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Wang Y, Tang DWS. Soil chemical fumigation alters soil phosphorus cycling: effects and potential mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1289270. [PMID: 38855465 PMCID: PMC11157047 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1289270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Soil chemical fumigation is an effective and popular method to increase agricultural productivity. However, the broad-spectrum bioactivity of fumigants causes harm to soil beneficial microorganisms involved in the soil phosphorous cycle, such as soil phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs). We review the effects of soil chemical fumigation on soil phosphorus cycling, and the potential underlying mechanisms that ultimately lead to altered phosphorus availability for crops. These complex processes involve the highly diverse PSM community and a plethora of soil phosphorus forms. We discuss phosphatizing amendments aimed at counteracting the possible negative effects of fumigation on phosphorus availability, phosphorus use efficiency, and crop yields. We also emphasize distinguishing between the effects on soil phosphorus cycling caused by the chemical fumigants, and those caused by the fumigation process (e.g. plastic mulching). These are typically conflated in the literature; distinguishing them is critical for identifying appropriate amendments to remediate possible post-fumigation soil phosphorus deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Darrell W. S. Tang
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Zhang Y, Fang W, Yan D, Ji Y, Chen X, Guo A, Song Z, Li Y, Cao A, Wang Q. Comparison of drip-irrigated or injected allyl isothiocyanate against key soil-borne pathogens and weeds. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:3860-3870. [PMID: 37256601 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is a soil biofumigant used for controlling soil-borne pests that reduce the growth, quality, and yield of food crops. Its effectiveness against pathogens depends largely on its distribution in the soil, which is influenced mainly by the soil water content and application method. The distributions of AITC when injected with different moisture content or drip-irrigated into soils were compared. RESULTS AITC injected at 50 g m-2 only diffused 10 cm deep in soil column with 5, 10 or 15% soil moisture content. The gas AITC peak concentration was 0.64 μg cm-3 at 5% moisture content. Diffusion was reduced when moisture content increased to more than 15%. The results of adsorption kinetics and release indicated that AITC's limited distribution was due to its low vapor pressure. AITC applied by drip irrigation at 7.5 g m-2 diffused 15 cm laterally and 30 cm deep where it reached concentrations of 0.022 μg cm-3 and 0.035 μg g-1 , respectively. Some soil-borne pathogens, nematodes and weed seeds closed to the point of AITC release were effectively controlled under drip irrigation, but efficacy decreased with increased distance. AITC applied by drip irrigation at 7.5 g m-2 and covered with PE film for 5 days provided a satisfactory efficacy against soil-borne pathogens and weeds without any phytotoxicity. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that AITC applied by drip irrigation was more effective than injection, which will guide applicators on methods to optimize the application of AITC for efficient control of key pests and weeds. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wensheng Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongdong Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yutong Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Anmin Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoxin Song
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aocheng Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Tang X, Cao A, Zhang Y, Chen X, Guo A, Hao B, Xu J, Fang W, Yan D, Li Y, Cao H, Wang Q. Effects of soil factors on dimethyl disulfide desorption and the risk of phytotoxicity to newly-planted seedlings. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 262:115313. [PMID: 37556960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) is a relatively new soil fumigant used in agro-industrial crop production to control soil-borne pests that damage crops and reduce yield. The emissions of DMDS after fumigation reduce soil concentrations thus reducing the risk of phytotoxicity to newly planted crops. However, the factors affecting the desorption of DMDS from soil are unclear. In our study, the desorption characteristics of DMDS from soil were measured in response to continuous ventilation. The degradation of DMDS in soil was examined by thermal incubation. The phytotoxic response of newly-planted cucumber (Cucumis sativus) seedlings to DMDS residues was measured by a sand culture experiment. The results showed DMDS desorption and degradation rates fit a first-order model; that 92% of the DMDS desorption occurred in the first hour after fumigant application; and that residue concentrations in the soil at the end of the ventilation period were unlikely to be phytotoxic to newly-planted cucumber seedlings. By the third day of ventilation, the average desorption rate (ADR) of DMDS in Wenshan soil was 4.0 and 3.6 times, respectively, faster than that in Shunyi and Suihua soils and the ADR of DMDS in soil decreased by 40.0% when the soil moisture content increased from 3% to 12% (wt/wt). Moreover, within one hour of ventilation, the ADR of DMDS in soil decreased by 20.1% when the soil bulk density increased from 1.1 to 1.3 g cm-3. The degradation of DMDS in soil, however, was mostly influenced by soil type and moisture content. A slow degradation rate resulted in a high initial desorption concentration of DMDS in soil. Our results indicated that DMDS desorption from soil in response to continuous ventilation was affected by the soil type, moisture content and bulk density. Rapid degradation of DMDS in soil will lower the risk of phytotoxic residues remaining in the soil and reduce emissions during the waiting period. Acceleration of emissions early in the waiting period by managing soil moisture content or increasing soil porosity may shorten the duration of emissions. Alternatively, soil extraction technology could be developed to recover and reduce fumigant emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujun Tang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Aocheng Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Anmin Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Baoqiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Beijing Agricultural Technology Extension, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wensheng Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dongdong Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haiqun Cao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Key Laboratory of Agri-products Quality and Biosafety (Anhui Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Qiuxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Green and recyclable graphitic carbon nitride/chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol photocatalytic films with efficient antibacterial activity for fruit packaging. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 236:123974. [PMID: 36898454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan (CS) is an excellent raw material for the preparation of food packaging films due to its good film-forming properties, non-toxicity, and biodegradability. However, pure chitosan films have drawbacks such as weak mechanical properties and limited antimicrobial activity. In this work, novel food packaging films containing chitosan, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and porous graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) were successfully prepared. The PVA served to improve the mechanical properties of the chitosan-based films, whilst the porous g-C3N4 acted as a photocatalytically-active antibacterial agent. The tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EAB) of the g-C3N4/CS/PVA films both increased by ~4 times compared to the pristine CS/PVA films at the optimum g-C3N4 loading of ~10 wt%. The addition of g-C3N4 increase the water contact angle (WCA) of the films from 38° to 50°, whilst decreasing the water vapor permeability (WVP) from 160 × 10-12 to 135 × 10-12 g∙Pa-1 s-1 m-1. The shelf life of strawberries covered with g-C3N4/CS/PVA films at room temperature could be extended up to 96 h, compared to 48 h and 72 h for strawberries covered with polyethylene (PE) films or CS/PVA films, respectively. The g-C3N4/CS/PVA films offered good antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Further, the composite films could be easily recycled with the regenerated films offering almost identical mechanical properties and activities as the original films. The prepared g-C3N4/CS/PVA films thus offer promise for low-cost antimicrobial packaging applications.
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Wang Q, Gao S, Wang D, Cao A. Biochar significantly reduced fumigant emissions and benefited germination and plant growth under field conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 303:119113. [PMID: 35271955 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soil fumigation continues to play an important role in soil disinfection, but tools to significantly reduce emissions while providing environmental benefits (e.g., biochar) are lacking. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of biochar products on fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and chloropicrin (CP) emissions, their distribution and persistence in soil, nematode control, and potential toxicity to plants in a field trial. Treatments included three biochar products [two derived from almond shells (ASB) at either 550 or 900 °C pyrolysis temperature and one from coconut shells (CSB) at 550 °C] at 30 and 60 t ha-1, a surface covering with a low permeability film (TIF), and no surface covering (control). A mixture of 1,3-D (∼65%) and CP (∼35%) was injected to ∼60 cm soil depth at a combined rate of 640 kg ha-1. All biochar treatments significantly reduced emissions by 38-100% compared to the control. The ASB (900 °C) at both rates reduced emissions as effectively as the TIF (by 99-100%). Both fumigant emission reduction and residue in surface soil were positively correlated with biochar's adsorption capacity while cucumber germination rate and dry biomass were negatively correlated with residual fumigant concentrations in surface soil. This research demonstrated the potential and benefits of using biochar produced from local orchard feedstocks to control fumigant emissions. Additional research is needed to maximize the benefits of biochar on fumigant emission reductions without impacting plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxia Wang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing, China; USDA-ARS, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, USA.
| | - Suduan Gao
- USDA-ARS, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, USA
| | - Dong Wang
- USDA-ARS, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, USA
| | - Aocheng Cao
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing, China
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Wang X, Zhang Y, Cao A, Xu J, Fang W, Yan D, Li Y, Wang Q. Effects of soil type, moisture content and organic amendment rate on dimethyl disulfide distribution and persistency in soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117198. [PMID: 33957516 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the distribution and persistence of the fumigant dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) under different soil conditions would contribute to a more environmentally sustainable use of this gas. We determined the effects of soil type, soil moisture content and soil organic amendment rate on DMDS distribution and persistency using soil columns in the laboratory. The peak concentrations of DMDS at 60 cm soil depth in sandy loam soil, black soil and red loam soil were 1.9 μg cm-3, 0.77 μg cm-3, 0.22 μg cm-3, respectively. The total soil residues of DMDS in sandy loam soil, black soil and red loam soil were 0.4, 1.3 and 1.3%, respectively. The peak concentrations of DMDS at 60 cm soil depth and the total soil residues of DMDS applied decreased from 3.2 μg cm-3 to 0.9 μg cm-3 and 3.3 to 0.5% when soil moisture content increased from 6 to 18%, respectively. Incremental increases (0-5%) in organic amendment rates decreased DMDS distribution through the soils and increased soil residues. Wait periods were required of 7, 21 and 21 days after polyethylene (PE) film was removed to reduce residues sufficiently for cucumber seed germination in sandy loam soil, black soil and red loam soil with 12% moisture content and 0% organic amendment rate, respectively. However, no wait period was required for successful cucumber seed germination in sandy loam soils (Beijing) with 6, 12 or 18% moisture content or organic amendment rates of 1 or 5%, respectively, but in commercial practice 7 days delay would be prudent. Our results indicated that soil type, soil moisture content and organic amendment rates significantly affected DMDS distribution, persistency and residues in soil. Those factors should be taken into consideration by farmers when determining the appropriate dose of DMDS that will control soil pests and diseases in commercially-produced crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianli Wang
- Institute for Agri-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Aocheng Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Beijing Agricultural Technology Extension Station, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wensheng Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dongdong Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qiuxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Hao B, Ren L, Huang B, Tang X, Cheng H, Yan D, Li Y, Cao A, Ouyang C, Wang Q. 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin encapsulates dimethyl disulfide producing a controlled release formulation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145293. [PMID: 33940723 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), a soil fumigant, is an effective, broad-spectrum compound that often replaces bromomethane (MB) in the prevention and treatment of soil-borne diseases. However, the disadvantages of DMDS include toxicity, volatility, pungent odor, risk of human exposure, and environmental pollution. Cyclodextrin (CD) has been widely used as a carrier of chemicals in many industries due to its functional advantages and safety. In this study, a DMDS-controlled release formulation was developed by encapsulating DMDS in the cavity of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD). This formulation reduced DMDS usage and production costs. Orthogonal experimental design, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Thermal gravity analysis (TGA) characterization, efficacy comparison, safety, and other aspects of the evaluation showed that under the best preparation conditions, the encapsulation rate was 81.49%. The efficacy of DMDS@HP-β-CD was similar to unformulated DMDS. The efficacy duration of the formulation was about two times longer than DMDS, and it was safer to use. This study reveals a cyclodextrin-DMDS formulation with reduced toxicity, longer duration, environmental safety and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqiang Hao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lirui Ren
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiujun Tang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongyan Cheng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dongdong Yan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Aocheng Cao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Canbin Ouyang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Qiuxia Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Yan L, Guo X, Rao P, Huang L, Sun M, Li L, Shen G. 1,3-Dichloropropene and chloropicrin emission reduction using a flexible CuInS 2/ZnS:Al-TiO 2 photocatalytic film. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:6980-6989. [PMID: 33025439 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11039-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Soil fumigation using 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and chloropicrin (CP) is an important strategy for agriculture production; however, excessive emissions can cause air pollution and possible human exposure. In this study, solar light-driven CuInS2/ZnS:Al-TiO2 photocatalytic film was prepared through spin-coating on the flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate of 0.1 mm. Using the photocatalytic film, degradation of 1,3-D was inhibited in the Pci-clor 60 formulation of 1,3-D and CP. However, the degradation of CP was accelerated in this formulation, and the half-life was shortened from 0.66 to 0.40 h. Emissions of 1,3-D from soil to the air were reduced by 97.30%, 97.17%, 47.10%, and 7.88%, for treatments of D + Film, D + C + Film, D + PET, and D, respectively. The efficiencies for reducing 1,3-D emission were significantly improved by about 1.1 and 11.3 times using the film, compared with using the PET alone and no film, respectively. Furthermore, fumigation effects on nematodes could still achieve higher than 90%. The findings provided a basis for the practical application of quantum dot films to reduce soil fumigants emissions by photocatalytic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Xin Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Pinhua Rao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Lu Huang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Mingxing Sun
- Technical Center for Industrial Product and Raw Material Testing of Shanghai Customs, 1208 Minsheng Road, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Liang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Guoqing Shen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
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