration was also studied, and full-length LTAg sequencing was performed. qPCR revealed that the primary tumor of both patients and the lymph node of one patient was positive for the small t-antigen, with an average value of 7.0 × 102 copies/µg. The same samples harbored LTAg, NCCR and VP1 DNA. Sequencing results showed truncated LTAg with the conserved retinoblastoma (Rb) protein binding motif and VP1 and NCCR sequences identical to the MCC350 strain. RT-PCR detected LTAg but not VP1 transcripts. The MCPyV genome was integrated into the primary tumor of both patients. The results confirmed the connection between MCPyV and MCC, assuming integration, LTAg truncation and Rb sequestration as key players in MCPyV-mediated oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Passerini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Prezioso
- Laboratory of Microbiology of Chronic-Neurodegenerative Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Babini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Amedeo Ferlosio
- Anatomic Pathology, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Terenzio Cosio
- Dermatologic Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Campione
- Dermatologic Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ugo Moens
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marco Ciotti
- Virology Unit, Polyclinic Tor Vergata Foundation, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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2
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Kandeel M. Oncogenic Viruses-Encoded microRNAs and Their Role in the Progression of Cancer: Emerging Targets for Antiviral and Anticancer Therapies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040485. [PMID: 37111242 PMCID: PMC10146417 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 20% of all cases of human cancer are caused by viral infections. Although a great number of viruses are capable of causing a wide range of tumors in animals, only seven of these viruses have been linked to human malignancies and are presently classified as oncogenic viruses. These include the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Some other viruses, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), are associated with highly oncogenic activities. It is possible that virally encoded microRNAs (miRNAs), which are ideal non-immunogenic tools for viruses, play a significant role in carcinogenic processes. Both virus-derived microRNAs (v-miRNAs) and host-derived microRNAs (host miRNAs) can influence the expression of various host-derived and virus-derived genes. The current literature review begins with an explanation of how viral infections might exert their oncogenic properties in human neoplasms, and then goes on to discuss the impact of diverse viral infections on the advancement of several types of malignancies via the expression of v-miRNAs. Finally, the role of new anti-oncoviral therapies that could target these neoplasms is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
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3
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Merkel Cell Polyomavirus: Infection, Genome, Transcripts and Its Role in Development of Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020444. [PMID: 36672392 PMCID: PMC9857234 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The best characterized polyomavirus family member, i.e., simian virus 40 (SV40), can cause different tumors in hamsters and can transform murine and human cells in vitro. Hence, the SV40 contamination of millions of polio vaccine doses administered from 1955-1963 raised fears that this may cause increased tumor incidence in the vaccinated population. This is, however, not the case. Indeed, up to now, the only polyomavirus family member known to be the most important cause of a specific human tumor entity is Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) in Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). MCC is a highly deadly form of skin cancer for which the cellular origin is still uncertain, and which appears as two clinically very similar but molecularly highly different variants. While approximately 80% of cases are found to be associated with MCPyV the remaining MCCs carry a high mutational load. Here, we present an overview of the multitude of molecular functions described for the MCPyV encoded oncoproteins and non-coding RNAs, present the available MCC mouse models and discuss the increasing evidence that both, virus-negative and -positive MCC constitute epithelial tumors.
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4
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Mazziotta C, Cervellera CF, Lanzillotti C, Touzé A, Gaboriaud P, Tognon M, Martini F, Rotondo JC. MicroRNA dysregulations in Merkel cell carcinoma: Molecular mechanisms and clinical applications. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28375. [PMID: 36477874 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive skin malignancy with two distinct etiologies. The first, which accounts for the highest proportion, is caused by Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), a DNA tumor virus. A second, UV-induced, MCC form has also been identified. Few MCC diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic options are available. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA molecules, which play a key role in regulating various physiologic cellular functions including cell cycling, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Numerous miRNAs are dysregulated in cancer, by acting as either tumor suppressors or oncomiRs. The aim of this review is to collect, summarize, and discuss recent findings on miRNAs whose dysregulation has been assumed to play a role in MCC. The potential clinical application of miRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in MCC is also described. In the future, miRNAs will potentially gain clinical significance for the improvement of MCC diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mazziotta
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Carmen Lanzillotti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antoine Touzé
- "Biologie des infections à polyomavirus" Team, UMR INRAE 1282, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Pauline Gaboriaud
- "Biologie des infections à polyomavirus" Team, UMR INRAE 1282, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fernanda Martini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - John Charles Rotondo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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5
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Venuti A, Romero-Medina MC, Melita G, Ceraolo MG, Brancaccio RN, Sirand C, Taverniti V, Steenbergen R, Gheit T, Tommasino M. Lyon IARC Polyomavirus Displays Transforming Activities in Primary Human Cells. J Virol 2022; 96:e0206121. [PMID: 35770990 PMCID: PMC9327700 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02061-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies reported the presence of a recently discovered polyomavirus (PyV), Lyon IARC PyV (LIPyV), in human and domestic animal specimens. LIPyV has some structural similarities to well-established animal and human oncogenic PyVs, such as raccoon PyV and Merkel cell PyV (MCPyV), respectively. In this study, we demonstrate that LIPyV early proteins immortalize human foreskin keratinocytes. LIPyV LT binds pRb, accordingly cell cycle checkpoints are altered in primary human fibroblasts and keratinocytes expressing LIPyV early genes. Mutation of the pRb binding site in LT strongly affected the ability of LIPyV ER to induced HFK immortalization. LIPyV LT also binds p53 and alters p53 functions activated by cellular stresses. Finally, LIPyV early proteins activate telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene expression, via accumulation of the Sp1 transcription factor. Sp1 recruitment to the hTERT promoter is controlled by its phosphorylation, which is mediated by ERK1 and CDK2. Together, these data highlight the transforming properties of LIPyV in in vitro experimental models, supporting its possible oncogenic nature. IMPORTANCE Lyon IARC PyV is a recently discovered polyomavirus that shows some structural similarities to well-established animal and human oncogenic PyVs, such as raccoon PyV and Merkel cell PyV, respectively. Here, we show the capability of LIPyV to efficiently promote cellular transformation of primary human cells, suggesting a possible oncogenic role of this virus in domestic animals and/or humans. Our study identified a novel virus-mediated mechanism of activation of telomerase reverse transcriptase gene expression, via accumulation of the Sp1 transcription factor. In addition, because the persistence of infection is a key event in virus-mediated carcinogenesis, it will be important to determine whether LIPyV can deregulate immune-related pathways, similarly to the well-established oncogenic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Venuti
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon Cedex, France
| | | | - Giusi Melita
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Maria Grazia Ceraolo
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon Cedex, France
| | | | - Cecilia Sirand
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Valerio Taverniti
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Renske Steenbergen
- VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tarik Gheit
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon Cedex, France
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6
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Viral Encoded miRNAs in Tumorigenesis: Theranostic Opportunities in Precision Oncology. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071448. [PMID: 35889167 PMCID: PMC9321719 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
About 15% of all human cancers have a viral etiology. Although progress has been made, understanding the viral oncogenesis and associated molecular mechanisms remain complex. The discovery of cellular miRNAs has led to major breakthroughs. Interestingly, viruses have also been discovered to encode their own miRNAs. These viral, small, non-coding miRNAs are also known as viral-miRNAs (v-miRNAs). Although the function of v-miRNAs largely remains to be elucidated, their role in tumorigenesis cannot be ignored. V-miRNAs have also been shown to exploit the cellular machinery to benefit viral replication and survival. Although the discovery of Hepatitis C virus (HCV), and its viral miRNAs, is a work in progress, the existence of HPV-, EBV-, HBV-, MCPyV- and KSHV-encoded miRNA has been documented. V-miRNAs have been shown to target host factors to advance tumorigenesis, evade and suppress the immune system, and deregulate both the cell cycle and the apoptotic machinery. Although the exact mechanisms of v-miRNAs-induced tumorigenesis are still unclear, v-miRNAs are active role-players in tumorigenesis, viral latency and cell transformation. Furthermore, v-miRNAs can function as posttranscriptional gene regulators of both viral and host genes. Thus, it has been proposed that v-miRNAs may serve as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancers with a viral etiology. Although significant challenges exist in their clinical application, emerging reports demonstrate their potent role in precision medicine. This review will focus on the roles of HPV-, HCV-, EBV-, HBV-, MCPyV-, and KSHV-produced v-miRNAs in tumorigenesis, as effectors in immune evasion, as diagnostic biomarkers and as novel anti-cancer therapeutic targets. Finally, it will discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with v-miRNAs theranostics in precision oncology.
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7
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Replication Kinetics for a Reporter Merkel Cell Polyomavirus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030473. [PMID: 35336880 PMCID: PMC8950423 DOI: 10.3390/v14030473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) causes one of the most aggressive human skin cancers, but laboratory studies on MCV replication have proven technically difficult. We report the first recombinase-mediated MCV minicircle (MCVmc) system that generates high levels of circularized virus, allowing facile MCV genetic manipulation and characterization of viral gene expression kinetics during replication. Mutations to Fbw7, Skp2, β-TrCP and hVam6p interaction sites, or to the stem loop sequence for the MCV-encoded miRNA precursor, markedly increase viral replication, whereas point mutation to an origin-binding site eliminates active virus replication. To further increase the utility of this system, an mScarlet fusion protein was inserted into the VP1 c-terminus to generate a non-infectious reporter virus for studies on virus kinetics. When this reporter virus genome is heterologously expressed together with MCV VP1 and VP2, virus-like particles are generated. The reporter virus genome is encapsidated and can be used at lower biosafety levels for one-round infection studies. Our findings reveal that MCV has multiple, self-encoded viral restriction mechanisms to promote viral latency over lytic replication, and these mechanisms are now amenable to examination using a recombinase technology.
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8
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The Chemokine System in Oncogenic Pathways Driven by Viruses: Perspectives for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030848. [PMID: 35159113 PMCID: PMC8834488 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Oncoviruses are viruses with oncogenic potential, responsible for almost 20% of human cancers worldwide. They are from various families, some of which belong to the microbial communities that inhabit several sites in the body of healthy humans. As a result, they most often establish latent infections controlled by the arsenal of human host responses that include the chemokine system playing key roles at the interface between tissue homeostasis and immune surveillance. Yet, chemokines and their receptors also contribute to oncogenic processes as they are targeted by the virus-induced deregulations of host responses and/or directly encoded by viruses. Thus, the chemokine system offers a strong rationale for therapeutic options, some few already approved or in trials, and future ones that we are discussing in view of the pharmacological approaches targeting the different functions of chemokines operating in both cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment. Abstract Chemokines interact with glycosaminoglycans of the extracellular matrix and activate heptahelical cellular receptors that mainly consist of G Protein-Coupled Receptors and a few atypical receptors also with decoy activity. They are well-described targets of oncogenic pathways and key players in cancer development, invasiveness, and metastasis acting both at the level of cancer cells and cells of the tumor microenvironment. Hence, they can regulate cancer cell proliferation and survival and promote immune or endothelial cell migration into the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, oncogenic viruses display the potential of jeopardizing the chemokine system by encoding mimics of chemokines and receptors as well as several products such as oncogenic proteins or microRNAs that deregulate their human host transcriptome. Conversely, the chemokine system participates in the host responses that control the virus life cycle, knowing that most oncoviruses establish asymptomatic latent infections. Therefore, the deregulated expression and function of chemokines and receptors as a consequence of acquired or inherited mutations could bias oncovirus infection toward pro-oncogenic pathways. We here review these different processes and discuss the anticancer therapeutic potential of targeting chemokine availability or receptor activation, from signaling to decoy-associated functions, in combination with immunotherapies.
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9
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Ahmed MM, Cushman CH, DeCaprio JA. Merkel Cell Polyomavirus: Oncogenesis in a Stable Genome. Viruses 2021; 14:v14010058. [PMID: 35062263 PMCID: PMC8781562 DOI: 10.3390/v14010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) is the causative agent for the majority of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) cases. Polyomavirus-associated MCC (MCCP) is characterized by the integration of MCV DNA into the tumor genome and a low tumor mutational burden. In contrast, nonviral MCC (MCCN) is characterized by a high tumor mutational burden induced by UV damage. Since the discovery of MCV, much work in the field has focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms of oncogenesis driven by the MCV tumor (T) antigens. Here, we review our current understanding of how the activities of large T (LT) and small T (ST) promote MCC oncogenesis in the absence of genomic instability. We highlight how both LT and ST inhibit tumor suppressors to evade growth suppression, an important cancer hallmark. We discuss ST interactions with cellular proteins, with an emphasis on those that contribute to sustaining proliferative signaling. Finally, we examine active areas of research into open questions in the field, including the origin of MCC and mechanisms of viral integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M. Ahmed
- Program in Virology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (M.M.A.); (C.H.C.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Camille H. Cushman
- Program in Virology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (M.M.A.); (C.H.C.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - James A. DeCaprio
- Program in Virology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (M.M.A.); (C.H.C.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence:
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10
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Epigenetic Dysregulations in Merkel Cell Polyomavirus-Driven Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111464. [PMID: 34768895 PMCID: PMC8584046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is a small DNA virus with oncogenic potential. MCPyV is the causative agent of Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC), a rare but aggressive tumor of the skin. The role of epigenetic mechanisms, such as histone posttranslational modifications (HPTMs), DNA methylation, and microRNA (miRNA) regulation on MCPyV-driven MCC has recently been highlighted. In this review, we aim to describe and discuss the latest insights into HPTMs, DNA methylation, and miRNA regulation, as well as their regulative factors in the context of MCPyV-driven MCC, to provide an overview of current findings on how MCPyV is involved in the dysregulation of these epigenetic processes. The current state of the art is also described as far as potentially using epigenetic dysregulations and related factors as diagnostic and prognostic tools is concerned, in addition to targets for MCPyV-driven MCC therapy. Growing evidence suggests that the dysregulation of HPTMs, DNA methylation, and miRNA pathways plays a role in MCPyV-driven MCC etiopathogenesis, which, therefore, may potentially be clinically significant for this deadly tumor. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms and related factors may improve diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy for MCPyV-driven MCC.
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11
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Pietropaolo V, Prezioso C, Moens U. Role of Virus-Induced Host Cell Epigenetic Changes in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158346. [PMID: 34361112 PMCID: PMC8346956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor viruses human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) account for approximately 15% of all human cancers. Although the oncoproteins of these tumor viruses display no sequence similarity to one another, they use the same mechanisms to convey cancer hallmarks on the infected cell. Perturbed gene expression is one of the underlying mechanisms to induce cancer hallmarks. Epigenetic processes, including DNA methylation, histone modification and chromatin remodeling, microRNA, long noncoding RNA, and circular RNA affect gene expression without introducing changes in the DNA sequence. Increasing evidence demonstrates that oncoviruses cause epigenetic modifications, which play a pivotal role in carcinogenesis. In this review, recent advances in the role of host cell epigenetic changes in virus-induced cancers are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (U.M.)
| | - Carla Prezioso
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- IRCSS San Raffaele Roma, Microbiology of Chronic Neuro-Degenerative Pathologies, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ugo Moens
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø—The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (U.M.)
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12
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Yang R, Lee EE, Kim J, Choi JH, Kolitz E, Chen Y, Crewe C, Salisbury NJH, Scherer PE, Cockerell C, Smith TR, Rosen L, Verlinden L, Galloway DA, Buck CB, Feltkamp MC, Sullivan CS, Wang RC. Characterization of ALTO-encoding circular RNAs expressed by Merkel cell polyomavirus and trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009582. [PMID: 33999949 PMCID: PMC8158866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a conserved class of RNAs with diverse functions, including serving as messenger RNAs that are translated into peptides. Here we describe circular RNAs generated by human polyomaviruses (HPyVs), some of which encode variants of the previously described alternative large T antigen open reading frame (ALTO) protein. Circular ALTO RNAs (circALTOs) can be detected in virus positive Merkel cell carcinoma (VP-MCC) cell lines and tumor samples. CircALTOs are stable, predominantly located in the cytoplasm, and N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modified. The translation of MCPyV circALTOs into ALTO protein is negatively regulated by MCPyV-generated miRNAs in cultured cells. MCPyV ALTO expression increases transcription from some recombinant promoters in vitro and upregulates the expression of multiple genes previously implicated in MCPyV pathogenesis. MCPyV circALTOs are enriched in exosomes derived from VP-MCC lines and circALTO-transfected 293T cells, and purified exosomes can mediate ALTO expression and transcriptional activation in MCPyV-negative cells. The related trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus (TSPyV) also expresses a circALTO that can be detected in infected tissues and produces ALTO protein in cultured cells. Thus, human polyomavirus circRNAs are expressed in human tumors and infected tissues and express proteins that have the potential to modulate the infectious and tumorigenic properties of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yang
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eunice E. Lee
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jiwoong Kim
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joon H. Choi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Elysha Kolitz
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yating Chen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Clair Crewe
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, the UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. H. Salisbury
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Philipp E. Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, the UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Clay Cockerell
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Taylor R. Smith
- Department of Dermatology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Leslie Rosen
- Department of Dermatology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Louisa Verlinden
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Denise A. Galloway
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Christopher B. Buck
- Lab of Cellular Oncology, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mariet C. Feltkamp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Christopher S. Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Richard C. Wang
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Harold C. Simmons Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
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13
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Abstract
Polyomaviruses are a family of non-enveloped DNA viruses with wide host ranges. Human polyomaviruses typically cause asymptomatic infection and establish persistence but can be reactivated under certain conditions and cause severe diseases. Most well studied polyomaviruses encode a viral miRNA that regulates viral replication and pathogenesis by targeting both viral early genes and host genes. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of polyomavirus miRNAs involved in virus infection. We review in detail the regulation of polyomavirus miRNA expression, as well as the role polyomavirus miRNAs play in viral pathogenesis by controlling both host and viral gene expression. An overview of the potential application of polyomavirus miRNA as a marker for the progression of polyomaviruses associated diseases and polyomaviruses reactivation is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Michael J Imperiale
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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14
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Li Y, Song D, An T, Liu J, Yang Q, Nan S. MicroRNA-1226-3p has a tumor-promoting role in osteosarcoma. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:474. [PMID: 33907584 PMCID: PMC8063373 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a malignant bone tumor that commonly occurs in young individuals. It accounts for 10% of solid tumors in those who are 15–19 years old. MicroRNA (miRNA/miR) dysregulation serves a crucial role in the molecular mechanism of osteosarcoma. The present study reported a novel miRNA (miR-1226-3p) and investigated its function in osteosarcoma. miR-1226-3p mimics and miR-1226-3p antisense oligonucleotides were transfected into human osteosarcoma SaOS-2 cells to alter miR-1226-3 expression, while the hFOB 1.19 cell line was used as the control. The apoptosis rate was analyzed using a dead cell apoptosis kit. TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) protein expression was assayed by western blotting. The results of bioinformatics and clinical specimen analyses revealed that higher expression levels of miR-1226-3p were associated with lower survival rates. Additionally, the results of experiments on cultured cells revealed that miR-1226-3p promoted the proliferation of SaOS-2 cells, while miR-1226-3p inhibition decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. Furthermore, it was revealed that miR-1226-3p targeted TRAF3 in SaOS-2 cells. In conclusion, the present study suggested that miR-1226-3p promoted the proliferation of osteosarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Sixth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Dai Song
- Community Health Service Center of South Railway Station, Chengdu, Sichuan 610042, P.R. China
| | - Ting An
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Shaokui Nan
- Department of Orthopedics, Sixth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
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15
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Yang JF, You J. Regulation of Polyomavirus Transcription by Viral and Cellular Factors. Viruses 2020; 12:E1072. [PMID: 32987952 PMCID: PMC7601649 DOI: 10.3390/v12101072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyomavirus infection is widespread in the human population. This family of viruses normally maintains latent infection within the host cell but can cause a range of human pathologies, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Among several known pathogenic human polyomaviruses, JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) has the potential to cause the demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML); BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) can cause nephropathy in kidney transplant recipients, and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is associated with a highly aggressive form of skin cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). While the mechanisms by which these viruses give rise to the relevant diseases are not well understood, it is clear that the control of gene expression in each polyomavirus plays an important role in determining the infectious tropism of the virus as well as their potential to promote disease progression. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms governing the transcriptional regulation of these pathogenic human polyomaviruses in addition to the best-studied simian vacuolating virus 40 (SV40). We highlight the roles of viral cis-acting DNA elements, encoded proteins and miRNAs that control the viral gene expression. We will also underline the cellular transcription factors and epigenetic modifications that regulate the gene expression of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianxin You
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
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16
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Pietropaolo V, Prezioso C, Moens U. Merkel Cell Polyomavirus and Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1774. [PMID: 32635198 PMCID: PMC7407210 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the cause of approximately 15% of all human cancers. Both RNA and DNA human tumor viruses have been identified, with Merkel cell polyomavirus being the most recent one to be linked to cancer. This virus is associated with about 80% of Merkel cell carcinomas, a rare, but aggressive cutaneous malignancy. Despite its name, the cells of origin of this tumor may not be Merkel cells. This review provides an update on the structure and life cycle, cell tropism and epidemiology of the virus and its oncogenic properties. Putative strategies to prevent viral infection or treat virus-positive Merkel cell carcinoma patients are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Carla Prezioso
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.P.); (C.P.)
- IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Microbiology of Chronic Neuro-Degenerative Pathologies, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Ugo Moens
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø—The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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17
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Abstract
Viral infection underlies a significant share of the global cancer burden. Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is the newest member of the human oncogenic virus family. Its discovery over a decade ago marked the beginning of an exciting era in human tumor virology. Since then, significant evidence has emerged to support the etiologic role of MCPyV in Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), an extremely lethal form of skin cancer. MCPyV infection is widespread in the general population. MCC diagnoses have tripled over the past 20 years, but effective treatments are currently lacking. In this review, we highlight recent discoveries that have shaped our understanding of MCPyV oncogenic mechanism and host cellular tropism, as well as the molecular events occurring in the viral infectious life cycle. These insights will guide future efforts in developing novel virus-targeted therapeutic strategies for treating the devastating human cancers associated with this new tumorigenic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6076, USA;
| | - Jianxin You
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6076, USA;
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18
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Zhao H, Zheng Y, You J, Xiong J, Ying S, Xie L, Song X, Yao Y, Jin Z, Zhang C. Tumor suppressor role of miR-876-5p in gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:1281-1287. [PMID: 32724369 PMCID: PMC7377156 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the second most common cancer cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Recent studies have demonstrated the function of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathogenesis of GC. miR-876-5p demonstrated an antitumor role in hepatocellular carcinoma and lung cancer; however, the function of miR-876-5p has not yet been fully identified in GC. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the role of miR-876-5p in GC. The results of the present study demonstrated low expression levels of miR-876-5p in GC tumor tissues. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-876-5p inhibited GC cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis, whilst miR-876-5p knockdown promoted GC cell proliferation and decreased cisplatin sensitivity of GC cells. Transforming growth factor β-receptor 1 was demonstrated to be a potential target gene of miR-876-5p. Overall, the results of the present study suggest that miR-876-5p plays an antitumor role in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhao
- Department of Emergency, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yuzhu Zheng
- Oncology Department, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Southwest Jiaotong University Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 611756, P.R. China
| | - Jia You
- Healthy Food Evaluation Center, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jingyuan Xiong
- Healthy Food Evaluation Center, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Shi Ying
- Healthy Food Evaluation Center, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Linshen Xie
- Healthy Food Evaluation Center, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China.,Research Center for Occupational Respiratory Diseases, West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xuejiao Song
- Healthy Food Evaluation Center, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yuqin Yao
- Healthy Food Evaluation Center, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China.,Research Center for Occupational Respiratory Diseases, West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Zhaohui Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Chaoxiong Zhang
- Healthy Food Evaluation Center, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China.,Research Center for Occupational Respiratory Diseases, West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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19
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Giannecchini S. Evidence of the Mechanism by Which Polyomaviruses Exploit the Extracellular Vesicle Delivery System during Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060585. [PMID: 32471033 PMCID: PMC7354590 DOI: 10.3390/v12060585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that human viruses can hijack extracellular vesicles (EVs) to deliver proteins, mRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) and whole viral particles during viral persistence in the host. Human polyomavirus (PyV) miRNAs, which downregulate large T-antigen expression and target host factors, help the virus escape immune elimination and may have roles in the success of viral persistence/replication and the development of diseases. In this context, several investigations have detected PyV miRNAs in EVs obtained from cell culture supernatants after viral infection, demonstrating the ability of these vesicles to deliver miRNAs to uninfected cells, potentially counteracting new viral infection. Additionally, PyV miRNAs have been identified in EVs derived from the biological fluids of clinical samples obtained from patients with or at risk of severe PyV-associated diseases and from asymptomatic control healthy subjects. Interestingly, PyV miRNAs were found to be circulating in blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and saliva samples from patients despite their PyV DNA status. Recently, the association between EVs and PyV viral particles was reported, demonstrating the ability of PyV viral particles to enter the cell without natural receptor-mediated entry and evade antibody-mediated neutralization or to be neutralized at a step different from that of the neutralization of naked whole viral particles. All these data point toward a potential role of the association between PyVs with EVs in viral persistence, suggesting that further work to define the implication of this interaction in viral reactivation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Giannecchini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, I-50134 Florence, Italy
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20
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Orouji E, Peitsch WK, Orouji A, Houben R, Utikal J. Unique Role of Histone Methyltransferase PRDM8 in the Tumorigenesis of Virus-Negative Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12041057. [PMID: 32344701 PMCID: PMC7226539 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12041057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a deadly skin cancer, and about 80% of its cases have been shown to harbor integrated Merkel polyomavirus in the tumor cell genome. Viral oncoproteins expressed in the tumor cells are considered as the oncogenic factors of these virus-positive Merkel cell carcinoma (VP-MCC). In contrast, the molecular pathogenesis of virus-negative MCC (VN-MCC) is less well understood. Using gene expression analysis of MCC cell lines, we found histone methyltransferase PRDM8 to be elevated in VN-MCC. This finding was confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis of MCC tumors, revealing that increased PRDM8 expression in VN-MCC is also associated with increased H3K9 methylation. CRISPR-mediated silencing of PRDM8 in MCC cells further supported the histone methylating role of this protein in VN-MCC. We also identified miR-20a-5p as a negative regulator of PRDM8. Taken together, our findings provide insights into the role of PRDM8 as a histone methyltransferase in VN-MCC tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Orouji
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Correspondence: (E.O.); (J.U.); Tel.: +1-(917)647-2202 (E.O.); +49-(621)383-4461 (J.U.)
| | - Wiebke K. Peitsch
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Phlebology, Vivantes Klinikum im Friedrichshain, 10249 Berlin, Germany
| | - Azadeh Orouji
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Roland Houben
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Correspondence: (E.O.); (J.U.); Tel.: +1-(917)647-2202 (E.O.); +49-(621)383-4461 (J.U.)
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21
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Vescovo T, Pagni B, Piacentini M, Fimia GM, Antonioli M. Regulation of Autophagy in Cells Infected With Oncogenic Human Viruses and Its Impact on Cancer Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:47. [PMID: 32181249 PMCID: PMC7059124 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
About 20% of total cancer cases are associated to infections. To date, seven human viruses have been directly linked to cancer development: high-risk human papillomaviruses (hrHPVs), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1). These viruses impact on several molecular mechanisms in the host cells, often resulting in chronic inflammation, uncontrolled proliferation, and cell death inhibition, and mechanisms, which favor viral life cycle but may indirectly promote tumorigenesis. Recently, the ability of oncogenic viruses to alter autophagy, a catabolic process activated during the innate immune response to infections, is emerging as a key event for the onset of human cancers. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which human oncogenic viruses regulate autophagy and how this negative regulation impacts on cancer development. Finally, we highlight novel autophagy-related candidates for the treatment of virus-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Vescovo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetta Pagni
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" - IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" - IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" - IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza," Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Antonioli
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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22
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Hasham K, Ahmed N, Zeshan B. Circulating microRNAs in oncogenic viral infections: potential diagnostic biomarkers. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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23
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Gallo A, Miceli V, Bulati M, Iannolo G, Contino F, Conaldi PG. Viral miRNAs as Active Players and Participants in Tumorigenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020358. [PMID: 32033193 PMCID: PMC7072176 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The theory that viruses play a role in human cancers is now supported by scientific evidence. In fact, around 12% of human cancers, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in some regions, are attributed to viral infections. However, the molecular mechanism remains complex to decipher. In recent decades, the uncovering of cellular miRNAs, with their invaluable potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, has increased the number of studies being conducted regarding human cancer diagnosis. Viruses develop clever mechanisms to succeed in the maintenance of the viral life cycle, and some viruses, especially herpesviruses, encode for miRNA, v-miRNAs. Through this viral miRNA, the viruses are able to manipulate cellular and viral gene expression, driving carcinogenesis and escaping the host innate or adaptive immune system. In this review, we have discussed the main viral miRNAs and virally influenced cellular pathways, and their capability to drive carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Gallo
- Department of Research, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta specializzazione), 90100 Palermo, Italy; (V.M.); (M.B.); (G.I.); (F.C.); (P.G.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0912192649
| | - Vitale Miceli
- Department of Research, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta specializzazione), 90100 Palermo, Italy; (V.M.); (M.B.); (G.I.); (F.C.); (P.G.C.)
| | - Matteo Bulati
- Department of Research, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta specializzazione), 90100 Palermo, Italy; (V.M.); (M.B.); (G.I.); (F.C.); (P.G.C.)
| | - Gioacchin Iannolo
- Department of Research, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta specializzazione), 90100 Palermo, Italy; (V.M.); (M.B.); (G.I.); (F.C.); (P.G.C.)
| | - Flavia Contino
- Department of Research, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta specializzazione), 90100 Palermo, Italy; (V.M.); (M.B.); (G.I.); (F.C.); (P.G.C.)
- Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche E Sperimentali, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Piazza Universita, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Pier Giulio Conaldi
- Department of Research, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta specializzazione), 90100 Palermo, Italy; (V.M.); (M.B.); (G.I.); (F.C.); (P.G.C.)
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24
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Harms PW, Harms KL, Moore PS, DeCaprio JA, Nghiem P, Wong MKK, Brownell I. The biology and treatment of Merkel cell carcinoma: current understanding and research priorities. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019; 15:763-776. [PMID: 30287935 PMCID: PMC6319370 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-018-0103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive skin cancer associated with advanced age and immunosuppression. Over the past decade, an association has been discovered between MCC and either integration of the Merkel cell polyomavirus, which likely drives tumorigenesis, or somatic mutations owing to ultraviolet-induced DNA damage. Both virus-positive and virus-negative MCCs are immunogenic, and inhibition of the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)–programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoint has proved to be highly effective in treating patients with metastatic MCC; however, not all patients have a durable response to immunotherapy. Despite these rapid advances in the understanding and management of patients with MCC, many basic, translational and clinical research questions remain unanswered. In March 2018, an International Workshop on Merkel Cell Carcinoma Research was held at the US National Cancer Institute, at which academic, government and industry experts met to identify the highest-priority research questions. Here, we review the biology and treatment of MCC and report the consensus-based recommendations agreed upon during the workshop. Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive form of nonmelanoma skin cancer. The availability of immune checkpoint inhibition has improved the outcomes of a subset of patients with MCC, although many unmet needs continue to exist. In this Consensus Statement, the authors summarize developments in our understanding of MCC while also providing consensus recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Harms
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kelly L Harms
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Patrick S Moore
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - James A DeCaprio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul Nghiem
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael K K Wong
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Isaac Brownell
- Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) and National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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25
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Schrama D, Sarosi EM, Adam C, Ritter C, Kaemmerer U, Klopocki E, König EM, Utikal J, Becker JC, Houben R. Characterization of six Merkel cell polyomavirus-positive Merkel cell carcinoma cell lines: Integration pattern suggest that large T antigen truncating events occur before or during integration. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:1020-1032. [PMID: 30873613 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), an aggressive neuroendocrine skin tumor, is a polyomavirus-induced human cancer. To study the causal relationship of MCC carcinogenesis with the integrated Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) in detail, well-characterized MCC cell lines are needed. Consequently, in the current study, we established and characterized six MCPyV-positive MCC cell lines. Microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization revealed a stable genome carrying only a limited number of chromosomal gains and deletions. All cell lines expressed MCC markers Keratin-20 and neuron-specific enolase as well as truncated MCPyV-encoded large T antigen (LT). For five cell lines, we were able to identify the MCPyV-integration sites in introns of different genes. The LT-truncating stop codon mutations and integration sites were affirmed in the respective clinical patient samples. Inverse PCR suggested that three of the cell lines contained MCPyV genomes as concatemers. This notion was confirmed for the two cell lines with known integration sites. Importantly, our observation of distinct stop codon mutations in cell lines with concatemeric MCPyV integration indicates that these LT-truncating mutations occur before integration. In summary, we provide the detailed characterization of six MCPyV-positive MCC cell lines, which are likely to serve as valuable tools in future MCC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schrama
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Sarosi
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Adam
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cathrin Ritter
- Department of Translational Skin Cancer Research (tscr), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK/DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Kaemmerer
- Department of Gynecology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eva Klopocki
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria König
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jürgen C Becker
- Department of Translational Skin Cancer Research (tscr), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK/DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Houben
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Saribas AS, Coric P, Bouaziz S, Safak M. Expression of novel proteins by polyomaviruses and recent advances in the structural and functional features of agnoprotein of JC virus, BK virus, and simian virus 40. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:8295-8315. [PMID: 30390301 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Polyomavirus family consists of a highly diverse group of small DNA viruses. The founding family member (MPyV) was first discovered in the newborn mouse in the late 1950s, which induces solid tumors in a wide variety of tissue types that are the epithelial and mesenchymal origin. Later, other family members were also isolated from a number of mammalian, avian and fish species. Some of these viruses significantly contributed to our current understanding of the fundamentals of modern biology such as transcription, replication, splicing, RNA editing, and cell transformation. After the discovery of first two human polyomaviruses (JC virus [JCV] and BK virus [BKV]) in the early 1970s, there has been a rapid expansion in the number of human polyomaviruses in recent years due to the availability of the new technologies and brought the present number to 14. Some of the human polyomaviruses cause considerably serious human diseases, including progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, polyomavirus-associated nephropathy, Merkel cell carcinoma, and trichodysplasia spinulosa. Emerging evidence suggests that the expression of the polyomavirus genome is more complex than previously thought. In addition to encoding universally expressed regulatory and structural proteins (LT-Ag, Sm t-Ag, VP1, VP2, and VP3), some polyomaviruses express additional virus-specific regulatory proteins and microRNAs. This review summarizes the recent advances in polyomavirus genome expression with respect to the new viral proteins and microRNAs other than the universally expressed ones. In addition, a special emphasis is devoted to the recent structural and functional discoveries in the field of polyomavirus agnoprotein which is expressed only by JCV, BKV, and simian virus 40 genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sami Saribas
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Pascale Coric
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 8015 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Serge Bouaziz
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 8015 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Mahmut Safak
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Akhbari P, Tobin D, Poterlowicz K, Roberts W, Boyne JR. MCV-miR-M1 Targets the Host-Cell Immune Response Resulting in the Attenuation of Neutrophil Chemotaxis. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:2343-2354. [PMID: 29777657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.1527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Virus-encoded microRNAs are emerging as key regulators of persistent infection and host-cell immune evasion. Merkel cell polyomavirus, the predominant etiological agent of Merkel cell carcinoma, encodes a single microRNA, MCV-miR-M1, which targets the oncogenic Merkel cell polyomavirus large T antigen. MCV-miR-M1 has previously been shown to play an important role in the establishment of long-term infection, however, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. A key unanswered question is whether, in addition to autoregulating large T antigen, MCV-miR-M1 also targets cellular transcripts to orchestrate an environment conducive to persistent infection. To address this, we adopted an RNA sequencing-based approach to identify cellular targets of MCV-miR-M1. Intriguingly, bioinformatics analysis of transcripts that are differentially expressed in cells expressing MCV-miR-M1 revealed several genes implicated in immune evasion. Subsequent target validation led to the identification of the innate immunity protein, SP100, as a direct target of MCV-miR-M1. Moreover, MCV-miR-M1-mediated modulation of SP100 was associated with a significant decrease in CXCL8 secretion, resulting in the attenuation of neutrophil chemotaxis toward Merkel cells harboring synthetic Merkel cell polyomavirus. Based on these observations, we propose that MCV-miR-M1 targets key immune response regulators to help facilitate persistent infection, which is a prerequisite for cellular transformation in Merkel cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouria Akhbari
- Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Chemistry and Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Desmond Tobin
- Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Chemistry and Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Krzysztof Poterlowicz
- Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Chemistry and Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Wayne Roberts
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK; School of Clinical and Applied Science, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - James R Boyne
- Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Chemistry and Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK.
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Prado JCM, Monezi TA, Amorim AT, Lino V, Paladino A, Boccardo E. Human polyomaviruses and cancer: an overview. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018; 73:e558s. [PMID: 30328951 PMCID: PMC6157077 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e558s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The name of the family Polyomaviridae, derives from the early observation that cells infected with murine polyomavirus induced multiple (poly) tumors (omas) in immunocompromised mice. Subsequent studies showed that many members of this family exhibit the capacity of mediating cell transformation and tumorigenesis in different experimental models. The transformation process mediated by these viruses is driven by viral pleiotropic regulatory proteins called T (tumor) antigens. Similar to other viral oncoproteins T antigens target cellular regulatory factors to favor cell proliferation, immune evasion and downregulation of apoptosis. The first two human polyomaviruses were isolated over 45 years ago. However, recent advances in the DNA sequencing technologies led to the rapid identification of additional twelve new polyomaviruses in different human samples. Many of these viruses establish chronic infections and have been associated with conditions in immunosuppressed individuals, particularly in organ transplant recipients. This has been associated to viral reactivation due to the immunosuppressant therapy applied to these patients. Four polyomaviruses namely, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), Trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus (TSPyV), John Cunningham Polyomavirus (JCPyV) and BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) have been associated with the development of specific malignant tumors. However, present evidence only supports the role of MCPyV as a carcinogen to humans. In the present review we present a summarized discussion on the current knowledge concerning the role of MCPyV, TSPyV, JCPyV and BKPyV in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Mann Prado
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Telma Alves Monezi
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Aline Teixeira Amorim
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Vanesca Lino
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Andressa Paladino
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Enrique Boccardo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
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MicroRNAs as Potential Biomarkers in Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071873. [PMID: 29949882 PMCID: PMC6073391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive type of skin cancer associated with a poor prognosis. This carcinoma was named after its presumed cell of origin, the Merkel cell, which is a mechanoreceptor cell located in the basal epidermal layer of the skin. Merkel cell polyomavirus seems to be the major causal factor for MCC because approximately 80% of all MCCs are positive for viral DNAs. UV exposure is the predominant etiological factor for virus-negative MCCs. Intracellular microRNA analysis between virus-positive and virus-negative MCC cell lines and tumor samples have identified differentially expressed microRNAs. Comparative microRNA profiling has also been performed between MCCs and other non-MCC tumors, but not between normal Merkel cells and malignant Merkel cells. Finally, Merkel cell polyomavirus encodes one microRNA, but its expression in virus-positive MCCs is low, or non-detectable or absent, jeopardizing its biological relevance in tumorigenesis. Here, we review the results of microRNA studies in MCCs and discuss the potential application of microRNAs as biomarkers for the diagnosis, progression and prognosis, and treatment of MCC.
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Li S, Zhang T, Zhou X, Du Z, Chen F, Luo J, Liu Q. The tumor suppressor role of miR-155-5p in gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:2709-2714. [PMID: 30008945 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common type of malignant tumor worldwide and the most common cause of cancer-associated mortality in China. Recent studies revealed that microRNAs (miRNAs) function in the pathogenesis of GC, and that miR-155-5p expression is downregulated in GC tissues. However, the function of miR-155-5p has not been fully identified. In the present study, it was demonstrated that overexpression of miR-155-5p inhibited GC-cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis, while downregulation of miR-155-5p promoted GC-cell proliferation and decreased the cisplatin sensitivity of GC cells. Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 10 was demonstrated to be a potential target gene of miR-155-5p. In conclusion, an antitumor role of miR-155-5p in gastric cancer was suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Center Hospital of Nanchong City, The Second Clinical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Center Hospital of Nanchong City, The Second Clinical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Center Hospital of Nanchong City, The Second Clinical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Zonghan Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, Center Hospital of Nanchong City, The Second Clinical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Fumin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Center Hospital of Nanchong City, The Second Clinical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Center Hospital of Nanchong City, The Second Clinical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Qingsong Liu
- Clinical Laboratory Department, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
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The Role of miRNAs in Virus-Mediated Oncogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041217. [PMID: 29673190 PMCID: PMC5979478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, viruses are reported to be responsible for more than 15% of all tumors worldwide. The oncogenesis could be influenced directly by the activity of viral oncoproteins or by the chronic infection or inflammation. The group of human oncoviruses includes Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) or polyomaviruses, and transregulating retroviruses such as HIV or HTLV-1. Most of these viruses express short noncoding RNAs called miRNAs to regulate their own gene expression or to influence host gene expression and thus contribute to the carcinogenic processes. In this review, we will focus on oncogenic viruses and summarize the role of both types of miRNAs, viral as well as host’s, in the oncogenesis.
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Levican J, Acevedo M, León O, Gaggero A, Aguayo F. Role of BK human polyomavirus in cancer. Infect Agent Cancer 2018; 13:12. [PMID: 29632550 PMCID: PMC5887205 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-018-0182-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human polyomaviruses (HPyV), which are small DNA viruses classified into the polyomaviridae family, are widely distributed in human populations. Thirteen distinct HPyVs have been described to date. Some of these viruses have been found in human tumors, suggesting an etiological relationship with cancer. In particular, convincing evidence of an oncogenic role has emerged for a specific HPyV, the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). This HPyV has been linked to rare skin cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). This finding may be just the tip of the iceberg, as HPyV infections are ubiquitous in humans. Many authors have conjectured that additional associations between HPyV infections and neoplastic diseases will likely be discovered. In 2012, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) evaluated the carcinogenicity of the BK virus (BKPyV), reporting that BKPyV is “possibly carcinogenic to humans.” This review explores the BKPyV infection from a historical point of view, including biological aspects related to viral entry, tropism, epidemiology and mechanisms potentially involved in BKPyV-mediated human carcinogenesis. In order to clarify the role of this virus in human cancer, more epidemiological and basic research is strongly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Levican
- 1Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica Acevedo
- 1Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar León
- 1Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Gaggero
- 1Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Aguayo
- 2Departamento de Oncología Básico clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,3Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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DeCaprio JA. Merkel cell polyomavirus and Merkel cell carcinoma. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0276. [PMID: 28893943 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) causes the highly aggressive and relatively rare skin cancer known as Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). MCPyV also causes a lifelong yet relatively innocuous infection and is one of 14 distinct human polyomaviruses species. Although polyomaviruses typically do not cause illness in healthy individuals, several can cause catastrophic diseases in immunocompromised hosts. MCPyV is the only polyomavirus clearly associated with human cancer. How MCPyV causes MCC and what oncogenic events must transpire to enable this virus to cause MCC is the focus of this essay.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human oncogenic viruses'.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A DeCaprio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA .,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Abstract
Virology is probably the most rapidly developing field within clinical laboratory medicine. Adequate diagnostic methods exist for the diagnostics of most acute viral infections. However, emergence of pathogenic viruses or virus strains and new disease associations of known viruses require the establishment of new diagnostic methods, sometimes very rapidly. In the field of chronic or persistent viral diseases, particularly those involving potential of malignant or fatal development, there is a constant need for improved differential diagnostics, monitoring, prognosis and risk assessment. Increasing understanding of disease pathogenesis also enables better patient management and personalized medicine, where companion diagnostics can offer precise and specific tools for individual care. Very often the new tools are offered by molecular diagnostic techniques, and this includes the detection of microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are small regulatory RNA molecules, which regulate the expression of their target genes. They are encoded both by viruses and their host, and both can target either viral or cellular gene expression. In this review the diagnostic possibilities offered by miRNA will be discussed. The focus will be on selected viral and human miRNAs in viral diseases, and examples of miRNAs of putative diagnostic potential will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva Auvinen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 3, POB 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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35
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Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare but highly aggressive skin cancer with neuroendocrine features. MCC pathogenesis is associated with either the presence of Merkel cell polyomavirus or chronic exposure to ultraviolet light (UV), which can cause a characteristic pattern of multiple DNA mutations. Notably, in the Northern hemisphere, the majority of MCC cases are of viral aetiology; by contrast, in areas with high UV exposure, UV-mediated carcinogenesis is predominant. The two aetiologies share similar clinical, histopathological and prognostic characteristics. MCC presents with a solitary cutaneous or subcutaneous nodule, most frequently in sun-exposed areas. In fact, UV exposure is probably involved in both viral-mediated and non-viral-mediated carcinogenesis, by contributing to immunosuppression or DNA damage, respectively. Confirmation of diagnosis relies on analyses of histological features and immunological marker expression profiles of the lesion. At primary diagnosis, loco-regional metastases are already present in ∼30% of patients. Excision of the tumour is the first-line therapy; if not feasible, radiotherapy can often effectively control the disease. Chemotherapy was the only alternative in advanced-stage or refractory MCC until several clinical trials demonstrated the efficacy of immune-checkpoint inhibitors.
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Martelli F, Giannecchini S. Polyomavirus microRNAs circulating in biological fluids during viral persistence. Rev Med Virol 2017; 27:e1927. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Martelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine; University of Florence; Florence Italy
| | - Simone Giannecchini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine; University of Florence; Florence Italy
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37
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Virtanen E, Pietilä T, Nieminen P, Qian K, Auvinen E. Low expression levels of putative HPV encoded microRNAs in cervical samples. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1856. [PMID: 27818894 PMCID: PMC5075338 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3524-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Using small RNA sequencing of libraries established from cervical samples and cervical cancer cell lines, we have previously reported identification of nine and validation of five putative microRNA species encoded by human papillomaviruses (HPV) including five microRNAs encoded by HPV 16. Here we have studied the expression of HPV 16 encoded microRNAs in cervical samples and in HPV 16 containing cell lines. Different sample matrices were collected for the study: 20 paraffin embedded cervical tissue samples, 16 liquid cytology samples, and 16 cervical cell samples from women attending colposcopy due to cervical abnormalities, as well as four HPV 16 containing cell lines. Total RNA was extracted, the samples were spiked with small synthetic control RNAs, and the expression of five HPV 16 encoded microRNAs was assessed by real-time PCR amplification. HPV encoded microRNAs could be frequently detected, albeit at high cycle counts. HPV16-miR-H1 was detected in 3.6 %, HPV16-miR-H3 in 23.6 %, HPV16-miR-H5 in 7.3 %, and HPV16-miR-H6 in 18.2 % of all valid samples. True positive signals for HPV16-miR-H2 could not be detected in any of the samples. Viral microRNAs were detected most frequently in paraffin-embedded samples: in one sample representing normal squamous epithelium, in one cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 1, one CIN2, three CIN3, two squamous cell carcinoma, three adenocarcinoma in situ, and two adenocarcinoma samples. One liquid cytology sample from a patient with CIN3 as well as all four cell lines were positive for HPV16-miR-H3. In all cases HPV encoded microRNAs were expressed at low levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Virtanen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, POB 21, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuuli Pietilä
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, POB 21, 00014 Helsinki, Finland ; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland ; Blueprint Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Nieminen
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kui Qian
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland ; Shanghai Genebank Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Eeva Auvinen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, POB 21, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Hou L, Chen M, Yang H, Xing T, Li J, Li G, Zhang L, Deng S, Hu J, Zhao X, Jiang J. MiR-940 Inhibited Cell Growth and Migration in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:3666-3672. [PMID: 27731867 PMCID: PMC5072378 DOI: 10.12659/msm.897731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the main type of cancer in women, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a unique subtype of breast cancer. The expression of miR-940 has been shown to play an important role in various cancers; however, the role of miR-940 in TNBC remains unknown. MATERIAL AND METHODS The expression of miR-940 in TNBC tissues or cells were tested by qRT-PCR; the expression of miR-940 in cells were overexpressed by miR-940 mimics, and suppressed by anti-miR-940. Bioinformatics algorithms from TargetScanHuman were used to predict the target genes of miR-940. The interaction between miR-940 and ZNF24 was confirmed by dual luciferase assays. The protein level was assayed by Western blot. RESULTS TNBC tissues and cells showed lower miR-940 levels. CONCLUSIONS MiR-940 inhibited cellular proliferation and migration in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingmi Hou
- Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Maoshan Chen
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Hongwei Yang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Tianyong Xing
- Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Jingdong Li
- Institute of Hepatobiliarypancreatic-Intestinal Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Guangwu Li
- Department of Radiology, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Shishan Deng
- Department of Anatomy, The North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Jiani Hu
- Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xiaobo Zhao
- Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Jun Jiang
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
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39
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Kisseljov FL, Vinokurova SV, Kisseljova NP. Novel human DNA viruses and their putative associations with human diseases. Mol Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893316040063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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Yuan J, Wang K, Xi M. MiR-494 Inhibits Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Growth by Targeting c-Myc. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:617-24. [PMID: 26908019 PMCID: PMC4768945 DOI: 10.12659/msm.897288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal malignant gynecological cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer. The role of miR-494 in EOC has not been fully investigated. MATERIAL AND METHODS MiR-494 levels in ovarian cancer tissues and cells were tested by qRT-PCR. Cells were transfected with miR-494 mimics or miR-494 ASO by Lipofectamine. Bioinformatics algorithms from TargetScanHuman were used to predict the target genes of miR-494. The c-Myc protein level was assayed by Western blot. The interaction between miR-494 and c-Myc was confirmed by dual luciferase assays. RESULTS MiR-494 showed low levels in EOC tissues and cells. Overexpression of miR-494 inhibited cell growth and migration of EOC cells and vice versa. c-Myc is the targeted gene of miR-494. CONCLUSIONS MiR-494 has an anti-tumor role in EOC via c-Myc.
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41
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Louten J, Beach M, Palermino K, Weeks M, Holenstein G. MicroRNAs Expressed during Viral Infection: Biomarker Potential and Therapeutic Considerations. Biomark Insights 2016; 10:25-52. [PMID: 26819546 PMCID: PMC4718089 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s29512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short sequences of noncoding single-stranded RNAs that exhibit inhibitory effects on complementary target mRNAs. Recently, it has been discovered that certain viruses express their own miRNAs, while other viruses activate the transcription of cellular miRNAs for their own benefit. This review summarizes the viral and/or cellular miRNAs that are transcribed during infection, with a focus on the biomarker and therapeutic potential of miRNAs (or their antagomirs). Several human viruses of clinical importance are discussed, namely, herpesviruses, polyomaviruses, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human papillomavirus, and human immunodeficiency virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Louten
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Michael Beach
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Kristina Palermino
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Maria Weeks
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Gabrielle Holenstein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
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42
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Abstract
Over 12 % of all human cancers are caused by oncoviruses, primarily including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV, respectively), and Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV). In addition to viral oncoproteins, a variety of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) produced by oncoviruses have been recognized as important cofactors that contribute to the oncogenic events. In this chapter, we will focus on the recent understanding of the long and short noncoding RNAs, as well as microRNAs of the viruses, and discuss their roles in the biology of multistep oncogenesis mediated by established human oncoviruses.
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43
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Song B, Yan J, Liu C, Zhou H, Zheng Y. Tumor Suppressor Role of miR-363-3p in Gastric Cancer. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:4074-80. [PMID: 26709677 PMCID: PMC4699611 DOI: 10.12659/msm.896556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer (GC) is the most common cancer in the world. Despite the advancement of the treatment of GC, the 5-year overall survival rate is still very low. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in the pathogenesis of GC. A recent study suggested that miR-363-3p plays a role in the development of GC. However, the function of miR-363-3p in GC is not fully understood. Material/Methods The network of NOTCH1 and the involved molecules was constructed by use of Cytoscape software. MiR-363-3p levels in GC tissues and cells were tested by qRT-PCR. Cells were miR-363-3p mimics or anti-miR-363-3p transfected by Lipofectamine. Bioinformatics algorithms from TargetScanHuman were used to predict the target genes of miR-363-3p. The NOTCH1 protein level was tested by Western blot. The interaction between miR-363-3p and NOTCH1 was confirmed by dual luciferase assays. Results MiR-363-3p showed low levels in GC tissues and cells. Enforced expression of miR-363-3p inhibited cell growth and migration of GC cells and vice versa. NOTCH1 is the targeted gene of miR-363-3p. Conclusions MiR-363-3p plays a tumor suppressor role in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Song
- Division of Intestinal Surgery, Department of Abdominal Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Jin Yan
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Haiyang Zhou
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Yangchun Zheng
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
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44
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Justice JL, Verhalen B, Kumar R, Lefkowitz EJ, Imperiale MJ, Jiang M. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Enriched Nuclear Fractions from BK Polyomavirus-Infected Primary Renal Proximal Tubule Epithelial Cells. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:4413-24. [PMID: 26354146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are a family of small DNA viruses that are associated with a number of severe human diseases, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. The detailed virus-host interactions during lytic polyomavirus infection are not fully understood. Here, we report the first nuclear proteomic study with BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) in a primary renal proximal tubule epithelial cell culture system using stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) proteomic profiling coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We demonstrated the feasibility of SILAC labeling in these primary cells and subsequently performed reciprocal labeling-infection experiments to identify proteins that are altered by BKPyV infection. Our analyses revealed specific proteins that are significantly up- or down-regulated in the infected nuclear proteome. The genes encoding many of these proteins were not identified in a previous microarray study, suggesting that differential regulation of these proteins may be independent of transcriptional control. Western blotting experiments verified the SILAC proteomic findings. Finally, pathway and network analyses indicated that the host cell DNA damage response signaling and DNA repair pathways are among the cellular processes most affected at the protein level during polyomavirus infection. Our study provides a comprehensive view of the host nuclear proteomic changes during polyomavirus lytic infection and suggests potential novel host factors required for a productive polyomavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael J Imperiale
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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45
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Wang L, Li G, Yao ZQ, Moorman JP, Ning S. MicroRNA regulation of viral immunity, latency, and carcinogenesis of selected tumor viruses and HIV. Rev Med Virol 2015; 25:320-41. [PMID: 26258805 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) function as key regulators in immune responses and cancer development. In the contexts of infection with oncogenic viruses, miRNAs are engaged in viral persistence, latency establishment and maintenance, and oncogenesis. In this review, we summarize the potential roles and mechanisms of viral and cellular miRNAs in the host-pathogen interactions during infection with selected tumor viruses and HIV, which include (i) repressing viral replication and facilitating latency establishment by targeting viral transcripts, (ii) evading innate and adaptive immune responses via toll-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, T-cell receptor, and B-cell receptor pathways by targeting signaling molecules such as TRAF6, IRAK1, IKKε, and MyD88, as well as downstream targets including regulatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α, interferon γ, interleukin 10, and transforming growth factor β, (iii) antagonizing intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways by targeting pro-apoptotic or anti-apoptotic gene transcripts such as the Bcl-2 family and caspase-3, (iv) modulating cell proliferation and survival through regulation of the Wnt, PI3K/Akt, Erk/MAPK, and Jak/STAT signaling pathways, as well as the signaling pathways triggered by viral oncoproteins such as Epstein-Barr Virus LMP1, by targeting Wnt-inhibiting factor 1, SHIP, pTEN, and SOCSs, and (v) regulating cell cycle progression by targeting cell cycle inhibitors such as p21/WAF1 and p27/KIP1. Further elucidation of the interaction between miRNAs and these key biological events will facilitate our understanding of the pathogenesis of viral latency and oncogenesis and may lead to the identification of miRNAs as novel targets for developing new therapeutic or preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Guangyu Li
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Zhi Q Yao
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan P Moorman
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Shunbin Ning
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
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46
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Theiss JM, Günther T, Alawi M, Neumann F, Tessmer U, Fischer N, Grundhoff A. A Comprehensive Analysis of Replicating Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Genomes Delineates the Viral Transcription Program and Suggests a Role for mcv-miR-M1 in Episomal Persistence. PLoS Pathog 2015. [PMID: 26218535 PMCID: PMC4517807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is considered the etiological agent of Merkel cell carcinoma and persists asymptomatically in the majority of its healthy hosts. Largely due to the lack of appropriate model systems, the mechanisms of viral replication and MCPyV persistence remain poorly understood. Using a semi-permissive replication system, we here report a comprehensive analysis of the role of the MCPyV-encoded microRNA (miRNA) mcv-miR-M1 during short and long-term replication of authentic MCPyV episomes. We demonstrate that cells harboring intact episomes express high levels of the viral miRNA, and that expression of mcv-miR-M1 limits DNA replication. Furthermore, we present RACE, RNA-seq and ChIP-seq studies which allow insight in the viral transcription program and mechanisms of miRNA expression. While our data suggest that mcv-miR-M1 can be expressed from canonical late strand transcripts, we also present evidence for the existence of an independent miRNA promoter that is embedded within early strand coding sequences. We also report that MCPyV genomes can establish episomal persistence in a small number of cells for several months, a time period during which viral DNA as well as LT-Ag and viral miRNA expression can be detected via western blotting, FISH, qPCR and southern blot analyses. Strikingly, despite enhanced replication in short term DNA replication assays, a mutant unable to express the viral miRNA was severely limited in its ability to establish long-term persistence. Our data suggest that MCPyV may have evolved strategies to enter a non- or low level vegetative stage of infection which could aid the virus in establishing and maintaining a lifelong persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Marie Theiss
- Research Group Virus Genomics, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Günther
- Research Group Virus Genomics, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malik Alawi
- Research Group Virus Genomics, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- Bioinformatics Service Facility, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friederike Neumann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Tessmer
- Research Group Virus Genomics, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Fischer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (NF); (AG)
| | - Adam Grundhoff
- Research Group Virus Genomics, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (NF); (AG)
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47
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The role of Merkel cell polyomavirus and other human polyomaviruses in emerging hallmarks of cancer. Viruses 2015; 7:1871-901. [PMID: 25866902 PMCID: PMC4411681 DOI: 10.3390/v7041871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are non-enveloped, dsDNA viruses that are common in mammals, including humans. All polyomaviruses encode the large T-antigen and small t-antigen proteins that share conserved functional domains, comprising binding motifs for the tumor suppressors pRb and p53, and for protein phosphatase 2A, respectively. At present, 13 different human polyomaviruses are known, and for some of them their large T-antigen and small t-antigen have been shown to possess oncogenic properties in cell culture and animal models, while similar functions are assumed for the large T- and small t-antigen of other human polyomaviruses. However, so far the Merkel cell polyomavirus seems to be the only human polyomavirus associated with cancer. The large T- and small t-antigen exert their tumorigenic effects through classical hallmarks of cancer: inhibiting tumor suppressors, activating tumor promoters, preventing apoptosis, inducing angiogenesis and stimulating metastasis. This review elaborates on the putative roles of human polyomaviruses in some of the emerging hallmarks of cancer. The reciprocal interactions between human polyomaviruses and the immune system response are discussed, a plausible role of polyomavirus-encoded and polyomavirus-induced microRNA in cancer is described, and the effect of polyomaviruses on energy homeostasis and exosomes is explored. Therapeutic strategies against these emerging hallmarks of cancer are also suggested.
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48
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Wendzicki JA, Moore PS, Chang Y. Large T and small T antigens of Merkel cell polyomavirus. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 11:38-43. [PMID: 25681708 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) is the etiological agent of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a rare and highly lethal human skin cancer. A natural component of skin flora, MCV becomes tumorigenic only after integration into the host DNA together with specific mutations to the viral genome. Research on MCV large T (LT) and small T (sT) antigens, the only viral products expressed in MCC, shows that these major oncoproteins not only possess biochemical functions found in common with other polyomavirus T antigens, but also demonstrate new cellular targets not described in previous polyomavirus models. This review provides a map of the relevant functional motifs and domains in MCV T antigens that have been identified, highlighting their roles in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Wendzicki
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Suite 1.8, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Patrick S Moore
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Suite 1.8, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
| | - Yuan Chang
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Suite 1.8, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
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49
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Expression of BKV and JCV encoded microRNA in human cerebrospinal fluid, plasma and urine. J Clin Virol 2015; 65:1-5. [PMID: 25766978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BK and JC polyomaviruses encode microRNAs which may facilitate the establishment of persistent infection. MicroRNAs contribute to disease pathogenesis, and may provide useful tools in laboratory diagnostics and patient management. OBJECTIVES In this pilot work we studied whether viral and cellular microRNAs can be extracted and detected from body fluids to provide added value in a diagnostic laboratory. STUDY DESIGN Altogether 120 human plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid samples from individuals diagnosed with, or suspected of, a severe polyomavirus associated disease, were included in the study. The samples were spiked with unrelated synthetic microRNA to control for sample quality and inhibition. BKV specific bkv-miR-B1-5p, JCV specific jcv-miR-J1-5p, and bkv-miR-B1-3p/jcv-miR-J1-3p, sharing identical sequences between the two viruses, were amplified from human samples using specific TaqMan assays. Expression of 84 circulating human microRNAs was studied in four selected plasma samples in microarray. RESULTS jcv-miR-J1-5p and bkv-miR-B1-3p/jcv-miR-J1-3p were frequently amplified from human plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid samples. bkv-miR-B1-5p was amplified from one-third of the samples, which often contained high viral DNA loads. A microarray screen of human microRNAs in plasma samples suggested regulation of several human microRNA expression in BKV positive vs negative samples. CONCLUSIONS Viral and cellular microRNAs can be processed and detected from human body fluids. They may prove useful in the diagnosis and management of severe polyomavirus associated diseases, calling for further clinical evaluation.
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50
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Chen CJ, Cox JE, Azarm KD, Wylie KN, Woolard KD, Pesavento PA, Sullivan CS. Identification of a polyomavirus microRNA highly expressed in tumors. Virology 2014; 476:43-53. [PMID: 25514573 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Polyomaviruses (PyVs) are associated with tumors including Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). Several PyVs encode microRNAs (miRNAs) but to date no abundant PyV miRNAs have been reported in tumors. To better understand the function of the Merkel cell PyV (MCPyV) miRNA, we examined phylogenetically-related viruses for miRNA expression. We show that two primate PyVs and the more distantly-related raccoon PyV (RacPyV) encode miRNAs that share genomic position and partial sequence identity with MCPyV miRNAs. Unlike MCPyV miRNA in MCC, RacPyV miRNA is highly abundant in raccoon tumors. RacPyV miRNA negatively regulates reporters of early viral (T antigen) transcripts, yet robust viral miRNA expression is tolerated in tumors. We also identify raccoon miRNAs expressed in RacPyV-associated neuroglial brain tumors, including several likely oncogenic miRNAs (oncomiRs). This work describes the first PyV miRNA abundantly expressed in tumors and is consistent with a possible role for both host and viral miRNAs in RacPyV-associated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Jung Chen
- The University of Texas at Austin, Molecular Biosciences, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Center for Infectious Disease, 1 University Station A5000, Austin, TX 78712-0162, USA
| | - Jennifer E Cox
- The University of Texas at Austin, Molecular Biosciences, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Center for Infectious Disease, 1 University Station A5000, Austin, TX 78712-0162, USA
| | - Kristopher D Azarm
- The University of Texas at Austin, Molecular Biosciences, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Center for Infectious Disease, 1 University Station A5000, Austin, TX 78712-0162, USA
| | - Karen N Wylie
- The University of Texas at Austin, Molecular Biosciences, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Center for Infectious Disease, 1 University Station A5000, Austin, TX 78712-0162, USA
| | - Kevin D Woolard
- The University of California at Davis, Veterinary Medicine, 1 Shields Avenue, Vet Med: PMI, 4206 VM3A, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA
| | - Patricia A Pesavento
- The University of California at Davis, Veterinary Medicine, 1 Shields Avenue, Vet Med: PMI, 4206 VM3A, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA
| | - Christopher S Sullivan
- The University of Texas at Austin, Molecular Biosciences, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Center for Infectious Disease, 1 University Station A5000, Austin, TX 78712-0162, USA.
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