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Mutukwa D, Taziwa R, Khotseng LE. A Review of the Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles Utilising Southern African Indigenous Medicinal Plants. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3456. [PMID: 36234584 PMCID: PMC9565575 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), such as zinc oxide (ZnO), have been researched extensively for applications in biotechnology, photovoltaics, photocatalysis, sensors, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals due to their unique properties at the nanoscale. ZnO NPs have been fabricated using conventional physical and chemical processes, but these techniques are limited due to the use of hazardous chemicals that are bad for the environment and high energy consumption. Plant-mediated synthesis of ZnO NPs has piqued the interest of researchers owing to secondary metabolites found in plants that can reduce Zn precursors and stabilise ZnO NPs. Thus, plant-mediated synthesis of ZnO NPs has become one of the alternative green synthesis routes for the fabrication of ZnO NPs. This is attributable to its environmental friendliness, simplicity, and the potential for industrial-scale expansion. Southern Africa is home to a large and diverse indigenous medicinal plant population. However, the use of these indigenous medicinal plants for the preparation of ZnO NPs is understudied. This review looks at the indigenous medicinal plants of southern Africa that have been used to synthesise ZnO NPs for a variety of applications. In conclusion, there is a need for more exploration of southern African indigenous plants for green synthesis of ZnO NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorcas Mutukwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Rd., Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Raymond Taziwa
- Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Science Engineering and Technology, Walter Sisulu University, Old King William Town Road, Potsdam Site, East London 5200, South Africa
| | - Lindiwe Eudora Khotseng
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Rd., Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
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Madike LN, Pillay M, Popat KC. Antithrombogenic properties of Tulbaghia violacea aqueous leaf extracts: assessment of platelet activation and whole blood clotting kinetics. RSC Adv 2021; 11:30455-30464. [PMID: 35480283 PMCID: PMC9041137 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00926e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tulbaghia violacea plant extracts have been investigated for their potential therapeutic effects in the management of various ailments, among which are cardiovascular diseases, due to the wide range of phytocompounds that the plant possesses. One of the major challenges in clinical practice is the inability to control platelet activation and clotting caused by cardiovascular disease interventions. Current treatment methods to inhibit platelet aggregation and thromboxane formation have been associated with major undesirable side effects. This has led to increased research studies on the development of newer and more effective antiplatelet agents. In particular, there has been a growing interest on the potential antiplatelet activity of plant-derived extracts. Hence this study methodically evaluates the anticlotting and antiplatelet properties of T. violacea aqueous leaf extracts. The platelet activity of the plant extracts was assessed using total platelet adhesion, platelet morphology and whole blood clotting kinetics. The 0.1 mg ml−1T. violacea extract mixed with blood plasma demonstrated the lowest platelet adhesion and activation and also reduced whole blood clotting kinetics. There was a reduction of about 70% in platelet adhesion for the 0.1 mg ml−1 treatment compared to the control in the first 15 min which was supported by morphological characterization under SEM. These observations suggest that T. violacea may be a potential antiplatelet therapeutic agent to inhibit the initial step of platelet adhesion and ultimately reduce the incidence of cardiovascular events. Tulbaghia violacea plant extracts have been investigated for their potential therapeutic effects in the management of various ailments, among which are cardiovascular diseases, due to the wide range of phytocompounds that the plant possesses.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lerato N Madike
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences, Vaal University of Technology Andries Potgieter Blvd Vanderbijlpark 1911 South Africa
| | - M Pillay
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences, Vaal University of Technology Andries Potgieter Blvd Vanderbijlpark 1911 South Africa
| | - Ketul C Popat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
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Madike LN, Pillay M, Popat KC. Antithrombogenic properties of Tulbaghia violacea–loaded polycaprolactone nanofibers. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911520903748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A broad range of polymers have been utilized for the development of blood-contacting implantable medical devices; however, their rate of failure has raised the need for developing more hemocompatible biomaterial surfaces. In this study, a novel scaffold based on polycaprolactone incorporated with 10% and 15% (w/w) Tulbaghia violacea plant extracts were fabricated using electrospinning technique. The fabricated scaffolds were then treated with T. violacea aqueous plant extracts (100 and 1000 µg/mL) to investigate their use as interfaces for blood-contacting implants. The 10% Tvio scaffold produced the lowest mean fibre diameter (193 ± 30 nm), whereas the 15% Tvio scaffold produces the highest mean fibre diameter (538 ± 236 nm) when compared with the control polycaprolactone (275 ± 61 nm) scaffold. The number of adhered platelets was directly linked to fibre diameter and concentration of plant extract in such a way that the lowest fibre diameter scaffold (10% Tvio) inhibited platelet adhesion, whereas more platelets adhered to the scaffold with the highest fibre diameter (15% Tvio scaffolds). There was also an increase in platelet adhesion as the concentration of T. violacea was increased from 100 to 1000 µg/mL for all designed scaffolds. The improved blood compatibility demonstrated by the 10% Tvio scaffold suggests that the plant possesses antithrombogenic properties, particularly at lower concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lerato N Madike
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
| | - Michael Pillay
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
| | - Ketul C Popat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Murugesan S, Pandiyan A, Saravanakumar L, Moodley K, Mackraj I. Protective role of wild garlic on isoproterenol-induced myocardial necrosis in wistar rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 237:108-115. [PMID: 30905788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tulbaghia violacea Harv. (TVL) is a folk medicine, native to South Africa which has previously shown antioxidant, anti-hypertensive and anti-diabetic effects. THE AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the current study was to investigate the protective role of wild garlic or TVL on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial necrosis in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animal (n = 6 each group) were pre and co-treated with TVL (60 mg/kg body weight) daily for 30 days. Myocardial necrosis was administrated by subcutaneous injection of ISO (85 mg/kg body weight) into rats on 29th and 30th day. On the 31st day, rats were anaesthetized and blood, heart samples were obtained for the biochemical, histopathological and molecular study. The specific protein target analysis from TVL was done by reverse docking study (reverse pharmacophore mapping) using PharmMapper. RESULTS The levels of cardiac markers, lipid peroxidation products, and heart rate were considerably increased in ISO-induced myocardial necrosis in rats whilst plasma enzymatic antioxidants were significantly decreased. Myocardial necrotic mRNA genes were increased in ISO-induced myocardial necrosis in rats compared to controls. Pre and co-treatment with TVL and ramipril of myocardial necrosis in rats showed significant effects on all the biochemical and molecular studies evaluated. TVL reduced heart rate, prevented oxidative stress and downregulated the Fas-receptor and caspase-mediated apoptosis-signaling pathway, and heart muscle damage in myocardial necrosis in rats. The specific target protein [disulfide, bis (2-sulfhydrylethyl] from TVL mediates the protective effects. CONCLUSION Wild garlic or TVL extract has shown a protective effect on ISO-induced myocardial necrosis in rats by increasing antioxidant production confirmed with docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanakumar Murugesan
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Arunagiri Pandiyan
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Lakshmi Saravanakumar
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kogi Moodley
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Irene Mackraj
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
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Sibiya SG, Mbandla MV, Govender T, Shobo A, Daniels WMU. Poly-N-methylated Aβ-Peptide C-Terminal fragments (MEPTIDES) reverse the deleterious effects of amyloid-β in rats. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:387-396. [PMID: 28993949 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by extracellular deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques. These protein deposits impair synaptic plasticity thereby producing a progressive decline in cognitive function. Current therapies are merely palliative and only slow cognitive decline. Poly-N-methylated Aβ-Peptide C-Terminal Fragments (MEPTIDES) were recently shown to reduce Aβ toxicity in vitro and in Drosophila melanogaster, however whether these novel compounds are effective in inhibiting Aβ-induced toxicity in the mammalian brain remains unclear. We therefore investigated whether MEPTIDES have the ability to reduce the neurotoxic effects of Aβ in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Aβ42 (100 μg, 2 mM) or vehicle (0.15 M Tris buffer) was stereotaxically injected bilaterally into the dorsal hippocampus at a rate of 1 μl/min for 10 min. The effects on hippocampal-mediated learning were subsequently assessed using the Morris water maze (MWM). The presence of apoptotic activity was also assessed by determining the expression levels of active caspase-3 using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western Blot techniques. In addition, half of the animals (n = 20) received an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of MEPTIDES (2 mg/kg) 48 h after intrahippocampal injection of Aβ42. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI -TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) showed that MEPTIDES crossed the blood brain barrier (BBB) and revealed their distribution in the rat brain. Rats treated with Aβ42 displayed spatial learning deficits and increased hippocampal caspase-3 gene (CASP-3) expression which was reversed by subsequent injection of MEPTIDES. The present results show that MEPTIDES have the potential to reverse the toxic effects of Aβ42 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siya G Sibiya
- College of Health Sciences, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Musa V Mbandla
- College of Health Sciences, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thavi Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Adeola Shobo
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - William M U Daniels
- College of Health Sciences, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Moodley K, Mackraj I. METABOLIC EFFECTS OF TULBAGHIA VIOLACEA HARV. IN A DIABETIC MODEL. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES : AJTCAM 2017; 13:113-122. [PMID: 28852727 PMCID: PMC5566134 DOI: 10.21010/ajtcam.v13i4.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a cluster of metabolic diseases with chronic hyperglycemia as a defining feature, associated with long-term organ damage and dysfunction. In this study we examined the effect of Tulbaghia violacea rhizome methanolic extract on blood glucose and lipids in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats (250-300g) were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with streptozotocin (60mg/kg body weight) to induce diabetes; or provided with distilled water for the control (CON) (3 ml/kg/b.w.) animals and treatment with TVL (60mg/kg.b.w). The rats were divided into 5 groups of 6 animals per group as follows: Non-diabetic control (NDC)-received distilled water (3ml/kg.b.w), Non-diabetic TVL (ND+TVL)-received TVL (60mh/kg b.w), Diabetic control (DC)-received distilled water (3ml/kg.b.w), Diabetic experimental (D+TVL)-received TVL (60mg/kg.b.w), Diabetic experimental (D+M)-received Metformin (250 mg/kg.b.w). All doses were administered daily via oral gavage. Results: TVL-treated animals showed reduced blood glucose, increased plasma insulin, reduced plasma TG, TC, VLDL and increased HDL. Furthermore we found decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and nitric oxide significantly. Regarding renal parameters we found increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and improved renal morphology in TVL-treated animals. Conclusion: Tulbaghia violacea has a hypoglycaemic effect which could due to its effects on multiple pathways of the hyperglycemic process. Further work is needed to identify the mechanism of its antidiabetic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kogi Moodley
- Discipline of Human Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Irene Mackraj
- Discipline of Human Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Patten GS, Abeywardena MY, Bennett LE. Inhibition of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme, Angiotensin II Receptor Blocking, and Blood Pressure Lowering Bioactivity across Plant Families. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 56:181-214. [PMID: 24915402 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.651176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease, kidney disease, and stroke. Interest in medicinal or nutraceutical plant bioactives to reduce hypertension has increased dramatically. The main biological regulation of mammalian blood pressure is via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The key enzyme is angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) that converts angiotensin I into the powerful vasoconstrictor, angiotensin II. Angiotensin II binds to its receptors (AT1) on smooth muscle cells of the arteriole vasculature causing vasoconstriction and elevation of blood pressure. This review focuses on the in vitro and in vivo reports of plant-derived extracts that inhibit ACE activity, block angiotensin II receptor binding and demonstrate hypotensive activity in animal or human studies. We describe 74 families of plants that exhibited significant ACE inhibitory activity and 16 plant families with potential AT1 receptor blocking activity, according to in vitro studies. From 43 plant families including some of those with in vitro bioactivity, the extracts from 73 plant species lowered blood pressure in various normotensive or hypertensive in vivo models by the oral route. Of these, 19 species from 15 families lowered human BP when administered orally. Some of the active plant extracts, isolated bioactives and BP-lowering mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen S Patten
- a CSIRO Preventative Health National Research Flagship, Animal, Food and Health Sciences , Adelaide , South Australia , Australia
| | - Mahinda Y Abeywardena
- a CSIRO Preventative Health National Research Flagship, Animal, Food and Health Sciences , Adelaide , South Australia , Australia
| | - Louise E Bennett
- b CSIRO Preventative Health National Research Flagship, Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Werribee , Victoria , British Columbia , Australia
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Moodley K, Joseph K, Naidoo Y, Islam S, Mackraj I. Antioxidant, antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of Tulbaghia violacea Harv. (wild garlic) rhizome methanolic extract in a diabetic rat model. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:408. [PMID: 26577219 PMCID: PMC4647322 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0932-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) continues to rise alarmingly despite years of intensive research. The need to explore alternative remedies such as traditional phytotherapy has therefore become increasingly important in the management and treatment of DM. Methods Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg.b.w) in male Wistar rats. The rats were divided into 5 groups as follows: non-diabetic control fed distilled water, diabetic control fed distilled water, diabetic group treated with Tulbaghia violacea (TVL) (60 mg/kg.b.w), diabetic group treated with TVL (120 mg/kg.b.w), and diabetic group treated with glibenclamide (10 mg/kg.b.w). Food and water intake, as well as urine output were measured daily, whilst body weight and fasting blood glucose were monitored weekly. On day 42, an oral glucose tolerance test was performed on all groups. After 7 weeks, the animals were sacrificed by halothane overdose, blood was removed by cardiac puncture and tissues were harvested. Assays were performed for the determination of plasma insulin, liver glycogen content, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme levels, plasma nitric oxide levels and serum lipid and liver enzyme levels. Results and Discussion TVL treatment improved body weights, significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels, improved glucose tolerance and significantly increased plasma insulin and liver glycogen content. TVL treatment also reduced liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels, increased liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and increased plasma nitric oxide (NO) levels. Furthermore, TVL administration reduced serum triglycerides, VLDL, total-cholesterol levels and increased HDL-cholesterol levels. TVL also reduced serum levels of liver enzymes, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Conclusion Data obtained in this study demonstrated the hypoglycemic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic effects of TVL in STZ-induced diabetic rats.
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Moodley K, Naidoo Y, Mackraj I. Effects of Tulbaghia violacea Harv. (Alliaceae) rhizome methanolic extract on kidney function and morphology in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:1194-1203. [PMID: 25017374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tulbaghia violacea has been used traditionally for the treatment of several ailments, including hypertension. The herb has been shown to have antihypertensive properties which have been attributed to its angiotensin-converting enzymeinhibitory (ACEI) activity. It could, therefore, prove beneficial in ameliorating renal pathology associated with hypertension. To evaluate the effects of long-term administration of Tulbaghia violacea on renal function and morphology in the Dahl salt-sensitive (DSS) rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male DSS rats were treated intra-peritoneally (i.p.) as follows: methanolic extract of Tulbaghia violacea: (TVL) (50 mg/kg/b.w.), captopril: (CAP) (25 mg/kg/b.w.), or distilled water, control: (CON) (3 ml/kg/b.w.). Blood pressure (BP) was measured bi-weekly, whilst 24-h urine volumes and electrolyte concentrations were assessed weekly. Animals were sacrificed on day 49 by halothane overdose. Blood was removed for determination of plasma and serum electrolytes. Left kidney tissues were harvested for the determination of nuclear factor-kappaβ (NF-kβ) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) gene expressions. RESULTS TVL significantly reduced mean arterial pressure (MAP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). TVL showed reduced blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, total protein in urine as well as increased serum total protein. TVL decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and increased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and nitric oxide significantly. NF-kβ and TGF-β) gene expressions were significantly reduced in TVL and CAP treated rats. Moreover, renal morphology improved significantly in TVL and CAP treated animals. CONCLUSION TVL and CAP demonstrated marked improvement in renal function and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kogi Moodley
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Yougasphree Naidoo
- Department of Biology, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Irene Mackraj
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa.
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Ponrasu T, Suguna L. Efficacy of Annona squamosa L in the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans and collagen during wound repair in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:124352. [PMID: 25003104 PMCID: PMC4070582 DOI: 10.1155/2014/124352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to find out the effects of Annona squamosa on the formation of glycosaminoglycans and collagen during wound healing in normal and diabetic rats. Diabetes induced rats were segregated into 4 groups, each containing six animals. Groups I and III served as the normal and diabetic control while groups II and IV served as normal and diabetic treated. The animals were treated with 200 μL of Annona squamosa extract topically. The granulation tissues formed were removed on the 8th day and the amount of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and collagen formed was evaluated by sequential extraction and SDSPAGE, respectively. Histological evaluation was also carried out using Masson's trichrome stain. In vitro wound healing efficacy of A. squamosa in human dermal fibroblast culture (HDF) was also carried out. The fibroblasts treated with varying concentrations of A. squamosa were examined for proliferation and closure of the wound area and photographed. A. squamosa increased cellular proliferation in HDF culture. The granulation tissues of treated wounds showed increased levels of glycosaminoglycans (P < 0.05) and collagen which were also confirmed by histopathology. The results strongly substantiate the beneficial effects of A. squamosa on the formation of glycosaminoglycans and collagen during wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangavel Ponrasu
- Department of Biochemistry, Central Leather Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India
| | - Lonchin Suguna
- Department of Biochemistry, Central Leather Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India
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Mugabo P, Raji IA. Effects of aqueous leaf extract of Asystasia gangetica on the blood pressure and heart rate in male spontaneously hypertensive Wistar rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2013; 13:283. [PMID: 24160568 PMCID: PMC3815069 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Asystasia gangentica (A. gangetica) belongs to the family Acanthaceae. It is used to treat hypertension, rheumatism, asthma, diabetes mellitus, and as an anthelmintic in South Africa, India, Cameroun, Nigeria, and Kenya respectively. It has also been reported to inhibit the angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) in-vitro. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the in-vivo effect of aqueous leaf extract (ALE) of A. gangetica on the blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) in anaesthetized male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR); and to elucidate possible mechanism(s) by which it acts. Methods The ALE of A. gangetica (10–400 mg/kg), angiotensin I human acetate salt hydrate (ANG I, 3.1–100 μg/kg) and angiotensin II human (ANG II, 3.1–50 μg/kg) were administered intravenously. The BP and HR were measured via a pressure transducer connecting the femoral artery to a Powerlab and a computer for recording. Results A. gangetica significantly (p<0.05), and dose-dependently reduced the systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial BP. The significant (p<0.05) reductions in HR were not dose-dependent. Both ANG I and ANG II increased the BP dose-dependently. Co-infusion of A. gangetica (200 mg/kg) with either ANG I or ANG II significantly (p<0.05) suppressed the hypertensive effect of both ANG I and ANG II respectively, and was associated with reductions in HR. Conclusions A. gangetica ALE reduced BP and HR in the SHR. The reduction in BP may be a result of actions of the ALE on the ACE, the ANG II receptors and the heart rate.
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Aremu AO, Van Staden J. The genus Tulbaghia (Alliaceae)--a review of its ethnobotany, pharmacology, phytochemistry and conservation needs. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 149:387-400. [PMID: 23838476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tulbaghia is a monocotyledonous genus of herbaceous perennial bulbs predominantly found in Africa. The approximately 63 species have nutritive, ornamental and medicinal value. For centuries, several Tulbaghia species have found diverse uses in traditional medicine. AIM OF THE REVIEW To evaluate and document the uses, especially the medicinal value of the genus Tulbaghia. The existing gaps in knowledge and possible means for greater development are highlighted. METHODS A comprehensive and detailed literature search using electronic search (for example, Google Scholar, Scirus and Web of Science) and ethnobotanical books was conducted. RESULTS Findings based on their traditional uses and scientific evaluation indicates that Tulbaghia violacea remain the most widely used species. Compiled data indicate their efficacy in several in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, anti-hypertensive, antioxidant and anti-cancer activities. Some phytochemicals which are partly associated with the exhibited bioactivities have been identified and isolated from Tulbaghia violacea and Tulbaghia alliacea. The increasing high usage especially the underground organs, as well as the incessant reliance on the wild population, will eventually affect their abundance and possibly make them susceptible to extinction. CONCLUSIONS The great potential of the genus Tulbaghia, particularly other less popular species, remain to be exploited. Further studies on the structural activity relationship of some of the isolated compound may improve their biological potency. Their characteristic alliaceous aroma may also be of great interest to the food industry seeking novel source of unusual aromas to satisfy increasing consumer demands. In order to derive the much anticipated benefits from the species without compromising their conservation status, the use of different biotechnological approaches highlighted in this review will certainly guarantee their continuous availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeyemi O Aremu
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
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Moodley K, Mackraj I, Naidoo Y. Cardiovascular effects of Tulbaghia violacea Harv. (Alliaceae) root methanolic extract in Dahl salt-sensitive (DSS) rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 146:225-231. [PMID: 23291533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In African folk medicine, Tulbaghia violacea Harv.(Alliaceae), a herbaceous plant also known by other common local names such as 'wild garlic', 'society garlic' and 'sweet garlic', has been used for the management, control and/or treatment of several human ailments; including hypertension. The aim of the present study was to investigate the cardiovascular effects of methanolic extract of Tulbaghia violacea Harv. in Dahl salt-sensitive (DSS) rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS DSS rats were treated intraperitoneally (i.p) as follows: distilled water, control (CON) (3 ml/kg/b.w.); captopril (CAP) (25 mg/kg/b.w.); or methanolic extract of Tulbaghia violacea (TVL) (50 mg/kg/b.w.) for 7 weeks. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured bi-weekly whilst 24-hour urine volumes and sodium concentrations were assessed weekly. Animals were sacrificed on day 49 by halothane overdose. Blood was removed for the determination of aldosterone concentration and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity. Left kidney was harvested for angiotensin Ia (AT1a) receptor gene expression. RESULTS CON showed a significant percentage increase in SBP (mmHg) on day 49 compared to day 0 (baseline values) (9.75±1.7% vs. 2.33±0.77%; p<0.05). CAP and TVL showed significant percentage decreases in SBP at week 7 when compared to baseline (8.13±1.23% and12.88±3.12% p<0.01). Urine volumes (ml) increased significantly in CAP from week 1 to week 4 (9.63±2.22 vs.10.97±1.75 p<0.05) and in TVL from week 2 to 7 (9.23±0.91 vs. 11.90±1.17 p<0.05). Urinary sodium concentration (mmol/L/24 h urine samples) was significantly higher in CAP (0.72±0.07 vs.1.31±0.03 p<0.05) and in TVL (0.71±0.09 vs. 1.68±0.16; p<0.05) at week 7 compared to baseline levels. There was no significant difference in the plasma aldosterone levels (pmol/L) of all the three groups. Serum ACE (U/L) activity was significantly higher in CAP compared to CON and TVL (277.0±11.6 vs. 121.5±3.93; and 147.0±6.63; p<0.05 respectively). CAP showed a significant 6.4 fold increase in AT1a mRNA expression vs. CON (p<0.05) and a 4.5 fold increase vs. TVL (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between CON and TVL treated rats. CAP and TVL showed no significant change in the expression of AT2. CONCLUSION This study showed that TVL possesses antihypertensive effect in Dahl salt-sensitive rats when administered over a long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kogi Moodley
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Chiltern Hills, Westville, Durban, South Africa
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Raji I, Mugabo P, Obikeze K. The contributions of muscarinic receptors and changes in plasma aldosterone levels to the anti-hypertensive effect of Tulbaghia violacea. Altern Ther Health Med 2013; 13:13. [PMID: 23311308 PMCID: PMC3631126 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tulbaghia violacea Harv. (Alliaceae) is used to treat various ailments, including hypertension (HTN) in South Africa. This study aims to evaluate the contributions of muscarinic receptors and changes in plasma aldosterone levels to its anti-hypertensive effect. METHODS In the acute experiments, methanol leaf extracts (MLE) of T. violacea (30-120 mg/kg), muscarine (0.16 -10 μg/kg), and atropine (0.02 - 20.48 mg/kg), and/or the vehicle (dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and normal saline (NS)) were respectively and randomly administered intravenously in a group of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) weighing 300 to 350 g and aged less than 5 months. Subsequently, T. violacea (60 mg/kg) or muscarine (2.5 μg/kg) was infused into eight SHRs, 20 min after atropine (5.12 mg/kg) pre-treatment. In the chronic (21 days) experiments, the SHRs were randomly divided into three groups, and given the vehicle (0.2 ml/day of DMSO and NS), T. violacea (60 mg/kg/day) and captopril (10 mg/kg/day) respectively into the peritoneum, to investigate their effects on blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and plasma aldosterone levels. Systolic BP and HR were measured using tail-cuff plethysmography during the intervention. BP and HR were measured via a pressure transducer connecting the femoral artery and the Powerlab at the end of each intervention in the acute experiment; and on day 22 in the chronic experiment. RESULTS In the acute experiments, T. violacea, muscarine, and atropine significantly (p < 0.05) reduced BP dose-dependently. T. violacea and muscarine produced dose-dependent decreases in HR, while the effect of atropine on HR varied. After atropine pre-treatment, dose-dependent increases in BP and HR were observed with T. violacea; while the BP and HR effects of muscarine were nullified. In the chronic experiments, the T. violacea-treated and captropril-treated groups had signicantly lower levels of aldosterone in plasma when compared to vehicle-treated group. Compared to the vehicle-treated group, significant reduction in BP was only seen in the captopril-treated group; while no difference in HR was observed among the groups. CONCLUSION The results obtained in this study suggest that stimulation of the muscarinic receptors and a reduction in plasma aldosterone levels contribute to the anti-hypertesive effect of T. violacea.
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Raji IA, Mugabo P, Obikeze K. Effect of Tulbaghia violacea on the blood pressure and heart rate in male spontaneously hypertensive Wistar rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 140:98-106. [PMID: 22222281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tulbaghia violacea Harv. (Alliaceae) is a small bulbous herb which belongs to the family Alliaceae, most commonly associated with onions and garlic. In South Africa, this herb has been traditionally used in the treatment of various ailments, including fever, colds, asthma, paralysis, hypertension and stomach problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of methanol leaf extracts (MLE) of Tulbaghia violacea on the blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) in anaesthetized male spontaneously hypertensive rats; and to find out the mechanism(s) by which it acts. MATERIALS AND METHODS The MLE of Tulbaghia violacea (5-150mg/kg), angiotensin I human acetate salt hydrate (ang I, 3.1-100μg/kg), angiotensin II human (ang II, 3.1-50μg/kg), phenylephrine hydrochloride (phenylephrine, 0.01-0.16mg/kg) and dobutamine hydrochloride (dobutamine, 0.2-10.0μg/kg) were infused intravenously, while the BP and HR were measured via a pressure transducer connecting the femoral artery and the Powerlab. RESULTS Tulbaghia violacea significantly (p<0.01) reduced the systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial BP; and HR dose-dependently. Ang I, ang II, phenylephrine and dobutamine all increased the BP dose-dependently. The hypertensive effect of ang I and the HR-increasing effect of dobutamine were significantly (p<0.01) decreased by their co-infusion with Tulbaghia violacea (60mg/kg). However, the co-infusion of ang II or phenylephrine with Tulbaghia violacea (60mg/kg) did not produce any significant change in BP or HR when compared to the infusion of either agent alone in the same animal. CONCLUSIONS Tulbaghia violacea reduced BP and HR in the SHR. The reduction in BP may be due to actions of the MLE on the ang I converting enzyme (ACE) and β(1) adrenoceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismaila A Raji
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
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BELEWA V, BAIJNATH H, SOMAI B. AQUEOUS EXTRACTS FROM THE BULBS OF TULBAGHIA VIOLACEA ARE ANTIFUNGAL AGAINST ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS. J Food Saf 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2010.00282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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