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Ma R, Lu D, Wang J, Xie Q, Guo J. Comparison of pharmacological activity and safety of different stereochemical configurations of borneol: L-borneol, D-borneol, and synthetic borneol. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114668. [PMID: 37321057 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chiral drugs generally exhibit differences in activity because they bind differently to their target receptor. The Chinese medicine borneol ('Bing Pian' in Chinese) is a bicyclic monoterpenoid with a wide range of biological activities. Three kinds of Chinese medicines comprising borneol are used clinically, namely, L-Borneolum ('Ai Pian' in Chinese), Borneolum ('Tian Ran Bing Pian' in Chinese), and synthetic borneol ('He Cheng Bing Pian' in Chinese). The three kinds of borneol have different stereochemical configurations, but their clinical uses are nearly identical, and their prices vary widely. However, there is no clear rational basis for the selection of these kinds of borneol in clinical applications. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to clarify differences in the biological activity, safety, and structure-activity relationship of the three kinds of borneol. METHODS 'borneol', 'Bing Pian', 'Ai Pian', 'Tian Ran Bing Pian', and 'He Cheng Bing Pian' were selected as keywords to search for and extract relevant literature in the CNKI, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases up to November 2022. RESULTS L-borneol has better potential in cerebrovascular diseases. The three kinds of borneol have stronger penetration-promoting effects on hydrophilic drugs. L-borneol and isoborneol promote intestinal mucosal absorption of drugs via bidirectional regulation of P-glycoprotein. D-borneol exhibits better antitumour sensitizing effects than L-borneol. L-borneol exhibits better inhibition of bacterial adhesion because of its C2 chiral centre. Synthetic borneol is less safe. CONCLUSION L-borneol has excellent potential in many aspects, has various sources, and can effectively replace expensive D-borneol in some applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ma
- School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danni Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qian Xie
- School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China.
| | - Jialiang Guo
- School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China.
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Hu X, Deng H, Bai Y, Fan TP, Zheng X, Cai Y. Heterologous expression and characterization of a borneol dehydrogenase from Arabidopsis lyrate and its application for the enzymatic resolution of rac-camphor. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Calderini E, Drienovská I, Myrtollari K, Pressnig M, Sieber V, Schwab H, Hofer M, Kourist R. Simple Plug-In Synthetic Step for the Synthesis of (-)-Camphor from Renewable Starting Materials. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2951-2956. [PMID: 34033201 PMCID: PMC8596451 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Racemic camphor and isoborneol are readily available as industrial side products, whereas (1R)-camphor is available from natural sources. Optically pure (1S)-camphor, however, is much more difficult to obtain. The synthesis of racemic camphor from α-pinene proceeds via an intermediary racemic isobornyl ester, which is then hydrolyzed and oxidized to give camphor. We reasoned that enantioselective hydrolysis of isobornyl esters would give facile access to optically pure isoborneol and camphor isomers, respectively. While screening of a set of commercial lipases and esterases in the kinetic resolution of racemic monoterpenols did not lead to the identification of any enantioselective enzymes, the cephalosporin Esterase B from Burkholderia gladioli (EstB) and Esterase C (EstC) from Rhodococcus rhodochrous showed outstanding enantioselectivity (E>100) towards the butyryl esters of isoborneol, borneol and fenchol. The enantioselectivity was higher with increasing chain length of the acyl moiety of the substrate. The kinetic resolution of isobornyl butyrate can be easily integrated into the production of camphor from α-pinene and thus allows the facile synthesis of optically pure monoterpenols from a renewable side-product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Calderini
- Institute of Molecular BiotechnologyGraz University of TechnologyPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
| | - Ivana Drienovská
- Institute of Molecular BiotechnologyGraz University of TechnologyPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
| | - Kamela Myrtollari
- Institute of Molecular BiotechnologyGraz University of TechnologyPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaAAdhesive Research/BioconjugatesHenkelstr. 6740191DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Michaela Pressnig
- Institute of Molecular BiotechnologyGraz University of TechnologyPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
| | - Volker Sieber
- Chemistry of Biogenic ResourcesTechnical University of MunichSchulgasse 1694315StraubingGermany
- Bio, Electro and Chemocatalysis BioCatFraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and BiotechnologySchulgasse 11a94315StraubingGermany
| | - Helmut Schwab
- Institute of Molecular BiotechnologyGraz University of TechnologyPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
| | - Michael Hofer
- Bio, Electro and Chemocatalysis BioCatFraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and BiotechnologySchulgasse 11a94315StraubingGermany
| | - Robert Kourist
- Institute of Molecular BiotechnologyGraz University of TechnologyPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
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Wu JR, Lu PC, Khine AA, Simaremare SRS, Hung CC, Yiin LM, Ho TJ, Tung CH, Chen HP. Borneol dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas sp. TCU-HL1 possesses novel quinuclidinone reductase activities. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2021.1955865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ru Wu
- Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chieh Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Aye Aye Khine
- Department of Biochemistry, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Sailent Rizki Sari Simaremare
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chi Hung
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Ming Yiin
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Jung Ho
- Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hua Tung
- Department of Bioinformatics, Chung Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
- Department of Optoelectronics and Materials Engineering, Chung Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Ping Chen
- Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Chánique AM, Dimos N, Drienovská I, Calderini E, Pantín MP, Helmer CPO, Hofer M, Sieber V, Parra LP, Loll B, Kourist R. A Structural View on the Stereospecificity of Plant Borneol-Type Dehydrogenases. ChemCatChem 2021; 13:2262-2277. [PMID: 34262629 PMCID: PMC8261865 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of sustainable processes for the valorization of byproducts and other waste streams remains an ongoing challenge in the field of catalysis. Racemic borneol, isoborneol and camphor are currently produced from α-pinene, a side product from the production of cellulose. The pure enantiomers of these monoterpenoids have numerous applications in cosmetics and act as reagents for asymmetric synthesis, making an enzymatic route for their separation into optically pure enantiomers a desirable goal. Known short-chain borneol-type dehydrogenases (BDHs) from plants and bacteria lack the required specificity, stability or activity for industrial utilization. Prompted by reports on the presence of pure (-)-borneol and (-)-camphor in essential oils from rosemary, we set out to investigate dehydrogenases from the genus Salvia and discovered a dehydrogenase with high specificity (E>120) and high specific activity (>0.02 U mg-1) for borneol and isoborneol. Compared to other specific dehydrogenases, the one reported here shows remarkably higher stability, which was exploited to obtain the first three-dimensional structure of an enantiospecific borneol-type short-chain dehydrogenase. This, together with docking studies, led to the identification of a hydrophobic pocket in the enzyme that plays a crucial role in the stereo discrimination of bornane-type monoterpenoids. The kinetic resolution of borneol and isoborneol can be easily integrated into the existing synthetic route from α-pinene to camphor thereby allowing the facile synthesis of optically pure monoterpenols from an abundant renewable source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Chánique
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology Graz University of Technology Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocesses Engineering School of Engineering Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Vicuña Mackenna 4860 7810000 Santiago Chile
| | - Nicole Dimos
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Department of Biology Chemistry Pharmacy Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry Free University of Berlin Takustr. 6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Ivana Drienovská
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology Graz University of Technology Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Elia Calderini
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology Graz University of Technology Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Mónica P Pantín
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology Graz University of Technology Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Carl P O Helmer
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Department of Biology Chemistry Pharmacy Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry Free University of Berlin Takustr. 6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Michael Hofer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB Schulgasse 11a 94315 Straubing Germany
| | - Volker Sieber
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB Schulgasse 11a 94315 Straubing Germany
- Technical University of Munich Straubing Campus for Biotechnology and Sustainability Schulgasse 16 94315 Straubing Germany
| | - Loreto P Parra
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering Schools of Engineering Medicine and Biological Sciences Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Vicuña Mackenna 4860 7810000 Santiago Chile
| | - Bernhard Loll
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Department of Biology Chemistry Pharmacy Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry Free University of Berlin Takustr. 6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Robert Kourist
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology Graz University of Technology Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
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Khine AA, Yang MY, Hu A, Lin GH, Toh YH, Chen HP. Production of optically pure (–)-borneol by Pseudomonas monteilii TCU-CK1 and characterization of borneol dehydrogenase involved. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 139:109586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Khine AA, Lu PC, Ko TP, Huang KF, Chen HP. Cloning, expression, identification and characterization of borneol dehydrogenase isozymes in Pseudomonas sp. TCU-HL1. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 175:105715. [PMID: 32738440 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Borneol is a bicyclic plant monoterpene. It can be degraded by soil microorganisms through the conversion of borneol dehydrogenase (BDH) and a known camphor degradation pathway. Recombinant BDH from Pseudomonas sp. TCU-HL1 was produced in the form of inclusion body. The refolded BDH1 tends to precipitate. Insoluble recombinant BDH1 was converted into a soluble form by adding glycerol in LB medium. The kcat and kcat/Km values of soluble form BDH1 for (+)-borneol turned out to be about 34-fold and 45-fold higher, respectively, than those of the refolded enzyme. On the other hand, a gene knockout mutant, TCU-HL1Δbdh, was constructed to investigate the possible presence of a second copy of the bdh gene in TCU-HL1 genome. A new gene, bdh2, encoding a BDH isozyme, was identified, and the recombinant BDH2 protein was produced in a soluble form. Both bdh1 and bdh2 genes are expressed in the crude extract of wild type TCU-HL1, as shown by RT-qPCR results. Both BDH isozymes prefer to degrade (+)-borneol, rather than (-)-borneol, probably because (+)-camphor is the main form present in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aye Aye Khine
- Department of Biochemistry, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan; Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan; Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine 1, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Pei-Chieh Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ping Ko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Fa Huang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Ping Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan; Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004, Taiwan; Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, 97002, Taiwan.
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Ho TJ, Chen JK, Li TS, Lin JH, Hsu YH, Wu JR, Tsai WT, Chen HP. The curative effects of the traditional Chinese herbal medicine "Jinchuang ointment" on excisional wounds. Chin Med 2020; 15:41. [PMID: 32377230 PMCID: PMC7195791 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00324-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND "Jinchuang ointment" is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine for external incised wounds. This herbal medicine has been successfully used to treat patients with diabetic foot ulcers and pressure sores in Taiwan for several decades. We previously examined its biological activities on cell-based in vitro assay platforms. Because some patients refused to use animal-derived ingredients ointment during our clinical practice, the efficacy of plant oil-based reconstituted "Jinchuang ointment" was also investigated. METHODS A porcine excisional wound model was established and used to evaluate its efficacy in vivo in this study. Besides, an unusual clinical case is also present. RESULTS As judged from the wound appearance of animal studies on day 14 and the results of blood flow flux at the wound sites on day 28, "Jinchuang ointment" accelerated wound closure significantly better than the control group. CONCLUSIONS The results from clinical treatment, histopathological evaluation, and the animal study showed that "Jinchung ointment" promotes wound healing significantly better than the control group. Also, sesame oil-reconstituted ointment can be a choice for patients who refuse to use lard-containing ointment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Jung Ho
- Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, 97002 Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, 97002 Taiwan
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004 Taiwan
| | - Jhong-Kuei Chen
- Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, 97002 Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, 97002 Taiwan
| | - Tzong Shiun Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua County, 50008 Taiwan
- Innovation Research Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua County, 50008 Taiwan
| | - Jung-Hsing Lin
- Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, 97002 Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, 701, Sec 3, Zhongyang Road, Hualien, 97004 Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiang Hsu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004 Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, 97002 Taiwan
| | - Jia-Ru Wu
- Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, 97002 Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Tsai
- Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, 97002 Taiwan
| | - Hao-Ping Chen
- Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, 97002 Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, 701, Sec 3, Zhongyang Road, Hualien, 97004 Taiwan
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Yang MY, Khine AA, Liu JW, Cheng HC, Hu A, Chen HP, Shih TL. Resolution of isoborneol and its isomers by GC/MS to identify “synthetic” and “semi-synthetic” borneol products. Chirality 2018; 30:1233-1239. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.23017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yeh Yang
- Institute of Medical Science; Tzu Chi University; Hualien Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology; Tzu Chi University; Hualien Taiwan
| | - Aye Aye Khine
- Institute of Medical Science; Tzu Chi University; Hualien Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry; Tzu Chi University; Hualien Taiwan
| | - Jen-Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry; Tamkang University; New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chen Cheng
- Department of Chemistry; Tamkang University; New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Anren Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology; Tzu Chi University; Hualien Taiwan
| | - Hao-Ping Chen
- Department of Biochemistry; Tzu Chi University; Hualien Taiwan
| | - Tzenge-Lien Shih
- Department of Chemistry; Tamkang University; New Taipei City Taiwan
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Zhou XD, Shi DD, Zhang ZJ. Antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of the proprietary Chinese medicine Shexiang Baoxin pill in mice with chronic unpredictable mild stress. J Food Drug Anal 2018; 27:221-230. [PMID: 30648575 PMCID: PMC9298624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression and anxiety often co-occur with cardiac diseases. The Shexiang Baoxin pill (SBP) is a proprietary Chinese medicine initially used to treat cardiac conditions. This study explored whether SBP has antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in addition to hormonal and psychotropic mechanisms. Mice underwent 6 weeks of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) to induce depression- and anxiety-like behavior. During the 6-week experiment, mice received SBP at intragastric doses of 20.25 mg/kg or 40.5 mg/kg daily. Animals were then tested for depression in sucrose preference, forced-swimming, and tail suspension paradigms, and for anxiety in open field and elevated plus maze tests. Both SBP doses significantly reduced anhedonic behavior in the sucrose preference test; the high SBP dose also increased the number of entries into the central zone of the open field. SBP-treated mice had markedly lower blood levels of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) than stressed mice treated with vehicle. Either low- or high-dose SBP reversed stress-induced reductions of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) metabolites and the expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in related brain regions. These results suggest that SBP could prevent and alleviate prolonged stress-induced anhedonia and anxiety in association with its suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hyperactivity, modulation of brain monoamine neurotransmitter metabolism and neurotrophins. SBP may be particularly suitable for the management of depressive and anxiety disorders in patients with cardiac conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Dan Zhou
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dong-Dong Shi
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhang-Jin Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Gao RQ, Fan J, Tan Q, Guo D, Chen T, He RJ, Li D, Zhang H, Zhang WG. Reliable HPLC separation, vibrational circular dichroism spectra, and absolute configurations of isoborneol enantiomers. Chirality 2017; 29:550-557. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Qi Gao
- School of Chemistry and Environment; South China Normal University; Guangzhou China
| | - Jun Fan
- School of Chemistry and Environment; South China Normal University; Guangzhou China
| | - Qi Tan
- School of Chemistry and Environment; South China Normal University; Guangzhou China
| | - Dong Guo
- Guangdong YanJie Pharmatech Co. Ltd; Guangzhou China
| | - Tao Chen
- School of Chemistry and Environment; South China Normal University; Guangzhou China
| | - Ru-Jian He
- School of Chemistry and Environment; South China Normal University; Guangzhou China
| | - Dan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen China
| | - Wei-Guang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Environment; South China Normal University; Guangzhou China
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