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Bailey D, Anderson R, Brady K, Kwon P, Browne D, Amaral RR. An Ex-Vivo Study Comparing the Accuracy of the E-Connect S+ and Morita Tri Auto ZX2+ Endodontic Handpieces in Root Canal Length Determination. J Endod 2024; 50:1004-1010. [PMID: 38631475 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This ex vivo study evaluated the accuracy of the Electronic Apex Locator (EAL) and Automatic Apical Stop (AAS) functions of the E-Connect S+ and Morita Tri Auto ZX2+ cordless apex locators in determining patency length. METHODS Sixty-four human teeth with a single root were randomly allocated into E-connect or Morita groups (n = 32). The canals were accessed and preflared, after which a size 15 K-file was inserted into the canal to the major foramen and recorded as the actual length (AL). Matched measurements were taken using the AAS and EAL functions and visually confirmed with confocal microscopy. The variance between canal length (mm), the persons correlation (ρ) between function and AL, and the accuracy (%) of the canal length relative to the AL (Δmm) between devices and functions were assessed. RESULTS Regardless of device or function, all measurements were within 1±Δmm and correlated strongly (ρ > 0.97) with the AL. When considering a more stringent clinically acceptable range of 0.5±Δmm from the AL, all devices and functions demonstrated similar accuracy levels (84%-94%). However, at lower tolerance ranges, the E-connect device with the EAL function exhibited the highest accuracy. On average, all devices and functions stopped short of the AL (mean Δmm>0). CONCLUSION The E-Connect S+ and Morita Tri Auto ZX2+ apex locators provided reliable accuracy in determining the position of the major foramen. These findings demonstrate a high level of reproducibility in canal length measurements using both cordless endodontic handpieces, regardless of whether the EAL or AAS functions were employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bailey
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Ryan Anderson
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Kevin Brady
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Peter Kwon
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Daniel Browne
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Rodrigo R Amaral
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia.
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Monteiro Czornobay LF, de Oliveira Rocha A, Leite CC, Menezes Dos Anjos L, Ribeiro JS, Pacheco de Castro Henriques BA, Cardoso M, Machado R, da Silveira Teixeira C, da Fonseca Roberti Garcia L. A Global Overview on Electronic Apex Locator Use From 1968 to 2023: A Bibliometric Analysis. J Endod 2024; 50:925-933. [PMID: 38614449 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This bibliometric review analyzed the research trends and main characteristics of articles related to Electronic Apex Locators (EALs). METHODS The search was conducted in November 2023 on the Web of Science Core Collection. Narrative and systematic reviews, observational and intervention studies, laboratory, and clinical studies were included. Two researchers selected the articles and extracted the number of citations, year of publication, journal, study design, theme, country, continent, institutions, author, and keywords. Collaborative networks were generated using the VOSviewer software. The relationship between data were determined by Spearman's correlation. RESULTS The search resulted in 374 articles, of which 294 were included. Most cited article had 175 citations. The most prevalent journal was the Journal of Endodontics (n = 84). The predominant study design was the laboratory-based (n = 223). The predominant theme was the EALs accuracy (n = 175). Piasecki L was the author with the highest number of articles (n = 11). Only 8.16% of the studies were conducted in deciduous teeth. The country with the most studies was Brazil (n = 46). Asia (n = 107) was the continent with the highest number of publications. There was a weak positive correlation between the number of citations and impact factor (rho = .294), and a strong negative correlation between citations and year of publication (rho = -.710). CONCLUSIONS The majority of articles were laboratory-based studies conducted on permanent teeth, focusing on the accuracy of EALs. Future studies should prioritize research on deciduous teeth, systematic reviews, and, notably, clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurélio de Oliveira Rocha
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Christiane Cabral Leite
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Lucas Menezes Dos Anjos
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Juliana Silva Ribeiro
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Mariane Cardoso
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Machado
- Department of Restorative Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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De-Deus G, Cozer V, Souza EM, Silva EJNL, Belladonna FG, Simões-Carvalho M, Versiani MA. Clinical accuracy and precision of 3 multi-frequency electronic apex locators assessed through micro-CT imaging. J Endod 2023; 49:487-495. [PMID: 36848949 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2023.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to compare the in vivo accuracy and precision of 3 electronic apex locators (EALs) in determining the position of the major foramen using micro-computed tomographic (micro-CT) technology. METHODS After access preparation of 23 necrotic or vital teeth from 5 patients, canals were negotiated and hand files were used to determine the position of the foramen with 3 EALs: Propex Pixi, Woodpex III and Root ZX II. After fixing the silicon stop to the file, teeth were extracted and scanned in a micro-CT device with and without the instrument inserted into the canal. Datasets were co-registered, and the accuracy and precision of the EALs were determined at a tolerance level of ± 0.5 mm by measuring the distance from the tip of the instruments to a tangential line crossing the margins of the foramen. Statistical comparisons were performed using Friedman with post hoc Related Samples Sign and Spearman tests (α = 5%). RESULTS A significant difference was detected comparing the accuracy of Root ZX II (100%), Woodpex III (86.96%) and Propex Pixi (52.17%) (P < .05). There was a lack of significance in the relationship between the pulp status and the accuracy of tested EALs (P > .05). Propex Pixi was significantly less precise than Root ZX II (P < .05), while no difference was found between Woodpex III to either Root ZX II or Propex Pixi (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS EALs presented similar precision, but Woodpex III and Root ZX II showed better accuracy to determine the position of the apical foramen than Propex Pixi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo De-Deus
- Department of Endodontics, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Viviany Cozer
- Department of Endodontics, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Erick Miranda Souza
- Department of Dentistry II, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão
| | - Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal Silva
- Department of Endodontics, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Endodontics, Grande Rio University (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marco Simões-Carvalho
- Department of Endodontics, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Versiani
- Department of Endodontics, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Dental Specialty Center, Brazilian Military Police, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Silva CBB, Bronzato JD, Herrera DR, Montagner F, Nunes EL, Gomes BPFA. Efficiency of a digital electrofulguration system in contaminated root canals in vitro. Braz Dent J 2021; 32:1-9. [PMID: 34755783 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202104067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Decontamination of the root canal (RC) system is essential for successful endodontic therapy. In this in vitro study, it was evaluated the disinfection potential of an electrofulguration device, the Endox® Endodontic System (EES), in RC infected with Enterococcus faecalis. Sixty-five human lower premolars were instrumented with MTwo® system. The specimens were distributed into six experimental groups (n = 10), according to the irrigation protocol: 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX); CHX + EES; 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); NaOCl + EES; saline solution (SS); and SS + EES. Five specimens were untreated (control). RC samples were collected before (C1) and after EES treatment (C2), after chemo-mechanical preparation (CMP) (C3), and after final EES treatment (C4). All samples were plated for colony forming units (CFU/mL) onto solid media. The data were analyzed by Wilcoxon and Friedman tests for intragroup comparisons and by Kruskal Wallis test followed by Dunn's test for intergroup comparisons (α = 0.05). Treatment with the EES did not significantly reduce the number of CFU/mL as compared to baseline levels (C1 vs. C2, p> 0.05). After CMP (C3), all groups showed a significantly reduced amount of CFU/mL (p <0.05), with no difference between CHX- and NaOCl-treated samples (p >0.05). Lastly, treatment with the EES following CMP (C4) did not significantly reduce the amount of CFU/mL (C3 vs. C4, p> 0.05). To conclude, the use of the Endox® Endodontic System did not result in considerable bacterial reduction at all operative times, while treatment with NaOCl and CHX was equally efficient for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cimara B B Silva
- - Department of Endodontics, State University of Amazonas, Manaus, MA, Brazil
| | - Juliana D Bronzato
- - Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel R Herrera
- - Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.,- Department of Endodontics, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Francisco Montagner
- - Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.,- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Elifas L Nunes
- - Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.,- Dental Surgeon, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Brenda P F A Gomes
- - Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Duarte ML, Pepino JC, Sancas MC, Moreira JPDL, Neves ADA, Pintor AVB, Primo LG. Reliability of Two Methods of Evaluation of the Apical Limit of Obturation of Root Canals of Primary Teeth: A Pilot Study. PESQUISA BRASILEIRA EM ODONTOPEDIATRIA E CLÍNICA INTEGRADA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/pboci.2020.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Brum ICS, Maia CA, Diniz MVT, Fernandes AM, Fernandes MLDMF. Agreement Between Working Length Measurements in Primary Teeth Obtained by Radiographs or Apical Locators. PESQUISA BRASILEIRA EM ODONTOPEDIATRIA E CLÍNICA INTEGRADA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/pboci.2020.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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7
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El Hachem R, Wassef E, Mokbel N, Abboud R, Zogheib C, El Osta N, Naaman A. Influence of the Maxillary Sinus on the Accuracy of the Root ZX Apex Locator: An Ex Vivo Study. Dent J (Basel) 2019; 7:dj7010003. [PMID: 30609762 PMCID: PMC6473460 DOI: 10.3390/dj7010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the accuracy of the Root ZX (J. Morita, Tokyo, Japan) electronic apex locator in determining the working length when palatal maxillary molar roots are in a relationship with the sinus. Seventeen human maxillary molars with vital pulp were scheduled for an extraction and implant placement as part of a periodontal treatment plan. The access cavity was prepared, and a #10 K file (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) was inserted into the palatal root using the Root ZX apex locator in order to determine the electronic working length (EWL); then, the teeth were extracted. To determine the real working length (RWL), a #10 K file was introduced into the root canal until its tip touched a glass plate. EWL and RWL were compared. Images reconstructed with CBCT (cone beam computerized tomography) revealed that eight palatal roots were related to the maxillary sinus, whereas nine were not. The results showed a significant difference between the EWL and the RWL of the palatal roots related to the sinus (p < 0.001). No significant difference was observed in measurements of roots not in contact with the sinus (p > 0.05). Within the study limitations, the reliability of Root ZX was influenced by the relationship of the roots with the maxillary sinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roula El Hachem
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Saint Joseph University, P.O. Box 11-5076 Riad el-Solh, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon.
| | - Elie Wassef
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Saint Joseph University, P.O. Box 11-5076 Riad el-Solh, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon.
| | - Nadim Mokbel
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Saint Joseph University, P.O. Box 11-5076 Riad el-Solh, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon.
| | - Richard Abboud
- Department of Maxillo-Facial Radiology, Saint Joseph University, B.P. 11-514 Riad el-Solh, Beirut 1107 2050, Lebanon.
| | - Carla Zogheib
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Saint Joseph University, P.O. Box 11-5076 Riad el-Solh, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon.
| | - Nada El Osta
- Department of Prosthodontics, Saint Joseph University, B.P. 11-514 Riad el-Solh, Beirut 1107 2050, Lebanon.
| | - Alfred Naaman
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Saint Joseph University, P.O. Box 11-5076 Riad el-Solh, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon.
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8
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Chaudhary S, Gharti A, Adhikari B. An in vivo comparison of accuracy of two electronic apex locators in determining working length using stainless steel and nickel titanium files. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2018; 10:75-82. [PMID: 29861643 PMCID: PMC5968804 DOI: 10.2147/ccide.s158882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose A key factor affecting the success of endodontic treatment is correct determination of root canal working length (WL). The purpose of this in vivo study was to compare the accuracy of Propex II and iPex II electronic apex locator (EAL) in determining the WL under clinical conditions, to that of radiographic working length (RWL) using stainless steel (SS) and nickel–titanium (NiTi) hand files. Patients and methods Thirty-seven patients, with 60 anterior teeth (60 canals) scheduled for endodontic treatment participated in this study after ethical approval. Electronic working length (EWL) was determined by the Propex II and iPex II according to manufacturer’s instructions using SS Hand K-files and NiTi Hand files. RWL was determined after EWL determination. The results obtained with each EAL with SS and NiTi files were compared with RWL. Data was analyzed statistically at a significance level of p < 0.05. Interclass correlation coefficient was calculated. Results Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between the EALs, indicating similar accuracies between them with respect to accuracy in determining the WL (p > 0.05). No significant difference was found between the EWL and RWL and between SS and NiTi files for WL determination (p > 0.05) as well. The result also displayed a high intraclass correlation coefficient between the RWL and EWL measurement methods. Conclusion Under the in vivo clinical conditions of this study, both Propex II and iPex II were similar to the RWL determination technique showing high correlation to RWL. Both are clinically acceptable EAL for WL determination and both SS hand K-file and NiTi file can be used interchangeably without compromising the WL during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeeb Chaudhary
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dental Sciences, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Nepal
| | - Archana Gharti
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dental Sciences, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Nepal
| | - Bhawana Adhikari
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dental Sciences, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Nepal
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Tampelini FG, Coelho MS, Rios MDA, Fontana CE, Rocha DGP, Pinheiro SL, Bueno CEDS. In vivo assessment of accuracy of Propex II, Root ZX II, and radiographic measurements for location of the major foramen. Restor Dent Endod 2017; 42:200-205. [PMID: 28808636 PMCID: PMC5553019 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2017.42.3.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this in vivo study was to assess the accuracy of 2 third-generation electronic apex locators (EALs), Propex II (Dentsply Maillefer) and Root ZX II (J. Morita), and radiographic technique for locating the major foramen (MF). Materials and Methods Thirty-two premolars with single canals that required extraction were included. Following anesthesia, access, and initial canal preparation with size 10 and 15 K-flex files and SX and S1 rotary ProTaper files, the canals were irrigated with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. The length of the root canal was verified 3 times for each tooth using the 2 apex locators and once using the radiographic technique. Teeth were extracted and the actual WL was determined using size 15 K-files under a × 25 magnification. The Biostat 4.0 program (AnalystSoft Inc.) was used for comparing the direct measurements with those obtained using radiographic technique and the apex locators. Pearson's correlation analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for statistical analyses. Results The measurements obtained using the visual method exhibited the strongest correlation with Root ZX II (r = 0.94), followed by Propex II (r = 0.90) and Ingle's technique (r = 0.81; p < 0.001). Descriptive statistics using ANOVA (Tukey's post hoc test) revealed significant differences between the radiographic measurements and both EALs measurements (p < 0.05). Conclusions Both EALs presented similar accuracy that was higher than that of the radiographic measurements obtained with Ingle's technique. Our results suggest that the use of these EALs for MF location is more accurate than the use of radiographic measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelo Santos Coelho
- Department of Endodontics, Universidade Paulista School of Dentistry, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
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10
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George R. Precision of multi-frequency electronic apex locators. Evid Based Dent 2016; 17:86-87. [PMID: 27767118 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ebd.6401190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Data sourcesCochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, Embase and Scopus databases.Study selectionStudies that reported the precision of electronic apex locators (EALs) in locating the apical constriction (AC) in primary root canal treatment of human teeth compared with a histologic evaluation of the AC were considered.Data extraction and synthesisData were extracted and quality assessed independently by two reviewers.ResultsTen studies were included, reporting on 1105 EAL measurements. Seven studies were considered to be at high risk of bias and three at low risk. Four different EALs were evaluated; Root ZX (J Morita, Tokyo, Japan), Justy II (Hager & Werken GmbH & Co, Duisburg, Germany), Endy 5000 (Loser Co, Leverkusen, Germany) and Endox (Lysis Co, Milan, Italy). Three EALs, Root ZX, Justy II and Endy 5000 were more accurate than the Endox in determining the distance between the file tip and the apical constriction. Pulp status was only available for 194 (17.55%) of the measurements. The status of the pulp (vital or necrotic) had no significant effect on precision.ConclusionsThe precision of electronic working length measurement depends on the device used and the type of irrigation and is not influenced by the status of the pulp tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy George
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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11
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de Morais ALG, de Alencar AHG, Estrela CRDA, Decurcio DA, Estrela C. Working Length Determination Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography, Periapical Radiography and Electronic Apex Locator in Teeth with Apical Periodontitis: A Clinical Study. IRANIAN ENDODONTIC JOURNAL 2016; 11:164-8. [PMID: 27471524 PMCID: PMC4947837 DOI: 10.7508/iej.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of this clinical study was to compare the accuracy of working length (WL) determination using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), conventional periapical radiographies and electronic apex locator. Methods and Materials: This study was conducted during root canal treatment of 19 patients with a total of 30 single-rooted teeth diagnosed with apical periodontitis. After taking the initial parallel periapical radiographies, the initial file was advanced into the canal until the WL was detected by the apex locator. Subsequently, the WL was measured and WL radiographies were taken with the file set in the canal. Afterwards, CBCT images were acquired. These three measurements were tabulated and compared and the data were analyzed using the Friedman test. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: The mean values for WL determination by electronic apex locator, periapical radiograph and CBCT images were 22.25, 22.43 and 22.65, respectively which was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion: Working length determination using CBCT images was precise when compared to radiographic method and electronic apex locator.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carlos Estrela
- Department of Endodontics, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Go, Brazil
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Kfir A, Blau-Venezia N, Tsesis I, Goldberger T, Metzger Z. Does root canal treatment in necrotic pulp or retreatment cases with periapical lesions require anaesthesia? An in vivo clinical study. Int Endod J 2016; 50:330-338. [PMID: 26992649 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine whether local anaesthesia is required for treating teeth with necrotic pulps (TNP) and retreatment cases (RCs) associated with periapical lesions. METHODOLOGY Root canal treatment was performed in TNP and RCs without the administration of local anaesthesia. Patients were assured that if they experienced pain, local anaesthesia would be provided. Eighty canals, 40 TNP and 40 RCs, were included in the study. Two length measurements were performed: one using an electronic apex locator (EAL), which was defined as the electronic length (EL), and the second, the length at which the patient first reported that a size 15 file was touching the periapical tissues, which was defined as the periodontal length (PL). The difference between these two measurements (Δ = PL - EL) was the parameter studied. Statistical analysis was conducted using two-way anova and paired t-tests. Working length (WL) was defined in this study as being 0.5 mm short of the EL. RESULTS EL was shorter than PL in 96% of cases. The mean difference between measurements was 0.78 (±0.11) mm in the TNP group and 0.63 (±0.15) mm in the RC group; the difference was not significant. The distances between the WL and PL were thus 1.28 and 1.13 mm, respectively. In none of the 80 canals did the patient experience any pain, either during the measurements or during the instrumentation procedures. CONCLUSIONS When EALs are used, local anaesthesia may not be required for root canal treatment in teeth with necrotic pulps and retreatment cases associated with periapical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kfir
- Department of Endodontology, The Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - N Blau-Venezia
- Department of Endodontology, The Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - I Tsesis
- Department of Endodontology, The Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - T Goldberger
- Department of Endodontology, The Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Z Metzger
- Department of Endodontology, The Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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13
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Tsesis I, Blazer T, Ben-Izhack G, Taschieri S, Del Fabbro M, Corbella S, Rosen E. The Precision of Electronic Apex Locators in Working Length Determination: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Literature. J Endod 2015; 41:1818-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Mancini M, Palopoli P, Iorio L, Conte G, Cianconi L. Accuracy of an electronic apex locator in the retreatment of teeth obturated with plastic or cross-linked gutta-percha carrier-based materials: an ex vivo study. J Endod 2014; 40:2061-5. [PMID: 25443281 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This ex vivo study evaluated the accuracy of the Root ZX electronic apex locator (EAL) (J Morita Corp, Kyoto, Japan) in determining the working length during retreatment of canals sealed with 2 different carrier-based obturating materials (ProTaper Obturator [Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland] and GuttaCore [Dentsply Maillefer]) and also evaluated whether they influenced its accuracy differently. METHODS Fifty extracted single-rooted human teeth with sound apices were selected for the study. We measured canals with the direct visual technique using a #10 K-file and shaped them with ProTaper Universal instruments (Dentsply Maillefer) up to this predetermined length. After instrumentation, we determined the canal length again using the visual technique (direct length [DL]). This value was considered the "reference point." Specimens were then placed in a tooth holder (Pro-Train; Simit Dental, Mantova, Italy), and the canal length was electronically measured (electronic length 1 [EL1]). Specimens were then obturated with ProTaper Obturators (group 1, n = 25) and GuttaCore (group 2, n = 25). Seven days later, a new electronic length was determined (electronic length 2 [EL2]) during retreatment procedures in the presence of the obturating material. EL1 and EL2 values were compared with DL using the Bland and Altman method. The different influences of the tested materials on the accuracy of the EAL were calculated with repeated measures analysis of variance. RESULTS Both EL1 and EL2 values provided a statistically significant overestimation of the actual canal length (DL [P < .05]), with the EL2 values higher from DL. The 2 different materials did not influence the accuracy of the EAL differently (P = .486). CONCLUSIONS The measurements obtained with the EAL tested during orthograde retreatments can lead clinicians to overinstrumentation and consequent overfilling of the endodontic space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuele Mancini
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - Pietro Palopoli
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Iorio
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Conte
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Cianconi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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Uzunoglu E, Eymirli A, Uyanik MÖ, Çalt S, Nagas E. Calcium hydroxide dressing residues after different removal techniques affect the accuracy of Root-ZX apex locator. Restor Dent Endod 2014; 40:44-9. [PMID: 25671212 PMCID: PMC4320276 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2015.40.1.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study compared the ability of several techniques to remove calcium hydroxide (CH) from the root canal and determined the influence of CH residues on the accuracy of the electronic apex locator. MATERIALS AND METHODS Root canals of 90 human maxillary lateral incisors with confirmed true working length (TWL) were prepared and filled with CH. The teeth were randomly assigned to one of the experimental groups according to the CH removal technique (n = 14): 0.9% saline; 0.9% saline + master apical file (MAF); 17% ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA); 17% EDTA + MAF; 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); 5.25% NaOCl + MAF. Six teeth were used as negative control. After CH removal, the electronic working length was measured using Root-ZX (Morita Corp.) and compared with TWL to evaluate Root-ZX accuracy. All specimens were sectioned longitudinally, and the area of remaining CH (CH) and total canal area were measured using imaging software. RESULTS The EDTA + MAF and NaOCl + MAF groups showed better CH removal than other groups (p < 0.05). Root-ZX reliability to prevent overestimated working length to be > 85% within a tolerance of ± 1.0 mm (p < 0.05). There was strong negative correlation between amount of CH residues and EAL accuracy (r = -0.800 for ± 0.5 mm; r = -0.940 for ± 1.0 mm). CONCLUSIONS The mechanical instrumentation improves the CH removal of irrigation solutions although none of the techniques removed the dressing completely. Residues of CH medication in root canals affected the accuracy of Root-ZX adversely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Uzunoglu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Eymirli
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Özgür Uyanik
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Semra Çalt
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emre Nagas
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Metska ME, Liem VML, Parsa A, Koolstra JH, Wesselink PR, Ozok AR. Cone-beam Computed Tomographic Scans in Comparison with Periapical Radiographs for Root Canal Length Measurement: An In Situ Study. J Endod 2014; 40:1206-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Ahmad IA, Pani SC. Accuracy of electronic apex locators in primary teeth: a meta-analysis. Int Endod J 2014; 48:298-307. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. A. Ahmad
- Restorative Dentistry Department; College of Dentistry; Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - S. C. Pani
- Preventive Dentistry Department; College of Dentistry; Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy; Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Vasconcelos BCD, Araújo RBR, Silva FCFAE, Luna-Cruz SM, Duarte MAH, Fernandes CADO. In vivo accuracy of two electronic foramen locators based on different operation systems. Braz Dent J 2014; 25:12-6. [PMID: 24789285 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201302069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare in vivo the accuracy of two electronic foramen locators (EFLs) based on different operation systems - Root ZX and Propex II. Ten healthy adult patients needing premolar extractions due to orthodontic reasons participated in the study, providing a sample of 17 noncarious, non-restored, vital teeth (n= 24 canals). After coronal access preparation and cervical preflaring and prior to tooth extraction, the root canal length was measured alternating the two EFLs. All measurements were performed with K-files well fitted to the canal diameter at the level that each EFL indicated the apical foramen in their display (APEX or 0.0). The last K-file were fixed in place with cyanoacrylate, the tooth was extracted, and the apical 4 mm of each root were resected to measure the distance between the file tip and the apical foramen. The mean errors based on the absolute values of discrepancies were 0.30 ± 0.29 mm (Root ZX) and 0.32 ± 0.27 mm (Propex II). Analysis by the Wilcoxon test for paired samples showed no statistically significant differences between the electronic canal measurements performed with the EFLs (p=0.587). The apical foramen was accurately located in 75% (Root ZX) and 66.7% (Propex II) of the cases, considering a ±0.5 mm error margin, with no statistically significant difference by the chi-square test. Despite having different measurement mechanisms, both EFLs were capable of locating the apical foramen with high accuracy in vivo. Under the tested clinical conditions, Root ZX and Propex II displayed similar results.
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Lucena C, López JM, Martín JA, Robles V, González-Rodríguez MP. Accuracy of working length measurement: electronic apex locator versus cone-beam computed tomography. Int Endod J 2013; 47:246-56. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Lucena
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; School of Dentistry; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - J. M. López
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; School of Dentistry; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | | | - V. Robles
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; School of Dentistry; University of Granada; Granada Spain
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Jain S, Kapur R. Comparative evaluation of accuracy of two electronic apex locators in the presence of various irrigants: An in vitro study. Contemp Clin Dent 2012; 3:S140-5. [PMID: 23230349 PMCID: PMC3514940 DOI: 10.4103/0976-237x.101068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: The establishment of appropriate working length is one of the most critical steps in endodontic therapy. Electronic apex locators have been introduced to determine the working length. The development of electronic apex locators has helped make the assessment of the working length more accurate and predictable, along with reduction in treatment time and radiation dose. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of electronic apex locators after cleansing and shaping of the root canals and whether there was any alteration in accuracy when used in the presence of irrigants. Materials and Methods: Seventy extracted human permanent molars with mature apices were selected. Equal number of maxillary and mandibular permanent molars (35 each) were sectioned at the cemento-enamel junction. Access opening was done and only the mesiobuccal root canal was studied for the purpose of standardization. Electronic working length measurements were taken before and after preparation of the mesiobuccal canal with Root ZX and ProPex II using various irrigants. Statistical Analysis Used: The data were statistically analyzed using a paired t-test at 0.05 level of significance. Results: P-values for actual and final canal lengths for Root ZX employing NaoCl(0.001), CHX(0.006), LA(0.020) and for ProPex II was (0.001) respectively. When the data were compared, results were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study Root ZX can be considered to be an accurate electronic apex locator and CHX as irrigant matched more precisely with the actual canal length measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saru Jain
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, PGIDS, Rohtak, India
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21
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Orafi I, Rushton VE. The use of radiography and the apex locator in endodontic treatment within the UK: a comparison between endodontic specialists and general dental practitioners. Int Endod J 2012; 46:355-64. [PMID: 23094654 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Orafi
- School of Dentistry; University of Benghazi; Benghazi; Libya
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Fadel G, Piasecki L, Westphalen VPD, Silva Neto UX, Fariniuk LF, Carneiro E. An in vivo evaluation of the Auto Apical Reverse function of the Root ZX II. Int Endod J 2012; 45:950-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vasconcelos BCD, Matos LDA, Pinheiro-Júnior EC, Menezes ASTD, Vivacqua-Gomes N. Ex vivo accuracy of three electronic apex locators using different apical file sizes. Braz Dent J 2012; 23:199-204. [DOI: 10.1590/s0103-64402012000300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the accuracy of three electronic apex locators (Root ZX, Novapex, and Justy II) in root canal length determinations using different apical file sizes, considering the apical constriction (AC) and the major foramen (MF) as anatomic references. The diameter of the apical foramina of 40 single-rooted teeth was determined by direct visual measurement and the master apical file was established. Electronic measurements were then performed using 3 instruments: the selected master apical file (adjusted file), one size smaller (intermediate file), and two sizes smaller (misfit file). The distances from the tip of files fixed in the canals to the MF and to the AC were measured digitally. Precision at AC and at MF for the misfit, intermediate and adjusted apical files was as follows: 80%/88%/83% and 78%/83%/95% (Root ZX); 80%/85%/80% and 68%/73%/73% (Novapex); and 78%/80%/78% and 65%/78%/70% (Justy II). Considering the mean discrepancies, statistically significant differences were found only for the adjusted file at MF, with Root ZX presenting the best results at MF. The chi-square test showed significant differences between the acceptable measurements at AC and at MF for the Justy II and Novapex (± 0.5 mm) regardless of file adjustment. Under the conditions of the present study, all devices provided acceptable electronic measurements regardless of file adjustment, except for Root ZX which had its performance improved significantly when the precisely fit apical file was used. Justy II and Novapex provided electronic measurements nearest to the AC.
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Working length determination in general dental practice: a randomised controlled trial. Br Dent J 2011; 211:595-8. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2011.1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Nelson-Filho P, Romualdo PC, Bonifácio KC, Leonardo MR, Silva RAB, Silva LAB. Accuracy of the iPex multi-frequency electronic apex locator in primary molars: an ex vivo study. Int Endod J 2010; 44:303-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01827.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cianconi L, Angotti V, Felici R, Conte G, Mancini M. Accuracy of Three Electronic Apex Locators Compared with Digital Radiography: An Ex Vivo Study. J Endod 2010; 36:2003-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2010.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Aggarwal V, Singla M, Kabi D. An In Vitro Evaluation of Performance of Two Electronic Root Canal Length Measurement Devices during Retreatment of Different Obturating Materials. J Endod 2010; 36:1526-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2010.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 04/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Nelson-Filho P, Lucisano MP, Leonardo MR, Da Silva RAB, Da Silva LAB. Electronic working length determination in primary teeth by Propex and Digital Signal Processing. AUST ENDOD J 2010; 36:105-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4477.2009.00185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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de Vasconcelos BC, do Vale TM, de Menezes AST, Pinheiro-Junior EC, Vivacqua-Gomes N, Bernardes RA, Hungaro Duarte MA. An ex vivo comparison of root canal length determination by three electronic apex locators at positions short of the apical foramen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 110:e57-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Stoll R, Urban-Klein B, Roggendorf MJ, Jablonski-Momeni A, Strauch K, Frankenberger R. Effectiveness of four electronic apex locators to determine distance from the apical foramen. Int Endod J 2010; 43:808-17. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pascon EA, Marrelli M, Congi O, Ciancio R, Miceli F, Versiani MA. Anin vivocomparison of working length determination of two frequency-based electronic apex locators. Int Endod J 2009; 42:1026-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2009.01615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Occurrence of no-function of two electronic apex locators: an in vivo study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 108:e61-5. [PMID: 19875315 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This in vivo study was aimed at quantifying the electronic no-function rate of 2 electronic apex locators, ApexPointer and Novapex, and evaluating whether their operation is affected by the type of applied treatment, patient's age, and the type of tooth. STUDY DESIGN A total of 209 root canals were included in this study. For each canal, the electronic length was determined and verified by radiography. Whenever the electronic device failed to provide a value, it was recorded as an electronic no-function. Experimental data were statistically tested with chi-squared through Statview. RESULTS For both apex locators, the no-function rate remained around 15% and did not seem to be affected by the age of patients. A statistically significant relationship was found between no-function rate and retreatment (P < .05). The type of tooth had no influence on the no-function rate. CONCLUSIONS Under the conditions of this assessment in vivo, the 2 apex locators proved to give no value in about 15% of the cases. Further investigations are necessary to clear up the links between no-function and retreatment or age.
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Pascon EÁ, Marrelli M, Congi O, Ciancio R, Miceli F, Versiani MA. An ex vivo comparison of working length determination by 3 electronic apex locators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 108:e147-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Versiani MA, Santana BP, Caram CM, Pascon EÁ, de Souza CJA, Biffi JCG. Ex vivo comparison of the accuracy of Root ZX II in detecting apical constriction using different meter's reading. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 108:e41-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Revised: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Consistency of apex locator function: a clinical study. J Endod 2008; 35:179-81. [PMID: 19166768 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Revised: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The consistency of apex locators was determined by calculating the dysfunction frequency. Electronic working length (EWL) was determined in 507 patients requiring endodontic treatment. Different clinical parameters were recorded including tooth vitality, presence of obliteration, and metallic restoration. Two apex locators were used (Root ZX [Morita, Tokyo, Japan] and Raypex5 [VDW, Munich, Germany]). Apex locator performance was considered "consistent" when the scale bars were stable and moved only in correspondence to the movement of file in the root canal. A working length radiograph with files set to the EWL was performed. EWL were considered "acceptable" when the file tip was located 0 to 2 mm short of the radiographic apex. The function of apex locators was consistent in 85% of the patients (429/507 [99% confidence interval, 80-88]). The inconsistent measurements were strongly associated with partially or totally obliterated root canals (p < 0.0001). Radiographically, 97% of consistent measurements were "acceptable."
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Jakobson SJM, Westphalen VPD, da Silva Neto UX, Fariniuk LF, Picoli F, Carneiro E. The Accuracy in the Control of the Apical Extent of Rotary Canal Instrumentation Using Root ZX II and ProTaper Instruments: An In Vivo Study. J Endod 2008; 34:1342-1345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Leonardo MR, Silva LAB, Nelson-Filho P, Silva RAB, Raffaini MSGG. Ex vivo evaluation of the accuracy of two electronic apex locators during root canal length determination in primary teeth. Int Endod J 2008; 41:317-21. [PMID: 18217990 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2007.01366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M R Leonardo
- Department of Pediatric, Preventive and Community Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Topuz Ö, Uzun Ö, Tinaz AC, Sadik B. Accuracy of the apex locating function of TCM Endo V in simulated conditions: a comparison study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 103:e73-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 09/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wrbas KT, Ziegler AA, Altenburger MJ, Schirrmeister JF. In vivo comparison of working length determination with two electronic apex locators. Int Endod J 2007; 40:133-8. [PMID: 17229119 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2006.01199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the accuracy of two electronic apex locators (EALs) in the same teeth in vivo. METHODOLOGY The working lengths in 20 teeth with a single canal were determined with two different EALs (Root ZX; J. Morita Corporation, Tokyo, Japan and Raypex 5 VDW, Munich, Germany) before extraction. When the first EAL was used the files were advanced until the display indicated the 'apical constriction'. The files were then fixed in removable and replaceable light curing composite patterns. The procedure was repeated in the same tooth with the second EAL and a different file. The teeth were then extracted and the apical 4 mm of the root canals were exposed. After that the apical parts with the repositioned files in the canals were digitally photographed under a light microscope. On the images the minor diameter and the major foramen of each sample were marked and the respective distances of the file tips from these positions were measured with a computer program. Subsequently the values of the two groups of EALs were compared using a paired sample t-test. RESULTS The minor foramen was located within the limits of +/-0.5 mm in 75% of the cases with the Root ZX and in 80% of the cases with Raypex 5. The paired sample t-test showed no significant difference between the EALs regarding determination of the minor foramen. CONCLUSION The use of EALs is a reliable method for determining working length. The differences between the two EALs were not statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Wrbas
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University School and Dental Hospital, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg i. Br., Germany.
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