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Yang K, Wang Z, Wang P, Wang L, Li Y, He L, Liu X, Xu J, Duan Y, Ma W. A Comprehensive Research Review of Herbal Textual Research, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Traditional Uses, Clinical Application, Safety Evaluation, and Quality Control of Trollius chinensis Bunge. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:800. [PMID: 38931467 PMCID: PMC11206471 DOI: 10.3390/ph17060800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Trollius chinensis Bunge (TCB) is a perennial plant of the Ranunculaceae family with medicinal and edible values. It is widely distributed and commonly used in various regions, including Asia, Europe, and North America. The main chemical components of TCB include alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and volatile oil compounds. TCB is renowned for its anti-inflammatory, heat-clearing, detoxifying, and eyesight-improving properties. Its dried flowers are commonly used as a traditional Chinese medicine indicated for the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections, chronic tonsillitis, pharyngitis, influenza, and bronchitis. Modern pharmacology has demonstrated the anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, and antioxidant effects of TCB. This study presents a comprehensive overview of various aspects of TCB, including herbal textual research, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, traditional uses, clinical application, and quality control, aiming to provide new ideas on the scientific application of TCB as well as the integration of modern research with traditional medicinal uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Yang
- Pharmacy of College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; (K.Y.); (Z.W.); (P.W.); (Y.L.); (L.H.); (J.X.)
- College of Jiamusi, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Jiamusi 154007, China; (L.W.); (X.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Zhen Wang
- Pharmacy of College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; (K.Y.); (Z.W.); (P.W.); (Y.L.); (L.H.); (J.X.)
| | - Panpan Wang
- Pharmacy of College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; (K.Y.); (Z.W.); (P.W.); (Y.L.); (L.H.); (J.X.)
| | - Lai Wang
- College of Jiamusi, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Jiamusi 154007, China; (L.W.); (X.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yuanjie Li
- Pharmacy of College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; (K.Y.); (Z.W.); (P.W.); (Y.L.); (L.H.); (J.X.)
| | - Lianqing He
- Pharmacy of College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; (K.Y.); (Z.W.); (P.W.); (Y.L.); (L.H.); (J.X.)
| | - Xiubo Liu
- College of Jiamusi, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Jiamusi 154007, China; (L.W.); (X.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Jiao Xu
- Pharmacy of College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; (K.Y.); (Z.W.); (P.W.); (Y.L.); (L.H.); (J.X.)
- College of Jiamusi, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Jiamusi 154007, China; (L.W.); (X.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yijin Duan
- College of Jiamusi, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Jiamusi 154007, China; (L.W.); (X.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Wei Ma
- Pharmacy of College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; (K.Y.); (Z.W.); (P.W.); (Y.L.); (L.H.); (J.X.)
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He L, Wang Z, Lu J, Qin C, He J, Ren W, Liu X. Trollius chinensis Bunge: A Comprehensive Review of Research on Botany, Materia Medica, Ethnopharmacological Use, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Quality Control. Molecules 2024; 29:421. [PMID: 38257334 PMCID: PMC10819464 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Trollius chinensis Bunge, a perennial herb belonging to the Ranunculaceae family, has been extensively used in traditional Chinese medicine. Documented in the Supplements to the Compendium of Materia Medica, its medicinal properties encompass a spectrum of applications, including heat clearance, detoxification, alleviation of oral/throat sores, earaches, eye pain, cold-induced fever, and vision improvement. Furthermore, T. chinensis is used in clinical settings to treat upper respiratory infections, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, esoenteritis, canker, bronchitis, etc. It is mainly used to treat inflammation, such as inflammation of the upper respiratory tract and nasal mucosa. This comprehensive review explores the evolving scientific understanding of T. chinensis, covering facets of botany, materia medica, ethnopharmacological use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and quality control. In particular, the chemical constituents and pharmacological research are reviewed. Polyphenols, mainly flavonoids and phenolic acids, are highly abundant among T. chinensis and are responsible for antiviral, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities. The flower additionally harbors trace amounts of volatile oil, polysaccharides, and other bioactive compounds. The active ingredients of the flower have fewer side effects, and it is used in children because of its minimal side effects, which has great research potential. These findings validate the traditional uses of T. chinensis and lay the groundwork for further scientific exploration. The sources utilized in this study encompass Web of Science, Pubmed, CNKI site, classic monographs, Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Chinese Medicine Dictionary, and doctoral and master's theses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianqing He
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; (L.H.); (Z.W.); (J.L.); (C.Q.); (J.H.)
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; (L.H.); (Z.W.); (J.L.); (C.Q.); (J.H.)
| | - Jiaxin Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; (L.H.); (Z.W.); (J.L.); (C.Q.); (J.H.)
| | - Chen Qin
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; (L.H.); (Z.W.); (J.L.); (C.Q.); (J.H.)
| | - Jiajun He
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; (L.H.); (Z.W.); (J.L.); (C.Q.); (J.H.)
| | - Weichao Ren
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; (L.H.); (Z.W.); (J.L.); (C.Q.); (J.H.)
| | - Xiubo Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China; (L.H.); (Z.W.); (J.L.); (C.Q.); (J.H.)
- College of Jiamusi, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Jiamusi 154007, China
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Li S, Fan G, Li X, Cai Y, Liu R. Modulation of type I interferon signaling by natural products in the treatment of immune-related diseases. Chin J Nat Med 2023; 21:3-18. [PMID: 36641230 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(23)60381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) is considered as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. Proper activation or inhibition of type I IFN signaling is essential for host defense against pathogen invasion, tumor cell proliferation, and overactive immune responses. Due to intricate and diverse chemical structures, natural products and their derivatives have become an invaluable source inspiring innovative drug discovery. In addition, some natural products have been applied in clinical practice for infection, cancer, and autoimmunity over thousands of years and their promising curative effects and safety have been well-accepted. However, whether these natural products are primarily targeting type I IFN signaling and specific molecular targets involved are not fully elucidated. In the current review, we thoroughly summarize recent advances in the pharmacology researches of natural products for their type I IFN activity, including both agonism/activation and antagonism/inhibition, and their potential application as therapies. Furthermore, the source and chemical nature of natural products with type I IFN activity are highlighted and their specific molecular targets in the type I IFN pathway and mode of action are classified. In conclusion, natural products possessing type I IFN activity represent promising therapeutic strategies and have a bright prospect in the treatment of infection, cancer, and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guifang Fan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaojiaoyang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yajie Cai
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Runping Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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Shi X, Wu B, Chen J, Luo J, Li M, Jiang Z, Shi Y. Enhanced activity of NLRP3 inflammasome and its proinflammatory effect in influenza A viral pneumonia. Future Virol 2022. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2021-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the activity of NLRP3 inflammasome and its effect on inducing severe pneumonia 1 week after influenza A virus (IAV) infection. Materials & methods: The expression levels of NLRP3, caspase-1 and IL-1β were assessed in murine macrophages stimulated with IAV. And the severity of viral pneumonia in mice was explored. Results & conclusion: The data showed that although the expression of NLRP3 diverged, activity of NLRP3 inflammasome was enhanced 1 week after IAV infection, and more severe viral pneumonia was associated with IL-1β in serum. It infers that enhanced activity of NLRP3 inflammasome induces augmented expression of IL-1β and severe pneumonia in a NLRP3-independent way, 1 week after IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Shi
- Department of MICU, Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Benquan Wu
- Department of MICU, Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Junxian Chen
- Department of MICU, Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jinmei Luo
- Department of MICU, Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Mei Li
- VIP Healthcare Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - ZhenYou Jiang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Basic Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yunfeng Shi
- Department of MICU, Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Tang R, Wang L, Zhang J, Li X, Tan L, He W, Han H, Liu Y, Wang K, Wang M. Exploring the active ingredients and pharmacological mechanisms of the oral intake formula Huoxiang Suling Shuanghua Decoction on influenza virus type A based on network pharmacology and experimental exploration. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1040056. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveTo investigate the active ingredients, underlying anti-influenza virus effects, and mechanisms of Huoxiang Suling Shuanghua Decoction (HSSD).Materials and methodsThe therapeutic effect of HSSD were confirmed through the survival rate experiment of H1N1-infected mice. Then, the HSSD solution and the ingredients absorbed into the blood after treatment with HSSD in rats were identified by UPLC/Q-TOF MS, while the main contents of ingredients were detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Next, a systems pharmacology approach incorporating target prediction, gene ontology (GO) enrichment, kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, and molecular docking were performed to screen out the active compounds and critical pathways of HSSD in treating influenza. According to prediction results, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry assay were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression levels of critical targets in H1N1-infected mice lungs.ResultsHuoxiang Suling Shuanghua Decoction improved the survival rate of H1N1-infected mice and prolonged the mice’s lifespan. Besides, HSSD exerts an antivirus effect by decreasing the levels of hemagglutinin (HA) and nucleoprotein (NP) to inhibit the replication and proliferation of H1N1, reducing the lung pathological state, inhibiting the cell apoptosis in the lung, and regulating the abnormal responses of peripheral blood, including GRA, LYM, white blood cell (WBC), PLT, and hemoglobin (HGB). Then, 87 compounds in the HSSD solution and 20 ingredients absorbed into the blood after treatment with HSSD were identified. Based on this, combined with the network analysis and previous research on antivirus, 16 compounds were screened out as the active components. Moreover, 16 potential targets were predicted by network pharmacology analysis. Next, molecular docking results showed stable binding modes between compounds and targets. Furthermore, experimental validation results indicated that HSSD regulates the contents of Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Immunoglobulin M (IgM), and Immunoglobulin G (IgG) in serum, modulating the levels of IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, and IP-10 in the lung tissue, and significantly decreasing the mRNA and protein expressions of TLR4, CD14, MyD88, NF-κB p65, HIF1 α, VEGF, IL17A, and IL6 in the lung tissue.ConclusionHuoxiang Suling Shuanghua Decoction exerts an anti-influenza effect by affecting the expressions of mRNA and protein including TLR4, CD14, MyD88, NF-kB p65, HIF-1α, VEGF, IL17A, IL6, and inhibiting the accumulation of inflammation. Our study provided experimental pieces of evidence about the practical application of HSSD in treating influenza.
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Yang M, Wang Y, Yue Y, Liang L, Peng M, Zhao M, Chen Y, Cao X, Li W, Li C, Zhang H, Du J, Zhong R, Xia T, Shu Z. Traditional Chinese medicines as effective agents against influenza virus-induced pneumonia. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113523. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Zhang X, Chen L, Hu C, Fast D, Zhang L, Yang B, Kan J, Du J. Curcumin attenuates poly(I:C)-induced immune and inflammatory responses in mouse macrophages by inhibiting TLR3/TBK1/IFNB cascade. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.104949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Sun ZG, Li ZN, Zhang JM, Hou XY, Yeh SM, Ming X. Recent Development of Flavonoids with Various Activities. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:305-329. [PMID: 35040404 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220117111858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids, a series of compounds with C6-C3-C6 structure, mostly originate from plant metabolism. Flavonoids have shown beneficial effects on many aspects of human physiology and health. Recently, many flavonoids with various activities have been discovered, which has led to more and more studies focusing on their physiological and pharmacodynamic activities. The anti-cancer and anti-viral activities especially have attracted the attention of many researchers. Therefore, the discovery and development of flavonoids as anti-disease drugs has great potential and may make significant contribution to fighting diseases. This review focus on the discovery and development of flavonoids in medicinal chemistry in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Sun
- Central Laboratory, Linyi Central Hospital, No.17 Jiankang Road, Linyi 276400, China
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Zhi-Na Li
- Central Laboratory, Linyi Central Hospital, No.17 Jiankang Road, Linyi 276400, China
| | - Jin-Mai Zhang
- Room 205, BIO-X white house, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yan Hou
- Qilu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 8888 Lvyou Road, High-tech Zone, Jinan, 250104, P.R. China
| | - Stacy Mary Yeh
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Xin Ming
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Development of Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents-Inspiration from Immunomodulatory Natural Products. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071257. [PMID: 34203182 PMCID: PMC8310077 DOI: 10.3390/v13071257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing broad-spectrum antiviral drugs remains an important issue as viral infections continue to threaten public health. Host-directed therapy is a method that focuses on potential targets in host cells or the body, instead of viral proteins. Its antiviral effects are achieved by disturbing the life cycles of pathogens or modulating immunity. In this review, we focus on the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs that enhance the immune response. Some natural products present antiviral effects mediated by enhancing immunity, and their structures and mechanisms are summarized here. Natural products with immunomodulatory effects are also discussed, although their antiviral effects remain unknown. Given the power of immunity and the feasibility of host-directed therapy, we argue that both of these categories of natural products provide clues that may be beneficial for the discovery of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.
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Ti H, Zhuang Z, Yu Q, Wang S. Progress of Plant Medicine Derived Extracts and Alkaloids on Modulating Viral Infections and Inflammation. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2021; 15:1385-1408. [PMID: 33833499 PMCID: PMC8020337 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s299120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Viral infectious diseases are serious threats to human health in both developing and developed countries. Although there is the continued development of new drugs from synthetic sources as antiviral agents, medicinal plants continue to provide the basic raw materials for some of the most important antiviral drugs. Alkaloids are a class of pharmacologically active plant compounds that are usually alkaline in nature. In this review, we tried to summarize recent progress in herb-based antiviral research, the advantages of using active plant compounds as antiviral agents, and the inflammatory responses initiated by alkaloids, based on the literature from 2009 to 2019, for the treatment of conditions, including influenza, human immunodeficiency virus, herpes simplex virus, hepatitis, and coxsackievirus infections. Articles are retrieved from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science using relevant keywords. In particular, the alkaloids from medicinal plants responsible for the molecular mechanisms of anti-inflammatory actions are identified and discussed. This review can provide a theoretical basis and approaches for using various alkaloids as antiviral treatments. More research is needed to develop alkaloidal compounds as antiviral therapeutic agents and potential regulators of the anti-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Ti
- School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.,Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of the Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixi Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yu
- School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shumei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.,Engineering & Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of the Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
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Naik SR, Bharadwaj P, Dingelstad N, Kalyaanamoorthy S, Mandal SC, Ganesan A, Chattopadhyay D, Palit P. Structure-based virtual screening, molecular dynamics and binding affinity calculations of some potential phytocompounds against SARS-CoV-2. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:6921-6938. [PMID: 33682632 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1891969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 caused by a positive-sense single stranded RNA virus named as severe acute respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) triggered the global pandemic. This virus has infected about 10.37 Crores and taken lives of 2.24 Crores people of 213 countries to date. To cope-up this emergency clinical trials are undergoing with some existing drugs like remdesivir, flavipiravir, lopinavir-ritonavir, nafamostat, doxycycline, hydroxy-chloroquine, dexamethasone, etc., despite their severe toxicity and health hazards among diabetics, hypertensive, cardiac patients or normal individuals. The lack of safe and approved treatment for COVID-19 has forced the scientific community to find novel and safe compounds with potential efficacy. This study evaluates a few selective herbal compounds like glucoraphanin, vitexin, niazinin, etc., as a potential inhibitor of the spike protein and 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) or main protease (Mpro) of SARS-COV-2 through in-silico virtual studies such as molecular docking, target analysis, toxicity prediction and ADME prediction and supported by a Molecular-Dynamic simulation. Selective phytocompounds were docked successfully in the binding site of spike glycoprotein and 3CLpro (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2. In-silico approaches also predict this molecule to have good solubility, pharmacodynamic property and target accuracy through MD simulation and ADME studies. These hit molecules niazinin, vitexin, glucoraphanin also obey Lipinski's rule along with their stable binding towards target protein of the virus, which makes them suitable for further biochemical and cell-based assays followed by clinical investigations to highlight their potential use in COVID-19 treatment.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Rakesh Naik
- ArGan's Lab, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Prashant Bharadwaj
- Department of Computer science and Engineering, NIT Agartala, Agartala, India
| | - Nadia Dingelstad
- ArGan's Lab, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | - Subhash C Mandal
- Pharmacognosy & Phytotherapy Research Laboratory, Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Aravindhan Ganesan
- ArGan's Lab, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | - Partha Palit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Discovery Research Laboratory, Assam University, Silchar, India
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Antiviral Activity of 3D, a Butene Lactone Derivative Against Influenza A Virus In Vitro and In Vivo. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020278. [PMID: 33670217 PMCID: PMC7916974 DOI: 10.3390/v13020278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus is a highly variable and contagious respiratory pathogen that can cause annual epidemics and it poses an enormous threat to public health. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a new generation of antiviral drugs to combat the emergence of drug-resistant strains of the influenza virus. A novel series of butene lactone derivatives were screened and the compound 3D was selected, as it exhibited in vitro potential antiviral activity against A/Weiss/43 H1N1 virus with low toxicity. In addition, 3D dose-dependently inhibited the viral replication, expression of viral mRNA and viral proteins. 3D exerted a suppressive effect on A/Virginia/ATCC2/2009 H1N1 and A/California/2/2014 H3N2 in vitro. The time-of-addition analysis indicated that 3D suppressed H1N1 in the early stage of its life cycle. A/Weiss/43 H1N1-induced apoptosis in A549 cells was reduced by 3D via the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. 3D could decrease the production of H1N1-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines that are induced by H1N1 in vitro and in vivo. The administration of 3D reduced lung lesions and virus load in vivo. These results suggest that 3D, which is a butene lactone derivative, is a promising agent for the treatment of influenza A virus infection.
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Ma QH, Ren MY, Luo JB. San Wu Huangqin decoction regulates inflammation and immune dysfunction induced by influenza virus by regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway in H1N1-infected mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 264:112800. [PMID: 32224195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The San Wu Huangqin Decoction (SWHD), which is made from the dried root of Sophora flavescens Aiton (Kushen in Chinese), the dried root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Huangqin in Chinese), and the dried root tuber of Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC. (Dihuang in Chinese), is a traditional Chinese formula used to treat prolonged fever and inflammatory diseases in clinics and proven to inhibit influenza virus effectively in our previous study. AIM OF THE STUDY This work was performed to study the regulation of SWHD on inflammation and immune dysfunction induced by the influenza virus and the underlying mechanism in the treatment of SWHD. METHODS In this study, the influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1)-infected mouse model was used to investigate the regulation of SWHD on inflammation and immune dysfunction induced by H1N1. The pathological changes, the capacity of proliferation of T and B lymphocytes, the cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells, and the levels of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, and IFN-γ in the serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and lung were analyzed. The effects of type 1 T helper cell (Th1) and type 2 T helper cell (Th2) immune responses were discussed indirectly. In addition, the expression levels of p-p65, p65, IKKα/β, p-IκBα, and IκBα in relation to the NF-κB pathway were measured using Western blot analysis, or immunohistochemical assay. RESULTS SWHD decreased the pathological changes in lung tissues, promoted the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes, enhanced NK cell activity, and accelerated the phagocytic function of macrophages in H1N1-infected mice. At the same time, SWHD decreased the levels of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and increased the level of IL-4 in the serum, BALF, and lung of model mice. Moreover, the p-p65, p65, and IκBα protein expression levels were inhibited, whereas the p-IκBα protein expression levels were improved in the lungs of H1N1-infected mice. CONCLUSIONS SWHD can inhibit the replication of the H1N1 virus and reduced the excessive inflammation and immune dysfunction induced by the H1N1 virus in the body. This work provides rich experimental basis for further anti-inflammation research of SWHD and sets the foundation for the development of a viral inflammation drug of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Hai Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Meng-Yue Ren
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Jia-Bo Luo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medical, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, PR China.
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Tan S, Chen W, Xiang H, Kong G, Zou L, Wei L. Screening druggable targets and predicting therapeutic drugs for COVID-19 via integrated bioinformatics analysis. Genes Genomics 2021; 43:55-67. [PMID: 33428154 PMCID: PMC7797890 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-020-01021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China, numerous research institutions have invested in the development of anti-COVID-19 vaccines and screening for efficacious drugs to manage the virus. OBJECTIVE To explore the potential targets and therapeutic drugs for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 through data mining and bioinformatics. METHODS We integrated and profoundly analyzed 10 drugs previously assessed to have promising therapeutic potential in COVID-19 management, and have been recommended for clinical trials. To explore the mechanisms by which these drugs may be involved in the treatment of COVID-19, gene-drug interactions were identified using the DGIdb database after which functional enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, and miRNA-gene network construction were performed. We adopted the DGIdb database to explore the candidate drugs for COVID-19. RESULTS A total of 43 genes associated with the 10 potential COVID-19 drugs were identified. Function enrichment analysis revealed that these genes were mainly enriched in response to other invasions, toll-like receptor pathways, and they play positive roles in the production of cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8, and INF-β. TNF, TLR3, TLR7, TLR9, and CXCL10 were identified as crucial genes in COVID-19. Through the DGIdb database, we predicted 87 molecules as promising druggable molecules for managing COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this work may provide new insights into COVID-19 mechanisms and treatments. Further, the already identified candidate drugs may improve the efficiency of pharmaceutical treatment in this rapidly evolving global situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyou Tan
- grid.411427.50000 0001 0089 3695Department of Anesthesiology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, No.61 Jiefang West Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410002 Hunan China
| | - Wenyan Chen
- grid.411427.50000 0001 0089 3695Department of Anesthesiology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, No.61 Jiefang West Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410002 Hunan China
| | - Hongxian Xiang
- grid.411427.50000 0001 0089 3695Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410002 Hunan China
| | - Gaoyin Kong
- grid.411427.50000 0001 0089 3695Department of Anesthesiology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, No.61 Jiefang West Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410002 Hunan China ,Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology of ERAS in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410002 Hunan China
| | - Lianhong Zou
- grid.411427.50000 0001 0089 3695Hunan Provincial Institute of Emergency Medicine, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410002 Hunan China ,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Metabonomics, Changsha, 410002 Hunan China
| | - Lai Wei
- grid.411427.50000 0001 0089 3695Department of Anesthesiology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, No.61 Jiefang West Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410002 Hunan China ,Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology of ERAS in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410002 Hunan China
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15
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Shi Y, Shi X, Liang J, Luo J, Ba J, Chen J, Wu B. Aggravated MRSA pneumonia secondary to influenza A virus infection is derived from decreased expression of IL-1β. J Med Virol 2020; 92:3047-3056. [PMID: 32697385 PMCID: PMC7692898 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Secondary methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is a cause of severe pneumonia with high mortality during influenza A virus (IAV) pandemics. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) mount cellular defenses against IAV and MRSA infection, which occurs via the nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. However, the activity and function of the NLRP3 inflammasome in MRSA pneumonia secondary to IAV infection remain unclear. To clarify this, we studied MRSA infection secondary to IAV both in vitro and in mouse model. The expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome was evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence, Western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The lung pathology and the rate of weight change were observed. We found that IAV infection for 1 week activated NLRP3 inflammasome. The enhanced expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, and cleaved caspase-1 was associated with MRSA infection secondary to IAV, but the expression of interleukin (IL)-1β decreased in superinfection with MRSA both in vitro and in vivo. The aggravated inflammatory pathology in MRSA pneumonia secondary to IAV infection was associated with decreased expression of IL-1β. And increased weight loss in MRSA pneumonia secondary to IAV infection was related to decreased concentration of IL-1β in serum. It infers that superinfection with MRSA reduces expression of IL-1β someway, and decreased expression of IL-1β impairs the host immunity and leads to aggravated pneumonia. These results contributed to our understanding of the detailed activity of the NLRP3 inflammasome, IL-1β, and their relationship with aggravation of MRSA pneumonia secondary to IAV infection. Immunotherapy targeting the IL-1β signaling pathway could be possible therapeutic strategy for secondary MRSA pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Shi
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineInstitute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaohan Shi
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineInstitute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jingjing Liang
- Department of EmergencyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jinmei Luo
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineInstitute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Junhui Ba
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineInstitute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jianning Chen
- Department of PathologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Benquan Wu
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineInstitute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
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16
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Ninfali P, Antonelli A, Magnani M, Scarpa ES. Antiviral Properties of Flavonoids and Delivery Strategies. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092534. [PMID: 32825564 PMCID: PMC7551920 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the latest advancements in phytochemicals as functional antiviral agents. We focused on flavonoids, like apigenin, vitexin, quercetin, rutin and naringenin, which have shown a wide range of biological effects including antiviral activities. The molecular mechanisms of their antiviral effects mainly consist in the inhibition of viral neuraminidase, proteases and DNA/RNA polymerases, as well as in the modification of various viral proteins. Mixtures of different flavonoids or combination of flavonoids with antiviral synthetic drugs provide an enhancement of their antiviral effects. Recent strategies in drug delivery significantly contribute to overcoming the low bioavailability of flavonoids. Frequent viral infections worldwide have led to the need for new effective antiviral agents, which can be identified among the various phytochemicals. In this light, screening the antiviral activities of a cocktail of flavonoids would be advantageous in order to prevent viral infections and improve current antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mauro Magnani
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (E.S.S.); Tel.: +39-0722-305-211 (M.M.); +39-0722-305-252 (E.S.S.)
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17
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Cai W, Wen H, Zhou Q, Wu L, Chen Y, Zhou H, Jin M. 14-Deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide inhibits apoptosis in influenza A(H5N1) virus-infected human lung epithelial cells via the caspase-9-dependent intrinsic apoptotic pathway which contributes to its antiviral activity. Antiviral Res 2020; 181:104885. [PMID: 32702348 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection represents a global health challenge. Excavating antiviral active components from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a promising anti-IAV strategy. Our previous studies have demonstrated that 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (DAP), a major ingredient of a TCM herb called Andrographis paniculata, shows anti-IAV activity that is mainly effective against A/chicken/Hubei/327/2004 (H5N1), A/duck/Hubei/XN/2007 (H5N1), and A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) in vitro and in vivo. However, the underlying anti-IAV molecular mechanism of DAP needs further investigation. In the present work, we found that DAP can significantly inhibit the apoptosis of human lung epithelial (A549) cells infected with A/chicken/Hubei/327/2004 (H5N1). After DAP treatment, the protein expression levels of cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-9, and the activities of caspase-3 and caspase-9 in H5N1-infected A549 cells were all obviously downregulated. However, DAP had no inhibitory effect on caspase-8 activity and cleaved caspase-8 production. Meanwhile, the efficacy of DAP in reducing the apoptotic cells was lost after using the inhibitor of caspase-3 or caspase-9 but remained intact after the caspase-8 inhibitor treatment. Moreover, DAP efficiently attenuated the dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential, suppressed cytochrome c release from the mitochondria to the cytosol, and decreased the protein expression ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 in the mitochondrial fraction. Furthermore, the silencing of caspase-9 reduced the yield of nucleoprotein (NP) and disabled the inhibitory ability of DAP in NP production in A549 cells. Overall results suggest that DAP exerts its antiviral effects by inhibiting H5N1-induced apoptosis on the caspase-9-dependent intrinsic/mitochondrial pathway, which may be one of the anti-H5N1 mechanisms of DAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Cai
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Haimei Wen
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Qinyang Zhou
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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18
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Tian H, Zhou Z, Shui G, Lam SM. Extensive Profiling of Polyphenols from two Trollius Species Using a Combination of Untargeted and Targeted Approaches. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10030119. [PMID: 32210165 PMCID: PMC7143900 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10030119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Various species of globeflowers, belonging to the genus Trollius, have been extensively used in traditional Chinese medicine due to their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral properties, which are mainly attributed to their high polyphenol content. Differences in polyphenol composition, and abundances, will lead to varying treatment efficacies of globeflowers. Herein, we employ a combination of targeted and untargeted mass spectrometry (MS) approaches to characterize and quantify a comprehensive array of polyphenols, mainly including flavonoids and phenolic acids in two globeflower species commonly used in Chinese medicine, Trollius chinensis Bunge and Trollius ledebouri Reichb. In addition, free radical scavenging activity was investigated to evaluate the association between polyphenol composition and antioxidation capacity. Liquid chromatography (LC)-based separation and multiple-reaction-monitoring (MRM) transitions were optimized using a library of 78 polyphenol reference compounds to achieve absolute quantification on triple quadrupoles MS (QqQ). The analytical method was further expanded via high-resolution MS to provide relative quantitation of an additional 104 endogenous polyphenols in globeflowers not included in our reference library. Our results revealed stark differences in polyphenol content between T. chinensis and T. ledebouri, emphasizing the need for systematic characterization of polyphenol composition to ensure treatment efficacy and consistency in standardizing the use of globeflowers in Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Tian
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Zhiyang Zhou
- Lipidall Technologies Company Limited, Changzhou 213022, China;
| | - Guanghou Shui
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
- Correspondence: (G.S.); (S.M.L.); Tel.: +86-106-480-8831 (G.S.); +86-106-480-6670 (S.M.L.)
| | - Sin Man Lam
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
- Lipidall Technologies Company Limited, Changzhou 213022, China;
- Correspondence: (G.S.); (S.M.L.); Tel.: +86-106-480-8831 (G.S.); +86-106-480-6670 (S.M.L.)
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