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Zhang J, Ye Z, Huang L, Zhao Q, Dong K, Zhang W. Significant Biotransformation of Arsenobetaine into Inorganic Arsenic in Mice. TOXICS 2023; 11:91. [PMID: 36850967 PMCID: PMC9962689 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is extremely toxic to living organisms at high concentrations. Arsenobetaine (AsB), confirmed to be a non-toxic form, is the main contributor to As in the muscle tissue of marine fish. However, few studies have investigated the biotransformation and biodegradation of AsB in mammals. In the current study, C57BL/6J mice were fed four different diets, namely, Yangjiang and Zhanjiang fish diets spiked with marine fish muscle containing AsB, and arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) diets spiked with As(III) and As(V), respectively, to investigate the biotransformation and bioaccumulation of AsB in mouse tissues for 42 d. Different diets exhibited different As species distributions, which contributed to varying levels of As bioaccumulation in different tissues. The intestines accumulated the highest level of As, regardless of form, which played a major part in As absorption and distribution in mice. We observed a significant biotransformation of AsB to As(V) following its diet exposure, and the liver, lungs, and spleen of AsB-treated mice showed higher As accumulation levels than those of As(III)- or As(V)-treated mice. Inorganic As showed relatively high accumulation levels in the lungs and spleen after long-term exposure to AsB. Overall, these findings provided strong evidence that AsB undergoes biotransformation to As(V) in mammals, indicating the potential health risk associated with long-term AsB intake in mammals.
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Luo L, Li C, Huang N, Wang Q, Zhang Z, Song C, Yang H, Yuan M, Xu Z, Sun J, Zhang Z. Traditional mineral medicine realgar and Realgar-Indigo naturalis formula potentially exerted therapeutic effects by altering the gut microbiota. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1143173. [PMID: 37143539 PMCID: PMC10151705 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1143173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Realgar has a long history ofuse in traditional medicines. However, the mechanism through which Realgar or Realgar-Indigo naturalis formula (RIF) exert therapeutic effects is only partially understood. Methods In this study, 60 feces and 60 ileum samples from rats administered with realgar or RIF were collected to examine the gut microbiota. Results The results showed that realgar and RIF influenced different microbiota in both feces and ileum. Compared with realgar, RIF at low dosage (0.1701 g/3 ml) significantly increased the microbiota diversity. LEfSe and random forest analyses showed that the bacterium Bacteroidales was significantly altered after RIF administration, and it was predicted that these microorganisms contribute to the inorganic arsenic metabolic process. Discussion Our results suggest that realgar and RIF may exert their therapeutic effects through influencing microbiota. The low dose of RIF had greater effects on increasing the diversity of microbiota, and Bacteroidales in feces might participate in the inorganic arsenic metabolic process to exert therapeutic effects for realgar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Luo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Chaofeng Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Nanxi Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Qiaochu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Zihao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Chen Song
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Maowen Yuan
- School of Earth Science and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziwen Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jialei Sun
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhijie Zhang,
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Wu J, Yang D, Song Z, Qian Q, Dai J, Dong J. Target RNA expression omics approach to reveal the liver detoxification effect induced by Chinese medicine prescription Niu Huang Jie Du against realgar overexposure to mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 298:115610. [PMID: 35973632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Niu Huang Jie Du prescription (NHJD) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) widely used in patients suffering from excessive inner fire toxin (Huo Du Nei Sheng) syndrome, such as sore throat, gingival swelling, and pain, mouth and tongue sores, etc. This formula contains realgar (As4S4) which is one of the 28 toxic medicinal materials promulgated by the Chinese Ministry of Health. Many studies reported its toxicity on the liver and kidney, and the detoxification effect of NHJD. However, its detoxification mechanism is still unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To clarify the detoxification mechanism of NHJD to realgar, this study evaluated the detoxification effect of NHJD on realgar exposure in mice, and analyzed differences in mRNA expression profiles in liver tissues and associated functional predictions. MATERIAL AND METHODS ICR mice were administered with NHJD, realgar, and CMC-Na as blank control for 12 weeks, respectively. Liver injury was evaluated by histopathologic examination and liver mRNA gene were sequenced by Illumina. Differentially expressed gene, functionally enrichment and protein association network analysis were conducted. RESULTS 43 genes were screened out, among which 15 genes in the realgar group were decreased, but the extent of the decline has been restored in the NHJD group. The remaining 28 genes have exactly the opposite trends. Functional module analysis revealed that those detoxification function-related genes were primarily for positive regulation of glutathione metabolism, P450 on the metabolism of exogenous compounds, oxidative stress and immune-related, etc. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that realgar mainly causes liver damage by changing the common enzymes of drug metabolism, especially the expression of genes related to CYPs, GSTs family, oxidative stress, and complement immunity, while the TCM prescription NHJD has a regulatory effect on the abnormal expression of corresponding genes. Our results will provide some clues for the detoxification mechanism of arsenic-containing TCM prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wu
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Dongqing Yang
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ziwei Song
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | | | - Jianguo Dai
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ju Dong
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Compatibility of Niuhuang Jiedu Tablets Results in Attenuated Arsenic Bioaccumulation and Consequent Protection against Realgar-Induced Toxicity in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7406694. [PMID: 35832514 PMCID: PMC9273386 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7406694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Niuhuang Jiedu Tablets (NJT) is a popular over-the-counter traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparation. It is composed of realgar (As2S2) and seven other TCMs. The safety of NJT is of growing concern because arsenic (As) is carcinogenic to humans. The toxicity of realgar in vivo can mainly be attributed to the absorbed and accumulated As. This study investigated the correlation between the detoxification effects of the other TCMs in NJT on realgar and their influences on arsenic accumulation of realgar in mice. Histopathological examination, clinical biochemical test, and metabolic profiling analysis were used to evaluate the toxicity of realgar. The concentration of arsenic in mice whole blood as the hazard indicator was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The compatibility of NJT could decrease arsenic bioaccumulation of realgar in mice whole blood and consequently reduce the toxicity of realgar, which could be considered as one detoxification mechanism to realgar in NJT. The combination of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Scutellariae Radix, Platycodonis Radix, and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma exhibited almost the same effects as NJT in regulating the serum biochemical parameters and metabolic profiles disturbed by realgar and in reducing arsenic accumulation of realgar in mice whole blood.
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Li J, Guo Y, Duan X, Li B. Tissue- and Region-Specific Accumulation of Arsenic Species, Especially in the Brain of Mice, After Long-term Arsenite Exposure in Drinking Water. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 198:168-176. [PMID: 31925743 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is identified as a known carcinogen and ubiquitously exists in nature. It appears that accumulation of inorganic arsenic (iAs) and its methylated metabolites in various tissues is closely correlated with the long-term toxicity and carcinogenicity of this metalloid. In this study, various arsenic species in murine tissues, especially in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus, were determined after long-term exposure to 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/L sodium arsenite in drinking water for 1 and 12 months. Our data showed that the amount of total arsenic (TAs) increased in an obvious dose-dependent manner in various tissues, and TAs levels were in the order of urinary bladder > brain > lung > liver > kidney > spleen. Furthermore, iAsIII and DMA could be observed in all tissues and brain regions with DMA being the predominant metabolite. The bladder, brain, and lung orderly contained the higher levels of DMA, while the liver, kidney, and spleen accumulated the higher proportion of iAsIII. MMA was preferentially accumulated in the lung and bladder of mice regardless of arsenic exposure doses or duration. What's more, amazingly higher levels of MMA were observed in the hippocampus, which was distinguished from the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Together with these results, our study clearly demonstrates that the accumulation of iAs and its methylated metabolites is tissue-specific and even not homogeneous among different brain regions in mice by long-term exposure to arsenite. Our study thus provides crucial information for recognizing arsenical neurotoxicity, and reducing the uncertainty in the risk assessment for this toxic metalloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Li
- Environment and Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Key Laboratory of Arsenic-related Biological Effects and Prevention and Treatment in Liaoning Province, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Pu he Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, People's Republic of China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety for Coal Industry in Hebei Province, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- Environment and Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Key Laboratory of Arsenic-related Biological Effects and Prevention and Treatment in Liaoning Province, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Pu he Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxu Duan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, China
| | - Bing Li
- Environment and Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Key Laboratory of Arsenic-related Biological Effects and Prevention and Treatment in Liaoning Province, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Pu he Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, People's Republic of China.
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Huo TG, Fang Y, Zhang YH, Feng C, Jiang H. Liver metabonomics study on the protective effect of glycyrrhetinic acid against realgar-induced liver injury. Chin J Nat Med 2020; 18:138-147. [PMID: 32172949 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(20)30014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is the bioactive ingredient in Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. Our previous study has reported that GA has protective effect on realgar-induced hepatotoxicity. However, the details of the hepatoprotective mechanisms of GA on realgar-induced liver injury remain to be elucidated. In the study, mice were divided into control, GA-control, realgar, and co-treated groups. Their liver tissues were used for metabonomics study by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) method. The results illustrate that GA significantly ameliorate the liver injury and metabolic perturbations caused by realgar. Some metabolites, such as phenylalanine, pyroglutamic acid (PGA), proline, carnitine, nicotinamide, choline, lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) 16 : 0 and LPC 18 : 2 were found responsible for the hepatoprotective effect of GA. These metabolites are associated with the methylation metabolism of arsenic, cell membrane structure, energy metabolism and oxidative stress. From the results of this study, we infer that the potential hepatoprotective mechanism of GA on realgar-induced liver injury may be associated with reducing arsenic accumulation and its methylation metabolism in the liver, promoting the conjugation of arsenic and GSH to play detoxification effect, and ameliorating the liver metabolic perturbations caused by realgar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Guang Huo
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Ying-Hua Zhang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Cong Feng
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
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Zhao J, Yang X, Wang C, Song S, Cao K, Wei T, Ji Q, Zheng W, Li J, Zhou X, Liu J. Yidu-toxicity blocking lung decoction ameliorates inflammation in severe pneumonia of SARS-COV-2 patients with Yidu-toxicity blocking lung syndrome by eliminating IL-6 and TNF-a. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110436. [PMID: 32768938 PMCID: PMC7303599 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigates the differences in inflammatory agents alterations, immune function, and leukocyte differential count evaluation in severe pneumonia of SARS-COV-2 patients with Yidu-toxicity blocking lung syndrome after the recommended Chinese medicine prescription of Yidu-toxicity blocking lung decoction. A total of 40 patients with yidu-toxicity blocking lung syndrome, diagnosed as severe pneumonia of SARS-COV-2 following the latest Chinese national recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia caused by SARS-COV-2 (the 5th edition), were recruited. They were randomly divided into the pure western medicine therapy group (PWM) and integrated into Chinese and Western medicine therapy group (ICW). The general strategies were given to both groups according to the national recommendations, and the ICW group was given Yidu-toxicity blocking lung decoction extraorally. A radioimmunoassay method was adopted to detect the content of IL-6, IL-8,IL-2R,TNF-α, procalcitonin (PCT) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in sera. Flow cytometry was used to determine the peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets (the levels of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and the ratios of CD4+/CD8+). The white blood cell counts (WBC#), neutrophils count(N#), and lymphocyte counts (L#) were measured using a fully automatic blood rheological instrument. The t-test or Rank Sum Test and Spearman analysis were conducted to evaluate the differences. The results showed that IL-6 (P = 0.013) and TNF-α (P = 0.035) levels in the PWM group were significantly higher than those in the ICW group after treatment. Infection related indicators such as WBC#, N#, L#, hs-CRP showed no differences. The analysis showed that there was no statistical difference in the values of CD4 and CD8 between the two groups. By the end of Day 29, all patients were discharged and the final cure rate for both group were 100 %. Taken together, we conclude that Yidu-toxicity blocking lung decoction could relieve inflammation of SARS-COV-2 patients with yidu-toxicity blocking lung syndrome by eliminating inflammatory agents. CM can serve as a complementary medication to western medicine, which should be highlighted in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Chenghua Wang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Shuai Song
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Kun Cao
- Department of Orthopaedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Taohua Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Qiaoxue Ji
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Wanqun Zheng
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Jiali Li
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Institute for Medical Virology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt 60596, Germany
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Zhang S, Xu Z, Cao X, Xie Y, Lin L, Zhang X, Zou B, Liu D, Cai Y, Liao Q, Xie Z. Shenling Baizhu San improves functional dyspepsia in rats as revealed by 1H-NMR based metabolomics. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:2363-2375. [PMID: 32930262 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00580k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Functional dyspepsia (FD), a common gastrointestinal disorder around the world, is driven by multiple factors, making prevention and treatment a major challenge. Shenling Baizhu San (SBS), a classical prescription of traditional Chinese medicine, has been proven to be effective in gastrointestinal disorders. However, studies on SBS improving FD are few. Thus, our study aimed to evaluate the effect of SBS on FD and further to explore the mechanism underlying the interactions between FD and SBS by the metabolomics approach. A FD rat model was induced by multiple forms of mild stimulation, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis were used to profile the fecal and urinary metabolome in the FD rats during SBS intervention. Significant dyspeptic symptoms such as weight loss, poor appetite, reduced gastrointestinal motility and decreased absorptive capacity were observed in the FD rats, which were subsequently improved by SBS. Additionally, the levels of citrate, branched chain acids and pyruvate decreased, and the levels of choline, trimethylamine and taurine increased in the FD rats. Furthermore, the metabolic disorders were amended with SBS intervention mainly by modulating the metabolic pathways involved in energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and gut microbiota and host co-metabolism. Overall, our study highlighted the effect of SBS on the disturbed metabolic pathways in the FD rats, providing new insight into the mechanism of SBS treatment for FD from the perspective of metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobao Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zengmei Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueqing Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuzhen Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiao Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baorong Zou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Deliang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiongfeng Liao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Wang X, Rezeng C, Wang Y, Li J, Zhang L, Chen J, Li Z. Toxicological Risks of Renqingchangjue in Rats Evaluated by 1H NMR-Based Serum and Urine Metabolomics Analysis. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:2169-2179. [PMID: 32064377 PMCID: PMC7016918 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Renqingchangjue (RQCJ), a kind of Traditional Tibetan Medicine, has been widely utilized to treat various gastroenteritis diseases. However, the biosafety and toxicity of RQCJ was still indefinite because of toxic components in RQCJ, which included a variety of heavy metals. Thus, this study was aimed to evaluate the toxicity and expound the toxicological mechanism of RQCJ. In this study, rats were intragastrically administered with different doses of RQCJ for 15 days, and then, the restorative observation period lasted for 15 days. Liver and kidney tissues were collected for histopathological examination, and simultaneously serum and urine samples were collected for 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy analysis and biochemical analysis combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) measurement. The 1H NMR-based metabolomics analysis revealed that the administration of RQCJ significantly altered the concentrations of 14 serum metabolites and 14 urine metabolites, which implied disturbances in energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, intestinal flora environment, and membrane damage. Besides, the biochemical analysis of serum samples was consistent with the histopathological results, which indicated slight hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. The quantification of As and Hg in urine and serum samples by ICP-MS provided more evidence about the toxicity of RQCJ. This work provided an effective method to systematically and dynamically evaluate the toxicity of RQCJ and suggested that precautions should be taken in the clinic to monitor the potential toxicity of RQCJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, No. 105, Xisanhuanbeilu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Caidan Rezeng
- College
of Pharmacy, Qinghai Nationalities University, No. 3 Bayizhong Road, Xining 810000, PR China
| | - Yingfeng Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, No. 105, Xisanhuanbeilu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Jian Li
- Beijing
University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Beisanhuandonglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, No. 105, Xisanhuanbeilu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Beijing
University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Beisanhuandonglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Zhongfeng Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, No. 105, Xisanhuanbeilu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, PR China
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Yi Y, Gao S, Xia J, Li C, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Liang A, Ji S. Study of the accumulation and distribution of arsenic species and association with arsenic toxicity in rats after 30 days of oral realgar administration. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 247:111576. [PMID: 30385423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Because the toxicity and efficacy of arsenic is closely related to its chemical species, we conducted examinations of arsenic species accumulation and distribution in the rat body after one-time and 30-day realgar administration and then elucidated the probable roles of different arsenic species in the short-term toxicity of realgar. MATERIALS AND METHODS According to ICH M3 guidelines for non-clinical repeated dose toxicity studies and OECD Test guideline TG407 "Repeated Dose 28-Day oral Toxicity Study in Rodents, the doses of realgar set were 10.6 mg/kg, 40.5 mg/kg and 170 mg/kg. Rats were orally administered with realgar for one-tme and 30 days, respectively. Thereafter, biological samples (plasma, urine, liver, kidney, and brain) were obtained from rats and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) to determine realgar metabolism, arsenic species accumulation and distribution. Additionally, the toxicity of realgar in rats was evaluated. RESULTS The absorption, distribution and elimination half-life of total arsenic species in realgar were 3.33 hs, 16.08 hs and 24.65 hs, respectively. After 30 days of oral administration of realgar in rats, no significant drug-related toxicity occurred in the rats. Dimethylarsenic acid (DMA) is the most abundant arsenic species. The DMA contents of the liver and kidney of the high-dose realgar group were approximately 40-fold and 50-fold higher than those in the corresponding tissues of the control group, respectively. The arsenic species (III) was mainly detected in the liver and its content was about 40-fold higher than that of the control group. MMA was mainly detected in rat kidney, and the MMA content of the realgar treatment group was more than 2000 times higher than that of the control group. CONCLUSIONS Arsenic is rapidly absorbed and distributed over the liver, kidneys and brain, and the distribution and elimination of arsenic in the blood is slow. The realgar doses corresponded to human equivalent doses (HED) of 1.7, 6.4 and 27.2 mg/kg, respectively. Considering that humans are 10 times more sensitive than animals, the realgar dose is equivalent to 0.17, 0.64 and 2.7 mg/kg HED. It can be considered that if patients take no more than 2.7 mg/kg realgar for 2 weeks, there will be no adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yi
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicial Sciences, 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen Nei, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Shuangrong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicial Sciences, 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen Nei, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jing Xia
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, No. 1500 Shanghai Zhang Heng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chunying Li
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicial Sciences, 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen Nei, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicial Sciences, 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen Nei, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yushi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicial Sciences, 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen Nei, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Aihua Liang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medicial Sciences, 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen Nei, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Shen Ji
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, No. 1500 Shanghai Zhang Heng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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11
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Kumari S, Kumaran SS, Goyal V, Bose S, Jain S, Dwivedi SN, Srivastava AK, Jagannathan NR. Metabolomic analysis of serum using proton NMR in 6-OHDA experimental PD model and patients with PD. Neurochem Int 2020; 134:104670. [PMID: 31917997 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadhana Kumari
- Department of NMR and MRI Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - S Senthil Kumaran
- Department of NMR and MRI Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India.
| | - Vinay Goyal
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Samrat Bose
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Suman Jain
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Sada Nand Dwivedi
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Achal Kumar Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
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12
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Xu W, Xu S, Zhang S, Wu X, Jin P. Arsenic Bioaccessibility of Realgar Influenced by the Other Traditional Chinese Medicines in Niuhuang Jiedu Tablet and the Roles of Gut Microbiota. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2019; 2019:8496817. [PMID: 31929821 PMCID: PMC6942848 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8496817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Niuhuang Jiedu tablet (NJT), a realgar (As2S2) containing Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), is a well-known formula. The safety of NJT is of growing concern since arsenic (As) is considered as one of the most toxic elements. NJT was demonstrated to be safer than realgar by our previous experiments and some other studies. The toxicity of realgar has been shown to be related to the amount of soluble or bioaccessible arsenic. In this study, the influences of the other TCMs in NJT on the bioaccessibility of arsenic from realgar, and the roles of gut microbiota during this process were investigated in vitro. Results showed that Dahuang (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma), Huangqin (Scutellariae Radix), Jiegeng (Platycodonis Radix), and Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) could significantly reduce the bioaccessibility of arsenic from realgar in artificial gastrointestinal fluids. Gut microbiota played an important role in decreasing the bioaccessibility of realgar because it was demonstrated to be able to absorb the soluble arsenic from realgar in the incubation medium. Dahuang, Huangqin, and Jiegeng could modulate the gut microbiota to enhance its arsenic absorption activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shuo Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xuejun Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Pengfei Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China
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13
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An X, Bao Q, Di S, Zhao Y, Zhao S, Zhang H, Lian F, Tong X. The interaction between the gut Microbiota and herbal medicines. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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14
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Chen R, Wang J, Zhan R, Zhang L, Wang X. Integrated Systems Pharmacology, Urinary Metabonomics, and Quantitative Real-Time PCR Analysis to Uncover Targets and Metabolic Pathways of the You-Gui Pill in Treating Kidney-Yang Deficiency Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3655. [PMID: 31357410 PMCID: PMC6696241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney-yang deficiency syndrome (KYDS) is a metabolic disease caused by a neuro-endocrine disorder. The You-gui pill (YGP) is a classic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula for the treatment of KYDS and has been widely used to warm and recuperate KYDS clinically for hundreds of years in China. However, it is unknown whetherthe corresponding targets and metabolic pathways can also be found via using metabonomics based on one platform (e.g., 1H NMR) to study different biological samples of KYDS. At the same time, relevant reports on further molecular verification (e.g., RT-qPCR analysis) of these targets associated with biomarkers and metabolic pathways have not yet, to our knowledge, been seen in KYDS's research. In the present study, a comprehensive strategy integrating systems pharmacology and 1H NMR-based urinary metabonomics analysis was proposed to identify the target proteins and metabolic pathways that YGP acts on KYDS. Thereafter, further validation of target proteins in kidney tissue was performed through quantitative real-time PCR analysis (RT-qPCR). Furthermore, biochemical parameters and histopathological analysis were studied. As a result, seven target proteins (L-serine dehydratase; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; spermidine synthase; tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, glutamine synthetase; 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase; glycine amidinotransferase) in YGP were discovered to play a therapeutic role in KYDS via affecting eight metabolic pathways (glycine, serine and threonine metabolism; butanoate metabolism; TCA cycle, etc.). Importantly, three target proteins (i.e., 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase; glutamine synthetase; and glycine amidinotransferase) and two metabolic pathways (butanoate metabolism and dicarboxylate metabolism) related to KYDS, to our knowledge, had been newly discovered in our study. The mechanism of action mainly involved energy metabolism, oxidative stress, ammonia metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and fatty acid metabolism. In short, our study demonstrated that targets and metabolic pathways for the treatment of KYDS by YGP can be effectively found via combining with systems pharmacology and urinary metabonomics. In addition to this, common and specific targets and metabolic pathways of KYDS treated by YGP can be found effectively by integration with the analysis of different biological samples (e.g., serum, urine, feces, and tissue). It is; therefore, important that this laid the foundation for deeper mechanism research and drug-targeted therapy of KYDS in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqun Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jia Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Runhua Zhan
- Shool of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Medical Information Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiufeng Wang
- College of Medical Information Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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15
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Wang X, Niu M, Wu SN, Hu HWY, Liu XY, Ma SY, Liu J, Hao JJ, Yang XJ, Wu GS, Qin N, Wen RQ, Li DH, Zhang YM, Xiao XH, Wang JB, Ma L. Leeches attenuate blood hyperviscosity and related metabolic disorders in rats differently than aspirin. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 238:111813. [PMID: 30910578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Whitmania pigra Whitman (Whitmania pigra, WP), firstly recorded in the Shennong's Herbal Classic and officially listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, is a well-used cardiovascular protective traditional Chinese medicine derived from leeches. Traditional Chinese physicians prefer to prescribe the dried whole body of leech processed under high temperatures. It has been reported that dried WP remains clinically effective. However, the therapeutic mechanism has yet not be clearly elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was designed to investigate the protective activity of the extract of WP in a high-molecular-weight dextran-induced blood hyperviscosity rat model, and to explore the role of WP in improving blood hyperviscosity related metabolic disorders and to clarify the possible mechanism of metabolic regulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The hemorheological parameters were measured with an automated blood rheology analyzer. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the pathological changes in aortic tissues samples. Further, a liquid chromatography-mass-spectrometry (LC-MS)-based untargeted metabolomics approach was applied to characterize the metabolic alterations. RESULTS WP has evident attenuating effects on blood hyperviscosity and related metabolic disorders, and the influences are distinct from those of aspirin. The results showed that WP had good effects in reducing blood viscosity and ameliorating histopathological changes in the thoracic aorta in a high molecular weight dextran-induced blood hyperviscosity rat model. The middle dose (2.5 g raw material/kg body weight) of WP exhibited effects equivalent to aspirin (100 mg/kg) on hemorheological and histopathological parameters (P > 0.05). However, when using metabolomics profiling, we found that WP could significantly improve blood hyperviscosity-related metabolic disorders and restore metabolites to normal levels; while aspirin showed little effect. With principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis, WP regulated many more endogenous metabolites than aspirin. With pathway enrichment analysis, the differential endogenous metabolites were involved in cysteine and methionine metabolism, TCA cycle, arachidonic acid metabolism, etc., highlighting the metabolic reprogramming potential of WP against blood hyperviscosity-induced metabolic disorders. CONCLUSIONS The study suggest that WP has a more potent effect, but a different mechanism, than aspirin in improving either blood hyperviscosity or related metabolic disorders associated with cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China; China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Ming Niu
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Shan-Na Wu
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Huang-Wan-Yin Hu
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Yi Liu
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Sheng-Yao Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Jing Liu
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Jun-Jie Hao
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Juan Yang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Guo-Song Wu
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Nan Qin
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Rui-Qing Wen
- Beijing Haidian Food and Drug Safety Monitoring, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Dong-Hui Li
- Beijing Haidian Food and Drug Safety Monitoring, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Ya-Ming Zhang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Xiao-He Xiao
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Jia-Bo Wang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Li Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China.
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16
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Duan L, Guo L, Wang L, Yin Q, Zhang CM, Zheng YG, Liu EH. Application of metabolomics in toxicity evaluation of traditional Chinese medicines. Chin Med 2018; 13:60. [PMID: 30524499 PMCID: PMC6278008 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-018-0218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) have a long history of use because of its potential complementary therapy and fewer adverse effects. However, the toxicity and safety issues of TCM have drawn considerable attention in the past two decades. Metabolomics is an “omics” approach that aims to comprehensively analyze all metabolites in biological samples. In agreement with the holistic concept of TCM, metabolomics has shown great potential in efficacy and toxicity evaluation of TCM. Recently, a large amount of metabolomic researches have been devoted to exploring the mechanism of toxicity induced by TCM, such as hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and cardiotoxicity. In this paper, the application of metabolomics in toxicity evaluation of bioactive compounds, TCM extracts and TCM prescriptions are reviewed, and the potential problems and further perspectives for application of metabolomics in toxicological studies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Duan
- 1College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024 China
| | - Long Guo
- 2School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200 China.,4Hebei Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200 China
| | - Lei Wang
- 2School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200 China
| | - Qiang Yin
- Department of Management, Xinjiang Uygur Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Wulumuqi, 830001 China
| | - Chen-Meng Zhang
- 1College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024 China
| | - Yu-Guang Zheng
- 2School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200 China
| | - E-Hu Liu
- 3State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009 China
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17
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Zhang J, Sun G. Assessment of quality consistency in traditional Chinese medicine using multi-wavelength fusion profiling by integrated quantitative fingerprint method: Niuhuang Jiedu pill as an example. J Sep Sci 2018; 42:509-521. [PMID: 30387929 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Under the wave of the revival of traditional Chinese medicine, there is a quite imperative duty to study an integrated and comprehensive method of fingerprint data processing and analysis on the quality consistency of traditional Chinese medicine. So, we proposed six parameters from two aspects (qualitative and quantitative), three levels (biased to strong peaks, biased to weak peaks, no obvious bias), to comprehensively evaluate the similarity of the two fingerprints. On this basis, another five parameters were proposed to evaluate the integrated effects (consistency, volatility, and similarity). This method was applied to 22 batches of Niuhuang Jiedu pill samples. Next, a practical and convenient multi-wavelength fusion method was designed to provide more information, and the generated fusion profilings were used for subsequent evaluation. The characteristics of the parameters were confirmed by correlation analysis. The results of both hierarchical clustering analysis and principal component analysis for raw data and standardized data were consistent with integrated quantitative fingerprint method results. At the same time, this method gave a reasonable explanation for abnormal and dissimilar samples. This work illustrated that the proposed method was particularly suitable for similarity analysis of fingerprints and capable of ensuring the quality consistency in traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Guoxiang Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
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18
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Liver-specific metabolomics characterizes the hepatoprotective effect of saponin-enriched Celosiae Semen extract on mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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19
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Xu W, Pei Y, Xu S, Wang H, Jin P. Metabolic Profiling Analysis of the Alleviation Effect of the Fractions of Niuhuang Jiedu Tablet on Realgar Induced Toxicity in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2018; 2018:2154603. [PMID: 29599804 PMCID: PMC5828372 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2154603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Niuhuang Jiedu Tablet (NJT) is a classical formula in treating acute tonsillitis, pharyngitis, and so on. In the formula, significant level of Realgar as a potentially toxic element is contained. Our previous experiments revealed that it was less toxic for combined Realgar in NJT. However, the active fraction of this prescription with toxicity alleviation effect on Realgar was still obscure. NJT was divided into five different polar fractions (NJT-PET, NJT-25, NJT-50, NJT-75, and NJT-95), and we explored the toxicity alleviation effect on Realgar. Based on 1H NMR spectra of urine and serum from rats, PCA and PLS-DA were performed to identify different metabolic profiles. Liver and kidney histopathology examinations and serum clinical chemistry analysis were also performed. With pattern recognition analysis of metabolites in urine and serum, Realgar group showed a clear separation from control group, while the metabolic profiles of NJT-PET, NJT-25, NJT-50, and NJT-95 groups were similar to Realgar group, and the metabolic profiles of NJT and NJT-75 groups were very close to control group. Statistics results were confirmed by the histopathological examination and biochemical assay. The present work indicated that 75% EtOH fraction of NJT was the most valid fraction with the toxicity alleviation effect on Realgar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yuehu Pei
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shuo Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Pengfei Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
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20
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Fan Y, Liu S, Chen X, Feng M, Song F, Gao X. Toxicological effects of Nux Vomica in rats urine and serum by means of clinical chemistry, histopathology and 1H NMR-based metabonomics approach. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 210:242-253. [PMID: 28648929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The dried ripe seeds of Nux Vomica (Strychnos nux-vomica L.), a traditional Chinese medicine, have been used to treat multifarious symptoms. However, the clinical applications of Nux Vomica are limited by its severe toxicity. In this study, Nux Vomica was subjected to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabonomics and pathological examination to determine relevant biomarkers in target organs and to explain the underlying toxicity mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHOD Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups of twelve rats. The control group was oral gavaged with distilled water, and two experiment groups were treated with Nux Vomica at a dose of 0.315 and 0.630g/kg body weight. On days 14 and 21, serum, urine, liver and kidney tissues were collected for histopathological examination, biochemical analysis and 1H-NMR analysis. RESULTS The metabolites changes of rats treated with Nux Vomica are obviously differ from that of controls. In serum, low-dose group compared with control shows the significantly changes included elevated concentration of glucose, TMAO, and creatine, with decreased lipids, 3-HB, lactate, and unsaturated fatty acid. Change in taurine was only observed in the separation comparison of high-dose group and control. In urine, the variation metabolites included elevations in glucose, creatine, and TMAO as well as decreased lactate, succinate, α-ketoglutaric acid, citrate and hippurate in low-dose group compared with control. Only alanine and creatine were decreased significantly in high-dose group compared with control. CONCLUSION Nux Vomica induced disruptions in glycolysis, lipid and amino acid metabolism, and toxic effects were aggravated in liver and kidney tissues as dosing time was prolonged. 1H NMR-based metabonomics combined with biochemical and histopathological methods can be applied to elucidate the toxicity mechanism of Nux Vomica decoction that caused liver and kidney injuries in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Fan
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shaofeng Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, Hezhou City People's Hospital, Hezhou 542800, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Sirio Pharm CO., LTD, Shantou 515041, PR China
| | - Meirou Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Fenyun Song
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Xiaoxia Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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21
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Li Y, Liu C, Du J, Sheng X, Zhang Y. Plasma metabolic profiling analysis of Cortex Periplocae-induced cardiotoxicity based on UPLC/Q-TOF-MS. RSC Adv 2018; 8:4937-4945. [PMID: 35557996 PMCID: PMC9088751 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra12247k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortex Periplocae is a well-known form of traditional medicine with its unique cardiotonic action, anti-tumor activity and immune regulation effect. However, improper use of Cortex Periplocae often leads to cardiac toxicity, which in the most severe cases can even be life-threatening. Biochemical tests and histopathological examinations are primary methods for clinical trials. However, such approaches are time-consuming, lack specificity and have low sensitivity, which can easily lead to negative results in studies. Therefore, a more scientific and systematic evaluation of Cortex Periplocae cardiotoxicity is particularly important. In this study, we established a method that combines metabonomics with trend analysis of a gavage concentration series to find cardiac toxicity biomarkers of Cortex Periplocae. We created rat cardiotoxicity models, in which the toxicity was caused by Cortex Periplocae. We collected data from rat plasma samples based on metabonomics using ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS). Multiple statistical analyses, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), were used to examine metabolite profile changes in plasma samples to screen potential cardiotoxicity biomarkers and metabolic pathways. Compared with the control group, after 7 days administration, the pathological sections showed cardiac toxicity. Moreover, some metabolites in the body changed significantly. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis showed that there are 11 metabolites related with cardiac toxicity, which play a role in “phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis”; “phenylalanine metabolism”; “valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis”; “glycerophospholipid metabolism” as well as “pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis”. These metabolites can better explain the cardiotoxicity mechanism of Cortex Periplocae and provide a scientific and systematic method to evaluate the cardiotoxicity of Cortex Periplocae. The experimental design flow for screening the cardiotoxicity biomarkers induced by Cortex Periplocae.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Li
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin 300193
- China
| | - Chuanxin Liu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin 300193
- China
| | - Jun Du
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin 300193
- China
| | - Xue Sheng
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin 300193
- China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin 300193
- China
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22
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Xu C, Rezeng C, Li J, Zhang L, Yan Y, Gao J, Wang Y, Li Z, Chen J. 1H NMR-Based Metabolomics Study of the Toxicological Effects in Rats Induced by "Renqing Mangjue" Pill, a Traditional Tibetan Medicine. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:602. [PMID: 28928660 PMCID: PMC5591455 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
“RenqingMangjue” pill (RMP), as an effective prescription of Traditional Tibetan Medicine (TTM), has been widely used in treating digestive diseases and ulcerative colitis for over a thousand years. In certain classical Tibetan Medicine, heavy metal may add as an active ingredient, but it may cause contamination unintentionally in some cases. Therefore, the toxicity and adverse effects of TTM became to draw public attention. In this study, 48 male Wistar rats were orally administrated with different dosages of RMP once a day for 15 consecutive days, then half of the rats were euthanized on the 15th day and the remaining were euthanized on the 30th day. Plasma, kidney and liver samples were acquired to 1H NMR metabolomics analysis. Histopathology and ICP-MS were applied to support the metabolomics findings. The metabolic signature of plasma from RMP-administrated rats exhibited increasing levels of glucose, betaine, and creatine, together with decreasing levels of lipids, 3-hydroxybutate, pyruvate, citrate, valine, leucine, isoleucine, glutamate, and glutamine. The metabolomics analysis results of liver showed that after RMP administration, the concentrations of valine, leucine, proline, tyrosine, and tryptophan elevated, while glucose, sarcosine and 3-hydroxybutyrate decreased. The levels of metabolites in kidney, such as, leucine, valine, isoleucine and tyrosine, were increased, while taurine, glutamate, and glutamine decreased. The study provides several potential biomarkers for the toxicity mechanism research of RMP and shows that RMP may cause injury in kidney and liver and disturbance of several pathways, such as energy metabolism, oxidative stress, glucose and amino acids metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Caidan Rezeng
- Research Center of Chinese and Tibetan Medicine, Medicine College of Qinghai UniversityXining, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Yujing Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jian Gao
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Yingfeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Zhongfeng Li
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jianxin Chen
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
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Huo T, Fang Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Feng C, Yuan M, Wang S, Chen M, Jiang H. Plasma metabolomics study of the hepatoprotective effect of glycyrrhetinic acid on realgar-induced sub-chronic hepatotoxicity in mice via 1H NMR analysis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 208:36-43. [PMID: 28673699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Realgar, a type of mineral drug that contains arsenic, is concurrently used with Glycyrrhizae Radx et Rhizoma to reduce its toxicity in many Chinese herbal formulations. Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is the bioactive ingredient in Glycyrrhizae Radx et Rhizoma. In this study, the protective effects of GA on realgar-induced hepatotoxicity was investigated using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR)-based metabolomic approaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were divided into control, GA, realgar, and GA and realgar co-administration groups. Their plasma samples were used for a metabolomics study. RESULTS GA can protect the mice against realgar-induced hepatotoxicity to some extent by relieving alterations in the clinical biochemical parameters and the damage to hepatocytes. Metabolic profiling via principal components analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) indicated that the metabolic perturbation caused by realgar was reduced by GA. Six metabolites, including 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB), very low density/low density lipoprotein (VLDL/LDL), N-acetylglycoprotein (NAc), lactate, choline and D-glucose, were considered as potential biomarkers that are involved in the toxicity reduction effect of GA on realgar-induced hepatotoxicity. The correlation analysis showed that these potential biomarkers were all positively correlated with ALT and AST activities (correlation coefficient > 0.5). Lipid and energy metabolism pathways were found to be primarily associated with the hepatoprotective effect of GA. CONCLUSIONS GA has an effective protection function by regulating the lipid and energy metabolism to liver injuries that are induced by realgar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoguang Huo
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Yinghua Zhang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Yanlei Wang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Cong Feng
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Mingmei Yuan
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Shouyun Wang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Mo Chen
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China.
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24
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Su G, Chen G, An X, Wang H, Pei YH. Metabolic Profiling Analysis of the Alleviation Effect of Treatment with Baicalin on Cinnabar Induced Toxicity in Rats Urine and Serum. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:271. [PMID: 28567014 PMCID: PMC5434134 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Baicalin is the main bioactive flavonoid constituent isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. The mechanisms of protection of liver remain unclear. In this study, 1H NMR-based metabonomics approach has been used to investigate the alleviation effect of Baicalin. Method:1H NMR metabolomics analyses of urine and serum from rats, was performed to illuminate the alleviation effect of Baicalin on mineral medicine (cinnabar)-induced liver and kidney toxicity. Results: The metabolic profiles of groups receiving Baicalin at a dose of 80 mg/kg were remarkably different from cinnabar, and meanwhile, the level of endogenous metabolites returned to normal compared to group cinnabar. PLS-DA scores plots demonstrated that the variation tendency of control and Baicalein are apart from Cinnabar. The metabolic profiles of group Baicalein were similar to those of group control. Statistics results were confirmed by the histopathological examination and biochemical assay. Conclusion: Baicalin have the alleviation effect to the liver and kidney damage induced by cinnabar. The Baicalin could regulate endogenous metabolites associated with the energy metabolism, choline metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and gut flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyue Su
- Department of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Xiao An
- Department of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Yue-Hu Pei
- Department of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang, China
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25
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Xu J, Chen HB, Li SL. Understanding the Molecular Mechanisms of the Interplay Between Herbal Medicines and Gut Microbiota. Med Res Rev 2017; 37:1140-1185. [PMID: 28052344 DOI: 10.1002/med.21431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Herbal medicines (HMs) are much appreciated for their significant contribution to human survival and reproduction by remedial and prophylactic management of diseases. Defining the scientific basis of HMs will substantiate their value and promote their modernization. Ever-increasing evidence suggests that gut microbiota plays a crucial role in HM therapy by complicated interplay with HM components. This interplay includes such activities as: gut microbiota biotransforming HM chemicals into metabolites that harbor different bioavailability and bioactivity/toxicity from their precursors; HM chemicals improving the composition of gut microbiota, consequently ameliorating its dysfunction as well as associated pathological conditions; and gut microbiota mediating the interactions (synergistic and antagonistic) between the multiple chemicals in HMs. More advanced experimental designs are recommended for future study, such as overall chemical characterization of gut microbiota-metabolized HMs, direct microbial analysis of HM-targeted gut microbiota, and precise gut microbiota research model development. The outcomes of such research can further elucidate the interactions between HMs and gut microbiota, thereby opening a new window for defining the scientific basis of HMs and for guiding HM-based drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Hu-Biao Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Song-Lin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, P.R. China.,Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing, 210028, P.R. China
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26
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Man S, Qiu P, Li J, Zhang L, Gao W. Global metabolic profiling for the study of Rhizoma Paridis saponins-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:99-108. [PMID: 26590097 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Rhizoma Paridis saponins (RPS) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) from the plant Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis (Fr.) Hand.-Mazz. Despite its potentially clinical utility such as anticancer and anti-inflammation, it has slight side effects and toxicity as previous report. In this work, 90-day administration of RPS induced liver injury. 1 H-NMR- and GC/MS-based metabonomic analyses in conjunction with histopathological examinations, blood biochemistry and hepatic phase I and II enzymes assays were performed to evaluate the toxic mechanisms of RPS induced in rats. As a result, oral administration of RPS possessed certain liver toxicity in SD rats. 1 H-NMR and GC/MS data indicated that RPS inhibited the oxidation of fatty acids, glycolysis, and TCA cycle pathway, and disturbed glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism. Low expression of TG, T-CHO, and LDL-C and high levels of ALT and AST indicated that chronic exposure to RPS caused hepatocyte damage, synthesis dysfunction, and transportation failure of lipoproteins. In addition, RPS downregulated the mRNA levels of CYP1A2, CYP2E1, and UGTs. In conclusion, we used metabonomics approach to study the toxicity of RPS for the first time. This research demonstrated that metabonomics method was a promising tool to study and diagnose TCM-induced toxicity. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 99-108, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Man
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Peiyu Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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27
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Huo T, Fang Y, Zhao L, Xiong Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Feng C, Yuan M, Wang S, Chen M, Jiang H. 1HNMR-based metabonomic study of sub-chronic hepatotoxicity induced by realgar. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 192:1-9. [PMID: 27377338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Realgar has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for thousands of years. Recently, a number of realgar or realgar-containing medicines poisoning cases have been reported. However, the toxicological mechanism of realgar has not been clearly clarified. In present study, the subchronic hepatotoxicity of realgar on mice was investigated using 1HNMR-based metabonomic approaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-eight male mice were divided into control group and low (0.15g/kg), middle (0.45g/kg), high (1.35g/kg) dosage realgar exposed groups. Their plasma and urine samples were used for NMR spectroscopic metabolic profiling. Principal component analysis (PCA) and pathway analysis were used to detect the hepatotoxic effects of realgar. Liver histopathological examination and plasma clinical chemistry analyses were also performed. RESULTS Plasma clinical chemistry analyses showed increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein (TP), total cholesterol (TC) and choline esterase (CHE) in realgar-exposed mice indicating liver injury. The PCA score plots showed the metabolic profiles of realgar-exposed mice apparently separated from the controls. Obvious dose-dependent changes of metabolites in urine and plasma of realgar-exposed mice were observed. From the loading plots and boxplots results, the concentrations of VLDL/LDL, 3-HB, lactate, acetate, acetoacetate, creatine, glutamate, methionine, NAc, TMAO, alanine in plasma and pyruvate, succinate, 2-oxoglutarate, DMA, citrate, hippurate, glycine, taurine, phenylalanine, lactate in urine were significantly changed in realgar-exposed mice. The change trends of metabolites in urine and plasma from mice sub-chronic exposed to realgar are similar to those reported in rats acute exposed to realgar, which indicate the acute and sub-chronic toxic mechanism of realgar are same. The disturbed metabolic pathway include energy metabolism, amino acids metabolism and gut bacteria metabolism. CONCLUSIONS The present work illustrated the NMR-based metabonomic approach can capture and probe the metabolic alterations induced by traditional Chinese medicine in the toxicological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoguang Huo
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China; Department of Identification of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110032, PR China
| | - Longshan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Zhili Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Yinghua Zhang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Yanlei Wang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Cong Feng
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Mingmei Yuan
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Shouyun Wang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Mo Chen
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China.
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28
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Yan H, Qiao Z, Shen B, Xiang P, Shen M. Plasma metabolic profiling analysis of toxicity induced by brodifacoum using metabonomics coupled with multivariate data analysis. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 267:129-135. [PMID: 27598867 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Brodifacoum is one of the most widely used rodenticides for rodent control and eradication; however, human and animal poisoning due to primary and secondary exposure has been reported since its development. Although numerous studies have described brodifacoum induced toxicity, the precise mechanism still needs to be explored. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) coupled with an ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was applied to characterize the metabolic profile of brodifacoum induced toxicity and discover potential biomarkers in rat plasma. The toxicity of brodifacoum was dose-dependent, and the high-dose group obviously manifested toxicity with subcutaneous hemorrhage. The blood brodifacoum concentration showed a positive relation to the ingestion dose in toxicological analysis. Significant changes of twenty-four metabolites were identified and considered as potential toxicity biomarkers, primarily involving glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism associated with anticoagulant activity, nephrotoxicity and hepatic damage. MS-based metabonomics analysis in plasma samples is helpful to search for potential poisoning biomarkers and to understand the underlying mechanisms of brodifacoum induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yan
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Sciences, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai 200063, China; Department of Forensic Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zheng Qiao
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Sciences, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Baohua Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Sciences, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Sciences, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Sciences, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai 200063, China.
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29
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1H-NMR-Based Metabonomics Study on the Restorative Effect of Soybean Polypeptide in Rats of Oxidative Damaged Induced by d-Galactose. Int J Pept Res Ther 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-016-9532-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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Chen DQ, Chen H, Chen L, Tang DD, Miao H, Zhao YY. Metabolomic application in toxicity evaluation and toxicological biomarker identification of natural product. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 252:114-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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31
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Shi J, Cao B, Wang XW, Aa JY, Duan JA, Zhu XX, Wang GJ, Liu CX. Metabolomics and its application to the evaluation of the efficacy and toxicity of traditional Chinese herb medicines. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1026:204-216. [PMID: 26657802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese herb medicines (TCHMs) have been used in the treatment of a variety of diseases for thousands of years in Asian countries. The active components of TCHMs usually exert combined synergistic therapeutic effects on multiple targets, but with less potential therapeutic effect based on routine indices than Western drugs. These complex effects make the assessment of the efficacy of TCHMs and the clarification of their underlying mechanisms very challenging, and therefore hinder their wider application and acceptance. Metabolomics is a crucial part of systems biology. It allows the quantitative measurement of large numbers of the low-molecular endogenous metabolites involved in metabolic pathways, and thus reflects the fundamental metabolism status of the body. Recently, dozens of metabolomic studies have been devoted to prove the efficacy/safety, explore the underlying mechanisms, and identify the potential biomarkers to access the action targets of TCHMs, with fruitful results. This article presents an overview of these studies, focusing on the progress made in exploring the pharmacology and toxicology of various herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; Pharmacy Department, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; Pharmacy Department, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin-Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ji-Ye Aa
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China.
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan-Xuan Zhu
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Guang-Ji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chang-Xiao Liu
- Research Center of New Drug Evaluation, The National Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
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32
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Dong G, Wang J, Guo P, Wei D, Yang M, Kong L. Toxicity assessment of Arisaematis Rhizoma in rats by a 1H NMR-based metabolomics approach. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:407-17. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00583j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A 1H NMR based metabolomics approach combined with serum biochemistry and histopathological examination was used to study the toxicity of Arisaematis Rhizoma by intragastrical administration for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- P.R. China
| | - Junsong Wang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- P.R. China
| | - Pingping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- P.R. China
| | - Dandan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- P.R. China
| | - Minghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- P.R. China
| | - Lingyi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- P.R. China
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Qiu S, Zhang AH, Sun H, Yan GL, Wang XJ. Overview on metabolomics in traditional Chinese medicine. World J Pharmacol 2014; 3:33-38. [DOI: 10.5497/wjp.v3.i3.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics has been widely used in the modern research of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). At the same time, the world is increasingly concerned about TCM, and many studies have been conducted to investigate different aspects of TCM. Among these studies, metabolomic approach has been implemented to facilitate TCM development. The current methods for TCM research are diverse, including nuclear magnetic resonance, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Using these techniques, some advantageous results have been obtained in the studies of TCM, such as diagnosis and treatment, quality control, and mechanisms of action. It is believed that the further development of metabolomic analytical techniques is beneficial to the modernization of TCM. This review summarizes potential applications of metabolomics in the area of TCM. Guidelines for good practice for the application of metabolomics in TCM research are also proposed, and the special role of metabolomics in TCM is highlighted.
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34
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Xu W, Wang H, Chen G, Li W, Xiang R, Zhang X, Pei Y. A metabolic profiling analysis of the acute toxicological effects of the realgar (As₂S₂) combined with other herbs in Niuhuang Jiedu Tablet using ¹H NMR spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 153:771-781. [PMID: 24685585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Niuhuang Jiedu Tablet (NJT), composed of Realgar (As₂S₂), Bovis Calculus Artificialis, Borneolum Synthcticum, Gypsum Fibrosum, Rhei Radix et Rhizoma (RR), Scutellariae Radix (SR), Platycodonis Radix (PR) and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (GR), is an effective formula of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) used in treating acute tonsillitis, pharyngitis, periodontitis and mouth ulcer. In the formula, significant level of realgar (As₂S₂) as a potentially toxic element is contained. In our pervious experiments, NJT was significantly less toxic than realgar (As₂S₂), and the material bases of toxicity alleviation effect to realgar (As₂S₂) were RR, SR, PR and GR. However, the toxicity alleviation effect of each above mentioned four herbs to realgar (As₂S₂) and their synergistic detoxification effects to realgar (As₂S₂) were still obscure. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wistar rats were divided into 11 groups: control, group R (treated with Realgar), group RRSPG (treated with Realgar, RR, SR, PR and GR), group RRSP (treated with Realgar, RR, SR and PR), group RRSG (treated with Realgar, RR, SR and GR), group RRPG (treated with Realgar, RR, PR and GR), group RSPG (treated with Realgar, SR, PR and GR), group RR (treated with Realgar and RR), group RS (treated with Realgar and SR), group RP (treated with Realgar and PR) and group RG (treated with Realgar and GR). Based on (1)H NMR spectra of urine and serum from rats, PCA and PLS-DA were performed to identify different metabolic profiles. Liver and kidney histopathology examinations and serum clinical chemistry analysis were also performed. RESULTS The metabolic profiles of groups RR, RS, RP and RG were similar to those of group R, while the metabolic profiles of groups RRSPG, RRSP, RRSG, RRPG and RSPG were almost in line with those of control group. Statistics results were confirmed by the histopathological examination and biochemical assay. CONCLUSION The present work suggested that the toxicity alleviation effects of RR, SR, PR and GR to realgar (As₂S₂) were not obvious when combined with realgar (As₂S₂) respectively, but they had synergistic detoxification effects on realgar (As₂S₂) mutually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Gang Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Wen Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Rongwu Xiang
- Mathematics Teaching & Research Section, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Yuehu Pei
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
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You R, Pang Q, Li L. A Metabolic Phenotyping Approach to Characterize the Effects of Cantonese Herbal Tea on Restraint Stressed Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2014; 37:1466-74. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong You
- College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University
- Mitochodria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington
| | - Qihua Pang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University
| | - Lin Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology
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