Acid mine drainage and sewage impacted groundwater treatment by membrane distillation: Organic micropollutant and metal removal and membrane fouling

Environmental impacts of coal mining and mitigation measures: a review

This study aims to elucidate the hazards associated with the coal mining sector and its repercussions on various environmental components. Research publications from academic databases, such as Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect, served as the basis for this review. Though economically feasible, coal extraction devastates the landscape, biodiversity, and natural habitats. Acidic trailing, excavation of the overburden rock, and associated biogeochemical alterations (like acid mine drainage) alter the landscape of the area concerned and pollute air, water, and soil. Heavy metal pollution can be mitigated with the use of remediation techniques such as biological (biosorption and bioaugmentation), chemical (using alkaline waste and chemical neutralization), and physical barriers (use of limestone filters and constructed wetlands). Despite global efforts and numerous techno-legal measures to address this issue, completely replacing coal with alternative energy sources remains a significant challenge that must be addressed.

Environmental pollution evaluation and spatiotemporal distribution of different forms of phosphorus in a phosphate mining area in Western Hubei, China

Taking the typical phosphate mining area in Western Hubei as the research object, groundwater, surface water, soil and sediment in phosphate mining area were investigated and evaluated comprehensively to clarify the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of different forms of phosphorus in phosphate mining area and reveal the migration and transformation of phosphorus. Results showed that whether in the dry season or the wet season, total phosphorus levels in groundwater (dry season from November to December 2021, 0.42 mg/L; wet season from August to September 2022, 0.24 mg/L) exceeded the standard index. The total phosphorus was related to seasonal changes and the distribution of phosphate rock. Particulate phosphorus was the main component of total phosphorus in surface water, and sediment phosphorus was one of the sources of phosphorus in surface water. The total phosphorus in surface water was strongly correlated with particulate phosphorus, and the correlation coefficient was 0.984. The main sources of phosphorus in surface water were exogenous input. The sediment had a certain contribution to the phosphorus in the water, but it was not the main factor. The correlation coefficients between sediment total phosphorus and water total phosphorus and particulate phosphorus were 0.349 and 0.346, respectively. The soil total phosphorus content was closely related to phosphate mining activities. The migration and transformation of phosphorus sources were mainly through soil leaching, scouring and mine drainage into surface water, and there may be migration of surface water to groundwater in monitoring wells. The correlation between total phosphorus in soil and groundwater was poor. The high content of total phosphorus in surface soil was not the main source of total phosphorus in groundwater. Rainwater scours the surface soil of the ore yard and the mine entrance, resulting in the loss of soil total phosphorus to the river, and the phosphorus in the soil may indirectly enter the groundwater.

Elucidating biofouling development and succession in membrane distillation using treated effluent

Biofouling in membrane distillation (MD) has several repercussions, including reduced efficiency of the MD process and limiting membrane life. Additionally, the evaluation of MD biofouling using treated effluents from wastewater treatment plants remains an unexplored area. Thus, biofouling formation and development in a long term MD process (15 days) using treated effluent from a wastewater treatment plant was explored in this study. The results revealed that flux decline occurred in four phases: i) initial decline (0-1 d), ii) gradual decline (1-5 d), iii) progressive decline (5-10 d), and iv) rapid decline (10-15 d). Liquid Chromatography-Organic Carbon Detection (LC-OCD) analysis demonstrated that the treated effluent contained humic-like substances, which deposited on the membrane surface in phase 1. Whereas biopolymers development on the membrane surface in phase 2 and 3 was linked to biofouling. Microbial community analysis revealed that the initial colonisers were predominantly thermophilic bacteria, which were different from the microbial community of the treated effluent. The biofilm-forming bacteria included Schlegelella, Meiothermus, and Vulcaniibacterium. These microorganisms proliferate and release excessive extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), leading to the development of mature biofilm on membrane surface. This helped in the deposition of organics and inorganics from the bulk feed, which led to microbial community succession in phase 4 with the emergence of the Kallotenue genus. The results suggested that organic substances and microbial communities on membrane surface at different stages in a long-term MD process had a significant influence on MD performance for high-quality wastewater reuse.

Advances in MXene-based technologies for the remediation of toxic phenols: A comprehensive review

The pressing global issue of organic pollutants, particularly phenolic compounds derived primarily from industrial wastes, poses a significant threat to the environment. Although progress has been made in the development of low-cost materials for phenolic compound removal, their effectiveness remains limited. Thus, there is an urgent need for novel technologies to comprehensively address this issue. In this context, MXenes, known for their exceptional physicochemical properties, have emerged as highly promising candidates for the remediation of phenolic pollutants. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and critical evaluation of MXene-based technologies for the removal of phenolic pollutants, focusing on the following key aspects: (1) The classification and categorization of phenolic pollutants, highlighting their adverse environmental impacts, and emphasizing the crucial need for their removal. (2) An in-depth discussion on the synthesis methods and properties of MXene-based composites, emphasizing their suitability for environmental remediation. (3) A detailed analysis of MXene-based adsorption, catalysis, photocatalysis, and hybrid processes, showcasing current advancements in MXene modification and functionalization to enhance removal efficiency. (4) A thorough examination of the removal mechanisms and stability of MXene-based technologies, elucidating their operating conditions and stability in pollutant removal scenarios. (5) Finally, this review concludes by outlining future challenges and opportunities for MXene-based technologies in water treatment, facilitating their potential applications. This comprehensive review provides valuable insights and innovative ideas for the development of versatile MXene-based technologies tailored to combat water pollution effectively.

An in-depth analysis of membrane distillation research (1990-2023): Exploring trends and future directions through bibliometric approach

This bibliometric analysis offers a comprehensive investigation into membrane distillation (MD) research from 1990 to 2023. Covering 4389 publications, the analysis sheds light on the evolution, trends, and future directions of the field. It delves into authorship patterns, publication trends, prominent journals, and global contributions to reveal collaborative networks, research hotspots, and emerging themes within MD research. The findings demonstrate extensive global participation, with esteemed journals such as Desalination and the Journal of Membrane Science serving as key platforms for disseminating cutting-edge research. The analysis further identifies crucial themes and concepts driving MD research, ranging from membrane properties to strategies for mitigating membrane fouling. Co-occurrence analysis further highlights the interconnectedness of research themes, showcasing advancements in materials, sustainable heating strategies, contaminant treatment, and resource management. Overlay co-occurrence analysis provides temporal perspective on emerging research trends, delineating six key topics that will likely shape the future of MD. These include innovations in materials and surface engineering, sustainable heating strategies, emerging contaminants treatment, sustainable water management, data-driven approaches, and sustainability assessments. Finally, the study serves as a roadmap for researchers and engineers navigating the dynamic landscape of MD research, offering insights into current trends and future trajectories, ultimately aiming to propel MD technology towards enhanced performance, sustainability, and global relevance.

A review of passive acid mine drainage treatment by PRB and LPB: From design, testing, to construction

An extensive volume of acid mine drainage (AMD) generated throughout the mining process has been widely regarded as one of the most catastrophic environmental problems. Surface water and groundwater impacted by pollution exhibit extreme low pH values and elevated sulfate and metal/metalloid concentrations, posing a serious threat to the production efficiency of enterprises, domestic water safety, and the ecological health of the basin. Over the recent years, a plethora of techniques has been developed to address the issue of AMD, encompassing nanofiltration membranes, lime neutralization, and carrier-microencapsulation. Nonetheless, these approaches often come with substantial financial implications and exhibit restricted long-term sustainability. Among the array of choices, the permeable reactive barrier (PRB) system emerges as a noteworthy passive remediation method for AMD. Distinguished by its modest construction expenses and enduring stability, this approach proves particularly well-suited for addressing the environmental challenges posed by abandoned mines. This study undertook a comprehensive evaluation of the PRB systems utilized in the remediation of AMD. Furthermore, it introduced the concept of low permeability barrier, derived from the realm of site-contaminated groundwater management. The strategies pertaining to the selection of materials, the physicochemical aspects influencing long-term efficacy, the intricacies of design and construction, as well as the challenges and prospects inherent in barrier technology, are elaborated upon in this discourse.

Advanced oxidation process/coagulation coupled with membrane distillation (AOP/Coag-MD) for efficient ammonia recovery: Elucidating biofouling control performance and mechanism

The inadequate understanding of the biofouling formation mechanism and the absence of effective control have inhibited the commercial application of membrane distillation (MD). In this study, an advanced oxidation process (AOP)/coagulation-coupled (Coag) membrane distillation system was proposed and exhibited the potential for MD ammonia recovery (recovery rate: 94.1%). Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and soluble microbial products (SMP) components such as humic acid and tryptophan-like proteins were disrupted and degraded in the digestate. The curtailment and sterilizing efficiency of AOP on biofilm growth was also verified by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in situ real-time monitoring and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) was activated to generate sulfate (SO4•-) and hydroxyl radicals (HO•), which altered the microbial community. After oxidative treatment, 16 S rRNA sequencing indicated that the dominant phylum of the microbial community evolved into Firmicutes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis demonstrated that free radicals produced by PMS could disrupt cells' signaling molecules and interactions. In conjunction with these analyses, the mechanisms of response to free radical attack by Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and fungi were revealed. This research provided new insights into the field of membrane fouling control for membrane technology resource recovery processes, broadening the impact of AOP applications on microbiological response and fate in the environment.

Enhanced landfill leachate treatment performance by adsorption-assisted membrane distillation

Membrane fouling and high-strength membrane concentrate production are two limitations of membrane distillation (MD) for landfill leachate treatment. In this study, activated carbon- and biochar-based adsorption processes were integrated into a conventional MD system to overcome these limitations. The organic matter fractionations of the leachate were thoroughly investigated during the treatment. Membrane-reversible and irreversible foulants differed remarkably from the inlet leachate in the non-assisted MD system. Specifically, reversible foulants were characterized by a high abundance of humic-like fluorescent components, high-molecular-weight humic-size constituents, peptides, and unsaturated compounds. In contrast, irreversible foulants were enriched with fulvic-like fluorescent components, low-molecular-weight neutrals, unsaturated compounds, and polyphenols. The adsorption-based pre-treatment effectively removed foulant precursors from landfill leachate, with a relatively higher (20%) adsorption performance for specific biochar used in this study than for activated carbon. Compared with the non-assisted MD system, the biochar-assisted MD system showed improved performance, achieving 40% overall membrane flux recovery, 42% higher filtration fluxes, and 53% lower concentrate production. In addition, a 15% higher removal of irreversible foulants was observed as compared to the reversible foulants, which can potentially increase the membrane lifespan. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of an adsorption-assisted MD system supported by increased filtration, membrane fouling alleviation, and low-strength leachate concentrate generation.

Elucidating the performance of UV-based photochemical processes for the removal of trace organic contaminants: Degradation and toxicity evaluation

In this study, the performance of standalone ultraviolet (UV) photolysis and UV-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), namely, UV/hydrogen peroxide, UV/chlorine, UV/persulphate, and UV/permonosulphate, were investigated for the degradation of 31 trace organic contaminants (TrOCs). Under the tested conditions, standalone UV photolysis did not achieve effective removal of TrOCs. To improve the degradation efficiency of UV photolysis, four different oxidants were added individually to the test solution. The effect of these oxidants in the absence of UV irradiation was also explored and only chlorine showed promising degradation of some contaminants. During the chlorination of 31 investigated TrOCs, only six demonstrated greater than 50% degradation. The combined UV-based AOPs demonstrated much improved degradation (ranging from 65 to 100%) depending on TrOC-structure and oxidant concentration. The UV/hydrogen peroxide process showed similar degradation of TrOCs, irrespective of the functional groups (i.e., electron withdrawing groups, EWGs and electron donating groups, EDGs) present in their structures. Conversely, the UV/sulphate and UV/chlorine based processes achieved better degradation of the TrOCs with EDGs in their structures. TrOCs degradation improved up to 40% when oxidants concentrations were increased from 0.1 to 1 mM, and further increasing the concentration to 2 mM did not improve degradation. Toxicity evaluation using bioluminescence test (BLT assay) demonstrated that except for UV/hydrogen peroxide, all UV-based AOPs increased the toxicity of the treated effluent, indicating generation of toxic by-products. This study elucidates the performance of four different UV-based AOPs for the removal of commonly detected diverse TrOCs for the first time.

Innovative Membrane Technologies for the Treatment of Wastewater Polluted with Heavy Metals: Perspective of the Potential of Electrodialysis, Membrane Distillation, and Forward Osmosis from a Bibliometric Analysis

A bibliometric analysis, using the Scopus database as a source, was carried out in order to study the scientific documents published up to 2021 regarding the use of electrodialysis, membrane distillation, and forward osmosis for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater. A total of 362 documents that fulfilled the search criteria were found, and the results from the corresponding analysis revealed that the number of documents greatly increased after the year 2010, although the first document was published in 1956. The exponential evolution of the scientific production related to these innovative membrane technologies confirmed an increasing interest from the scientific community. The most prolific country was Denmark, which contributed 19.3% of the published documents, followed by the two main current scientific superpowers: China and the USA (with 17.4% and 7.5% contributions, respectively). Environmental Science was the most common subject (55.0% of contributions), followed by Chemical Engineering (37.3% of contributions) and Chemistry (36.5% of contribution). The prevalence of electrodialysis over the other two technologies was clear in terms of relative frequency of the keywords. An analysis of the main hot topics identified the main advantages and drawbacks of each technology, and revealed that examples of their successful implementation beyond the lab scale are still scarce. Therefore, complete techno-economic evaluation of the treatment of wastewater polluted with heavy metals via these innovative membrane technologies must be encouraged.

Photooxidation of Fe(II) to schwertmannite promotes As(III) oxidation and immobilization on pyrite under acidic conditions

Pollution of arsenic (As) in acid mine drainage (AMD) is a universal environmental problem. The weathering of pyrite (FeS₂) and other sulfide minerals leads to the generation of AMD and accelerates the leaching of As from sulfide minerals. Pyrite can undergo adsorption and redox reactions with As, affecting the existing form and biotoxicity of As. However, the interaction process between As and pyrite in AMD under sunlight radiation remains unclear. Here, we found that the oxidation and immobilization of arsenite (As(III)) on pyrite can be obviously promoted by the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in sunlit AMD, particularly by OH. The reactions between hole-electron pairs and water/oxygen adsorbed on excited pyrite resulted in the production of H₂O₂, OH and O₂^-, and OH was also generated through the photo-Fenton reaction of Fe²⁺/FeOH²⁺. Weakly crystalline schwertmannite formed from the oxidation of Fe²⁺ ions by OH contributed much to the adsorption and immobilization of As. In the mixed system of pyrite (0.75 g L^-1), Fe²⁺ (56.08 mg L^-1) and As(III) (1.0 mg L^-1) at initial pH 3.0, the decrease ratio of dissolved total As concentration was 1.6% under dark conditions, while it significantly increased to 69.0% under sunlight radiation. The existence of oxygen or increase in initial pH from 2.0 to 4.0 accelerated As(III) oxidation and immobilization due to the oxidation of more Fe²⁺ and production of more ROS. The present work shows that sunlight significantly affects the transformation and migration of As in AMD, and provides new insights into the environmental behaviors of As.

Construction of a hydrogeochemical conceptual model and identification of the groundwater pollution contribution rate in a pyrite mining area

To effectively restore the groundwater environment of the Shiping Mine (SPM) area, which is contaminated by acid mine drainage (AMD), a hydrogeochemical conceptual model was constructed based on groundwater chemistry and environmental stable isotopes. The contribution rate of various pollution sources in the groundwater environment was quantitatively analyzed using an optimized stable isotope mass balance model. A total of 68 groups of water samples were collected. The sampling period covered the dry, intermediate, and wet periods of a complete hydrological year. Samples were taken from rain, springs, mine drainage, tailings leachate, and surface water; and the detection and analysis indicators included 24 parameters, such as inorganic salts, heavy metals, and isotopes. A hydrogeochemical and statistical data analysis was performed. The main source of groundwater replenishment was found to be atmospheric precipitation, with the water-rock interaction of calcite and pyrite, and mining activities being the main controlling factors of hydrogeochemical processes. Acid mine drainage significantly enhanced the dissolution of various minerals, and the detection rate of Zn, Cu, As, Cd, and Pb increased from 0-30%-100% when compared with groundwater in the area upstream of the mines. The optimized mass balance model results revealed that the contribution rates of upstream groundwater, mine water and leachate were 0.78-0.86, 0.08-0.18, and 0.04-0.06 for Heidong underground river, respectively; were 0.27-0.36, 0.62-0.68, and 0.03-0.05 for Tiantang underground river, respectively. Furthermore, based on the water balance analysis, 34-70% of the mine water was found to infiltrate directly through karst fissures and karst pipes and could not be collected at the mine entrance. Acid mine drainage that directly infiltrated through runoff could easily be ignored due to the hidden migration path, which may cause the groundwater environment to be remediated less effectively than expected.

Tackling water security: A global need of cross-cutting approaches

The Virtual Special Issue entitled "Tackling Water Security" is mainly focused on water availability, water quality, management, governance, biotic or abiotic emerging contaminants and policy development in the Anthropocene. The issue is further dedicated to highlight the new opportunities and approaches to elevate the efficiency of water treatment and wastewater reuse. It has undergone an open call for papers and rigorous peer-review process, where each submission has been evaluated by the panel of experts. 43 articles have been selected from 85 submissions that represents the ongoing research and development activities. The message that emerged explicitly from nearly a hundred submissions to this special issue is that there is an urgent global need for cross-cutting approaches for the rational, quick, cost-effective and sustainable solutions for tackling water-security in the Anthropocene.

Gravity-driven layered double hydroxide nanosheet membrane activated peroxymonosulfate system for micropollutant degradation

For the first time in this study, CoAl-layered double hydroxide nanosheet membrane (LDH_m) with abundant active sites was fabricated for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation with the mindset to catalytically degrade micropollutants. Depending on the catalyst loading, the developed LDH_m can be driven under gravity at a permeate flux of approximately 80 L/m² h and 210 L/m² h at LDH loading of 0.80 mg/cm² and 0.08 mg/cm², respectively. Notably, the LDH_m (0.63 mg) exhibited excellent PMS activation efficiency as indicated by 87.8% removal of the probe chemical (ranitidine) at 0.2 mM PMS, which was higher than that (37-44%) achieved by conventional LDH (5-20 mg)/PMS (0.2 mM) system. In addition to efficient degradation of several micropollutants, LDH_m/PMS performance was not inhibited by variation in solution pH (4-8) as well as during long-term (29 h) continuous-flow operation. SO₄^•- and ¹O₂ were identified as the primary reactive species in the LDH_m/PMS system, while both Co and Al participated in PMS activation. This study offers a simple strategy for efficient removal of several micropollutants with significantly reduced catalyst leaching, which could be applied sustainably in water treatment.

Membrane Distillation Hybrid Peroxydisulfate Activation toward Mitigating the Membrane Wetting by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

The fouling/wetting of hydrophobic membrane caused by organic substances with low-surface energy substantially limits the development of the membrane distillation (MD) process. The sulfate radical (SO4 ·−)-based advanced oxidation process (AOP) has been a promising technology to degrade organics in wastewater treatment, and peroxydisulfate (PDS) could be efficiently activated by heat. Thus, a hybrid process of MD-AOP via PDS activated by a hot feed was hypothesized to mitigate membrane fouling/wetting. Experiments dealing with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) containing a salty solution via two commercial membranes (PVDF and PTFE) were performed, and varying membrane wetting extents in the coupling process were discussed at different PDS concentrations and feed temperatures. Our results demonstrated permeate flux decline and a rise in conductivity due to membrane wetting by SDS, which was efficiently alleviated in the hybrid process rather than the standalone MD process. Moreover, such a mitigation was enhanced by a higher PDS concentration up to 5 mM and higher feed temperature. In addition, qualitative characterization on membrane coupons wetted by SDS was successfully performed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The EIS results implied both types of hydrophobic membranes were protected from losing their hydrophobicity in the presence of PDS activation, agreeing with our initial hypothesis. This work could provide insight into future fouling/wetting control strategies for hydrophobic membranes and facilitate the development of an MD process.