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Pu Y, Wang M, Hong Y, Bai J. Prognostic factors associated with pulp status in patients with cracked teeth treated with occlusal veneer: A 6- through 24-month prospective clinical study. J Am Dent Assoc 2024:S0002-8177(24)00075-8. [PMID: 38530693 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors evaluated the prognostic factors associated with pulp status in patients with cracked teeth (CT) treated with occlusal veneer. METHODS An analysis of 80 CT (71 patients) with 1 or more crack lines (CLs) and normal pulp vitality or reversible pulpitis was performed. All patients received occlusal veneer and their demographic and clinical data were recorded. Pulp status and clinical features were recorded at 1 week and posttreatment at 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. RESULTS Maxillary first molars were commonly involved (30 [38%]). The number of CLs on the finish line ranged from 1 through 7 and most had 3 CLs (24 [30%]). The number of CLs through preparation on the finish line ranged from 0 through 4, and 2 CLs (42 [53%]) were the most prevalent. During follow-up, 5 of 80 CT progressed to pulp disease, resulting in a success rate of 93.8%. Results of the Cox model and Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that probing depth greater than 6 mm, widening periodontal ligament of apical area, more than 4 CLs on finish line, and more than 2 CLs through preparation on the finish line were risk factors associated with pulp status (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Occlusal veneer can protect CT without preventive root canal therapy. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The success rate and risk factors of pulp disease in CT restored with occlusal veneer are reported.
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Mungia R, Funkhouser E, Cochran DL, Cunha-Cruz J, Gordan VV, Rindal DB, Meyerowitz C, Allareddy V, Fellows JL, Gilbert GH. Recruitment strategies and retention rates for five National Dental PBRN studies. J Clin Transl Sci 2024; 8:e56. [PMID: 38617061 PMCID: PMC11010183 DOI: 10.1017/cts.2024.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background We describe a retrospective assessment of practitioner and patient recruitment strategies, patient retention strategies, and rates for five clinical studies conducted in the National Dental Practice-Based Research Network between 2012 and 2019, and practitioner and patient characteristics associated with retention. Methods Similar recruitment strategies were adopted in the studies. The characteristics of the practitioners and patients are described. The proportion of patients who either attended a follow-up (FU) assessment or completed an online assessment was calculated. For studies with multiple FU visits or questionnaire assessments, rates for completing each FU were calculated, as were the rates for completing any and for completing all FU assessments. The associations of practitioner and patient characteristics with all clinic FU visits, and with the completion of all assessments for a study were ascertained. Results Overall, 591 practitioners and 12,159 patients were included. FU rates by patients for any assessment varied from 91% to 96.5%, and rates for participating in all assessments ranged from 68% to 87%. The mean total number of patients each practitioner recruited was 21 (sd = 15); the mean number per study was 13 (sd = 7). For practitioners, practice type and patient enrollment were associated with greater clinic retention, while only race was associated with their patients completing post-visit online assessments. For patients, age was associated with clinic retention, while female gender, age, race, and education were all associated with greater completion of post-visit online assessments. Conclusion The Network efficiently recruited practitioners and patients and achieved high patient retention rates for the five studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahma Mungia
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, The
University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio,
TX, USA
| | - Ellen Funkhouser
- Division of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine,
University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham,
AL, USA
| | - David L. Cochran
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, The
University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio,
TX, USA
| | - Joana Cunha-Cruz
- Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, School of Dentistry,
University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham,
AL, USA
| | - Valeria V. Gordan
- Director of Practice-based Research and Associate Dean for Research,
University of Florida, College of Dentistry,
Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Donald B. Rindal
- Associate Dental Director for Research, HealthPartners Dental Group,
HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis,
MN, USA
| | - Cyril Meyerowitz
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester School of Medicine
and Dentistry, Rochester, NY,
USA
| | - Veerasathpurush Allareddy
- Brodie Craniofacial Endowed Chair, and Head of Department of Orthodontics,
University of Illinois Chicago College of Dentistry,
Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Gregg H. Gilbert
- Department of Clinical & Community Sciences, Distinguished Professor
and the James R. Rosen Chair of Dental Research Chair, School of Dentistry,
University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham,
AL, USA
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Zhang S, Xu Y, Ma Y, Zhao W, Jin X, Fu B. The treatment outcomes of cracked teeth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent 2024; 142:104843. [PMID: 38272437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.104843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this review was to analyze the clinical treatment outcomes of cracked teeth (CT) retaining vital dental pulp (CT-VDP) or undergoing root canal treatment (CT-RCT). SOURCES A systematic search was conducted in Medline, Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases. STUDY SELECTION Studies evaluating tooth survival rate (TSR), pulp survival rate (PSR), and success rate (SR) with at least a one-year follow-up were included. The risk of bias was evaluated with the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. DATA Twenty-seven studies underwent qualitative analysis, 26 of which were included in the meta-analysis. SR of monitoring without restorative treatments was 80 % at three years. TSR of CT-VDP was 92.8-97.8 % at 1‒6 years, PSR of CT-VDP was 85.6‒90.4 % at 1‒3 years, and SR of CT-VDP was 80.6‒89.9 % at 1‒3 years; TSR of CT-RCT was 90.5‒91.1 % at 1‒2 years, and SR of CT-RCT was 83.0‒91.2 % at 1‒4 years. Direct restorations without cuspal coverage for CT-VDP increased the risk ratio (RR) of pulpal complications (RR=3.2, 95 % CI: 1.51-6.82, p = 0.002) and tooth extraction (RR=8.1, 95 % CI: 1.05-62.5, p = 0.045) compared with full-crown restorations. The CT-RCT without full-crown restorations had an 11.3-fold higher risk of tooth extraction than the CT-RCT with full-crown restorations (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Monitoring without restorative treatments might be an option for the CT without any symptoms. Direct restorations without cuspal coverage for the CT-VDP could significantly increase the RR of pulpal complications and tooth extraction compared with full-crown restorations. Full-crown restorations are strongly recommended for the CT-RCT. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Monitoring without restorative treatments could be a viable option for the CT without any symptoms. Full-crown restorations are strongly recommended for the CT with any symptoms and the CT-RCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Zhang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingcai Xu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuhan Ma
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weijia Zhao
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoting Jin
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Baiping Fu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Mathew VB, Shamsuddin S, Langaliya A, Rathod PT, Gupta B, Ronsivalle V, Cicciù M, Minervini G. Survivability of endodontically treated cracked tooth: A systematic review. Technol Health Care 2024:THC231993. [PMID: 38517822 DOI: 10.3233/thc-231993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Literature evidence describes various treatment protocols that have been employed for the effectiveness in improving survival and addressing associated symptoms of cracked teeth. OBJECTIVE This systematic review investigates the survivability of endodontically treated cracked teeth and associated assessments, focusing on various treatment protocols. METHODS The PRISMA guidelines were utilised for guiding the article selection framework of this review. A comprehensive search of relevant literature was conducted in May 2023 across various databases, and studies meeting the inclusion criteria were selected. Data extraction, guided by a standardized form, captured crucial details, including study characteristics, treatment protocols, and treatment outcomes, enhancing the consistency and accuracy of information collection. Data extraction and synthesis was done by two reviewers independently. The Newcastle Ottawa tool was used to measure the methodological quality of the study. Six observational studies were eventually included. RESULTS Mandibular molars are particularly prone to developing cracks, with research indicating a heightened susceptibility to this dental issue. Studies reveal that endodontically treated cracked teeth boast robust overall survival rates ranging from 75.8% to 100%. The risk of bias assessment, utilizing the Newcastle Ottawa scale, indicated a moderate risk across studies, highlighting the necessity for careful interpretation of findings. CONCLUSION Endodontically treated cracked teeth show marked success in survival, with the incorporation of crowns post-endodontic treatment significantly enhancing longevity and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Babu Mathew
- Department of Restorative Dentistry College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Akshayraj Langaliya
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, AMC Dental College and Hospital, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Priyanka Tikaram Rathod
- Department of Prosthodontics Crown and Bridge and Implantology, SMBT Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Nashik, India
| | - Bharti Gupta
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vincenzo Ronsivalle
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Catania University, Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Cicciù
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Catania University, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Minervini
- Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Odontostomatological Specialties, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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Xie Z, Lu Q, Guo J, Lin W, Ge G, Tang Y, Pasini D, Wang W. Semantic segmentation for tooth cracks using improved DeepLabv3+ model. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25892. [PMID: 38380020 PMCID: PMC10877285 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Accurate and prompt detection of cracked teeth plays a critical role for human oral health. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the performance of a tooth crack segmentation model (namely, FDB-DeepLabv3+) on optical microscopic images. Method The FDB-DeepLabv3+ model proposed here improves feature learning by replacing the backbone with ResNet50. Feature pyramid network (FPN) is introduced to fuse muti-level features. Densely linked atrous spatial pyramid pooling (Dense ASPP) is applied to achieve denser pixel sampling and wider receptive field. Bottleneck attention module (BAM) is embedded to enhance local feature extraction. Results Through testing on a self-made hidden cracked tooth dataset, the proposed method outperforms four classical networks (FCN, U-Net, SegNet, DeepLabv3+) on segmentation results in terms of mean pixel accuracy (MPA) and mean intersection over union (MIoU). The network achieves an increase of 11.41% in MPA and 12.14% in MIoU compared to DeepLabv3+. Ablation experiments shows that all the modifications are beneficial. Conclusion An improved network is designed for segmenting tooth surface cracks with good overall performance and robustness, which may hold significant potential in computer-aided diagnosis of cracked teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewen Xie
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- School of Physics and Material Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qilin Lu
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Juncheng Guo
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Weiren Lin
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guanghua Ge
- Department of Dentistry, Hospital of Guangdong University of Technology, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yadong Tang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Damiano Pasini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Wenlong Wang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
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Ni J, Xu L, Lin Y, Lai D, Huang X. Effects on different full-coverage designs and materials of crack propagation in first mandibular molar: an extended finite element method study. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1222060. [PMID: 37650043 PMCID: PMC10464904 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1222060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study aims to investigate the biomechanical properties of fracture resistance in cracked teeth using five different full-coverage restorations made of three different materials. Materials and Methods: A 3D model of a mandibular first molar was created to design five different full-coverage repair models: crown, crown with composite resin filling inside, occlusal veneer, occlusal veneer with composite resin filling inside and onlay. These repair models were fabricated using three different materials, namely, zirconia, lithium disilicate (LDS), and a hybrid polymer-infiltrated ceramic network material (PIC). In total, 15 repair models were tested using the extended finite element method (XFEM), with an occlusal load of 5000 N applied slowly to the occlusal surface of the restoration. The analysis of stress distribution in the restoration and dentin crack line was conducted to measure and record the crack initial load on the restoration and dentin. Results: The results showed that restorations on the occlusal surface significantly improved crack resistance, with zirconia exhibiting superior fracture resistance among the materials tested. Restorations of crown with composite resin filling inside demonstrated the highest resistance to fracture, while occlusal veneers showed the lowest. MPS concentration was observed at the interface between the restoration and dentin and at the root bifurcation, with the highest values at the top of crack development. Dentin covered by oxidized restorations had the highest displacement, while PIC restorations exhibited the lowest. Pulp analysis revealed selective MPS concentration and strain patterns in models with zirconia restorations and onlay, with pronounced pulp displacement in zirconia restorations and onlay. Enamel analysis indicated larger MPS values and displacements in zirconia restoration models and onlay, with higher strain in onlay. Restoration played a crucial role in protecting the tooth, with crack propagation initial loads in dentin surpassing restorations in experimental groups. Conclusion: This study confirms that full-coverage restorations significantly increased the fracture resistance of cracked teeth, with zirconia restorations significantly protecting the underlying cracked tooth. Elimination of fracture lines in the restoration design can improve fracture resistance in cracked teeth. The findings have implications for dental prosthetic design and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiaohong Huang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Ferracane JL, Hilton TJ, Funkhouser E. Lessons learned from the Cracked Tooth Registry: A 3-year clinical study in the Nation's Network. J Am Dent Assoc 2023; 154:235-244. [PMID: 36690539 PMCID: PMC10686254 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2022.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This article reviews the most salient lessons learned from a large, multisite, 3-year observational study of posterior teeth with cracks conducted by The National Dental Practice-Based Research Network. TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEWED Eight articles published over a 6-year period (2017-2022) describing clinical characteristics of posterior teeth with cracks and their treatment and outcomes are reviewed and discussed to answer 3 common questions faced by oral health care clinicians: Which cracked teeth will get worse? When should practitioners intervene? What is the best treatment? RESULTS Although cracks in teeth are prevalent, few will fracture (3%) or show crack progression in 3 years (12%). Characteristics that guide the clinician to treatment include active caries, biting pain, and to a lesser degree, having a crack detectable with an explorer, connecting with a restoration, or blocking transilluminated light; the main treatment chosen is a complete crown. Of those teeth treated (36%), few (14%) will need retreatment but will still survive, despite having an internal crack as well. CONCLUSIONS AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Although cracked teeth often pose a dilemma to clinicians, clincians are generally good at deciding which teeth to treat and when and which to monitor.
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Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of quantitative light-induced fluorescence technology in diagnosing cracked teeth. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 41:103299. [PMID: 36693456 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This retrospective study evaluated the clinical efficacy of quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) technology for crack detection and the diagnosis of cracked teeth and assessed the possibility of a quantitative evaluation of cracks using QLF technology. METHODS Patients who were clinically diagnosed with cracked teeth over a 1-year period were included. The QLF images of the corresponding symptomatic cracked teeth and asymptomatic contralateral teeth with crack lines were taken with Qraypen C (AIOBIO, Seoul, Korea). Fluorescence loss (ΔF), maximum fluorescence loss (ΔFmax), red fluorescence (ΔR), and maximum red fluorescence (ΔRmax) of the crack line were analyzed. The correlation between these parameters and sex, age, tooth position (1st premolar, 2nd premolar, 1st molar, 2nd molar), spontaneous pain (+/-), percussion test (+/-), cold test (++/+/-), and bite test (+/-) were statistically analyzed. RESULTS A total of 66 patients were included. Twenty-four patients had asymptomatic contralateral teeth with apparent crack lines; thus, 90 teeth were analyzed. The crack lines in 84 teeth observed as red fluorescent lines on the QLF images showed ΔR values higher than the cut-off value set by the analysis program used. The patient's age and the ∣ΔF∣ and ΔR values were positively correlated. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the QLF parameters between the same patient's symptomatic tooth and the contralateral tooth. CONCLUSIONS QLF technology is a useful assistive diagnostic device for diagnosing cracked teeth.
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Diagnosis of cracked tooth: Clinical status and research progress. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2022; 58:357-364. [PMID: 36425316 PMCID: PMC9678967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cracked tooth is a common dental hard tissue disease.The involvement of cracks directly affects the selection of treatment and restoration of the affected teeth.It is helpful to choose more appropriate treatment options and evaluate the prognosis of the affected tooth accurately to determine the actual involvement of the crack.However, it is often difficult to accurately and quantitatively assess the scope of cracks at present.So it is necessary to find a real method of early quantitative and non-destructive crack detection.This article reviews the current clinical detection methods and research progress of cracked tooth in order to provide a reference for finding a clinical detection method for cracked tooth.
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Automatic Detection of Cracks in Cracked Tooth Based on Binary Classification Convolutional Neural Networks. Appl Bionics Biomech 2022; 2022:9333406. [PMID: 36245930 PMCID: PMC9553657 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9333406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cracked tooth syndrome is a commonly encountered disease in dentistry, which is often accompanied by dramatic painful responses from occlusion and temperature stimulation. Current clinical diagnostic trials include traditional methods (such as occlusion test, probing, cold stimulation, etc.) and X-rays based medical imaging (periapical radiography (PR), cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), etc.). However, these methods are strongly dependent on the experience of the clinicians, and some inconspicuous cracks are also extremely easy to be overlooked by visual observation, which will definitely affect the subsequent treatments. Inspired by the achievements of applying deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in crack detection in engineering, this article proposes an image-based crack detection method using a deep CNN classifier in combination with a sliding window algorithm. A CNN model is designed by modifying the size of the input layer and adding a fully connected layer with 2 units based on the ResNet50, and then, the proposed CNN is trained and validated with a self-prepared cracked tooth dataset including 20,000 images. By comparing validation accuracy under seven different learning rates, 10−5 is chosen as the best learning rate for the following testing process. The trained CNN is tested on 100 images with 1920 × 1080-pixel resolutions, which achieves an average accuracy of 90.39%. The results show that the proposed method can effectively detect cracks in images under various conditions (stained, overexplosion, images affected by other diseases). The proposed method in this article provides doctors with a more intelligent diagnostic solution, and it is not only suitable for optical photographs but also for automated diagnosis of other medical imaging images.
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Sahu P, Vicory J, McCormick M, Khan A, Geha H, Paniagua B. Wavelet Guided 3D Deep Model to improve Dental Microfracture Detection. APPLICATIONS OF MEDICAL ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE : FIRST INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP, AMAI 2022, HELD IN CONJUNCTION WITH MICCAI 2022, SINGAPORE, SEPTEMBER 18, 2022, PROCEEDINGS. AMAI (WORKSHOP) (1ST : 2022 : SINGAPORE ; ONLINE) 2022; 13540:150-160. [PMID: 38623420 PMCID: PMC11017217 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-17721-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that microfractures (cracks) are the third most common cause of tooth loss in industrialized countries. An undetected crack will continue to progress, often with significant pain, until the tooth is lost. Previous attempts to utilize cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for detecting cracks in teeth had very limited success. We propose a model that detects cracked teeth in high resolution (hr) CBCT scans by combining signal enhancement with a deep CNNbased crack detection model. We perform experiments on a dataset of 45 ex-vivo human teeth with 31 cracked and 14 controls. We demonstrate that a model that combines classical wavelet-based features with a deep 3D CNN model can improve fractured tooth detection accuracy in both micro-Computed Tomography (ground truth) and hr-CBCT scans. The CNN model is trained to predict a probability map showing the most likely fractured regions. Based on this fracture probability map we detect the presence of fracture and are able to differentiate a fractured tooth from a control tooth. We compare these results to a 2D CNN-based approach and we show that our approach provides superior detection results. We also show that the proposed solution is able to outperform oral and maxillofacial radiologists in detecting fractures from the hr-CBCT scans. Early detection of cracks will lead to the design of more appropriate treatments and longer tooth retention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Asma Khan
- University of Texas in San Antonio, USA
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12
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Recent Advances in the Diagnosis of Enamel Cracks: A Narrative Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12082027. [PMID: 36010379 PMCID: PMC9407313 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12082027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cracked teeth can pose a diagnostic dilemma for a clinician as they can mimic several other conditions. The constant physiological stress along with any pathological strain like trauma or iatrogenic causes can lead to the development of microcracks in the teeth. Constant exposure to immense stress can cause the progression of these often-undiagnosed tooth cracks to cause tooth fractures. This review aims to outline the etiology of tooth cracks, their classification, and recent advances in the diagnosis of enamel cracks. Diagnosing a cracked tooth can be an arduous task as symptoms differ according to the location and extension of the incomplete fracture. Early detection is critical because restorative treatment can prevent fracture propagation, microleakage, pulpal or periodontal tissue involvement, and catastrophic cusp failure. Older methods of crack detection are not sensitive or specific. They include clinical examination, visual inspection, exploratory excavation, and percussion test. The dye test used blue or gentian violet stains to highlight fracture lines. Modern methods include transillumination, optical coherence tomography Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography (SSOCT), near-infrared imaging, ultrasonic system, infrared thermography, and near-infrared laser. These methods appear to be more efficacious than traditional clinical dental imaging techniques in detecting longitudinal tooth cracks. Clinically distinguishing between the various types of cracks can be difficult with patient-reported signs and symptoms varying according to the location and extension of the incomplete fracture. Cracks are more common in restored teeth. Technological advances such as transillumination allow for early detection and enhanced prognosis.
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Kakka A, Gavriil D, Whitworth J. Treatment of cracked teeth: A comprehensive narrative review. Clin Exp Dent Res 2022; 8:1218-1248. [PMID: 35809233 PMCID: PMC9562569 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The term “cracked tooth” is used to describe an incomplete fracture initiated from the crown and progressing towards a subgingival direction. Despite the high prevalence of cracked teeth and their frequent association with symptoms and pulpal or periapical pathoses, there is still no consensus in the literature with regard to their restorative and endodontic management. Therefore, the aim of this narrative review was to evaluate the most relevant research and provide an up‐to‐date comprehensive overview regarding the treatment of cracked teeth. Materials and Methods An electronic literature search was carried out in MEDLINE (via Ovid), Embase (via Ovid), Scopus, and Web of Science as well as several “Grey literature” sources up to February 22nd 2022 using a combination of pre‐specified ‘free‐text' terms (keywords) and “subject headings.” The search process was supplemented by handsearching in relevant dental journals and reference lists. This narrative review focused on clinical follow‐up studies (observational or interventional studies, case series/reports), laboratory studies and systematic reviews written in English language that reported data on treatment of permanent cracked teeth. The selection of relevant studies was carried out by two reviewers (AK and DG) working independently in two consecutive stages: title/abstract screening and full‐text retrieval. Any discrepancies in the study selection were resolved by discussion between the reviewers. Results In total, 64 articles were selected for inclusion in this narrative review. Conclusions Cracked teeth with normal pulp or reversible pulpitis have exhibited high pulp and tooth survival rates by the provision of direct or indirect composite restorations. Besides, recent data favour monitoring, especially in the absence of symptoms or compromised tooth structure. When endodontic intervention is required, current evidence suggests that along with appropriate restorative management, outcomes of cracked teeth may be comparable to those of non‐cracked root filled teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Kakka
- Dental School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
- Private Practice Athens Greece
| | - Dimitrios Gavriil
- MClinDent Restorative Dentistry Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
- Private Practice Korinthos Greece
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Guo J, Wu Y, Chen L, Long S, Chen D, Ouyang H, Zhang C, Tang Y, Wang W. A perspective on the diagnosis of cracked tooth: imaging modalities evolve to AI-based analysis. Biomed Eng Online 2022; 21:36. [PMID: 35706023 PMCID: PMC9202175 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-022-01008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous clinical trials and pre-clinical developments, the diagnosis of cracked tooth, especially in the early stages, remains a challenge. Cracked tooth syndrome is often accompanied by dramatic painful responses from occlusion and temperature stimulation, which has become one of the leading causes for tooth loss in adults. Current clinical diagnostical approaches for cracked tooth have been widely investigated based on X-rays, optical light, ultrasound wave, etc. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) development have unlocked the possibility of detecting the crack in a more intellectual and automotive way. This may lead to the possibility of further enhancement of the diagnostic accuracy for cracked tooth disease. In this review, various medical imaging technologies for diagnosing cracked tooth are overviewed. In particular, the imaging modality, effect and the advantages of each diagnostic technique are discussed. What's more, AI-based crack detection and classification methods, especially the convolutional neural network (CNN)-based algorithms, including image classification (AlexNet), object detection (YOLO, Faster-RCNN), semantic segmentation (U-Net, Segnet) are comprehensively reviewed. Finally, the future perspectives and challenges in the diagnosis of the cracked tooth are lighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncheng Guo
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuyan Wu
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lizhi Chen
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shangbin Long
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Daqi Chen
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Haibing Ouyang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chunliang Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yadong Tang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Funkhouser E, Ferracane JL, Hilton TJ, Gordan VV, Gilbert GH, Mungia R, Burton V, Meyerowitz C, Kopycka-Kedzierawski DT. Onset and resolution of pain among treated and untreated posterior teeth with a visible crack: Three-year findings from the national dental practice-based research network. J Dent 2022; 119:104078. [PMID: 35227834 PMCID: PMC8988449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cracked teeth may be associated with pain, especially biting pain, and to a lesser degree cold and spontaneous pain. Described are how commonly these pains remain constant, develop, or resolve over time, none of which have been well-described, especially among untreated cracked teeth. METHODS Cracked teeth from the Cracked Tooth Registry (CTR) study were followed for 3 years. Assessments of cold, biting, and spontaneous pain and treatments performed were completed at enrollment (Y0) and at each annual recall visit. RESULTS 209 practitioners enrolled 2,858 patients, each with a visible crack on a posterior tooth; 2601 (91%) patients attended at least one recall visit. Overall, 960 (37%) were treated, primarily with crowns. Among both treated and untreated cracked teeth with biting pain or spontaneous pain at Y0, the vast majority (92-99%) had their pain resolved by the time of a recall visit and 85-93% remained pain-free after initial resolution. The observations for cold pain were similar: 68% (untreated) and 78% (treated) became free of cold pain at some point during follow-up, and 84% of these stayed free of cold pain after initial resolution. Few teeth developed biting or spontaneous pain (4-8%) and 44-67% of these had pain resolution during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION In this study, treatment resolved a preponderance of pain associated with a cracked tooth. Pain was also resolved for most untreated cracked teeth, especially biting pain, and to a lesser degree spontaneous and cold pain, although not to the same degree as with the treated cracked teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Funkhouser
- School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, United States.
| | - Jack L Ferracane
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 S.W. Moody Ave. Portland, OR 97201-5042, United States
| | - Thomas J Hilton
- Alumni Centennial Professor in Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 S.W. Moody Ave. Portland, OR 97201-5042, United States
| | - Valeria V Gordan
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd. Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Gregg H Gilbert
- Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Rahma Mungia
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive; MC 8258, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Vanessa Burton
- HealthPartners, 5901 John Martin Dr. Brooklyn Center, MN 55430, United States
| | - Cyril Meyerowitz
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 686. Rochester, NY 14642, United States
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Zhou J, Fu J, Xiao M, Qiao F, Fu T, Lv Y, Wu F, Sun C, Li P, Wu L. New technique for detecting cracked teeth and evaluating the crack depth by contrast-enhanced cone beam computed tomography: an in vitro study. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:48. [PMID: 35236348 PMCID: PMC8892748 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02085-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cracked teeth may cause various clinical symptoms depending on the extension depth of the crack and the subsequent bacterial infections. However, techniques to reliably determine the extension depths of cracks in teeth before treatment are lacking. The aim of this study was to develop a new technique based on contrast-enhanced cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to improve the accuracy of crack depth evaluation in vitro. Methods We developed an in vitro artificial simulation model of cracked teeth. Pre-experimental CBCT (pre-CBCT), and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) were first performed for all cracked teeth (n = 31). Contrast-enhanced CBCT was then performed by infiltrating the crack with ioversol under vacuum conditions. The sensitivities of pre-CBCT and contrast-enhanced CBCT for the diagnosis of cracked teeth were calculated. According to the K-means clusters, crack depths measured by micro-CT were changed into categorical variables. Bland–Altman plot and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to analyze the consistency of the crack depths between the pre-CBCT and contrast-enhanced CBCT, as well as the ICC between the contrast-enhanced CBCT and micro-CT. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to assess the ability for predicting crack depth in the differential diagnosis using pre-CBCT and contrast-enhanced CBCT. Restricted cubic splines were also used to model the non-linear relationship between the crack depths of contrast-enhanced CBCT and micro-CT. Results The sensitivities of pre-CBCT and contrast-enhanced CBCT were 48.4%, and 67.7%, respectively. The ICC value of crack depth as measured by pre-CBCT and contrast-enhanced CBCT was 0.847 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.380–0.960; P < 0.001). The areas under ROC curves (AUC) of pre-CBCT and contrast-enhanced CBCT were different: the AUC of pre-CBCT was 0.958 (P = 0.000, 95% CI 0.843–1.074), and the AUC of contrast-enhanced CBCT was 0.979 (P = 0.000, 95% CI 0.921–1.037), and the difference was not statistically significant (Z = − 0.707, P = 0.480). The ICC value of crack depth as measured by contrast-enhanced CBCT and micro-CT was 0.753 (95% CI 0.248–0.911; P < 0.001). Conclusion Contrast-enhanced CBCT under vacuum conditions with a contrast medium can significantly improve the crack detection rate of cracked teeth; however, it cannot measure the crack depths accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Wuqing People Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jieni Fu
- Department of Endodontics, Hangzhou Stomatological Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mo Xiao
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, #12 Qi Xiang Tai Road, He Ping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Feng Qiao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tiantian Fu
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, #12 Qi Xiang Tai Road, He Ping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yangyang Lv
- Department of Endodontics, Wuxi Stomatology Hospital, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Department of Endodontics, Yantai Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Binzhou Medical College, Yantai, China
| | - Cuicui Sun
- Department of Endodontics, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Radiology, School of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ligeng Wu
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, #12 Qi Xiang Tai Road, He Ping District, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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Shahmoradi M, Wan B, Zhang Z, Swain M, Li Q. Mechanical failure of posterior teeth due to caries and occlusal wear- A modelling study. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 125:104942. [PMID: 34800891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present work is to explore the effect of occlusal wear and different types and degrees of caries on the mechanical performance and structural integrity of posterior teeth. METHODS Three-dimensional (3D) computational models with different combinations of caries parameters (caries location, caries size and caries induced pulp shrinkage) and occlusal wear factors (enamel thickness, marginal ridge height and cuspal slope) were developed and analyzed using the extended finite element method (XFEM) to identify the stress distribution, crack initiation load and ultimate fracture load values. The effect of a non-drilling conservative treatment using resin infiltration on the recovery of mechanical properties of carious molar teeth was also investigated. RESULTS Presence of fissural caries, worn proximal marginal ridge and decreased enamel thickness due to occlusal wear, imparted a significant negative effect on the crack initiation load value of the lower molar models. Accordingly, models with intact and strong proximal marginal ridge, generally exhibited higher crack initiation loading, regardless of caries size and location. Presence of fissure caries drastically decreased (55%-70%) the crack initiation load compared to sound teeth. The depth of the fissural lesion and the presence of proximal caries did not have a major effect on crack initiation load values. However, increasing the caries size resulted in lower final fracture load values in most of the cases. Accordingly, the groups with combined and connected large fissural and proximal lesions experienced the largest drop in the fracture load values compared to sound tooth models. The worst condition consisted of two connected large proximal and fissural caries with no proximal marginal ridge, in which the fracture load dramatically decreased to only 25% of that for sound teeth with intact marginal ridge. On the other hand, decreased cuspal slope due to occlusal wear and shrinkage of the pulp due to caries appeared to have a protective role and a direct relation with the fracture resistance of the tooth. Following the application of resin infiltration on the carious models, the crack initiation load and the fracture load could recover up to 75% and 90% of the values for the corresponding sound tooth models, respectively. SIGNIFICANCE Presence of fissural caries, if not treated (either with remineralization, resin infiltration or restoration), can be a major risk factor in the initiation of tooth fracture. When combined with decreased enamel thickness and loss of proximal marginal ridge due to mechanical or chemical wear, the weakening effect of the caries will be amplified specially in teeth with steep cuspal slopes. The application of a conservative treatment with resin infiltration can be an effective approach in prevention of further mechanical failure of demineralized enamel. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of early interventions in the management of caries for the prevention of future cuspal or tooth fracture especially in subjects with higher risk factors for tooth fracture such as caries, wear and bruxism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Shahmoradi
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Boyang Wan
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Zhongpu Zhang
- School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
| | - Michael Swain
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Qing Li
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Lee J, Kim S, Kim E, Kim KH, Kim ST, Jeong Choi Y. Survival and prognostic factors of managing cracked teeth with reversible pulpitis: A 1- to 4-year prospective cohort study. Int Endod J 2021; 54:1727-1737. [PMID: 34245604 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM This prospective clinical study evaluated the clinical performance of managing cracked teeth with reversible pulpitis through a combination of internal and external splinting and investigated factors that can affect pulp survival after splinting. METHODOLOGY Thirty-four teeth diagnosed with cracks and reversible pulpitis were enrolled and treated with bidirectional crack splinting: 1) immediate splinting with a stainless-steel band, 2) internal splinting with crack line removal and resin filling and 3) external splinting with a temporary crown followed by final crown placement. If the symptoms remained/recurred, root canal treatment was performed. Patients were followed up at 3, 6 and 12 months, then annually thereafter. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis to calculate the survival of the treated teeth and Cox univariate proportional hazards regression model to investigate prognostic factors were performed. RESULTS Twenty-nine (97%) teeth were followed up for up to 4 years. The pulp survival rate was 72% after banding and 91% after final crown cementation. No tooth was extracted (100% tooth survival rate). In the univariate Cox proportional hazard test, pain on percussion was the only statistically significant factor (hazard ratio = 11.77). Teeth with pain on percussion at the first visit had a pulp survival rate of 46% during the follow-up period. In comparison, their counterparts without pain had a 94% pulp survival rate. CONCLUSIONS Bidirectional splinting successfully managed cracked teeth with reversible pulpitis. Pain on percussion (mechanical allodynia) may be an important factor in deciding whether to attempt root canal treatment on symptomatic cracked teeth. A step-by-step approach with bidirectional crack splinting should be encouraged for a cracked tooth with a vital pulp without mechanical allodynia rather than pre-emptive root canal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghoon Lee
- Microscope Center, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Oral Science Research Center, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunil Kim
- Microscope Center, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Oral Science Research Center, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Euiseong Kim
- Microscope Center, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Oral Science Research Center, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Engineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Ho Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, The Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Orthodontics, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Taek Kim
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Jeong Choi
- Department of Orthodontics, The Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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Liao WC, Tsai YL, Chen KL, Blicher B, Chang SH, Yeung SY, Chang MC, Jeng JH. Cracked teeth: Distribution and survival at 6 months, 1 year and 2 years after treatment. J Formos Med Assoc 2021; 121:247-257. [PMID: 33858736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2021.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The unpredictable condition of cracked teeth warrants further investigation and clinical experiences. The purpose of this study was to collect and record data on demographics, clinical characteristics, different treatment modalities and survival of cracked teeth at 6-month, 1-year and 2-year recalls. METHODS 77 cracked teeth from 65 patients were included. Data on demographics, clinical parameters, treatment modalities and recall were collected. Binomial, multinomial and chi square tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Most cracked teeth occurred in patients greater than 40 years old (p < 0.01). Cracked teeth themselves were most often molars (79.22%; p < 0.01), a non-terminal tooth in the arch (62.34%; p < 0.05) and nonendodontically-treated teeth (94.81%; p < 0.01). Cracked teeth exhibited pain to percussion (63.64%, p < 0.05) or biting (74.03%; p < 0.01), and no or only positive mobility (76.62%; p < 0.01). Cracks were most often oriented in the mesiodistal direction (68.83%; p < 0.01). Higher survival rates were noted in cracked teeth lacking pre-operative pain to palpation or spontaneous pain, and with no or only positive mobility at 6-month and 1-year recalls. In vital cracked teeth, higher survival rates were noted in teeth lacking pre-operative pain to palpation and with no or only positive mobility at 2-year recalls. CONCLUSION The absence of pre-operative palpation discomfort, spontaneous pain and minimal mobility, as well as the presence of pulp vitality were associated with higher survival rates of cracked teeth at all recall times. Results are useful for diagnosis and outcomes-based treatment planning of cracked teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chuen Liao
- School of Dentistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Tsai
- School of Dentistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Liang Chen
- Department of Dentistry, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | - Shu-Hui Chang
- School of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Yuet Yeung
- Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chi Chang
- Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Jiiang-Huei Jeng
- School of Dentistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Hilton TJ, Funkhouser E, Ferracane JL, Gilbert GH, Gordan VV, Kopycka-Kedzierawski DT, Meyerowitz C, Mungia R, Burton V. Baseline characteristics as 3-year predictors of tooth fracture and crack progression: Findings from The National Dental Practice-Based Research Network. J Am Dent Assoc 2020; 152:146-156. [PMID: 33358237 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2020.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors of this practice-based study estimated the risk of experiencing tooth fractures and crack progression over 3 years and correlated baseline patient-, tooth-, and crack-level characteristics with these outcomes. METHODS Two-hundred-and-nine National Dental Practice-Based Research Network dentists enrolled a convenience sample of 2,601 participants with a cracked vital posterior tooth that had been examined for at least 1 recall visit over 3 years. Data were collected at the patient, tooth, and crack levels at baseline, annual follow-up visits, and any interim visits. Associations between these characteristics and the subsequent same-tooth fractures and crack progression were quantified. RESULTS Of the 2,601 teeth with a crack or cracks at baseline, 78 (3.0%; 95% confidence interval, 2.4% to 3.7%) subsequently developed a fracture. Of the 1,889 patients untreated before year 1, 232 (12.3%; 95% confidence interval, 10.9% to 13.8%) had some type of crack progression. Baseline tooth-level characteristics associated with tooth fracture were the tooth was maxillary and had a wear facet through enamel and a crack was detectable with an explorer, on the facial surface, and in a horizontal direction. Crack progression was associated with males and teeth with multiple cracks at baseline; teeth with a baseline facial crack were less likely to show crack progression. There was no commonality between characteristics associated with tooth fracture and those associated with crack progression. CONCLUSIONS Development of tooth fractures and crack progression over 3 years were rare occurrences. Specific characteristics were associated with the development of tooth fracture and crack progression, although none were common to both. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS This information can aid dentists in assessing factors that place posterior cracked teeth at risk of experiencing adverse outcomes.
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21
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Association between longitudinal tooth fractures and visual detection methods in diagnosis. J Dent 2020; 101:103466. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Hilton TJ, Funkhouser E, Ferracane JL, Gilbert GH, Gordan VV, Bennett S, Bone J, Richardson PA, Malmstrom H. Symptom changes and crack progression in untreated cracked teeth: One-year findings from the National Dental Practice-Based Research Network. J Dent 2019; 93:103269. [PMID: 31899264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2019.103269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study objective was to: (1) quantify symptom (pain) and crack changes during one year of follow-up, among teeth that had at least one visible crack at baseline but which did not receive treatment for those cracks; (2) identify any patient traits/behaviors and external tooth/crack characteristics correlated with these changes. METHODS In this observational study, 209 National Dental Practice-Based Research Network dentists enrolled a convenience sample of 2858 subjects, each with a single, vital posterior tooth with at least one observed external crack; 1850 teeth remained untreated after one year of follow-up and were the cohort for analyses. Data were collected at the patient-, tooth-, and crack-level at baseline, one-year follow up (Y1), and interim visits. Associations between changes in symptoms and cracks were identified, as were changes in symptoms associated with baseline treatment recommendations. RESULTS Changes in pain symptoms were observed in 32% of patients; decreases were twice as common as increases (23% vs. 10%). More changes were observed in cold pain than in biting pain and spontaneous pain combined; 2% had increases in biting pain and 2% in spontaneous pain. Only 6% had an increase in the number of cracks. Changes in pain symptoms were not associated with an increase in the number of cracks, but were associated with baseline treatment recommendations. Specifically, pain symptom changes (especially decreases) were more common when the tooth was recommended for treatment at baseline. CONCLUSIONS Cracked teeth that have not received treatment one year after baseline do not show meaningful progression as measured by increased symptoms or number of cracks during follow-up. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Untreated cracked teeth, most of which were recommended for monitoring at baseline and some of which were recommended for treatment but did not receive treatment, remained relatively stable for one year with little progression of cracks or symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Hilton
- School of Dentistry, Oregon Health &, Science University, 2730 S.W. Moody Ave, Portland, OR 97201-5042, United States.
| | - Ellen Funkhouser
- School of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, United States
| | - Jack L Ferracane
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 S.W. Moody Ave, Portland, OR 97201-5042, United States
| | - Gregg H Gilbert
- Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Valeria V Gordan
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Sandra Bennett
- Private Practice, 22400 SE Stark Street, Gresham, OR 97030, United States
| | - Jennifer Bone
- Private Practice, 710 Hill Country Drive, Suite 1, Kerrville, TX 78028, United States
| | - Peggy A Richardson
- Private Practice, 7060 Centennial Drive, Suite 103, Tinley Park, IL 60477, United States
| | - Hans Malmstrom
- Division of General Dentistry, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, 625 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14620, United States
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Hilton TJ, Funkhouser E, Ferracane JL, Schultz-Robins M, Gordan VV, Bramblett BJ, Snead RM, Manning W, Remakel JR. Recommended treatment of cracked teeth: Results from the National Dental Practice-Based Research Network. J Prosthet Dent 2019; 123:71-78. [PMID: 31202547 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Despite the high prevalence of posterior cracked teeth, questions remain regarding the best course of action for managing these teeth. PURPOSE The purpose of this clinical study was to identify and quantify the characteristics of visible cracks in posterior teeth and their association with treatment recommendations among patients in the National Dental Practice-Based Research Network. MATERIAL AND METHODS Network dentists enrolled patients with a single, vital posterior tooth with at least 1 observable external crack. Data were collected at the patient, tooth, and crack levels, including the presence and type of pain and treatment recommendations for subject teeth. Frequencies according to treatment recommendation were obtained, and odds ratios (ORs) comparing recommendations for the tooth to be restored versus monitored were calculated. Stepwise regressions were performed using generalized models to adjust for clustering; characteristics with P<.05 were retained. RESULTS A total of 209 dentists enrolled 2858 patients with a posterior tooth with at least 1 crack. Mean ±standard deviation patient age was 54 ±12 years; 1813 (63%) were female, 2394 (85%) were non-Hispanic white, 2213 (77%) had some dental insurance, and 2432 (86%) had some college education. Overall, 1297 (46%) teeth caused 1 or more of the following types of pain: 1055 sensitivity to cold, 459 biting, and 367 spontaneous. A total of 1040 teeth were recommended for 1 or more treatments: restoration (n=1018; 98%), endodontics (n=29; 3%), endodontic treatment and restoration (n=20; 2%), extraction (n=2; 0.2%), and noninvasive treatment, for example, occlusal device, desensitizing (n=11; 1%). The presence of caries (OR=67.3), biting pain (OR=7.3), and evidence of a crack on radiographs (OR=5.0) were associated with over 5-fold odds of recommending restoration. Spontaneous pain was associated with nearly 3-fold odds; pain to cold, having dental insurance, a crack that was detectable with an explorer or blocked transilluminated light, or connected with a restoration were each weakly associated with increased odds of recommending a restoration (OR<2.0). CONCLUSIONS Approximately one-third of cracked teeth were recommended for restoration. The presence of caries, biting pain, and evidence of a crack on a radiograph were strong predictors of recommending a restoration, although the evidence of a crack on a radiograph only accounted for a 3% absolute difference (4% recommended treatment versus 1% recommended monitoring).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Hilton
- Alumni Centennial Professor in Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore.
| | - Ellen Funkhouser
- Associate Professor, School of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham Ala
| | - Jack L Ferracane
- Chair, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore
| | - Michele Schultz-Robins
- Clinical Assistant Professor, Restorative Department, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ
| | - Valeria V Gordan
- Professor, Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
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Ferracane JL, Funkhouser E, Hilton TJ, Gordan VV, Graves CL, Giese KA, Shea W, Pihlstrom D, Gilbert GH. Observable characteristics coincident with internal cracks in teeth: Findings from The National Dental Practice-Based Research Network. J Am Dent Assoc 2018; 149:885-892.e6. [PMID: 30121122 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study determined if there are observable patient-, tooth- and crack-level characteristics markedly associated with whether a tooth with an external crack also has an internal crack. METHODS Two hundred nine dentists in The National Dental Practice-Based Research Network enrolled 2,858 adults with a vital permanent posterior tooth having at least 1 observed external crack. Presence and characteristics of internal cracks were recorded for 435 cracked teeth that were treated. Generalized estimating equations were used to identify significant (P < .05) independent odds ratios associated with the tooth having internal cracks. RESULTS Overall, 389 teeth (89%) had at least 1 internal crack, with 46% of these teeth having 2 or more internal cracks. Sixty-nine percent of treated cracked teeth were associated with 1 or more types of pain assessed before treatment; 53% were associated with cold testing, 37% with bite testing, and 26% with spontaneous pain. In the final model, biting pain, having an external crack that connected with a restoration, or an external crack that extended onto the root was each associated with more than a 2-fold increased odds of having an internal crack. CONCLUSIONS Essentially 9 of 10 teeth that had at least 1 external crack also had at least 1 internal crack. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The external cracks that a dental practitioner should be most concerned about, because they are most likely to be associated with internal cracks in the tooth, are those in which the patient experiences biting pain, is connected with a restoration of some type, or extends onto the root.
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