Inhibitory mechanism against oxidative stress of caffeic acid

Sprayable and self-healing chitosan-based hydrogels for promoting healing of infected wound via anti-bacteria, anti-inflammation and angiogenesis

Treatment of infected wound by simultaneously eliminating bacteria and inducing angiogenesis to promote wound tissue regeneration remains a clinical challenge. Dynamic and reversable hydrogels can adapt to irregular wound beds, which have raised great attention as wound dressings. Herein, a sprayable chitosan-based hydrogel (HPC/CCS/ODex-IGF1) was developed using hydroxypropyl chitosan (HPC), caffeic acid functionalized chitosan (CCS), oxidized dextran (ODex) to crosslink through the dynamic imine bond, which was pH-responsive to the acidic microenvironment and could controllably release insulin growth factor-1 (IGF1). The HPC/CCS/ODex-IGF1 hydrogels not only showed self-healing, self-adaptable and sprayable properties, but also exhibited excellent antibacterial ability, antioxidant property, low-cytotoxicity and angiogenetic activity. In vivo experiments demonstrated that hydrogels promoted tissue regeneration and healing of bacteria-infected wound with a rate of approximately 98.4 % on day 11 by eliminating bacteria, reducing inflammatory and facilitating angiogenesis, demonstrating its great potential for wound dressing.

Widely Targeted Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Metabolites Important for Antioxidant Properties and Quality Traits in Different Fruit Parts of Aurantii Fructus Immatures

In traditional Chinese medicine, Aurantii Fructus Immatures (AFIs) have been utilized for more than 2000 years. The proportions of different fruit parts are crucial for evaluating AFI quality in China. However, the basis for this statement's substance is unclear. Differences in quality are intimately correlated with a plant's metabolite composition. On the basis of a widely targeted metabolome, this study intended to investigate the metabolite composition and evaluate the antioxidant capacity of the peel and pulp of an AFI. Metabolites were identified and quantified by UHPLC-QqQ-MS. To assess their antioxidant ability, DPPH and ABTS assays were carried out. There were 1327 chemical compounds identified by UHPLC-QqQ-MS. After screening the differential metabolites using a multivariate statistical analysis, it was found that there were 695 significant differences in the metabolites between the peel and the pulp. Among them, it was discovered that the content of active ingredients in the peel group was higher than that in the pulp group. Furthermore, the aqueous extracts from the peel showed stronger antioxidant capacities than those from the pulp. The metabolites and antioxidant capacities were significantly different between the peel and the pulp. This study of different fruit parts might provide a guide for AFI quality assessments.

Antioxidant, antidiabetic effects and polyphenolic contents of propolis from Siirt, Turkey

Propolis, a natural product collected by honeybees from various plant sources, has gained significant attention due to its diverse bioactive compounds and potential therapeutic properties. To further explore its contents and biological activities, this study aimed to analyze the phenolic compounds in Siirt propolis extracts obtained using different solvents, namely ethanol, water, and ethanol-water mixtures. The primary objective of this research was to investigate the phenolic profile, as well as the antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of the propolis extracts. Chemical profiling of extracts was performed using LC-MS/MS. The antioxidant potential of the propolis extracts was evaluated through free radical scavenging methods, including DPPH and ABTS assays. As a result of these analyses, propolis extracts showed moderate radical scavenging potential with 13.86%-35.72% for DPPH and 33.62%-62.50% for ABTS at a concentration of 30 μg mL-1, respectively. This radical scavenging potential of the extracts sheds light on its ability to combat oxidative stress, which is implicated in the development of diabetes, and its potential effects on cellular health. Additionally, the study assessed the antidiabetic properties of the propolis extracts by examining their inhibition effects on α-amylase and α-glycosidase enzymes. Extracts with high phenolic content showed a high inhibitory effect against α-glucosidase with an IC50 of 5.72 ± 0.83 μg mL-1. This research provided significant findings regarding the potential use of propolis in the treatment of diabetes and related metabolic disorders.

'Nine Steaming Nine Sun-drying' processing enhanced properties of Polygonatum kingianum against inflammation, oxidative stress and hyperglycemia

BACKGROUND

Polygonatum kingianum Coll. & Hemsl (PK), a prominent medicine and food homology plant, has been consumed as a decoction from boiling water for thousands of years. 'Nine Steaming Nine Sun-drying' processing has been considered an effective method for enriching tonic properties, but studies investigating such impacts on PK and underlying mechanisms are extremely rare.

RESULTS

We first demonstrated substantial improvements in the anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperglycemia effects of the Nine Steaming Nine Sun-drying processed PK water extracts compared with crude PK in cell models (i.e., HepG2 and Raw 264.7 cells). We then integrated foodomics and network pharmacology analysis to uncover the key compounds responsible for the improved benefits. A total of 551 metabolites of PK extracts were identified, including polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and organic acids. During processing, 204 metabolites were enhanced, and 32 metabolites were recognized as key constituents of processed PK responsible for the improved health-promoting activities, which may affect PI3K-Akt-, MAPK-, and HIF-1 pathways. We further confirmed the high affinity between identified key constituents of processed PK and their predicted acting targets using molecular docking.

CONCLUSION

Our results provide novel insights into bioactive compounds of processed PK, elaborating the rationality of processing from the perspective of tonic effects. Consuming processed PK could be an efficacious strategy to combat the high prevalence of metabolic diseases that currently affect millions of people worldwide. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Caffeic acid protects against l-methionine induced reduction in neurogenesis and cognitive impairment in a rat model

l-methionine (L-met) is a substantial non-polar amino acid for normal development. L-met is converted to homocysteine that leads to hyperhomocysteinemia and subsequent excessive homocysteine in serum resulting in stimulating oxidative stress and vascular dementia. Several studies have found that hyperhomocysteine causes neuronal cell damage, which leads to memory impairment. Caffeic acid is a substrate in phenolic compound discovered in plant biosynthesis. Caffeic acid contains biological antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. The neuroprotective reaction of caffeic acid can protect against the brain disruption from hydrogen peroxide produced by oxidative stress. It also enhances GSH and superoxide dismutase activities, which protect against neuron cell loss caused by oxidative stress in the hippocampus. Hence, we investigated the protective role of caffeic acid in hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive impairment induced by L-met in rats. Six groups of Sprague Dawley rats were assigned including control, L-met (1.7 g/kg/day), caffeic acid (20, 40 mg/kg), and L-met + caffeic acid (20, 40 mg/kg) groups. Spatial and recognition memories were subsequently examined using novel object location (NOL) and novel object recognition (NOR) tests. Moreover, the immunofluorescence technique was performed to detect Ki-67/RECA-1, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)/NeuN and p21 markers to represent hippocampal neurogenesis changes. The results revealed decreases in vasculature related cell proliferation and neuronal cell survival. By contrast, cell cycle arrest was increased in the L-met group. These results showed the association of the spatial and recognition memory impairments. However, the deterioration can be restored by co-administration with caffeic acid.

Caffeic acid activates mitochondrial UPR to resist pathogen infection in Caenorhabditis elegans via the transcription factor ATFS-1

Mitochondria play roles in the resistance of Caenorhabditis elegans against pathogenic bacteria by regulating mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt). Caffeic acid (CA) (3,4-dihydroxy cinnamic acid) is a major phenolic compound present in several plant species, which exhibits biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-fibrosis, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties. However, whether caffeic acid influences the innate immune response and the underlying molecular mechanisms remains unknown. In this study, we find that 20 µM caffeic acid enhances innate immunity to resist the Gram-negative pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in C. elegans. Meanwhile, caffeic acid also inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, caffeic acid promotes host immune response by reducing the bacterial burden in the intestine. Through genetic screening in C. elegans, we find that caffeic acid promotes innate immunity via the transcription factor ATFS-1. In addition, caffeic acid activates the UPRmt and immune response genes for innate immune response through ATFS-1. Our work suggests that caffeic acid has the potential to protect patients from pathogen infection.

Caffeic acid alleviates cerebral ischemic injury in rats by resisting ferroptosis via Nrf2 signaling pathway

There are few effective and safe neuroprotective agents for the treatment of ischemic stroke currently. Caffeic acid is a phenolic acid that widely exists in a number of plant species. Previous studies show that caffeic acid ameliorates brain injury in rats after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. In this study we explored the protective mechanisms of caffeic acid against oxidative stress and ferroptosis in permanent cerebral ischemia. Ischemia stroke was induced on rats by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). Caffeic acid (0.4, 2, 10 mg·kg-1·d-1, i.g.) was administered to the rats for 3 consecutive days before or after the surgery. We showed that either pre-pMCAO or post-pMCAO administration of caffeic acid (2 mg·kg-1·d-1) effectively reduced the infarct volume and improved neurological outcome. The therapeutic time window could last to 2 h after pMCAO. We found that caffeic acid administration significantly reduced oxidative damage as well as neuroinflammation, and enhanced antioxidant capacity in pMCAO rat brain. We further demonstrated that caffeic acid down-regulated TFR1 and ACSL4, and up-regulated glutathione production through Nrf2 signaling pathway to resist ferroptosis in pMCAO rat brain and in oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-treated SK-N-SH cells in vitro. Application of ML385, an Nrf2 inhibitor, blocked the neuroprotective effects of caffeic acid in both in vivo and in vitro models, evidenced by excessive accumulation of iron ions and inactivation of the ferroptosis defense system. In conclusion, caffeic acid inhibits oxidative stress-mediated neuronal death in pMCAO rat brain by regulating ferroptosis via Nrf2 signaling pathway. Caffeic acid might serve as a potential treatment to relieve brain injury after cerebral ischemia. Caffeic acid significantly attenuated cerebral ischemic injury and resisted ferroptosis both in vivo and in vitro. The regulation of Nrf2 by caffeic acid initiated the transcription of downstream target genes, which were shown to be anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and antiferroptotic. The effects of caffeic acid on neuroinflammation and ferroptosis in cerebral ischemia were explored in a primary microglia-neuron coculture system. Caffeic acid played a role in reducing neuroinflammation and resisting ferroptosis through the Nrf2 signaling pathway, which further suggested that caffeic acid might be a potential therapeutic method for alleviating brain injury after cerebral ischemia.

Platelet RNA sequencing reveals profile of caffeic acid affecting hemostasis in mice

Background

Caffeic acid (CA) is a naturally occurring phenolic compound with diverse pharmacologic properties. CA plays a crucial role in hemostasis by increasing platelet count. However, the mechanism by which CA regulates platelets to promote hemostasis remains unclear.

Objectives

We aim to identify the potential target pathways and genes by which CA regulates platelets to promote hemostasis.

Methods

We performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of mouse platelet pools in both the CA-gavaged group and phosphate-buffered saline-gavaged group.

Results

The 12,934 expressed transcripts had been annotated after platelet RNA-seq. Compared with the phosphate-buffered saline group, 987 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, of which 466 were downregulated and 521 were upregulated in CA group. Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, and Reactome gene set enrichment analysis demonstrated that upregulated DEGs were enriched in the pathways of hemostasis, platelet activation, signaling, aggregation, and degranulation. Moreover, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Reactome gene set enrichment analysis revealed that 5 of the 25 cosignificantly upregulated DEGs were essential in CA-mediated platelet regulation to promote hemostasis.

Conclusion

Our findings of platelet RNA-seq analysis demonstrate that CA regulates the gene expression of hemostasis and platelet activation-related pathways to increase platelet count and promote hemostasis. It will also provide reference molecular resources for future research on the function and mechanism by which CA regulates platelets to promote hemostasis.

The Potential of Plum Seed Residue: Unraveling the Effect of Processing on Phytochemical Composition and Bioactive Properties

Bioactive compounds extracted from plum seeds were identified and quantified, aiming to establish how the brandy manufacturing process affects the properties and possible cascade valorization of seed residues. Extraction with n-hexane using Soxhlet has provided oils rich in unsaturated fatty acids (92.24-92.51%), mainly oleic acid (72-75.56%), which is characterized by its heart-healthy properties. The fat extracts also contain tocopherols with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. All the ethanol-water extracts of the defatted seeds contain neochlorogenic acid (90-368 µg·g-1), chlorogenic acid (36.1-117 µg·g-1), and protocatechuate (31.8-100 µg·g-1) that have an impact on bioactive properties such as antimicrobial and antioxidant. Anti-amyloidogenic activity (25 mg·mL-1) was observed in the after both fermentation and distillation extract, which may be related to high levels of caffeic acid (64 ± 10 µg·g-1). The principal component analysis showed that all plum seed oils could have potential applications in the food industry as edible oils or in the cosmetic industry as an active ingredient in anti-aging and anti-stain cosmetics, among others. Furthermore, defatted seeds, after both fermentation and distillation, showed the greatest applicability in the food and nutraceutical industry as a food supplement or as an additive in the design of active packaging.

Anti-obesity Properties of Phytochemicals: Highlighting their Molecular Mechanisms against Obesity

Obesity is a complex, chronic and inflammatory disease that affects more than one-third of the world's population, leading to a higher incidence of diabetes, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and some types of cancer. Several phytochemicals are used as flavoring and aromatic compounds, also exerting many benefits for public health. This study aims to summarize and scrutinize the beneficial effects of the most important phytochemicals against obesity. Systematic research of the current international literature was carried out in the most accurate scientific databases, e.g., Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar, using a set of critical and representative keywords, such as phytochemicals, obesity, metabolism, metabolic syndrome, etc. Several studies unraveled the potential positive effects of phytochemicals such as berberine, carvacrol, curcumin, quercetin, resveratrol, thymol, etc., against obesity and metabolic disorders. Mechanisms of action include inhibition of adipocyte differentiation, browning of the white adipose tissue, inhibition of enzymes such as lipase and amylase, suppression of inflammation, improvement of the gut microbiota, and downregulation of obesity-inducing genes. In conclusion, multiple bioactive compounds-phytochemicals exert many beneficial effects against obesity. Future molecular and clinical studies must be performed to unravel the multiple molecular mechanisms and anti-obesity activities of these naturally occurring bioactive compounds.

Protective Effects of Chia Seeds and Omega-3 Fatty Acid against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Oligospermia in Male Wistar Rats: Potential Risks of Adverse Drug Interaction with Chia Seeds

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate whether chia (Salvia hispanica) seeds, which are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, amino acids, and vitamins with antioxidant properties, can mitigate the negative effects on male reproductive function caused by cyclophosphamide, a frequently used chemotherapeutic agent. Methods: Male wistar rats are divided into seven groups (n=6). All groups except the normal control (NC) received cyclophosphamide (30mg/kg, i.p.) for the first 5 days. The standard group received clomiphene citrate (0.25 mg/kg, p.o.). Treatment groups T1%, T5%, T10%, and ω-3 received 1%, 5%, and 10% chia seeds in the diet, and 880 mg/kg omega-3 fatty acid (p.o) respectively for 15 days. The effect on the reproductive system was evaluated by analysis of epididymal sperm characteristics, biochemical parameters, and serum testosterone level. Results: Clomiphene citrate improved oligospermia via hormone mediated effect. Chia seeds and omega-3 fatty acid treatment also showed improvement in reproductive parameters including oxidative stress and histological features of the testes. Omega-3 fatty acid treatment was more effective for the prevention of cyclophosphamide toxicity on testes as compared to chia seeds. Nasal bleeding was noted in several animals subjected to chia seed treatment. This occurrence might be attributed to chia seeds' impact on coagulation and/or platelet function, potentially heightened due to chemotherapy associated bone marrow suppression. Conclusions: In our study, chia seeds as well as omega-3 fatty acid treatment were found to be protective against cyclophosphamide-induced reproductive toxicity in rats. However, the adverse effect of hemorrhage associated with drug interaction of chia seeds with cytotoxic chemotherapeutic drugs needs careful attention and further investigation.

Attenuation of CFA-induced arthritis through regulation of inflammatory cytokines and antioxidant mechanisms by Solanum nigrum L. leaves extracts

Solanum nigrum L. is a popular traditional medicine for various inflammatory conditions including rheumatism and joint pain. The current study aimed to evaluate the anti-arthritic mechanism of Solanum nigrum L. Four extracts were prepared using n-hexane, methanol, chloroform, and water. The anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity was carried out with 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg body wt. PO of each extract by the hot plate and carrageenan-induced paw oedema methods, respectively. The anti-arthritic study was performed with chloroform and aqueous extracts (300 mg/kg) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis. Paw size (mm), ankle joint diameter (mm), and latency time (sec) were recorded on day 0 and every 4th day till 28 days. The hematological, inflammatory, and oxidative biomarkers were estimated. Results showed that significant analgesia (p < 0.05) and reduction in paw inflammation were achieved with all extracts. The highest percent inhibition in Carrageenan-induced inflammation was achieved with 300 mg/kg of chloroform (72.19%) and aqueous (71.30%) extracts, respectively. In the CFA model, both extracts showed a significant reduction in paw size and ankle joint diameter (p < 0.05). The RT-qPCR analysis revealed the upregulation of interleukin-4 and interleukin-10, and down-expression of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, cycloxygenase-2, nuclear factor-κB, prostaglandin E synthase 2, and interferon-γ. A significant increase in superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione levels was observed. Hence, it is concluded that Solanum nigrum L. leaf extracts regulate the expression of inflammatory markers and improve oxidative stress resulting in the attenuation of CFA-induced arthritis.

Phenolic composition and correlation with antioxidant properties of various organic fractions from Hertia cheirifolia extracts

Hertia cheirifolia L. is a medicinal plant that has been used for a long time in folk Mediterranean medicine. The aim of the present study was to analyze and compare the phenolic profile and the antioxidant potential of organic fractions from H. cheirifolia extracts. Crude methanolic extracts were firstly prepared from the different parts of the plant. Then four different organic fractions were obtained by fractioning each extract, using different solvents with increasing polarity (hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate). The Phenolic content was analyzed using a UV-Vis colorimetric methods followed by a qualitative and quantitative analysis by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) system. After that, the antioxidant potential of the different organic fractions was evaluated using DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assays, reducing power of iron (FRAP) and inhibition of β-carotene oxidation tests. Our results revealed that ethyl acetate fractions (EA) contained the highest content of total phenolics (100-250 mg GAE/g). Indeed, the ethyl acetate fraction from the flower extract (EA-F) displayed the lowest IC50 values for the scavenging of DPPH and ABTS free radicals (38.83 ± 0.34 µg/ml and 23.76 ± 0.11 µg/ml, respectively). Also, the strongest iron reducing power (2628.87 ± 16.47 µmol Fe2+Eq/ml) and the best rate of inhibition of the β-carotene oxidation (58.91 ± 5.79 %) were recorded. In sum, the present study suggests that, the organic fractions from H. cherifolia are potential natural antioxidants and this is probably related to their phenolics content and structure.

Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, and toxicity evaluation of Orthosiphon stamineus leaf extract

Ocimum aristatum, commonly known as O. stamineus, has been widely studied for its potential as an herbal medicine candidate. This research aims to compare the efficacy of water and 100% ethanolic extracts of O. stamineus as α-glucosidase inhibitors and antioxidants, as well as toxicity against zebrafish embryos. Based on the study findings, water extract of O. stamineus leaves exhibited superior inhibition activity against α-glucosidase, ABTS, and DPPH, with IC50 values of approximately 43.623 ± 0.039 µg/mL, 27.556 ± 0.125 µg/mL, and 95.047 ± 1.587 µg/mL, respectively. The major active compounds identified in the extract include fatty acid groups and their derivates such as linoleic acid, α-eleostearic acid, stearic acid, oleanolic acid, and corchorifatty acid F. Phenolic groups such as caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde, norfenefrine, caftaric acid, and 2-hydroxyphenylalanine and flavonoids and their derivates including 5,7-Dihydroxychromone, 5,7-Dihydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one, eupatorin, and others were also identified in the extract. Carboxylic acid groups and triterpenoids such as azelaic acid and asiatic acid were also present. This study found that the water extract of O. stamineus is non-toxic to zebrafish embryos and does not affect the development of zebrafish larvae at concentrations lower than 500 µg/mL. These findings highlight the potential of the water extract of O. stamineus as a valuable herbal medicine candidate, particularly for its potent α-glucosidase inhibition and antioxidant properties, and affirm its safety in zebrafish embryos at tested concentrations.

First-Aid Hydrogel Wound Dressing with Reliable Hemostatic and Antibacterial Capability for Traumatic Injuries

First-aid for severe traumatic injuries in the battlefield or pre-hospital environment, especially for skin defects or visceral rupture, remains a substantial medical challenge even in the context of the rapidly evolving modern medical technology. Hydrogel-based biomaterials are highly anticipated for excellent biocompatibility and bio-functional designability. Yet, inadequate mechanical and bio-adhesion properties limit their clinical application. To address these challenges, a kind of multifunctional hydrogel wound dressing is developed with the collective multi-crosslinking advantages of dynamic covalent bonds, metal-catechol chelation, and hydrogen bonds. The mussel-inspired design and zinc oxide-enhanced cohesion strategy collaboratively reinforce the hydrogel's bio-adhesion in bloody or humoral environments. The pH-sensitive coordinate Zn2+ -catechol bond and dynamic Schiff base with reversible breakage and reformation equip the hydrogel dressing with excellent self-healing and on-demand removal properties. In vivo evaluation in a rat ventricular perforation model and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-infected full-thickness skin defect model reveal excellent hemostatic, antibacterial and pro-healing effectiveness of the hydrogel dressing, demonstrating its great potential in dealing with severe bleeding and infected full-thickness skin wounds.

Ethanolic Extract of Polygonum minus Protects Differentiated Human Neuroblastoma Cells (SH-SY5Y) against H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress

Neuronal models are an important tool in neuroscientific research. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a major risk factor of neuronal oxidative stress, initiates a cascade of neuronal cell death. Polygonum minus Huds, known as 'kesum', is widely used in traditional medicine. P. minus has been reported to exhibit a few medicinal and pharmacological properties. The current study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of P. minus ethanolic extract (PMEE) on H2O2-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. LC-MS/MS revealed the presence of 28 metabolites in PMEE. Our study showed that the PMEE provided neuroprotection against H2O2-induced oxidative stress by activating the Nrf2/ARE, NF-κB/IκB and MAPK signaling pathways in PMEE pre-treated differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. Meanwhile, the acetylcholine (ACH) level was increased in the oxidative stress-induced treatment group after 4 h of exposure with H2O2. Molecular docking results with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) depicted that quercitrin showed the highest docking score at -9.5 kcal/mol followed by aloe-emodin, afzelin, and citreorosein at -9.4, -9.3 and -9.0 kcal/mol, respectively, compared to the other PMEE's identified compounds, which show lower docking scores. The results indicate that PMEE has neuroprotective effects on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells in vitro. In conclusion, PMEE may aid in reducing oxidative stress as a preventative therapy for neurodegenerative diseases.

A comparative study between two carboxymethylated polysaccharides/protein electrostatic and cross-linked nanogels constructed for caffeic acid and eugenol delivery

In response to the pressing demand for functional nanomaterials synthesis and applications, two polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) [electrostatic and cross-linked nanogels (NGs)] loaded individually with caffeic acid (CafA) and eugenol (Eug) demonstrating multifunctionalities were proposed for the first time. Curdlan (Curd) and glucomannan (GM) were carboxymethylated (CMCurd and CMGM) successfully and polymeric ratios of 1:1 and 4:1 (v/v) for chitosan (Cs): CMCurd and lactoferrin (Lf): CMGM were selected for the synthesis of Cs/CMCurd and Lf/CMGM NGs. Due to the use of EDC/NHS, Cs/CMCurd/CafA and Lf/CMGM/Eug NGs possessed very uniform particles sizes of 177 ± 18 and 230 ± 17 nm with marked encapsulation efficiencies (EEs) of 76 ± 4 and 88 ± 3 %, respectively. The formation of a carbonyl-amide linkage in both cross-linked NGs was confirmed by FTIR. It should be noted, the self-assembly was not reliable in retaining enough of the encapsulated compounds. Owing to the excellent physicochemical characteristics of the loaded cross-linked NGs, they were prioritized over the electrostatic ones. Both Cs/CMCurd/CafA and Lf/CMGM/Eug NGs exhibited high colloidal stability over 12 weeks, elevated hemocompatibility, and in vitro serum stability. The generated NGs were also tailored to possess controlled release profiles for CafA and Eug over 72 h. Cs/CMCurd/CafA and Lf/CMGM/Eug NGs had promising antioxidant efficacies and could remarkably inhibit 4 bacterial pathogens at low 2-16 μg/mL concentration of encapsulated NGs compared to their unencapsulated counterparts. Interestingly, the respective NGs could significantly decline the IC₅₀ against colorectal cancer HCT-116 than conventional drugs. Based on these data, it was conferred that the investigated NGs could be promising candidates for functional foods and pharmaceutics.

Cassia absus-mediated upregulation of IL-4, IL-10 and downregulation of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF- α, NF-κB, IFN-γ in CFA-induced arthritis model

Traditional use of Cassia absus as an anti-inflammatory in conjunctivitis and bronchitis is well reported. Owing to its anti-inflammatory potential, the current study appraised in vivo anti-arthritic activity of n-hexane and aqueous extracts of Cassia absus seeds (200 mg/kg) using Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) rat model of arthritis. Changes in paw size (mm), joint diameter (mm), and pain response (sec) were recorded at the baseline and then after CFA induction at the interval of 4 days till the 28th day. Blood samples of anesthetized rats were collected for the estimation of hematological, oxidative, and inflammatory biomarkers. Results showed percent inhibition in paw edema (45.09% and 60.79%) with both n-hexane and aqueous extracts, respectively. Significant reduction in paw size and ankle joint diameter (P < 0.01) was seen in extracts treated rats. Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate, C-Reactive Protein, White Blood Cell levels significantly lowered, and Hemoglobin, Platelets and Red Blood Cell count significantly increased post-treatments. Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase, and Glutathione were significantly improved (P < 0.0001) in treated groups as compared to CFA induced arthritic control. Real-time polymerase chain reaction investigation showed significant downregulation (P < 0.05) of Interleukin-1β, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, Interleukin-6, Cycloxygenase-2, Nuclear Factor-κB, Prostaglandin E Synthase 2, Interferon Gamma and upregulation of Interleukin-4, Interleukin-10 in both n-hexane and aqueous extract-treated groups. It is thereby concluded that Cassia absus can significantly attenuate CFA-induced arthritis by modulation of oxidative and inflammatory biomarkers.

Screening of the Anti-Neurodegenerative Activity of Caffeic Acid after Introduction into Inorganic Metal Delivery Systems to Increase Its Solubility as the Result of a Mechanosynthetic Approach

The proven anti-neurodegenerative properties of caffeic acid in vivo are limited due to its poor solubility, which limits bioavailability. Therefore, caffeic acid delivery systems have been developed to improve caffeic acid solubility. Solid dispersions of caffeic acid and magnesium aluminometasilicate (Neusilin US2-Neu) were prepared using the ball milling and freeze-drying techniques. The solid dispersions of caffeic acid:Neu obtained by ball milling in a 1:1 mass ratio turned out to be the most effective. The identity of the studied system in comparison to the physical mixture was confirmed using the X-Ray Powder Diffractionand Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy techniques. For caffeic acid with improved solubility, screening tests were carried out to assess its anti-neurodegenerative effect. The obtained results on the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, and antioxidant potential provide evidence for improvement of caffeic acid's anti-neurodegenerative activity. As a result of in silico studies, we estimated which caffeic acid domains were involved in interactions with enzymes showing expression relevant to the neuroprotective activity. Importantly, the confirmed improvement in permeability of the soluble version of caffeic acid through membranes simulating the walls of the gastrointestinal tract and blood-brain barrier further strengthen the credibility of the results of in vivo anti-neurodegenerative screening tests.

Microalgae as a Nutraceutical Tool to Antagonize the Impairment of Redox Status Induced by SNPs: Implications on Insulin Resistance

Microalgae represent a growing innovative source of nutraceuticals such as carotenoids and phenolic compound which are naturally present within these single-celled organisms or can be induced in response to specific growth conditions. The presence of the unfavourable allelic variant in genes involved in the control of oxidative stress, due to one or more SNPs in gene encoding protein involved in the regulation of redox balance, can lead to pathological conditions such as insulin resistance, which, in turn, is directly involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this review we provide an overview of the main SNPs in antioxidant genes involved in the promotion of insulin resistance with a focus on the potential role of microalgae-derived antioxidant molecules as novel nutritional tools to mitigate oxidative stress and improve insulin sensitivity.

Influence of Drought and Heat Stress on Mineral Content, Antioxidant Activity and Bioactive Compound Accumulation in Four African Amaranthus Species

Drought and heat stress is known to influence the accumulation of mineral content, antioxidant activity, phenolics, flavonoids and other bioactive compounds in many tolerant leafy vegetables. Amaranthus plants can tolerate adverse weather conditions, especially drought and heat. Therefore, evaluating the influence of drought and heat stress on commercially and medically important crop species like Amaranthus is important to grow the crop for optimal nutritional and medicinal properties. This study investigated the influence of drought and heat stress and a combination of both on the accumulation of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and the antioxidant capacity of African Amaranthus caudatus, A. hypochondriacus, A. cruentus and A. spinosus. Phenolic and flavonoid compounds were extracted with methanol and aqueous solvents and were quantified using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Caffeic acid was the main phenolic compound identified in aqueous extracts of A. caudatus and A. hypochondriacus. Rutin was the most abundant flavonoid compound in all the Amaranthus species tested, with the highest concentration found in A. caudatus. The results suggest a strong positive, but species and compound-specific effect of drought and heat stress on bioactive compounds accumulation. We concluded that heat stress at 40 °C under well-watered conditions and combined drought and heat stress (at 30 °C and 35 °C) appeared to induce the accumulation of caffeic acid and rutin. Hence, cultivation of these species in semi-arid and arid areas is feasible.

Modulatory effect of caffeic acid in alleviating diabetes and associated complications

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common metabolic disorders characterized by elevated blood glucose levels. Prolonged uncontrolled hyperglycemia often leads to multi-organ damage including diabetic neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, cardiovascular disorders, and diabetic foot ulcers. Excess production of free radicals causing oxidative stress in tissues is often considered to be the primary cause of onset and progression of DM and associated complications. Natural polyphenols can be used to induce or inhibit the expression of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, heme oxygenase-1, superoxide dismutase, and catalase that are essential in maintaining redox balance, and ameliorate oxidative stress. Caffeic acid (CA) is a polyphenolderived from hydroxycinnamic acid and possesses numerous physiological properties includ-ing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, immune-stimulatory, cardioprotective, antiproliferative, and hepatoprotective activities. CA acts as a regulatory compound affecting numerous biochemical pathways and multiple targets. These include various transcription factors such as nuclear factor-B, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. Therefore, this review summarizes the pharmacological properties, molecular mechanisms, and pharmacokinetic profile of CA in mitigating the adverse effects of DM and associated complications. The bioavailability, drug delivery, and clinical trials of CA have also been discussed.

Construction of caffeic acid modified porous starch as the dual-functional microcapsule for encapsulation and antioxidant property

A dual-functional food-grade microcapsule, which was constructed by caffeic acid and porous starch was obtained. Caffeic acid modified porous starch (CA-PS) was accordingly synthesized successfully by esterification. Carbonyl signal observed by ¹³C solid state NMR (170 ppm) and FT-IR (1745 cm^-1), indicating the formation of ester bond. BET of CA-PS was determined as 44.8 m²/g by N₂ adsorption analysis. The results proved CA-PS has both excellent adsorption and antioxidant activity. Furthermore, it has been applied for encapsulation of linoleic acid (LA) to prevent its degradation effectively, because LA adsorbed in porous adsorbents without antioxidant activity may still suffer serious oxidation. Besides, ¹H NMR Integral of LA did not show a significant decay. This observation demonstrated CA-PS indeed has the better performance on protection of LA than PS. We expect this work will boost research on designing and employing multi-functional starchy materials for further applications.

Dietary astaxanthin (Lucantin® Pink) mitigated oxidative stress induced by diazinon in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The potential of commercial astaxanthin on growth, biochemical factors, and antioxidant-related gene expression following a challenge with diazinon were studied in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish (~ 20.70 g) were fed diets containing commercial astaxanthin (ASX) at 0.00 (CTR and ASX0), 0.50 (ASX1), 2.00 (ASX2), and 5.00 (ASX3) g kg^-1 for 60 days. Afterwards, the treated fish (ASX1, ASX2, ASX3) as well as the fish in ASX0 group were challenged with diazinon (0.11 mg L^-1) for 96 hr whereas fish in the CTR group was not challenged with diazinon. Results showed that growth pattern improved significantly with all enriched diets compared to the ASX0 group. Metabolic enzyme activities, including alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase decreased in ASX2 and ASX3 groups with respect to the ASX0 group. Serum antioxidant status also showed the same pattern with enhancement in the fish fed with the ASX2 and ASX3 supplemented diets. Feeding the fish with astaxanthin, particularly in the ASX3 group, up-regulated the expression of some antioxidant-relevant genes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the kidney and liver. Besides, the histopathological damages in kidneys and liver induced by diazinon were less pronounced in the ASX2 and ASX3 groups compared to the ASX0 group. In conclusion, commercial astaxanthin, especially at 5.00 g kg^-1, enhanced the growth performance and ameliorated the oxidative stress induced by diazinon in rainbow trout.

Caffeic Acid and Diseases-Mechanisms of Action

Caffeic acid belongs to the polyphenol compounds we consume daily, often in the form of coffee. Even though it is less explored than caffeic acid phenethyl ester, it still has many positive effects on human health. Caffeic acid can affect cancer, diabetes, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, or bacterial and viral infections. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms of how caffeic acid achieves its effects.

A Central Contribution of TG2 Activity to the Antiproliferative and Pro-Apoptotic Effects of Caffeic Acid in K562 Cells of Human Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

Caffeic acid (CA) has shown antitumor activity in numerous solid and blood cancers. We have recently reported that CA is active in reducing proliferation and triggering apoptosis in both Imatinib-sensitive and resistant Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) cells. Tissue transglutaminase type 2 (TG2) enzyme is involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis of numerous types of cancer. However, its activity has different effects depending on the type of tumor. This work investigated the possible involvement of TG2 activation in the triggering of CA-dependent anticancer effects on the K562 cell line, which was studied as a model of CML. CA-dependent changes in TG2 activity were compared with the effects on cell proliferation and apoptosis. The use of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant molecule, suggested that the antiproliferative effect of CA was due to the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). The use of a TG2 inhibitor showed that TG2 activity was responsible for the increase in ROS generated by CA and reduced both caspase activation and triggering of CA-dependent apoptosis. The knocking-down of TGM2 transcripts confirmed the crucial involvement of TG2 activation in CML cell death. In conclusion, the data reported, in addition to ascertaining the important role of TG2 activation in the antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic mechanism of CA allowed us to hypothesize a possible therapeutic utility of the molecules capable of triggering the activation pathways of TG2 in the treatment of CML.

Identification of herbal teas and their compounds eliciting antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro

BACKGROUND

The SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic has inflicted medical and socioeconomic havoc, and despite the current availability of vaccines and broad implementation of vaccination programs, more easily accessible and cost-effective acute treatment options preventing morbidity and mortality are urgently needed. Herbal teas have historically and recurrently been applied as self-medication for prophylaxis, therapy, and symptom alleviation in diverse diseases, including those caused by respiratory viruses, and have provided sources of natural products as basis for the development of therapeutic agents. To identify affordable, ubiquitously available, and effective treatments, we tested herbs consumed worldwide as herbal teas regarding their antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2.

RESULTS

Aqueous infusions prepared by boiling leaves of the Lamiaceae perilla and sage elicit potent and sustained antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 when applied after infection as well as prior to infection of cells. The herbal infusions exerted in vitro antiviral effects comparable to interferon-β and remdesivir but outperformed convalescent sera and interferon-α2 upon short-term treatment early after infection. Based on protein fractionation analyses, we identified caffeic acid, perilla aldehyde, and perillyl alcohol as antiviral compounds. Global mass spectrometry (MS) analyses performed comparatively in two different cell culture infection models revealed changes of the proteome upon treatment with herbal infusions and provided insights into the mode of action. As inferred by the MS data, induction of heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX-1) was confirmed as effector mechanism by the antiviral activity of the HMOX-1-inducing compounds sulforaphane and fraxetin.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, herbal teas based on perilla and sage exhibit antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 including variants of concern such as Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron, and we identified HMOX-1 as potential therapeutic target. Given that perilla and sage have been suggested as treatment options for various diseases, our dataset may constitute a valuable resource also for future research beyond virology.

Phenolic Acids as Antidepressant Agents

Depression is a psychiatric disorder affecting the lives of patients and their families worldwide. It is an important pathophysiology; however, the molecular pathways involved are not well understood. Pharmacological treatment may promote side effects or be ineffective. Consequently, efforts have been made to understand the molecular pathways in depressive patients and prevent their symptoms. In this context, animal models have suggested phytochemicals from medicinal plants, especially phenolic acids, as alternative treatments. These bioactive molecules are known for their antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities. They occur in some fruits, vegetables, and herbal plants. This review focused on phenolic acids and extracts from medicinal plants and their effects on depressive symptoms, as well as the molecular interactions and pathways implicated in these effects. Results from preclinical trials indicate the potential of phenolic acids to reduce depressive-like behaviour by regulating factors associated with oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, autophagy, and deregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, stimulating monoaminergic neurotransmission and neurogenesis, and modulating intestinal microbiota.

The natural iron chelators' ferulic acid and caffeic acid rescue mice's brains from side effects of iron overload

Studies have shown that iron accumulation in the brain leads to neurogenic disorders. Novel iron chelating agents such as natural remedies are useful to decrease the side effects of iron in the brain. In addition, flavones and polyphenols are capable of chelating metals. In the current study, we evaluated the iron chelating capacity of ferulic acid and caffeic acid in the brain tissues of iron-overloaded mice. The mice received iron dextran intraperitoneally four times a week for 6 weeks. Next, blood samples were taken from the mice. In addition, brain tissues were excised for tissue staining as well as total iron and catalase (CAT) activity assessment. Ferulic acid and caffeic acid significantly decreased iron content in both brain and serum samples. Ferulic acid decreased iron by 50 and 51% more than the iron dextran-treated mice and by 43 and 2% more than desferal (DFO)-treated mice in serum and brain, respectively. In addition, caffeic acid reduced iron 57% more than the iron-treated group and 49 and 2% more than the desferal-treated group in the serum and brain, respectively. The catalase activity decreased with the increase in iron. By administering natural compounds, the catalase activity was increased equal to that of the control group. Thus, ferulic acid and caffeic acid might be possible natural iron chelators for brain iron overload therapy.

Botanical aspects, phytochemicals, and toxicity of Tamarindus indica leaf and a systematic review of antioxidant capacities of T. indica leaf extracts

Oxidative stress is a condition occurs when there is the imbalance between prooxidants and free radicals. It involves in cellular metabolism, aging, and immune response. Recently oxidative stress has been proved about its beneficial roles in human body. However, long term oxidative stress and high concentration of free radicals can lead to negative effects on organs, systems, and physiological conditions. Prooxidant or antioxidant, therefore, is one of the most important choices for the prevention of these anomaly. Tamarindus indica is a medicinal plant that has been reported as a source of antioxidants. The plants' leaves possess antioxidant effects according to many studies. However, these results have not yet been systematically summarized. The present systematic review summarizes and discusses about the in vitro antioxidant capacities of T. indica leaves. The plants' description and morphology, elements and phytochemical constituents, total phenolic and flavonoids contents and toxicity are also summarized and discussed here.

Hybrid molecules based on caffeic acid as potential therapeutics: A focused review

Caffeic acid-based compounds possess a high degree of structural diversity and show a variety of pharmacological properties, providing a useful framework for the discovery of new therapeutic agents. They are well-known analogues of antioxidants found in many natural products and synthetic compounds. The present review surveys the recent developments in structure-activity relationships (SAR) and mechanism of action (MOA) of various caffeic acid-containing compounds that play important roles in the design and synthesis of new bioactive molecules with antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiviral, antibacterial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and other properties. This review should provide inspiration to scientists in the research fields of organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry related to the development of new antioxidants with versatile therapeutic potential.

Antifungal Peptide P852 Controls Fusarium Wilt in Faba Bean (Viciafaba L.) by Promoting Antioxidant Defense and Isoquinoline Alkaloid, Betaine, and Arginine Biosyntheses

Green pesticides are highly desirable, as they are environmentally friendly and efficient. In this study, the antifungal peptide P852 was employed to suppress Fusarium wilt in the Faba bean. The disease index and a range of physiological and metabolomic analyses were performed to explore the interactions between P852 and the fungal disease. The incidence and disease index of Fusarium wilt were substantially decreased in diseased Faba beans that were treated with two different concentrations of P852 in both the climate chamber and field trial. For the first time, P852 exhibited potent antifungal effects on Fusarium in an open field condition. To explore the mechanisms that underlie P852′s antifungal effects, P852 treatment was found to significantly enhance antioxidant enzyme capacities including guaiacol peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and the activities of antifungal enzymes including chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase, as well as plant dry and fresh weights, and chlorophyll content compared to the control group (p ≤ 0.05). Metabolomics analysis of the diseased Faba bean treated with P852 showed changes in the TCA cycle, biological pathways, and many primary and secondary metabolites. The Faba bean treated with a low concentration of P852 (1 μg/mL, IC₅₀) led to upregulated arginine and isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis, whereas those treated with a high concentration of P852 (10 μg/mL, MFC) exhibited enhanced betaine and arginine accumulation. Taken together, these findings suggest that P852 induces plant tolerance under Fusarium attack by enhancing the activities of antioxidant and antifungal enzymes, and restoring plant growth and development.

Antithrombotic and antiplatelet effects of plant-derived compounds: a great utility potential for primary, secondary, and tertiary care in the framework of 3P medicine

Thromboembolism is the third leading vascular disease, with a high annual incidence of 1 to 2 cases per 1000 individuals within the general population. The broader term venous thromboembolism generally refers to deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and/or a combination of both. Therefore, thromboembolism can affect both – the central and peripheral veins. Arterial thromboembolism causes systemic ischemia by disturbing blood flow and oxygen supply to organs, tissues, and cells causing, therefore, apoptosis and/or necrosis in the affected tissues. Currently applied antithrombotic drugs used, e.g. to protect affected individuals against ischemic stroke, demonstrate significant limitations. For example, platelet inhibitors possess only moderate efficacy. On the other hand, thrombolytics and anticoagulants significantly increase hemorrhage. Contextually, new approaches are extensively under consideration to develop next-generation antithrombotics with improved efficacy and more personalized and targeted application. To this end, phytochemicals show potent antithrombotic efficacy demonstrated in numerous in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models as well as in clinical evaluations conducted on healthy individuals and persons at high risk of thrombotic events, such as pregnant women (primary care), cancer, and COVID-19-affected patients (secondary and tertiary care). Here, we hypothesized that specific antithrombotic and antiplatelet effects of plant-derived compounds might be of great clinical utility in primary, secondary, and tertiary care. To increase the efficacy, precise patient stratification based on predictive diagnostics is essential for targeted protection and treatments tailored to the person in the framework of 3P medicine. Contextually, this paper aims at critical review toward the involvement of specific classes of phytochemicals in antiplatelet and anticoagulation adapted to clinical needs. The paper exemplifies selected plant-derived drugs, plant extracts, and whole plant foods/herbs demonstrating their specific antithrombotic, antiplatelet, and fibrinolytic activities relevant for primary, secondary, and tertiary care. One of the examples considered is antithrombotic and antiplatelet protection specifically relevant for COVID-19-affected patient groups.

Mussel‐Inspired Biomaterials: From Chemistry to Clinic

After several billions of years, nature still makes decisions on its own to identify, develop, and direct the most effective material for phenomena/challenges faced. Likewise, and inspired by the nature, we learned how to take steps in developing new technologies and materials innovations. Wet and strong adhesion by Mytilidae mussels (among which Mytilus edulis—blue mussel and Mytilus californianus—California mussel are the most well‐known species) has been an inspiration in developing advanced adhesives for the moist condition. The wet adhesion phenomenon is significant in designing tissue adhesives and surgical sealants. However, a deep understanding of engaged chemical moieties, microenvironmental conditions of secreted proteins, and other contributing mechanisms for outstanding wet adhesion mussels are essential for the optimal design of wet glues. In this review, all aspects of wet adhesion of Mytilidae mussels, as well as different strategies needed for designing and fabricating wet adhesives are discussed from a chemistry point of view. Developed muscle‐inspired chemistry is a versatile technique when designing not only wet adhesive, but also, in several more applications, especially in the bioengineering area. The applications of muscle‐inspired biomaterials in various medical applications are summarized for future developments in the field.

Design, Synthesis, and In Vitro Evaluation of Novel 8-Amino-Quinoline Combined with Natural Antioxidant Acids

Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and alterations in metallostasis are common and related hallmarks in several neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Nature-based derivatives always represent an attractive tool in MTDL drug design, especially against ROS in NDDs. On this notion, we designed a new series of 8-quinoline-N-substituted derivatives with a natural antioxidant portion (i.e., lipoic, caffeic, and ferulic acids). These compounds were shown to chelate copper, a metal involved in ROS-induced degeneration, and scavenger oxygen radicals in DPPH assay. Then, selected compounds 4 and 5 were evaluated in an in vitro model of oxidative stress and shown to possess cytoprotective effects in 661W photoreceptor-like cells. The obtained results may represent a starting point for the application of the proposed class of compounds in retinal neurodegenerative diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP), comprising a group of hereditary rod–cone dystrophies that represent a major cause of blindness in patients of working age, where the progression of the disease is a multifactorial event, with oxidative stress contributing predominantly.

Sarcococca saligna Hydroalcoholic Extract Ameliorates Arthritis in Complete Freund's Adjuvant-Induced Arthritic Rats via Modulation of Inflammatory Biomarkers and Suppression of Oxidative Stress Markers

Traditionally, Sarcococca saligna has been used for the treatment of arthritis and many other inflammatory disorders. The current study was planned to give scientific evidence to this traditional use of S. saligna. Phytochemical profiling of SSME was carried out by using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), 150 μL was injected in the subplantar region of the left hind paw to induce arthritis in rats. Aqueous methanolic extract of S. saligna (SSME) was administered orally at 250, 500, or 1000 mg/kg dose from the 7th day to the 28th day of the study to explore its anti-arthritic potential. Histopathological and radiographic assessment of joints and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses were performed. Determination of oxidative stress biomarkers in the serum was also carried out. ESI-MS/MS identified ten such phytoconstituents which have reported strong anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity. The SSME extract considerably reduced paw inflammation and arthritic index, subdued cachexia, and significantly improved biochemical and hematological changes. Oxidative stress decreased in SSME administered rats dose-dependently. Histopathological and radiographic evaluations also showed the anti-arthritic activity of SSME, which was associated with the downregulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, nuclear factor (NF)-kB, COX-2, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β and upregulation of I-kB, IL-4, and IL-10, in contrast to disease group rats. The outcomes of the study proposed that S. saligna have anti-arthritic potential, supporting its traditional use for rheumatoid arthritis treatment.

Lipophilic antioxidant dodecyl caffeate preparation by the esterification of caffeic acid with dodecanol using ionic liquid [Hnmp]HSO4 as a catalyst

Caffeic acid (CA) is widely found in nature, and has a broad spectrum of biological activities. However, the low hydrophilicity and lipophilicity of CA limited its application. Dodecyl caffeate (DC) is the lipophilic ester of caffeic acid (CA), and also has high antioxidant activity. In this work, CA, used as a substrate, and three ionic liquids with different acidities and H₂SO₄ were used as economic catalysts for DC preparation. The effects of variables on DC yield were investigated and optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). And the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the esterification of CA and dodecanol were evaluated. Results showed that lipophilic DC was successfully synthesized using ionic liquid ([Hnmp]HSO₄) as a catalyst. And the optimal conditions by RSM were substrate ratio of 10.2 : 1, IL dosage of 9.8% at 87 °C for 118 min. Under the optional conditions, the maximum DC yield was 94.67 ± 1.32%. The k₀, E_a, ΔH, ΔS, and ΔG were 7.18 × 10⁷ mol (L min)⁻¹, 65.77 kJ mol⁻¹, 63.10 kJ (mol K)⁻¹, −103.80 J (mol K)⁻¹, and 99.78 kJ mol⁻¹ at 363 K, respectively. DC prepared in this work showed a good DPPH radical scavenging activity, which indicated that DC can be used as a potential antioxidant in food and cosmetics.

Lipophilic antioxidant dodecyl caffeate preparation by the esterification of caffeic acid with dodecanol using ionic liquid [Hnmp]HSO₄ as a novel catalyst.

Application of Quality by Design Approach to the Pharmaceutical Development of Anticancer Crude Extracts of Crocus sativus Perianth

The application of the Quality by Design (QbD) concept to extracts obtained from Crocus sativus perianth with potential anticancer activity will ensure the safety, efficiency, and quality control of the entire technological process, as well as determine the critical factors affecting the quality of extracts. Potentially critical points of the production of the plant extracts, including the cultivation and processing of the plant materials, the extraction process, and the choice of solvents, were identified using the Ishikawa diagram and FMEA risk assessment methods as well as the corrective actions proposed. The Herbal Chemical Marker Ranking System (HerbMars) approach was used to justify the Q-markers choice of Crocus, which takes into account bioavailability, pharmacological activity, and the presence of the selected standard. An experimental design (DoE) was used to assess the influence of potentially critical factors on the efficiency of the compound extraction from raw materials with water or ethanol. The presence of 16 compounds in Crocus perianth was determined by HPLC and their quantitative assessment was established. Selected compounds (ferulic acid, mangiferin, crocin, rutin, isoquercitrin) can be used for the quality control of Crocus perianth. In addition, the stigmas from the Volyn region met the requirements of ISO 3632 for saffron as a spice (category I). The cytotoxic activity against melanoma (IGR39) and triple-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cell lines of the hydroethanolic extract of C. sativus perianth was significantly more pronounced than the water extract, probably due to the chemical composition of the constituent components. The results show that the QbD approach is a powerful tool for process development for the production of quality herbal drugs.

Natural products can be used in therapeutic management of COVID-19: Probable mechanistic insights

The unexpected emergence of the new Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has affected more than three hundred million individuals and resulted in more than five million deaths worldwide. The ongoing pandemic has underscored the urgent need for effective preventive and therapeutic measures to develop anti-viral therapy. The natural compounds possess various pharmaceutical properties and are reported as effective anti-virals. The interest to develop an anti-viral drug against the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) from natural compounds has increased globally. Here, we investigated the anti-viral potential of selected promising natural products. Sources of data for this paper are current literature published in the context of therapeutic uses of phytoconstituents and their mechanism of action published in various reputed peer-reviewed journals. An extensive literature survey was done and data were critically analyzed to get deeper insights into the mechanism of action of a few important phytoconstituents. The consumption of natural products such as thymoquinone, quercetin, caffeic acid, ursolic acid, ellagic acid, vanillin, thymol, and rosmarinic acid could improve our immune response and thus possesses excellent therapeutic potential. This review focuses on the anti-viral functions of various phytoconstituent and alkaloids and their potential therapeutic implications against SARS-CoV-2. Our comprehensive analysis provides mechanistic insights into phytoconstituents to restrain viral infection and provide a better solution through natural, therapeutically active agents.

Caffeic acid mitigates aflatoxin B1-mediated toxicity in the male rat reproductive system by modulating inflammatory and apoptotic responses, testicular function, and the redox-regulatory systems

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB₁ ) is a toxic metabolite of public health concern. The present study investigates the protective effects of caffeic acid (CA) against AFB₁ -induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in the hypothalamus, epididymis, and testis of male rats. Five experimental rat cohorts (n = 6) were treated per os for 28 consecutive days as follows: Control (Corn oil 2 ml/kg body weight), AFB1 alone (50μg/kg), CA alone (40 mg/kg) and the co-treated rat cohorts (AFB₁ : 50μg/kg + CA1: 20 or 40 mg/kg). Following sacrifice, the biomarkers of hypothalamic, epididymal, and testicular toxicities, antioxidant enzyme activities, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, as well as levels of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen and nitrogen (RONS) species and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were analysed spectrophotometrically. Besides, the concentration of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Bcl-2 and Bax proteins were assessed using ELISA. Results showed that the AFB₁ -induced decrease in biomarkers of testicular, epididymal and hypothalamic toxicity was significantly (p < .05) alleviated in rats coexposed to CA. Moreover, the reduction of antioxidant status and the increase in RONS and LPO were lessened (p < .05) in rats co-treated with CA. AFB₁ mediated increase in TNF-α, Bax, NO and MPO activity were reduced (p< .05) in the hypothalamus, epididymis, and testis of rats coexposed to CA. In addition, Bcl-2 levels were reduced in rats treated with CA dose-dependently. Light microscopic examination showed that histopathological lesions severity induced by AFB₁ were alleviated in rats coexposed to CA. Taken together, the amelioration of AFB₁ -induced neuronal and reproductive toxicities by CA involves anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiapoptotic mechanisms in rats. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The beneficial antioxidant effects of caffeic acid (CA) are attributed to CA delocalized aromatic rings and free electrons, easily donated to stabilize reactive oxygen species. We report in vivo findings on CA and AfB1 mediated oxidative stress and reproductive dysfunction in rats. CA conjugated esters including chlorogenic acids are widely distributed in plants, and they act as a dietary source of natural defense against infections. CA can chelate heavy metals and reduce production of damaging free radicals to cellular macromolecules. Along these lines, CA can stabilize aflatoxin B1-epoxide as well and avert deleterious conjugates from forming with deoxyribonucleic acids. Hence CA, as a dietary phytochemical can protect against the damaging effects of toxins including aflatoxin B1 that contaminate food. CA dose-dependently abated oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic stimuli, improved functional characteristics of spermatozoa and reproductive hormone levels, and prevented histological alterations in experimental rats' hypothalamus and reproductive organs brought about by AFB1 toxicity.

Caffeic acid protects against DNA damage, oxidative and inflammatory mediated toxicities, and upregulated caspases activation in the hepatorenal system of rats treated with aflatoxin B1

Aflatoxicosis can induce largescale toxicities in predisposed populations. Food fortification with adequate antioxidant sources may reduce the toxic burden from aflatoxicosis. We examined the individual and combined effect of Caffeic acid (CA) on the aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁)-induced hepatic and renal injury in male rats. Five experimental rat cohort (n = 6) consisting of the control (2 mL/kg corn oil), AFB₁ alone (50 μg/kg), CA alone (40 mg/kg), AFB₁+CA₁ (50 μg/kg + 20 mg/kg) and AFB₁+CA₂ (50 μg/kg + 40 mg/kg) were so treated for 28 consecutive days. Upon sacrifices, diagnostic markers of hepatorenal functions, oxidative stress, inflammation, oxidative deoxyribonucleic acid -DNA-damage and apoptosis were analysed. Our results showed that CA reduced AFB₁-induced toxicities in rats' liver and kidneys by significantly increasing (p < 0.05) endogenous antioxidant and the anti-inflammatory IL-10 level. Caffeic acid simultaneously reduced hepatic and renal dysfunction biomarkers in the serum, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation levels. Besides, CA diminished reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, inflammatory nitric oxide levels, interleukin-1 β and the activities of xanthine oxidase and myeloperoxidase. Additionally, CA reduced DNA damage and caspase-mediated apoptotic responses and preserved the cytoarchitecture of rats' liver and kidneys treated with AFB₁. These data suggest that CA can be used as a food additive to mitigate AFB₁-induced toxicity in the examined organs.

Screening of heat stress-regulating active fractions in mung beans

Introduction

Heat stress caused by high temperatures has important adverse effects on the safety and health status of humans and animals, and dietary interventions to alleviate heat stress in daily life are highly feasible.

Methods

In this study, the components of mung bean that have heat stress-regulating effects were characterized by in vitro antioxidant indicators and heat stress cell models.

Results

As a result, 15 target monomeric polyphenol fractions were identified based on untargeted analysis on an ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with high field quadrupole orbit high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QE-HF-HRMS) platform and available reports. The results of DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging showed that mung bean polyphenols (crude extract) and 15 monomeric polyphenols had better antioxidant activity, followed by oil and mung bean peptides, while protein and polysaccharides had relatively poor antioxidant activity. Qualitative and quantitative assays for 20 polyphenols (15 polyphenols and 5 isomers) were then established based on platform targets. Vitexin, orientin, and caffeic acid were identified as monomeric polyphenols for heat stress control in mung beans based on their content. Finally, mild (39°C), moderate (41°C), and severe (43°C) heat stress models were successfully constructed based on mouse intestinal epithelial Mode-k cells and human colorectal adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cell lines, all with an optimal heat stress modeling time of 6 h. Screening of mung bean fractions using HSP70 mRNA content, a key indicator of heat stress. As a result, HSP70 mRNA content was significantly up-regulated by different levels of heat stress in both cell models. The addition of mung bean polyphenols (crude extract), vitexin, orientin, and caffeic acid resulted in significant down-regulation of HSP70 mRNA content, and the higher the level of heat stress, the more significant the regulation effect, with orientin having the best effect. Mung bean proteins, peptides, polysaccharides, oils and mung bean soup resulted in increased or no change in HSP70 mRNA levels after most heat stresses.

Discussion

The polyphenols were shown to be the main heat stress regulating components in mung bean. The results of the validation experiments confirm that the above three monomeric polyphenols may be the main heat stress regulating substances in mung bean. The role of polyphenols in the regulation of heat stress is closely linked to their antioxidant properties.

Caffeic acid attenuates irradiation-induced hematopoietic stem cell apoptosis through inhibiting mitochondrial damage

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are sensitive to ionizing radiation (IR) damage, and its injury is the primary cause of bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic failure and even death after exposure to a certain dose of IR. However, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here we show that mitochondrial oxidative damage, which is characterized by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species overproduction, mitochondrial membrane potential reduction and mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, is rapidly induced in both human and mouse HSCs and directly accelerates HSC apoptosis after IR exposure. Mechanistically, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) is induced by IR exposure and contributes to IR-induced mitochondrial oxidative damage through inducing lipid peroxidation. Intriguingly, a natural antioxidant, caffeic acid (CA), can attenuate IR-induced HSC apoptosis through suppressing 5-LOX-mediated mitochondrial oxidative damage, thus protecting against BM hematopoietic failure after IR exposure. These findings uncover a critical role for mitochondria in IR-induced HSC injury and highlight the therapeutic potential of CA in BM hematopoietic failure induced by IR.

Water-soluble caffeic acid-dopamine acid-base complex exhibits enhanced bactericidal, antioxidant, and anticancer properties

Despite the highly potent biological characteristics, the poor water-solubility of caffeic acid (CA) limits its applications in various domains. Here, we present a facile approach, wherein CA has been treated with dopamine hydrochloride (Dopa.HCl) to obtain a water-soluble acid-base complex, which does not possess any covalent bond between the individual components and thus retains their nativity. Simple mixing of CA and Dopa.HCl did not provide water solubility to CA, but the complex became readily soluble in water when the mineral acid was scavenged using sodium bicarbonate. The obtained CA-Dopa complex had been characterized using FT-IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, 2D ¹H-¹H NOESY NMR, XPS, and DSC techniques. The complex was found to exhibit excellent bactericidal, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and anticancer properties in the physiologically relevant pH range of 5.5 to 7.5. The results have revealed the high potential of the simple acid-base complex of CA in diverse domains.

Caffeic acid phenolipids in the protection of cell membranes from oxidative injuries. Interaction with the membrane phospholipid bilayer

Caffeic acid (CA) has demonstrated a strong intracellular antioxidant ability by scavenging ROS, contributing to the maintenance of cell membrane structural integrity and to reduce oxidative injuries in other cell components. Nevertheless, caffeic acid has limited usage, due to its hydrophilic character. In this work, the introduction of alkyl chains in the caffeic acid molecule by esterification (methyl - C1, ethyl - C2, butyl - C4, hexyl - C6, octyl - C8 and hexadecyl - C16), significantly increased its lipophilicity. All caffeates tested showed a much higher protective activity than caffeic acid against red blood cells (RBCs) AAPH-induced oxidative stress; this protection was heavily dependent on the length of the alkyl chain of the esters, and on their concentration. At 2.5 and 5 μM, the more lipophilic compounds (C8 and C16) showed a remarkable antioxidant activity, inhibiting hemolysis; probably, their better location within the membrane leads to a better antioxidative protection; however, at 50 μM, the more hydrophilic compounds (C1-C4) showed a better activity against hemolysis than the more lipophilic ones (C8-C16). At this higher concentration, the better interaction of the more lipophilic compounds with the membrane seems to cause changes in RBC membrane fluidity, disturbing membrane integrity. Our data show that the antioxidant activity of these compounds could play an important role for the protection of different tissues and organs, by protecting cell membranes from oxidative injuries.

Assessing the potential of exogenous caffeic acid application in boosting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop productivity under salt stress

Caffeic acid (CA) is known as an antioxidant to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), but the underlying mechanism of mediation of plant salt tolerance against various abiotic stresses by caffeic acid is only partially understood. A field experiment (120 days duration) was conducted to investigate the protective role of caffeic acid under a high saline medium (EC 8.7 dS m-1 and textural class: sandy loam) in two wheat genotypes (FSD -08 and Zincol-16). Two levels of caffeic acid (50 μM and 100 μM) were applied exogenously in combination with the salinity stress and results revealed that salt alleviation is more prominent when caffeic acid was applied at the rate of 100 μM. Under saline conditions, wheat genotypes show poor fresh and dry matter accumulation, chlorophyll contents, relative water contents (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI) and activities of antioxidant enzymes and increased uptake of Na+ ions. However, wheat genotype FSD-08 eminently responded to caffeic acid application as compared to wheat genotype Zincol-16 as demonstrated by higher growth indicators, RWC, MSI, activities of antioxidant enzymes, accumulation of mineral ions in grain along with yield attributes. In addition, caffeic acid also mitigated salt-induced oxidative stress malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents as well as significantly reduced Na+ uptake. It can be concluded that caffeic acid-induced salinity tolerance in wheat is attributed to improved plant water relations, K+ uptake, yield contents and activities of antioxidant stress enzymes.

Toxic Feedback Loop Involving Iron, Reactive Oxygen Species, α-Synuclein and Neuromelanin in Parkinson's Disease and Intervention with Turmeric

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder associated with severe loss of mainly dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Pathological hallmarks include Lewy bodies, and loss of neuromelanin, due to degeneration of neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons. Despite being described over 200 years ago, the etiology of PD remains unknown. Here, we highlight the roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS), iron, alpha synuclein (α-syn) and neuromelanin in a toxic feedback loop culminating in neuronal death and spread of the disease. Dopaminergic neurons are particularly vulnerable due to decreased antioxidant concentration with aging, constant exposure to ROS and presence of neurotoxic compounds (e.g. ortho-quinones). ROS and iron increase each other's levels, creating a state of oxidative stress. α-Syn aggregation is influenced by ROS and iron but also increases ROS and iron via its induced mitochondrial dysfunction and ferric-reductase activity. Neuromelanin's binding affinity is affected by increased ROS and iron. Furthermore, during neuronal death, neuromelanin is degraded in the extracellular space, releasing its bound toxins. This cycle of events continues to neighboring neurons in the form of a toxic loop, causing PD pathology. The increase in ROS and iron may be an important target for therapies to disrupt this toxic loop, and therefore diets rich in certain 'nutraceuticals' may be beneficial. Turmeric is an attractive candidate, as it is known to have anti-oxidant and iron chelating properties. More studies are needed to test this theory and if validated, this would be a step towards development of lifestyle-based therapeutic modalities to complement existing PD treatments.

Caffeic acid and its derivatives as potential modulators of oncogenic molecular pathways: New hope in the fight against cancer

As a phenolic acid compound, caffeic acid (CA) can be isolated from different sources such as tea, wine and coffee. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is naturally occurring derivative of CA isolated from propolis. This medicinal plant is well-known due to its significant therapeutic impact including its effectiveness as hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and anti-diabetic agent. Among them, anti-tumor activity of CA has attracted much attention, and this potential has been confirmed both in vitro and in vivo. CA can induce apoptosis in cancer cells via enhancing ROS levels and impairing mitochondrial function. Molecular pathways such as PI3K/Akt and AMPK with role in cancer progression, are affected by CA and its derivatives in cancer therapy. CA is advantageous in reducing aggressive behavior of tumors via suppressing metastasis by inhibiting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition mechanism. Noteworthy, CA and CAPE can promote response of cancer cells to chemotherapy, and sensitize them to chemotherapy-mediated cell death. In order to improve capacity of CA and CAPE in cancer suppression, it has been co-administered with other anti-tumor compounds such as gallic acid and p-coumaric acid. Due to its poor bioavailability, nanocarriers have been developed for enhancing its ability in cancer suppression. These issues have been discussed in the present review with a focus on molecular pathways to pave the way for rapid translation of CA for clinical use.