Synthesis of luteolin loaded zein nanoparticles for targeted cancer therapy improving bioavailability and efficacy

Formulation of pH-responsive nanoparticles using zein/sodium alginate polymers for enhanced bioavailability of the vitamin D3

The effective delivery of vitamin D3 (Vit D3) is challenging due to its susceptibility to degradation and low bioavailability, necessitating advanced encapsulation strategies. This research paper, therefore, focuses on the development and holistic evaluation of a pH-responsive nanoparticle system (Vit D3-Z/SA) using zein/sodium alginate (Z/SA) as carrier molecules. The nanoparticles (NPs) were optimized using the anti-solvent technique, yielding a size of <200 nm, zeta potential of -56 mV, and encapsulation efficiency of 77 %. The structural integrity was confirmed through SEM (morphology), FTIR (molecular interactions), UV-visible spectroscopy (compound stability) and TGA (thermal stability). Stability assessments demonstrated resilience under varying ionic strengths and storage conditions. The pH-responsive behavior indicated stability of the NPs above pH 3, consequently in-vitro bioaccessibility studies showed minimal releaseand sustained release of vitamin D in gastric pH (2) and intestinal pH (7.2), respectively. Further, in-vivo bioavailability in Wistar rats revealed significantly higher absorption and prolonged retention in NPs-treated groups (64.16 ng/mL) compared to free Vit D3 (18.87 ng/mL). Similarly, alkaline phosphatase assays confirmed enhanced bone mineralization in NPs treated rats (1.3-fold increase). Overall, the study highlights Z/SA nanoparticles as an effective delivery system for improving the stability and bioavailability of Vit D3, offering a promising approach for food and nutraceutical applications.

Natural drug delivery systems for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases

Today, herbal drugs are prominent in the pharmaceutical industry due to their well-known therapeutic and side effects. Plant-based compounds often face limitations such as poor solubility, low bioavailability, and instability in physiological environments, restricting their therapeutic efficacy and delivery. Nanotechnology-based solutions, including nanoparticle formulations and advanced delivery systems like liposomes and transfersomes, address these issues by enhancing solubility, stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery, thereby optimizing the therapeutic potential of phytoactive compounds. Neuroinflammation can be a cause of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Consequently, there is a need for the optimal delivery of a pharmacological anti-inflammatory agents to the CNS. Thus, the non-invasive administration of a stable compound at a therapeutic concentration is needed to assure molecule crossing through the blood-brain barrier. Natural resources have more structural diversity and novelty than synthetic compounds, e.g. plant-derived drug products have higher molecular weights, incorporate more oxygen atoms, and are more complex. As a result, plant-derived products have unique features which can be used to effectively modulate neuroinflammation. Therefore, this review aims to identify herbal molecules capable of targeting neuroinflammation and present novel strategies for their efficient delivery.

Flavonoids and Flavonoid-Based Nanopharmaceuticals as Promising Therapeutic Strategies for Colorectal Cancer-An Updated Literature Review

Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents one of the most serious health issues and the third most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. However, the treatment options for CRC are associated with adverse reactions, and in some cases, resistance can develop. Flavonoids have emerged as promising alternatives for CRC prevention and therapy due to their multitude of biological properties and ability to target distinct processes involved in CRC pathogenesis. Their innate disadvantageous properties (e.g., low solubility and stability, reduced bioavailability, and lack of tumor specificity) have delayed the potential inclusion of flavonoids in CRC treatment regimens but have hastened the design of nanopharmaceuticals comprising a flavonoid agent entrapped in a nanosized delivery platform that not only counteract these inconveniences but also provide an augmented therapeutic effect and an elevated safety profile by conferring a targeted action. Starting with a brief presentation of the pathological features of CRC and an overview of flavonoid classes, the present study comprehensively reviews the anti-CRC activity of different flavonoids from a mechanistic perspective while also portraying the latest discoveries made in the area of flavonoid-containing nanocarriers that have proved efficient in CRC management. This review concludes by showcasing future perspectives for the advancement of flavonoids and flavonoid-based nanopharmaceuticals in CRC research.

The multifaceted anticancer potential of luteolin: involvement of NF-κB, AMPK/mTOR, PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways

Cancer is the predominant and major cause of fatality worldwide, based on the different types of cancer. There is a limitation in the current treatment. So we need better therapeutic agents that counteract the progression and development of malignant tumours. Plant-derived products are closely related and useful for human health. Luteolin is a polyphenolic flavonoid bioactive molecule that is present in various herbs, vegetables, fruits, and flowers and exhibits chemoprotective and pharmacological activity against different malignancies. To offer innovative approaches for the management of various cancers, we present a comprehensive analysis of the latest discoveries on luteolin. The aim is to inspire novel concepts for the development of advanced pharmaceuticals targeting cancer and search specifically targeted reviews and research articles published from January 1999 to January 2024 that investigated the application of luteolin in various cancer management. A thorough literature search utilizing the keywords "luteolin" "Signalling Pathway" "cancer" and nanoparticles was performed in the databases of Google Scholar, Web of Science, SCOPUS, UGC care list and PubMed. Through the compilation of existing research, we have discovered that luteolin possesses several therapeutic actions against various cancer via a signaling pathway involving the of NF-κB regulation, AMPK/mTOR, toll-like receptor, Nrf-2, PI3K/Akt MAPK and Wnt/β-catenin and their underlying mechanism of action has been well understood. This review intended to completely integrate crucial information on natural sources, biosynthesis, pharmacokinetics, signaling pathways, chemoprotective and therapeutic properties against various cancers, and nanoformulation of luteolin.

Novel Carbohydrate Polymer-Based Systems for Precise Drug Delivery in Colon Cancer: Improving Treatment Effectiveness With Intelligent Biodegradable Materials

Due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and controlled release, carbohydrates polymers are crucial to targeted drug delivery systems, notably for colon cancer treatment. This article examines how carbohydrate polymers like chitosan, pectin, guar gum, alginate, hyaluronic acid, dextran, and chondroitin sulfate are used in improved drug delivery. Modifying these polymers improves drug loading, stability, and release patterns, enhancing chemotherapeutic drugs' therapeutic index. Chitosan nanoparticles are pH-responsive, making them perfect for cancer treatment. Pectin's resistance to gastric enzymes and colonic bacteria makes it a promising colon-specific medication delivery agent. The combination of these polymers with nanotechnology, 3D printing, and AI allows the creation of stimuli-responsive systems that release drugs precisely in response to environmental signals like pH, redox potential, or colon enzymatic activity. The review highlights intelligent delivery system design advances that reduce systemic toxicity, improve treatment efficacy, and improve patient adherence. Carbohydrate polymers will revolutionize colon cancer treatment with personalized and accurate alternatives.

Luteolin: A Comprehensive and Visualized Analysis of Research Hotspots and Its Antitumor Mechanisms

The aim of this study was to analyze the research hotspots and mechanisms of luteolin in tumor-related fields using bibliometric and bioinformatic approaches to guide future research. We conducted a comprehensive screening of all articles on luteolin and tumors in Web of Science from 2008 to 2023. The extracted words from these publications were visualized using VOSviewer, Scimago Graphica, and CiteSpace. Public databases were used to collect luteolin and tumor-related targets. GO and KEGG analyses of luteolin antitumor-related genes were performed using Metascape. Protein interaction networks were built with Cytoscape and STRING, identifying hub targets of luteolin in antitumor activity. Subsequently, the binding capacity of luteolin to these hub targets was assessed using molecular docking technology. We found that China dominated this field, the Egyptian Knowledge Bank published the most articles, and Molecules had the highest number of related publications. Recently, network pharmacology, target, traditional Chinese medicine, and nanoparticles have become research hotspots in luteolin's antitumor research. A total of 483 overlapping genes between luteolin and tumors were identified, and they were closely associated with the cancer-associated pathways, PI3K-Akt, and MAPK signaling pathways. Luteolin forms a complex network of antitumor-related genes, with TP53, TNF, STAT3, AKT1, JUN, IL6, and SRC playing key roles and showing strong binding affinity to luteolin. Computer technology is becoming increasingly integral to the discipline, and future research will focus on more precise antitumor mechanisms and effective clinical applications.

pH responsive fabrication of PVA-stabilized selenium nano formulation encapsulated with luteolin to reduce diabetic ureteral injury by decreasing NLRP3 inflammasome via Nrf2/ARE signaling

Diabetic ureteral injury (DUI) is a condition characterized by damage to the ureter, causing functional and morphological changes in the urinary system, which have a significant impact on a quality of life and requires appropriate medical treatment. The present study describes to novel design of luteolin (LT), a type of natural flavonoid, encapsulated selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) to attain therapeutic potential for DUI. The physico-chemical characterizations of prepared Se NPs have benefitted zeta potential (-18 mV) and particle size (10-50 nm). In vitro assays were demonstrated the potential of LT-SeNPs by HEK 293 cells stimulated by STZ for DUI. Cytotoxicity assays on HEK 293 and NIH-3T3 showed >90% cell viability, which demonstrates the suitability of the nanoformulation for DUI treatment. The LT-SeNPs significantly inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome through Nrf2/ARE pathway, which benefits for DUI treatment. The developed LT-SeNPs could be an effective formulation for the DUI therapy.

Application of Box-Behnken design in the optimization and development of albendazole-loaded zein nanoparticles as a drug repurposing approach for colorectal cancer management

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second cancer worldwide representing a major global health challenge. Numerous effective anticancer drugs have been developed in the last decade, yet the problem remains due to their low therapeutic index and nonspecificity. A new anticancer therapeutic paradigm is based on repurposing and nanoformulating drugs. Albendazole (ALB), a popular anthelmintic agent, was recently repurposed against CRC cells. In this study zein, an amphiphilic protein, was used to formulate nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with ALB. Box-Behnken design was selected to optimize the loaded NPs, the concentrations of polyvinyl alcohol, acetic acid, and the weight of zein were the independent variables. The dependent variables were the particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential. The optimized formula displayed a size of 84.3 ± 0.41 nm, PDI 0.13 ± 0.012, and a zeta potential of 42.5 ± 2.35 mV. ALB was successfully encapsulated into zein NPs and the release study revealed a desirable pH-responsive drug release behavior, that was negligible release during the first 2 h at pH 1.2 and progressive in the simulated colon environment reaching 71.1 ± 0.34 % at 6 h and 92.4 ± 1.11 % at 24 h. The anticancer effect of the loaded NPs on the human HCT116 cells showed favorable effects at 1 μM concentration with a significant decrease in the IC50 at days 2 and 3 upon loading albendazole into zein NPs. Zein nanoparticles proved to be prospective nanocarriers that could be used for the delivery of repurposed drugs in CRC treatment.

Recent Updates on Diverse Nanoparticles and Nanostructures in Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications with Special Focus on Smart Protein Nanoparticles: A Review

Nanomedicine enables advanced therapeutics, diagnostics, and predictive analysis, enhancing treatment outcomes and patient care. The choices and development of high-quality organic nanoparticles with relatively lower toxicity are important for achieving advanced medical goals. Among organic molecules, proteins have been prospected as smart candidates to revolutionize nanomedicine due to their inherent fascinating features. The advent of protein nanoarchitectures, which explore the biomolecular corona, offers new insights into their efficient tissue penetration and therapeutic potential. This review examines various animal- and plant-based protein nanoparticles, highlighting their source, activity, products, and unique biomedical applications in regenerative medicine, targeted therapies, gene and drug delivery, antimicrobial activity, bioimaging, immunological adjuvants, etc. It provides an extensive discussion on recent applications of protein nanoparticles across diverse biomedical fields as well as the evolving landscape of other nanoproducts and nanodevices for sensitive medical procedures. Furthermore, this review introduces different preparation technologies of protein nanoparticles, emphasizing how their design and construction significantly influence loading capacity, stability, and targeting effects. Additionally, we delve into the construction of different user-friendly multifunctional modular bioarchitectures by the assembly of protein nanoparticles (PNPs), marking a significant breakthrough in therapies. This review also considers the challenges of synthetic nanomaterials and the emergence of natural alternatives, which provides insights into protein nanoparticle research.

Exploring Protein-Based Carriers in Drug Delivery: A Review

Drug delivery systems (DDSs) represent an emerging focus for many researchers and they are becoming progressively crucial in the development of new treatments. Great attention is given to all the challenges that a drug has to overcome during its journey across barriers and tissues and all the pharmacokinetics modulations that are needed in order to reach the targeting sites. The goal of these pathways is the delivery of drugs in a controlled way, optimizing their bioavailability and minimizing side effects. Recent innovations in DDSs include various nanotechnology-based approaches, such as nanoparticles, nanofibers and micelles, which provide effective targeted delivery and sustained release of therapeutics. In this context, protein-based drug delivery systems are gaining significant attention in the pharmaceutical field due to their potential to revolutionize targeted and efficient drug delivery. As natural biomolecules, proteins offer distinct advantages, including safety, biocompatibility and biodegradability, making them a fascinating alternative to synthetic polymers. Moreover, protein-based carriers, including those derived from gelatin, albumin, collagen, gliadin and silk proteins, demonstrate exceptional stability under physiological conditions, and they allow for controlled and sustained drug release, enhancing therapeutic efficacy. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current trends, challenges, and future perspectives in protein-based drug delivery, focusing on the types of proteins adopted and the techniques that are being developed to enhance their functionality in terms of drug affinity and targeting capabilities, underscoring their potential to significantly impact modern therapeutics.

The smart nanocarrier containing zein/starch co-biopolymers enhanced by graphitic carbon nitride; exploring opportunities in brain cancer treatment

In this investigation, we present an innovative pH-responsive nanocomposite designed to address challenges associated with using 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) in cancer therapy. The nanocomposite containing zein (Z), starch (S), and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) macromolecules is synthesized by a water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsion technique, serving as a carrier for 5-FU. The S/Z hydrogel matrix's entrapment and loading efficiency are greatly improved by adding g-C3N4 nanosheets, reaching noteworthy values of 45.25 % and 86.5 %, respectively, for drug loading efficiency and entrapment efficiency. Characterization through FTIR and XRD validates the successful loading of 5-FU, elucidating the chemical bonding within the nanocomposite and crystalline characteristics. Structural analysis using FESEM, along with DLS and zeta potential measurements, reveals an average nanocomposite size of 193.48 nm, indicating a controlled structure, and a zeta potential of -42.32 mV, signifying a negatively charged surface. Studies on the in vitro release of drugs reveal that 5-FU is delivered more effectively and sustainably in acidic environments than in physiological circumstances. This highlights the fact that the created nanocarrier is pH-sensitive. Modeling release kinetics involves finding the right mathematical conditions representing underlying physicochemical processes. Employing curve-fitting techniques, predominant release mechanisms are identified, and optimal-fitting kinetic models are determined. The Baker kinetic model performed best at pH 7.4, indicating that the leading cause of the drug release was polymer swelling. In contrast, the Higuchi model was most accurate for drug release at pH 5.4, illuminating the diffusion and dissolution mechanisms involved in diffusion. To be more precise, the mechanism of release at pH 7.4 and 5.4 was anomalous transport (dissolution-controlled), according to the Korsmeyer-Peppas mathematical model. The pH-dependent swelling and degradation behavior of S/Z/g-C3N4@5-FU nanocomposite showed higher swelling and faster degradation in acidic environments compared to neutral conditions. Crucially, outcomes from the MTT test affirm the significant cytotoxicity of the 5-FU-loaded nanocomposite against U-87 MG brain cancer cells, while simultaneously indicating non-toxicity towards L929 fibroblast cells. These cumulative findings underscore the potential of the engineered S/Z/g-C3N4@5-FU as a productive and targeted therapeutic approach for cancer cells.

Decitabine enclosed biotin-zein conjugated nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, in vitro and in vivo evaluation

Aim: This study focuses on biotinylated nanocarriers designed to encapsulate amphiphilic molecules with self-biodegradable properties for enhanced drug delivery.Methods: Biotin-zein conjugated nanoparticles were synthesized and tested in C6 cell lines to evaluate their viability and cellular uptake. Optimization was achieved using a a central composite design. The nanoparticles underwent thermogravimetric analysis, and their pharmacokinetics and biodistribution were also studied.Results: The optimized nanoparticles displayed 96.31% drug encapsulation efficiency, a particle size of 95.29 nm and a zeta potential of -17.7 mV. These nanoparticles showed increased cytotoxicity and improved cellular uptake compared with free drugs. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the drug-loaded nanocarriers provided better protection against drug degradation. Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies indicated that the formulation had an extended brain residence time, highlighting its effectiveness.Conclusion: The biotin-zein conjugated nanoparticles developed in this study offer a promising nano-vehicle for in vivo biodistribution and pharmacokinetic applications. Their high drug encapsulation efficiency, stability and extended brain residence time suggest they are effective for targeted drug delivery and therapeutic uses.

Encapsulation of luteolin by self-assembled Rha/SSPS/SPI nano complexes: Characterization, stability, and gastrointestinal digestion in vitro

Luteolin has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-tumor functions, but its poor water solubility and stability limit its applications in foods as a functional component. In this study, the nanocomposites loading luteolin (Lut) with soybean protein isolate (SPI), soluble soybean polysaccharide (SSPS) and/or rhamnolipid (Rha) were prepared by layer-by-layer shelf assembly method, and their properties were also evaluated. The results showed that Rha/SPI/Lut had the smallest particle size (206.24 nm) and highest loading ratio (8.03 μg/mg) while Rha/SSPS/SPI/Lut had the highest encapsulation efficiency (82.45 %). Rha interacted with SPI through hydrophobic interactions as the main driving force, while SSPS attached to SPI with only hydrogen bonding. Furthermore, the synergistic effect between Rha and SSPS was observed in Rha/SSPS/SPI/Lut complex, in consequence, it had the best thermal and storage stability, and the slowest release in gastrointestinal digestion. Thus, this approach provided an alternative way for the application of luteolin in functional foods.

Revolutionizing Cancer Treatment: The Promising Horizon of Zein Nanosystems

Various nanomaterials have recently become fascinating tools in cancer diagnostic applications because of their multifunctional and inherent molecular characteristics that support efficient diagnosis and image-guided therapy. Zein nanoparticles are a protein derived from maize. It belongs to the class of prolamins possessing a spherical structure with conformational properties similar to those of conventional globular proteins like ribonuclease and insulin. Zein nanoparticles have gained massive interest over the past couple of years owing to their natural hydrophilicity, ease of functionalization, biodegradability, and biocompatibility, thereby improving oral bioavailability, nanoparticle targeting, and prolonged drug administration. Thus, zein nanoparticles are becoming a promising candidate for precision cancer drug delivery. This review highlights the clinical significance of applying zein nanosystems for cancer theragnostic─moreover, the role of zein nanosystems for cancer drug delivery, anticancer agents, and gene therapy. Finally, the difficulties and potential uses of these NPs in cancer treatment and detection are discussed. This review will pave the way for researchers to develop theranostic strategies for precision medicine utilizing zein nanosystems.

Synthesis, characterization, and efficacy evaluation of a PH-responsive Fe-MOF@GO composite drug delivery system for the treating colorectal cancer

Luteolin is a potent anti-colorectal cancer chemical. However, its effectiveness is hindered by its poor solubility in water and fat, and it is easy to degrade by gastrointestinal enzymes. In this study, a nano-composite carrier, NH2-MIL-101(Fe)@GO (MG), based on aminated MIL-101(Fe) and graphene oxide (GO) was developed and evaluated. This carrier co-delivered luteolin and matrine, while marine was used to balance the pH for the nano-preparation. The loading capacities for luteolin and matrine were approximately 9.8% and 14.1%, respectively. Luteolin's release at pH = 5 was significantly higher than at pH = 7.4, indicating it had an acidic pH response release characteristic. Compared to MOF and GO alone, MG and NH2-MIL-101(Fe)@GO@Drugs (MGD) enhanced anti-cancer activity by inhibiting tumor cell migration, increasing ROS generation, and upregulating the expression of Caspase-3 and Caspase-9. In conclusion, this study contributes new ideas and methods to the treatment strategy of multi-component anti-colorectal cancer therapy. It also advances drug delivery systems and supports the development of more effective and targeted treatment approaches for colorectal cancer.

Luteolin, a flavone ingredient: Anticancer mechanisms, combined medication strategy, pharmacokinetics, clinical trials, and pharmaceutical researches

Current pharmaceutical research is energetically excavating the pharmacotherapeutic role of herb-derived ingredients in multiple malignancies' targeting. Luteolin is one of the major phytochemical components that exist in various traditional Chinese medicine or medical herbs. Mounting evidence reveals that this phytoconstituent endows prominent therapeutic actions on diverse malignancies, with the underlying mechanisms, combined medication strategy, and pharmacokinetics elusive. Additionally, the clinical trial and pharmaceutical investigation of luteolin remain to be systematically delineated. The present review aimed to comprehensively summarize the updated information with regard to the anticancer mechanism, combined medication strategies, pharmacokinetics, clinical trials, and pharmaceutical researches of luteolin. The survey corroborates that luteolin executes multiple anticancer effects mainly by dampening proliferation and invasion, spurring apoptosis, intercepting cell cycle, regulating autophagy and immune, inhibiting inflammatory response, inducing ferroptosis, and pyroptosis, as well as epigenetic modification, and so on. Luteolin can be applied in combination with numerous clinical anticarcinogens and natural ingredients to synergistically enhance the therapeutic efficacy of malignancies while reducing adverse reactions. For pharmacokinetics, luteolin has an unfavorable oral bioavailability, it mainly persists in plasma as glucuronides and sulfate-conjugates after being metabolized, and is regarded as potent inhibitors of OATP1B1 and OATP2B1, which may be messed with the pharmacokinetic interactions of miscellaneous bioactive substances in vivo. Besides, pharmaceutical innovation of luteolin with leading-edge drug delivery systems such as host-guest complexes, nanoparticles, liposomes, nanoemulsion, microspheres, and hydrogels are beneficial to the exploitation of luteolin-based products. Moreover, some registered clinical trials on luteolin are being carried out, yet clinical research on anticancer effects should be continuously promoted.

Controlled release, chitosan-tethered luteolin phytocubosomes; Formulation optimization to in-vivo antiglaucoma and anti-inflammatory ocular evaluation

A chitosan-coated luteolin-loaded phytocubosomal system was prepared to improve the pharmacodynamic performance of luteolin in the treatment of glaucoma and ocular inflammation after topical ocular administration. Luteolin, a potent anti-oxidant herbal drug with poor aqueous solubility, was complexed with phospholipid. The prepared phytocubosomes were coated with chitosan, producing homogenously distributed nanosized particles (258 ± 9.05 nm) with a positive charge (+49 ± 6.09 mV), improved EE% (96 %), and increased concentration of encapsulated drug to 288 μg/ml. Polarized light microscopy revealed a cubic phase. Chitosan-coated phytocubosomes showed a sustained drug release profile (38 % over 24 h) and improved anti-oxidant activity (IC50 of 32 μg/ml). Ex vivo transcorneal permeation was higher by 3.60 folds compared to luteolin suspension. Irritancy tests confirmed their safety in ocular tissues after single and multiple administrations. The pharmacodynamic studies on glaucomatous rabbit eyes demonstrated 6.46-, 3.88-, and 1.89-fold reductions in IOP of chitosan-coated phytocubosomes compared to luteolin suspension, cubosomes, and phytocubosomes, respectively. Pharmacodynamic anti-inflammatory studies revealed faster recovery capabilities of chitosan-coated phytocubosomes over other formulations. Thus, chitosan-coated phytocubosomes could be a promising ocular hybrid system for delivering herbal lipophilic drugs such as luteolin.

Preparation and characterization of lotus root starch based bioactive edible film containing quercetin-encapsulated nanoparticle and its effect on grape preservation

The present work aimed to develop a novel bioactive edible film prepared by adding quercetin-encapsulated carboxymethyl lotus root starch nanoparticles (QNPs)，gellan gum and lotus root starch. The physicochemical characteristics, preservation effect and mechanism on grapes of the prepared film were investigated. SEM results showed that QNPs (5 %) were dispersed uniformly within lotus root starch matrix, indicating the formation of a stable composite nanoparticle film. In addition, the incorporation of QNPs (5 %) effectively improved the mechanical strength, thermal stability, barrier property and antioxidant activity of QNPs/starch film. Moreover, compared with the control, the QNPs/starch (5 %) film showed effective preservation effect on grapes during 21 days of storage at room temperature, based on the characterization by grape appearance, weight loss, firmness, and titratable acidity. Further studies found that QNPs/starch (5 %) film could exhibit enhanced antioxidant activity and potent anti-fungal ability against Botrytis cinerea, thus extending grape shelf life. In conclusion, the obtained QNPs/starch (5 %) film presented a promising application as an edible packing material for fruit preservation by antioxidant and preventing Botrytis cinerea contamination.

The Recent Development of Luteolin-loaded Nanocarrier in Targeting Cancer

INTRODUCTION

Luteolin (LUT), a naturally occurring flavonoid found in vegetables, fruits, and herbal medicines, has been extensively studied for its pharmacological activities, including anti-proliferative and anticancer effects on various cancer lines. It also exhibits potent antioxidant properties and pro-apoptotic activities against human cancers. However, its therapeutic potential is hindered by its poor solubility in water (5 μg/ml at 45°C) and low bioavailability. This research on the development of luteolin-loaded nanocarrier aims to overcome these limitations, thereby opening up new possibilities in cancer treatment.

METHODS

This paper covers several nanoformulations studied to increase the solubility and bioavailability of LUT. The physicochemical characteristics of the nanoformulation that influence luteolin's solubility and bioavailability have been the subject of more in-depth investigation. Furthermore, it examines how LUT's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties aid in lessening the side effects of chemotherapy.

RESULTS

Most nanoformulations, including phytosomes, lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, protein nanoparticles, polymer micelles, nanoemulsions, and metal nanoparticles, have shown promising results in improving the solubility and bioavailability of LUT. This is a significant step forward in enhancing the therapeutic potential of LUT in cancer treatment. Furthermore, the study found that LUT's ability to scavenge free radicals can significantly reduce the side effects of cancer treatment, further highlighting its potential to improve patient outcomes.

CONCLUSION

Nanoformulations, because of their unique surface and physiochemical properties, improve the solubility and bioavailability of LUT. However, poor in-vitro and in-vivo correlation and scalability of nanoformulations need to be addressed to achieve good clinical performance of LUT in oncology.

An updated landscape on nanotechnology-based drug delivery, immunotherapy, vaccinations, imaging, and biomarker detections for cancers: recent trends and future directions with clinical success

The recent development of nanotechnology-based formulations improved the diagnostics and therapies for various diseases including cancer where lack of specificity, high cytotoxicity with various side effects, poor biocompatibility, and increasing cases of multi-drug resistance are the major limitations of existing chemotherapy. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery enhances the stability and bioavailability of many drugs, thereby increasing tissue penetration and targeted delivery with improved efficacy against the tumour cells. Easy surface functionalization and encapsulation properties allow various antigens and tumour cell lysates to be delivered in the form of nanovaccines with improved immune response. The nanoparticles (NPs) due to their smaller size and associated optical, physical, and mechanical properties have evolved as biosensors with high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of various markers including nucleic acids, protein/antigens, small metabolites, etc. This review gives, initially, a concise update on drug delivery using different nanoscale platforms like liposomes, dendrimers, polymeric & various metallic NPs, hydrogels, microneedles, nanofibres, nanoemulsions, etc. Drug delivery with recent technologies like quantum dots (QDs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), protein, and upconverting NPs was updated, thereafter. We also summarized the recent progress in vaccination strategy, immunotherapy involving immune checkpoint inhibitors, and biomarker detection for various cancers based on nanoplatforms. At last, we gave a detailed picture of the current nanomedicines in clinical trials and their possible success along with the existing approved ones. In short, this review provides an updated complete landscape of applications of wide NP-based drug delivery, vaccinations, immunotherapy, biomarker detection & imaging for various cancers with a predicted future of nanomedicines that are in clinical trials.

Carrageenan tethered ion sensitive smart nanogel containing oleophytocubosomes for improved ocular luteolin delivery

Ophthalmic delivery of luteolin (LU) was studied after formulating a carrageenan-based novel ion-sensitive in situ gel (ISG) incorporating oleophytocubosomes for prolonged ocular residence time and improved ocular bioavailability of the poorly absorbed herbal drug luteolin. The prepared oleophytocubosomes and ISG were compared with LU suspension. Optimized oleophytocubosomes possessed small, homogenously distributed negatively charged particles with high entrapment efficiency. Polarized light microscope revealed a cubic phase. Optimized ISG matrix composed of 0.4% kappa carrageenan (KC), and 2% hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) demonstrated rapid gelation, high resistance to dilution, increased viscosity after gelation, and strong mucoadhesive properties. oleophytocubosomes exerted improved drug release, while a more sustained release was observed for ISG oleophytocubosomes. The antioxidant activity of both formulations was significantly higher than that of LU suspension. Oleophytocubosome and ISG oleophytocubosome revealed significantly higher apparent permeability coefficients of 3.62 and 2.90 folds, respectively, compared to LU suspension. Irritation tests showed the safety of both formulations for single- and multiple-ocular administration. In-vivo studies demonstrated that the ISG system showed prolonged antiglaucoma effects and a faster anti-inflammatory effect, followed by oleophytocubosomes.

Luteolin Mitigates Diabetic Dyslipidemia in Rats by Modulating ACAT-2, PPARα, SREBP-2 Proteins, and Oxidative Stress

Diabetic dyslipidemia is a crucial link between type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD). Natural biologically active substances have been advocated as complementary remedies for ASCVD and T2DM. Luteolin, a flavonoid, exhibits antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and antiatherogenic effects. Hence, we aimed to determine influence of luteolin on lipid homeostasis and hepatic damage in rats with T2DM induced by high-fat-diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ). After being fed HFD for 10 days, male Wistar rats received 40 mg/kg STZ intraperitoneal injection on 11th day. Seventy-two hours later, hyperglycemic rats (fasting glucose > 200 mg/dL) were randomized into groups, and oral hydroxy-propyl-cellulose, atorvastatin (5 mg/kg), or luteolin (50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg) administered daily, while continuing HFD for 28 days. Luteolin significantly ameliorated dyslipidemia levels and concomitantly improved atherogenic index of plasma in a dose-dependent manner. Increased levels of malondialdehyde and diminished levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione in HFD-STZ-diabetic rats were significantly regulated by luteolin. Luteolin significantly intensified PPARα expression while decreasing expression of acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase-2 (ACAT-2) and sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) proteins. Moreover, luteolin effectively alleviated hepatic impairment in HFD-STZ-diabetic rats to near-normal control levels. The findings of the present study expound mechanisms by which luteolin mitigated diabetic dyslipidemia and alleviated hepatic impairment in HFD-STZ-diabetic rats by amelioration of oxidative stress, modulation of PPARα expression, and downregulation of ACAT-2 and SREBP-2. In conclusion, our results imply that luteolin may be efficacious in management of dyslipidemia in T2DM, and future research may be essential to substantiate our findings.

Morin Hydrate Encapsulation and Release from Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Melanoma Therapy

Melanoma incidence, a type of skin cancer, has been increasing worldwide. There is a strong need to develop new therapeutic strategies to improve melanoma treatment. Morin is a bioflavonoid with the potential for use in the treatment of cancer, including melanoma. However, therapeutic applications of morin are restrained owing to its low aqueous solubility and limited bioavailability. This work investigates morin hydrate (MH) encapsulation in mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) to enhance morin bioavailability and consequently increase the antitumor effects in melanoma cells. Spheroidal MSNs with a mean size of 56.3 ± 6.5 nm and a specific surface area of 816 m²/g were synthesized. MH was successfully loaded (MH-MSN) using the evaporation method, with a loading capacity of 28.3% and loading efficiency of 99.1%. In vitro release studies showed that morin release from MH-MSNs was enhanced at pH 5.2, indicating increased flavonoid solubility. The in vitro cytotoxicity of MH and MH-MSNs on human A375, MNT-1 and SK-MEL-28 melanoma cell lines was investigated. Exposure to MSNs did not affect the cell viability of any of the cell lines tested, suggesting that the nanoparticles are biocompatible. The effect of MH and MH-MSNs on reducing cell viability was time- and concentration-dependent in all melanoma cell lines. The A375 and SK-MEL-28 cell lines were slightly more sensitive than MNT-1 cells in both the MH and MH-MSN treatments. Our findings suggest that MH-MSNs are a promising delivery system for the treatment of melanoma.

Folate receptor targeted NIR cleavable liposomal delivery system augment penetration and therapeutic efficacy in breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Liposomes are predominantly used sorts of nanocarriers for active targeted delivery through surface functionalization using targeting ligand. The folate receptors are overexpressed in various cancers including breast cancer and because of its binding aptitude specifically to folate receptors, folic acid became the attractive ligand.

METHODS

In this research, we have developed a folate and Poly-l-Lysine conjugate and coated this conjugate onto the liposomes. The prepared liposomes were characterized using DLS, FTIR, NMR, SEM, TEM, XRD, AFM, stability and drug release studies. Furthermore, In vitro studies were carried out on FR overexpressed breast cancer cell line.

RESULTS

The FA-LUT-ABC-Lip have diameter of 183 ± 3.17 nm with positive surface charge +33.65 ± 3 mV and the drug release studies confirm the NIR responsive payload cleavage. The coated formulation (in presence of NIR light) effectively reduced the IC₅₀ values and kills breast cancer cells through FR mediated internalization and accelerated drug release. Moreover, LUT Formulation shows anticancer effect due to significant inhibition of cell migration and proliferation by regulating VEGF expression and induced apoptosis through the caspase-3 up-regulation.

CONCLUSION

It is evident from the in vitro studies that the formulation was found to be very effective and can be explored for triggered and targeted delivery of the substances through active targeting.

GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE

Combining receptor mediated drug delivery with triggered release aid in more amounts of drug reaching the target site and achieving enhanced therapeutic activity.

Optimized Chitosan-Based Nanoemulsion Improves Luteolin Release

Luteolin (LUT) is a flavonoid found in several edible and medicinal plants. It is recognized for its biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and antitumor effects. However, the limited water solubility of LUT leads to poor absorption after oral administration. Nanoencapsulation may improve the solubility of LUT. Nanoemulsions (NE) were selected for the encapsulation of LUT due to their biodegradability, stability, and ability to control drug release. In this work, chitosan (Ch)-based NE was developed to encapsulate luteolin (NECh-LUT). A 2³ factorial design was built to obtain a formulation with optimized amounts of oil, water, and surfactants. NECh-LUT showed a mean diameter of 67.5 nm, polydispersity index 0.174, zeta potential of +12.8 mV, and encapsulation efficiency of 85.49%. Transmission electron microscopy revealed spherical shape and rheological analysis verified the Newtonian behavior of NECh-LUT. SAXS technique confirmed the bimodal characteristic of NECh-LUT, while stability analysis confirmed NECh-LUT stability when stored at room temperature for up to 30 days. Finally, in vitro release studies showed LUT controlled release up to 72 h, indicating the promising potential of NECh-LUT to be used as novel therapeutic option to treat several disorders.

Multi-Faceted Role of Luteolin in Cancer Metastasis: EMT, Angiogenesis, ECM Degradation and Apoptosis

Luteolin (3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone), a member of the flavonoid family derived from plants and fruits, shows a wide range of biomedical applications. In fact, due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities, Asian medicine has been using luteolin for centuries to treat several human diseases, including arthritis, rheumatism, hypertension, neurodegenerative disorders and various infections. Of note, luteolin displays many anti-cancer/anti-metastatic properties. Thus, the purpose of this review consists in highlighting the relevant mechanisms by which luteolin inhibits tumor progression in metastasis, i.e., affecting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), repressing angiogenesis and lysis of extracellular matrix (ECM), as well as inducing apoptosis.

Zein nanoparticles for drug delivery: Preparation methods and biological applications

Zein, a vegetable protein extracted from corn (Zea mays L.), forms a gastro-resistant and mucoadhesive polymer that is cheap and easy to obtain and facilitates the encapsulation of bioactives with hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and amphiphilic properties. The methods used for synthesizing these nanoparticles include antisolvent precipitation/nanoprecipitation, pH-driven, electrospraying, and solvent emulsification-evaporation methods. Each method has its advantages in the preparation of nanocarriers, nevertheless, all of them enable the production of zein nanoparticles that are stable and resistant to environmental factors, with different biological activities required in the cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Therefore, zein nanoparticles are promising nanocarriers that can encapsulate various bioactives with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antidiabetic properties. This article reviews the principal methods for obtaining zein nanoparticles containing bioactives, the advantages and characteristics of each method, as well as the main biological applications of nanotechnology-based formulations.

Advances and Prospects of Prolamine Corn Protein Zein as Promising Multifunctional Drug Delivery System for Cancer Treatment

Zein is a type of prolamine protein that is derived from corn, and it has been recognized by the US FDA as one of the safest biological materials available. Zein possesses valuable characteristics that have made it a popular choice for the preparation of drug carriers, which can be administered through various routes to improve the therapeutic effect of antitumor drugs. Additionally, zein contains free hydroxyl and amino groups that offer numerous modification sites, enabling it to be hybridized with other materials to create functionalized drug delivery systems. However, despite its potential, the clinical translation of drug-loaded zein-based carriers remains challenging due to insufficient basic research and relatively strong hydrophobicity. In this paper, we aim to systematically introduce the main interactions between loaded drugs and zein, administration routes, and the functionalization of zein-based antitumor drug delivery systems, in order to demonstrate its development potential and promote their further application. We also provide perspectives and future directions for this promising area of research.

Preparation and Evaluation of Amorphous Solid Dispersions for Enhancing Luteolin's Solubility in Simulated Saliva

Luteolin (LUT), a bioactive flavonoid, possesses various pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-allergic, cardio-protective, and anti-cancer activity. Among them, LUT's administration for the treatment of periodontal disease is very promising. However, its low water solubility magnifies the challenge of formulating LUT into an effective dosage form. In this vein, the aim of the present study examines the preparation of amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) for the solubility improvement of LUT in saliva. At first, the physicochemical properties of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) were studied before the selection of the most suitable ASD matrix/carrier. For this reason, six commonly used polymeric ASD matrix/carriers (namely, povidone, PVP; copovidone, coPVP; hydroxypropyl cellulose, HPC-SL; hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate, HPMC-AS; Eudragit^® RS, Eud-RS; and Soluplus^®, SOL) were screened via the film casting method, as to whether they could suspend the drug's recrystallization. The most promising matrix/carriers were then evaluated, based on their ability to inhibit LUT's precipitation after its solubilization, via the solvent shift method. Based on both screening methods, it was determined that PVP was the most promising matrix/carrier for the preparation of LUT's ASDs. Hence, in a further step, after the successful testing of components' miscibility, LUT-PVP ASDs were prepared via the solvent evaporation method. These systems (examined via powder X-ray diffractometry, pXRD) showed full API amorphization immediately after preparation and excellent physical stability (since they were stable after 3 months of storage). The study of LUT-PVP ASD's ATR-FTIR (Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared) spectra demonstrated strong H-bonds between the molecules of the drug and the matrix/carrier, while molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were able to shed light on these drug-matrix/carrier interactions, at a molecular level. Finally, in vitro dissolution studies in simulated saliva proved that the prepared ASDs were able to significantly enhance LUT's dissolution profile. Hence, according to findings of the present work, the preparation of LUT-ASDs utilizing PVP as the polymeric matrix/carrier is regarded as a highly promising technique for the improvement of API's solubility in the oral cavity.

Drug Delivery Systems and Flavonoids: Current Knowledge in Melanoma Treatment and Future Perspectives

Melanoma is an aggressive form of skin cancer with a high prevalence in the population. An early diagnosis is crucial to cure this disease. Still, when this is not possible, combining potent pharmacological agents and effective drug delivery systems is essential to achieve optimal treatment and improve patients' quality of life. Nanotechnology application in biomedical sciences to encapsulate anticancer drugs, including flavonoids, in order to enhance therapeutic efficacy has attracted particular interest. Flavonoids have shown effectiveness against various types of cancers including in melanoma, but they show low aqueous solubility, low stability and very poor oral bioavailability. The utilization of novel drug delivery systems could increase flavonoid bioavailability, thereby potentiating its antitumor effects in melanoma. This review summarizes the potential of different flavonoids in melanoma treatment and the several nanosystems used to improve their biological activity, considering published information that reported improved biological and pharmacological properties of encapsulated flavonoids.

Synergistic chemo-/photothermal therapy based on supercritical technology-assisted chitosan-indocyanine green/luteolin nanocomposites for wound healing

Despite the success, it is highly challenging to battle against pathogenic biofilms-based chronic bacterial infections by conventional antibiotic therapy. Herein, we report a near-infrared (NIR)/acid-induced nanoplatform based on chitosan (CS)-coated indocyanine green (ICG, photosensitizer)/luteolin (LUT, a natural quorum sensing inhibitor) nanocomposites (ICG/LUT-CS) as antibacterial and antibiofilm agents for skin wound healing. Initially, the ICG/LUT nanoplatforms are prepared by the supercritical antisolvent technology and coated with the CS layer. The obtained ICG/LUT-CS with ultra-high encapsulation efficiency exhibited more favorable photothermal conversion effects and improved NIR laser/acid dual-induced drug release behavior than individual modalities, achieving exceptional bacteria-killing and biofilm elimination effects. Moreover, the ICG/LUT-CS realized the synergetic effects of chemotherapy and photothermal therapy outcomes for wound healing. Together, our findings provided an appealing strategy for the rapid preparation and future translational application of ICG/LUT-CS as an ideal agent for fighting against biofilm infections.

Mucoadhesive nanoemulsion enhances brain bioavailability of luteolin after intranasal administration and induces apoptosis to sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells

Neuroblastoma is the most frequently diagnosed extracranial solid tumor in children and accounts for 7% of all childhood malignancies and 15% cancer mortality in children. Luteolin (LUT) is recognized by its anticancer activity against several types of cancer. The aim of this study was to prepare chitosan-coated nanoemulsion containing luteolin (NECh-LUT), investigate its potential for brain delivery following intranasal administration, and to evaluate its cytotoxicity against neuroblastoma cells. NECh-LUT was developed by cavitation process and characterized for its size, surface charge, encapsulation efficiency, and mucoadhesion. The developed formulation presented size 68±1 nm, zeta potential +13±1 mV, and encapsulation efficiency of 85.5±0.3%. The NECh-LUT presented nearly 6-fold higher permeation through the nasal mucosa ex vivo and prolonged LUT release up to 72 h in vitro, following Baker-Lonsdale kinetic model. The pharmacokinetic evaluation of NECh-LUT revealed a 10-fold increase in drug half-life and a 4.4 times enhancement in LUT biodistribution in brain tissue after intranasal administration of single-dose. In addition, NECh-LUT inhibited the growth of neuroblastoma cells after 24, 48 and 72 h in concentrations starting from 2 µM. The NECh-LUT developed for intranasal administration proved to be a promising alternative for brain delivery of LUT, and a viable option for the treatment of neuroblastoma.

Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of rhamnolipid fabricated fucoxanthin loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles supported by simulation studies

BACKGROUND

Fucoxanthin is a hydrophobic carotenoid with many beneficial biological activities. However, due to low aqueous solubility their clinical efficacy is limited thus leading to poor oral bioavailability. To address this issue, we encapsulated fucoxanthin in rhamnolipid fabricated bovine serum albumin (BSA) loaded nanoparticles (LNPs) for improving solubility dependent bioavailability of fucoxanthin.

RESULTS

These synthesized LNPs were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectrophotometry, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Our results showed that LNPs were spherical in shape with particle size around 180 nm along with positive zeta potential. The encapsulation efficiency and loading efficiency calculated for LNPs were 69.66 ± 1.5% and 14 ± 0.2%, respectively. The antioxidant assay of LNPs indicate high radical scavenging activity compared to pure fucoxanthin. Besides this, our release studies indicates that drug release occur from the matrix of nanocarrier system through diffusion based on concentration. Thus, these findings indicate successful encapsulation of fucoxanthin, with improved solubility thereby leading to increased bioavailability. This nano formulation is derived from components which are FDA approved that could be exploited for encapsulating other vital nutraceutical molecules.

CONCLUSION

Overall, our results showed successful synthesis of biodegradable nanocarrier for delivering fucoxanthin supported by molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation and thermodynamics of free binding energy studies. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Luteolin Phosphate Derivatives Generated by Cultivating Bacillus subtilis var. Natto BCRC 80517 with Luteolin

Luteolin (LUT), a plant-derived flavone, exhibits various bioactivities; however, the poor aqueous solubility hampers its applications. Here, we revealed bioconversion of LUT by Bacillus subtilis BCRC 80517, yielding three water-soluble phosphate conjugates. These derivatives were identified as luteolin 4'-O-phosphate (L4'P), luteolin 3'-O-phosphate (L3'P), and luteolin 7-O-phosphate (L7P) by LC-ESI-MS/MS and NMR. Besides, we found that Bacillus subtilis BCRC 80517 was able to convert different levels of LUT but showed a limited conversion rate. By observing bacterial morphology with transmission electron microscopy and confocal fluorescence microscopy, we found that LUT disrupted the bacterial membrane integrity, which explained the incomplete conversion. Additionally, we revealed a spontaneous intramolecular transesterification of L4'P to L3'P, the thermodynamically more stable form, under acidic conditions and proposed the possible mechanism involving a cyclic phosphate as the intermediate. This study provides insight into development of a potent structural modification strategy to enhance the solubility of LUT through biophosphorylation.

Emerging prospects of protein/peptide-based nanoassemblies for drug delivery and vaccine development

Proteins have been widely used in the biomedical field because of their well-defined architecture, accurate molecular weight, excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, and easy-to-functionalization. Inspired by the wisdom of nature, increasing proteins/peptides that possess self-assembling capabilities have been explored and designed to generate nanoassemblies with unique structure and function, including spatially organized conformation, passive and active targeting, stimuli-responsiveness, and high stability. These characteristics make protein/peptide-based nanoassembly an ideal platform for drug delivery and vaccine development. In this review, we focus on recent advances in subsistent protein/peptide-based nanoassemblies, including protein nanocages, virus-like particles, self-assemblable natural proteins, and self-assemblable artificial peptides. The origin and characteristics of various protein/peptide-based assemblies and their applications in drug delivery and vaccine development are summarized. In the end, the prospects and challenges are discussed for the further development of protein/peptide-based nanoassemblies.

Milk β-casein as delivery systems for luteolin: Multi-spectroscopic, computer simulations, and biological studies

β-Casein, a highly amphiphilic calcium-sensitive phosphoprotein, has specific features that promote its application as a nanocarrier for hydrophobic bioactives. Luteolin is a flavonoid with rich biological activities existing in vegetables and fruits. It is important to understand the interaction of β-casein with luteolin for the development of β-casein-based delivery systems. Here, the interaction mode between luteolin and β-casein was investigated with multispectral techniques, computer simulation, and biological methods. The results demonstrated that luteolin could bind to β-casein spontaneously which is driven by hydrophobic interactions and statically quench the intrinsic fluorescence of β-casein. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation showed that β-casein formed a stable complex with luteolin. It could be concluded that luteolin was encapsulated in β-casein micelles and exhibited higher antioxidant activity than luteolin alone. These results would be helpful to understand the interaction mechanism of luteolin with β-casein and indicated that β-casein micelles were very promising as delivery vehicles for luteolin. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Adding bioactive compounds to food is an efficient method of functional food processing, and protein is an excellent natural carrier for these substances. β-Casein is a milk protein with a unique amphiphilic structure that makes it a natural nanocarrier for active ingredients. This study created β-casein nanocarriers and encapsulated luteolin based on the interaction mechanism between β-casein with luteolin. Luteolin encapsulated in β-casein micelles demonstrated higher antioxidant activity when compared to free luteolin. This research will provide useful data for the development of functional foods based on β-casein and luteolin in the food industry.

Natural Biocidal Compounds of Plant Origin as Biodegradable Materials Modifiers

The article presents a literature review of the plant origin natural compounds with biocidal properties. These compounds could be used as modifiers of biodegradable materials. Modification of polymer material is one of the basic steps in its manufacturing process. Biodegradable materials play a key role in the current development of materials engineering. Natural modifiers are non-toxic, environmentally friendly, and renewable. The substances contained in natural modifiers exhibit biocidal properties against bacteria and/or fungi. The article discusses polyphenols, selected phenols, naphthoquinones, triterpenoids, and phytoncides that are natural antibiotics. Due to the increasing demand for biodegradable materials and the protection of the natural environment against the negative effects of toxic substances, it is crucial to replace synthetic modifiers with plant ones. This work mentions industries where materials containing natural modifying additives could find potential applications. Moreover, the probable examples of the final products are presented. Additionally, the article points out the current world's pandemic state and the use of materials with biocidal properties considering the epidemiological conditions.

Hepatoprotective Effects of Bioflavonoid Luteolin Using Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System

Luteolin (LUT) is a natural pharmaceutical compound that is weakly water soluble and has low bioavailability when taken orally. As a result, the goal of this research was to create self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) for LUT in an attempt to improve its in vitro dissolution and hepatoprotective effects, resulting in increased oral bioavailability. Using the aqueous phase titration approach and the creation of pseudo-ternary phase diagrams with Capryol-PGMC (oil phase), Tween-80 (surfactant), and Transcutol-HP (co-emulsifier), various SNEDDS of LUT were generated. SNEDDS were assessed for droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), refractive index (RI), and percent of transmittance (percent T) after undergoing several thermodynamic stability and self-nanoemulsification experiments. When compared to LUT suspension, the developed SNEDDS revealed considerable LUT release from all SNEDDS. Droplet size was 40 nm, PDI was <0.3, ZP was -30.58 mV, RI was 1.40, percent T was >98 percent, and drug release profile was >96 percent in optimized SNEDDS of LUT. For in vivo hepatoprotective testing in rats, optimized SNEDDS was chosen. When compared to LUT suspension, hepatoprotective tests showed that optimized LUT SNEDDS had a substantial hepatoprotective impact. The findings of this investigation suggested that SNEDDS could improve bioflavonoid LUT dissolution rate and therapeutic efficacy.

Development and evaluation of luteolin loaded pegylated bilosome: optimization, in vitro characterization, and cytotoxicity study

The present research was aimed to develop luteolin (LL) loaded pegylated bilosomes (PG-BLs) for oral delivery. The luteolin bilosomes (BLs) were prepared by the thin-film hydration method and further optimized by the Box-Behnken design (four-factors at three-levels). The prepared LL-BLs were evaluated for vesicle size (VS), PDI, zeta potential (ZP), and entrapment efficiency to select the optimized formulation. The optimized formulation was further assessed for surface morphology, drug release, gut permeation, antioxidant, and antimicrobial study. The cytotoxicity study was conducted on breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF7). The optimized formulation LL-PG-BLs-opt exhibited a VS of 252.24 ± 3.54 nm, PDI of 0.24, ZP of -32 mV with an encapsulation efficiency of 75.05 ± 0.65%. TEM study revealed spherical shape vesicles without aggregation. The DSC and XRD results revealed that LL was encapsulated into a PG-BLs matrix. LL-PG-BLs-opt exhibited a biphasic release pattern as well as significantly high permeation (p<.05) was achieved vis-a-vis LL-BL-opt and LL dispersion. The antioxidant activity result revealed 70.31 ± 3.22%, 83.76 ± 2.56%, and 96.87 ± 2.11% from LL-dispersion, LL-BLs-opt, and LL-PG-BLs-opt, respectively. Furthermore, LL-PG-BLs-opt exhibited high cell viability on both cell lines than LL-BL-opt and pure LL. The IC₅₀ value was found to be 390 µM and 510 µM against MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells, respectively. The antimicrobial activity result exhibited LL-PG-BLs-opt had better antibacterial activity than pure LL against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Hence, PG-BLs might provide an efficient nano oral delivery for the management of the different diseases.

Formulation, Optimization and Evaluation of Luteolin-Loaded Topical Nanoparticulate Delivery System for the Skin Cancer

In the present study, luteolin (LT)-loaded nanosized vesicles (LT-NVs) were prepared by a solvent evaporation-hydration method using phospholipid and edge activator. The formulation was optimized using three factors at a three-level Box-Behnken design. The formulated LT-NVs were prepared using the three independent variables phospholipid (A), edge activator (B) and sonication time (C). The effect of used variables was assessed on the vesicle size (Y1) and encapsulation efficiency (Y2). The selection of optimum composition (LT-NVopt) was based on the point prediction method of the software. The prepared LT-NVopt showed the particle size of 189.92 ± 3.25 nm with an encapsulation efficiency of 92.43 ± 4.12% with PDI and zeta potential value of 0.32 and -21 mV, respectively. The formulation LT-NVopt was further converted into Carbopol 934 gel (1% w/v) to enhance skin retention. LT-NVoptG was further characterized for viscosity, spreadability, drug content, drug release, drug permeation and antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity assessment. The evaluation result revealed optimum pH, viscosity, spreadability and good drug content. There was enhanced LT release (60.81 ± 2.87%), as well as LT permeation (128.21 ± 3.56 µg/cm2/h), which was found in comparison to the pure LT. The antioxidant and antimicrobial study results revealed significantly (p ˂ 0.05) better antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activity against the tested organisms. Finally, the samples were evaluated for cytotoxicity assessment using skin cancer cell line and results revealed a significant difference in the viability % at the tested concentration. LT-NVoptG showed a significantly lower IC50 value than the pure LT. From the study, it can be concluded that the prepared LT-NVoptG was found to be an alternative to the synthetic drug as well as conventional delivery systems.

A brief review of the essential role of nanovehicles for improving the therapeutic efficacy of pharmacological agents against tumours

Cancer is the leading cause of death globally. There are several differences between cancer cells and normal cells. From all the therapies, chemotherapy is the most prominent therapy to treat cancer. However, the conventional drug delivery that is used to deliver poorly aqueous soluble chemotherapeutic agents has several obstacles such as whole-body distribution, rapid excretion, degradation before reaching the infected site, side effects, etc. Nanoformulation of these aqueous insoluble agents is the emerging delivery system for targeted and increasing solubility. Among all the three methods (physical, chemical and biological) chemical and biological methods are mostly used for the synthesis of nanovehicles (NVs) of different sizes, shapes and dimensions. A passive targeting delivery system in which NVs supports the pharmacological agents (drugs/genes) is a good way for resolving the obstacles with a conventional delivery system. It enhances the therapeutic efficacy of pharmacological agents (drugs/genes). These NVs have several specific characters like small size, large surface area to volume ratio, surface functionalization, etc. However, this delivery is not able to deliver site-specific delivery of drugs. An active targeting delivery system in which pharmacological agents are loaded on NVs to attack directly on cancer cells and tissues is a superior way for delivering the pharmacological agents compared to a passive targeting delivery system. Various targeting ligands have been investigated and applied for targeting the delivery of drugs such as sugar, vitamin, antibodies, protein, peptides, etc. These targeted ligand supports to guide the NVs accumulated directly on the cancer cells with a higher level of cellular internalization compared to passive targeting and conventional delivery system.