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Andersen NL, Antsupova V, Boel JB, Christensen MM, Nygaard U, Schmidt LS. Urinary Tract Infection in Children and the Potential Role of Pivmecillinam as a Treatment Option. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2025; 44:e1-e3. [PMID: 39705404 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000004524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the potential role of pivmecillinam in the treatment of urinary tract infections in children. Among 351 children (0-6 years) with urinary tract infections, 83% could be treated with pivmecillinam following urine culture. Resistance was highest in infants (0-3 months) caused by the high prevalence of Enterococcus faecalis. This result emphasizes the necessity for developing a pediatric oral form of pivmecillinam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naja Lyhne Andersen
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Valeria Antsupova
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Bredtoft Boel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Marie Christensen
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrikka Nygaard
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Samsø Schmidt
- From the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Moro C, Phelps C, Veer V, Jones M, Glasziou P, Clark J, Tikkinen KAO, Scott AM. Cranberry Juice, Cranberry Tablets, or Liquid Therapies for Urinary Tract Infection: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Eur Urol Focus 2024; 10:947-957. [PMID: 39030132 DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2024.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE With over 50% of women suffering from at least one episode of urinary tract infection (UTI) throughout their lifetime and an increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, efforts need to be made to clearly identify the evidence supporting potential non-drug interventions. This study aims to compare the effects of cranberry juice, cranberry tablets, and increased liquids for the management of UTIs. METHODS PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched for randomised controlled trials. The primary outcome was the number of UTIs, and the secondary outcomes were UTI symptoms and antimicrobial consumption. A risk of bias assessment was performed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool, and the certainty of evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. KEY FINDINGS AND LIMITATIONS A total of 20 trials (3091 participants) were included, with 18 studies highlighting a 54% lower rate of UTIs with cranberry juice consumption than no treatment and a 27% lower rate than placebo liquid. Cranberry juice also resulted in a 49% lower rate of antibiotic use than placebo liquid and a 59% lower rate than no treatment, based on a network meta-analysis of six studies. The use of cranberry compounds also reduced the prevalence of symptoms associated with UTIs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS With moderate to low certainty, the evidence supports the use of cranberry juice for the prevention of UTIs. While increased liquids reduce the rate of UTIs compared with no treatment, cranberry in liquid form provides even better clinical outcomes in terms of reduction in UTIs and antibiotic use and should be considered for the management of UTIs. PATIENT SUMMARY With the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant UTIs, alternate non-drug treatment options for its management are required. Available evidence supports the use of cranberry compounds and increases in fluid intake for managing UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Moro
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Charlotte Phelps
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vineesha Veer
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark Jones
- Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul Glasziou
- Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Justin Clark
- Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kari A O Tikkinen
- Department of Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Surgery, South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta, Finland; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Mae Scott
- Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Taheri N, Köhli P, Li Z, Wang Z, Vu-Han TL, Cloeren K, Koch A, Tsitsilonis S, Schömig F, Khakzad T, Pumberger M. Risk-Adapted Use of Vancomycin in Secondary Scoliosis Surgery May Normalize SSI Risk in Surgical Correction of High-Risk Patients. J Pers Med 2024; 14:1017. [PMID: 39452525 PMCID: PMC11508918 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14101017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Intrawound application of vancomycin is becoming increasingly controversial for the prevention of surgical site infection (SSI). As children undergoing spinal fusion for secondary scoliosis are at high risk for SSIs, evidence regarding the impact of intraoperative vancomycin installation on SSI rates in these patients is of utmost importance. Methodology: A single surgeon cohort of patients under 18 years of age undergoing surgery for secondary scoliosis in 2017 was analyzed with regard to the development of SSIs requiring surgical revision and adverse events. Use of vancomycin was restricted to cases with higher risk of infection. Patients undergoing distraction surgery for growing devices were excluded. Results: After exclusions, 64 patients remained (vancomycin n = 39, control n = 25). The SSI rates were 12.8% in patients receiving vancomycin (n = 5/39) and 4% in the control group (n = 1/25, p = 0.785). None of the patients suffered from adverse events. Univariable logistic regression revealed younger age (p = 0.03) and meningomyelocele as predictors for SSI (p = 0.006), while the high-risk group receiving vancomycin was not at higher odds for SSI, also after adjustment for possible confounders such as age or MMC (p = 0.031; p = 0.009). Discussion: SSI rates were comparable between groups, suggesting a normalization of SSI risk in the vancomycin-treated patients with a preoperatively increased risk of SSI. Future, larger studies in these rare diseases are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Taheri
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Julius Wolff Institute for Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Pl. 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Köhli
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Julius Wolff Institute for Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Pl. 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- BIH Charité Junior Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhao Li
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhen Wang
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tu-Lan Vu-Han
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- BIH Charité Junior Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Konstantin Cloeren
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonia Koch
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Serafeim Tsitsilonis
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Friederike Schömig
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Julius Wolff Institute for Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Pl. 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thilo Khakzad
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Pumberger
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Zaitoon H, Garkaby J, Nassrallah B, Sharkansky L, Shnaider M, Chistyakov I, Genizi J, Nathan K. Insights into Hospitalized Children with Urinary Tract Infections: Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Israel-A Single Center Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:1142. [PMID: 39334674 PMCID: PMC11431202 DOI: 10.3390/children11091142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2024] [Revised: 09/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
Background: The escalating resistance of uropathogens in pediatric febrile urinary tract infection (F-UTI) is a global concern. This study examined changing trends in F-UTI epidemiology and resistance patterns among Israeli pediatric inpatients over a decade. Methods: Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data for children between 3 months and 18 years old with febrile UTI from 2010 to 2021 were retrieved from electronic medical records. Results: A total of 761 cases of F-UTI were identified (702 females, mean age 43 months). Escherichia coli was the most common pathogen (85.9%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.5%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (3.4%). Compared with the non-complicated UTI group, the complicated UTI group had significantly higher rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.3% vs. 1.0%, p = 0.002) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (4.6% vs. 1.6%, p = 0.03). Antibiotic resistance analysis revealed significant differences between the groups: resistance to cephalexin was higher in the complicated UTI group (19.3%) compared with the non-complicated UTI group (13.4%, p = 0.03). Notably, relatively low resistance rates were observed for ceftriaxone (4.4%) and gentamicin (6.0%). Over time, a significant decreasing trend in resistance to ampicillin was observed (slope = -0.0193, p = 0.011). No significant trends were found for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cephalexin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, and cefuroxime. Conclusions: Significant differences in pathogen distribution and resistance patterns between complicated UTI and non-complicated UTI groups highlight the need for continuous resistance monitoring and adherence to local guidelines. For the treatment of severe community F-UTI, ceftriaxone could be a reasonable option for first-onset F-UTI. Further studies are needed to implement antibiotic stewardship and optimize usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Zaitoon
- Department of Pediatrics, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa 3104802, Israel; (H.Z.); (J.G.); (B.N.); (L.S.); (M.S.); (I.C.); (K.N.)
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Jenny Garkaby
- Department of Pediatrics, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa 3104802, Israel; (H.Z.); (J.G.); (B.N.); (L.S.); (M.S.); (I.C.); (K.N.)
| | - Basheer Nassrallah
- Department of Pediatrics, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa 3104802, Israel; (H.Z.); (J.G.); (B.N.); (L.S.); (M.S.); (I.C.); (K.N.)
| | - Livnat Sharkansky
- Department of Pediatrics, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa 3104802, Israel; (H.Z.); (J.G.); (B.N.); (L.S.); (M.S.); (I.C.); (K.N.)
| | - Morya Shnaider
- Department of Pediatrics, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa 3104802, Israel; (H.Z.); (J.G.); (B.N.); (L.S.); (M.S.); (I.C.); (K.N.)
| | - Irina Chistyakov
- Department of Pediatrics, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa 3104802, Israel; (H.Z.); (J.G.); (B.N.); (L.S.); (M.S.); (I.C.); (K.N.)
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Jacob Genizi
- Department of Pediatrics, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa 3104802, Israel; (H.Z.); (J.G.); (B.N.); (L.S.); (M.S.); (I.C.); (K.N.)
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Keren Nathan
- Department of Pediatrics, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa 3104802, Israel; (H.Z.); (J.G.); (B.N.); (L.S.); (M.S.); (I.C.); (K.N.)
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
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Baumer-Mouradian SH, Bradley LC, Ansari ST, Chinta SS, Mitchell ML, Nelson AM, Marusinec LE, Wake KM, Mantey KA, Cabrera IC, De Valk JA, Hanson AP, Witkowski EM, Bushee GM, Ellison JS. Applying Quality Improvement Methodology to Standardize Pediatric Urinary Tract Infection Diagnosis and Management throughout a Healthcare System. Pediatr Qual Saf 2024; 9:e756. [PMID: 39169948 PMCID: PMC11338250 DOI: 10.1097/pq9.0000000000000756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Pediatric urinary tract infections (UTIs) require early diagnosis and appropriate treatment to avoid short- and long-term morbidity. Baseline data from 13,000 children across a regional health system demonstrated wide variation in UTI management, including antibiotic choice, duration, and dosing. In 2019, the local antibiotic stewardship team recommended cephalexin as the ideal first-line UTI treatment due to its effectiveness, narrow spectrum, low cost, and palatability. This project aimed to improve first-line prescription of cephalexin as an empiric antibiotic treatment for uncomplicated UTIs from 34% to 75% in children 60 days to 18 years of age presenting to any site within the healthcare system within 6 months. Methods A multidisciplinary team of key stakeholders reviewed baseline data and developed three key drivers. These included a standardized UTI pathway, electronic health record enhancements, and provider education. Interventions were supported by a literature review and implemented via Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles with data monitored bimonthly. The primary outcome was the percentage of patients prescribed cephalexin for presumed UTI over the total number of presumed UTI diagnoses treated with empiric antibiotics throughout the healthcare system. The balancing measure included 14-day return visits for a UTI-related diagnosis across the system. Results After the release of the updated UTI pathway, first-line cephalexin prescribing for UTI improved from 34% to 66%. There was no change in 14-day revisits for UTI. Conclusions Standardizing the diagnosis and management of UTIs across the spectrum of coordinated care led to improved system-wide adherence to local antibiotic stewardship guidelines for empiric UTI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon H. Baumer-Mouradian
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Corporate Center, Milwaukee, Wis
| | - Lia C. Bradley
- Quality Department, Children’s Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, Wis
| | | | - Sri S. Chinta
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Corporate Center, Milwaukee, Wis
| | - Michelle L. Mitchell
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Corporate Center, Milwaukee, Wis
| | - Anika M. Nelson
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Corporate Center, Milwaukee, Wis
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Aaron P. Hanson
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Corporate Center, Milwaukee, Wis
| | | | - Glenn M. Bushee
- Department of Enterprise Safety, Children’s Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, Wis
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Pitekova B, Konopásek P, Babelova M, Gecz J, Hlasna K, Breza J, Barton P, Zieg J. The Susceptibility of Escherichia Coli to Antibiotic Treatment for Pediatric Patients With Febrile Urinary Tract Infections in the Bratislava Region. KLINISCHE PADIATRIE 2024. [PMID: 39094775 DOI: 10.1055/a-2356-7784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections are one of the most common types of bacterial infections in childhood. Normally, empiric antibiotic therapy is given based on local antimicrobial susceptibility. We performed a retrospective study to evaluate bacterial resistance and clinical responses to antibiotics in childhood febrile urinary tract infections (fUTIs) in the Bratislava region of Slovakia. A total of 182 children with a fUTI were enrolled in our retrospective study. 84,07% of these fUTIs were caused by pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli). According to microbial antibiotic susceptibility tests, the most effective antibiotic agents were third-generation cephalosporins (susceptibility was observed in 92,16% (n=141) of the cases), followed by aminopenicillins with betalactamase inhibitor (susceptibility was observed in 84,97% (n=130) of the cases) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (susceptibility was observed in 79,74% (n=122) of the cases). In contrast, E. coli was susceptible to second-generation cephalosporins in just 3,92% (n=6). Patients treated with third-generation cephalosporins achieved a clinical response to therapy almost in all of the cases (95,7% (n=66)), whereas second-generation cephalosporins were associated with a clinical response to therapy in only 55,9% (n=33) of the cases. Third-generation cephalosporins and aminopenicillins with a betalactamase inhibitor appear to be the most suitable initial antibiotic therapies in pediatric patients with fUTIs. Following current guidelines alongside the regular assessment of regional microbial antibiotic susceptibilities should provide the best treatment management for children with fUTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Pitekova
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Patrik Konopásek
- Pediatric Nephrology, Motol University Hospital, Praha, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jakub Gecz
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Kristina Hlasna
- Department of Pediatrics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Breza
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Barton
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jakub Zieg
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Malli IA, Hubayni RA, Marie AM, Alzahrani DY, Khshwry EI, Aldahhas RA, Khan RF, Zaidi SF. The prevalence of self-medication and its associated factors among college students: Cross-sectional study from Saudi Arabia. Prev Med Rep 2023; 36:102457. [PMID: 37869536 PMCID: PMC10589874 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Self-medication with OTC or prescription drugs is widespread, may impair health, and leads to microbial resistance. Self-medication treats symptoms without a prescription. Self-medication is common among students across disciplines. Thus, this study evaluates medical and non-medical students' self-medication prevalence, knowledge, and variables. Methods 352 people completed a verified 25-item online questionnaire from September 5 to November 17, 2021. Self-medication and demographic characteristics such as gender, professional college, and family income were examined using a chi-square test of independence. Results 210 (59.6 %) participants were from the College of Medicine, and 142 (40.34 %) were from other professional health colleges. Health professional students self-medicated 55.9 %. This research found substantial connections between self-medication knowledge, gender, and family income. With a p-value of 0.0001, 32 % of women agreed that self-medication is safe, compared to 15.8 % of men. Female students were more likely than boys (61.9 % vs 38.1 %, p-value = 0.0291) to self-medicate as their initial therapy. Family income was also related to self-medication; 69.6 % of low-income pupils self-medicated to reduce doctor visits, p-value = 0.0477. Conclusion Students of all majors self-medicate. Medical students were more informed about generic drug safety and administration. There were substantial unfavorable sentiments regarding self-medication, highlighting the need for educational health activities to raise student understanding of its risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israa Abdullah Malli
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahaf Ahmed Hubayni
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amirah Mohammed Marie
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dhaii Yahya Alzahrani
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elaf Ismeal Khshwry
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raghad Abdulmohsen Aldahhas
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahaf Fayez Khan
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Faisal Zaidi
- Faculty of Eastern Medicine, Hamdard University, Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan
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Menon N, Mutinta Deasy A, Woo K, Tarabishi J, Chan EYH, Kang K, Carwana M, Nama N. Short duration of parenteral antibiotics in infants with urinary tract infections. Paediatr Child Health 2023; 28:411-416. [PMID: 37885598 PMCID: PMC10599490 DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxad030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Current guidelines by the Canadian Paediatric Society on treating urinary tract infections (UTIs) exclude infants ≤ 60 days old. There is considerable practice variability in this age group, especially around the optimal duration of parenteral antibiotics. The study aimed to assess local practice patterns, and the safety of a short course (≤3 days) of parenteral antibiotics in young infants. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, 95 infants (≤60 days) with confirmed UTIs were identified at British Columbia Children's Hospital. Patients receiving short (≤3 days) and long (>3 days) duration of parenteral antibiotics were compared. Outcomes of interest included urinary tract infection recurrence within 30 days, hospital length of stay (LOS), representation, and readmission. Results Twenty infants (21%) received a short course of parenteral antibiotics. These infants were older (median 47 days versus 28 days) and non-bacteremic. Urinary tract infection recurrence was identified in 8 patients (8%), of which 7 were treated with a long duration (P = 1.0). Patients treated with a short duration had a significantly shorter LOS, with a mean difference of 4.21 days [95% CI: 3.37 to 5.05] (P < 0.001). All five (5%) bacteremic patients were treated exclusively with parenteral antibiotics. Conclusions In a Canadian setting, a short course of parenteral antibiotics is safe in young, non-bacteremic infants with UTIs. Despite substantial evidence, local practice patterns suggest a tendency towards prescription of long courses, providing an opportunity for quality improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Menon
- Vancouver-Fraser Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Anne Mutinta Deasy
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Kellan Woo
- Vancouver-Fraser Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Jalal Tarabishi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Eugene Yu-hin Chan
- Paediatric Nephrology Centre, Hong Kong Children’s Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kristopher Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Evidence to Innovation, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Matthew Carwana
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Evidence to Innovation, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Nassr Nama
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Evidence to Innovation, Vancouver, British Columbia
- Seattle Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Kawalec A, Józefiak J, Kiliś-Pstrusińska K. Urinary Tract Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns: 5-Year Experience in a Tertiary Pediatric Nephrology Center in the Southwestern Region of Poland. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1454. [PMID: 37760750 PMCID: PMC10525788 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common infections in the pediatric population. This study aimed to analyze the urine culture results and antimicrobial patterns over the last 5 years in children diagnosed with UTI. (2) Methods: Retrospective analysis of medical records of 242 patients hospitalized in the Pediatric Nephrology Department diagnosed with a UTI in the years 2018-2022. (3) Results: The most common causative agent was E. coli, responsible for 64% of UTIs, followed by Klebsiella spp. (16%), Pseudomonas spp. (6%), Enterobacter spp. (4%), Proteus spp. (4%), and Enterococcus spp. (3%). Non-E. coli UTIs were significantly more frequently observed in patients with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract or neurogenic bladder and patients receiving antibiotic prophylaxis. For the whole study period, 32% of E. coli were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, 23.3% to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 12.2% to ciprofloxacin, and 4.4% to nitrofurantoin. During 2018-2022, the prevalence of E. coli resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid varied from 16.7% to 41.2%, and resistance to cefuroxime increased four times (from 4% in 2018 to 16.7% in 2022). Starting in 2021, all isolated E. coli strains were classified as susceptible-increased exposure or resistant to cefuroxime. (4) Conclusion: Managing pediatric UTIs remains challenging in clinical practice. The choice of optimal empiric treatment should be considered following local recommendations and individual risk factors assessment and require careful dosage adjustment. Observed changes in antimicrobial resistance indicated the need for frequent updating of local recommendations for the management of pediatric patients with UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kawalec
- Clinical Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
- Clinic of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital in Wroclaw, Borowska Street 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Józefiak
- Clinic of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital in Wroclaw, Borowska Street 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kiliś-Pstrusińska
- Clinical Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
- Clinic of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital in Wroclaw, Borowska Street 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
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10
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Vieira Filho JF, Ribeiro VN, do Nascimento ÁMA, Maria Alves de Melo M. Infections in Children with Cancer Admitted in an Oncology Reference Hospital: A Cross-sectional Study. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:315. [PMID: 37544971 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03420-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric oncology patients are usually immunosuppressed due to factors such as the neoplasm and its treatment, making them more susceptible to infections. This article aims to determine the infection profile of pediatric oncology patients admitted to an oncology reference hospital in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. A retrospective and cross-sectional study was conducted, collecting data from patients hospitalized due to infection in a pediatric oncology unit exclusively for the Brazilian public health system, spanning from 2018 to 2021. A total of 168 episodes of infections were identified in 96 patients, resulting in 157 hospitalizations. Among the patients with infections, 62.4% had hematological malignancies, and out of these cases, 74.6% specifically had Acute Lymphoid Leukemia. The Escherichia coli (31.9%) was the most prevalent microorganism isolated from the samples. Multidrug-resistant microorganisms accounted for 52% of all identified microorganisms. Fluoroquinolones and beta-lactam were the most prevalent antibiotic classes in the analyzed antibiograms. Factors such as Sex, type of cancer, chemotherapy in the last 30 days, were found to be associated with the occurrence of infection (p < 0.05). Conducting epidemiological studies regarding infections in pediatric oncology is crucial to development of empirical protocols, and the implementation of strategies to better control future infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Fernandes Vieira Filho
- Instituto de Ensino, Pesquisa e Inovação, Liga Norte Riograndense Contra o Câncer Hospital, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Viviane Nunes Ribeiro
- Instituto de Ensino, Pesquisa e Inovação, Liga Norte Riograndense Contra o Câncer Hospital, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | - Menilla Maria Alves de Melo
- Instituto de Ensino, Pesquisa e Inovação, Liga Norte Riograndense Contra o Câncer Hospital, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
- Department of Pharmacy, Pesquisa e Inovação, Instituto de Ensino, Liga Norte Riograndense Contra o Câncer Hospital, Av. Miguel Castro, Nossa Senhora de Nazaré, Natal, 1355, CEP 59062-000, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
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11
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Wang G, Zhu Y, Feng S, Wei B, Zhang Y, Wang J, Huang S, Qin S, Liu X, Chen B, Cui W. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae related urinary tract infection in adult cancer patients: a multicenter retrospective study, 2015-2019. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:129. [PMID: 36879210 PMCID: PMC9987039 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae related urinary tract infections (UTI) in adult cancer patients. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study of three cancer hospitals centered on Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from 2015 to 2019. The clinical characters, risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae UTI in adult cancer patients were described and analyzed. RESULTS A total of 4967 specimens of UTI were evaluated, of which 909 were positive. After excluding multiple infection bacteria, non-conforming strains, inconsistent pathological information, no drug sensitivity test or medical records, 358 episodes remained. Among them, 160 episodes belonged to ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, while 198 were classified into non-ESBL group. The prevalence of ESBL UTI circled around 39.73 to 53.03% for 5 years. Subgroup analysis by tumor type revealed that 62.5% of isolates from patients with urological tumors were ESBL positive. Multivariate analysis showed that tumor metastasis (OR 3.41, 95%CI 1.84-6.30), urological cancer (OR 2.96, 95%CI 1.34-6.53), indwelling catheter (OR 2.08, 95%CI 1.22-3.55) and surgery or invasive manipulation (OR 1.98, 95%CI 1.13-3.50) were the independent risk factors. According to antimicrobial sensitivity, meropenem, imipenem and piperacillin/tazobactam were the most commonly used antibiotics for ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae UTI. CONCLUSIONS In view of the high prevalence, clinicians should be alert to the occurrence of ESBL UTI, especially for patients with urological cancer or metastatic tumors. Regular replacement of urinary catheters, reduction of unnecessary invasive operations and selection of appropriate antibiotics are the necessary conditions to deal with the occurrence of ESBL UTI in adult cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojing Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Shana Feng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Baojun Wei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yujuan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jingzhi Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Shengkai Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Shengling Qin
- Department of Comprehensive Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chaoyang Sanhuan Cancer Hospital, Beijing, 100023, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Huanxing Chaoyang District Beijing, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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12
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Antibiotic Drug Resistance Pattern of Uropathogens in Pediatric Patients in Pakistani Population. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020395. [PMID: 36830305 PMCID: PMC9952681 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The common prevalent diseases in the age of 0 to 6 are related to urinary tract infections. If not properly diagnosed, they will lead to urological and nephrological complications. Uropathogens are developing resistance against most drugs and are harder to treat. A study was done on the inpatients and outpatients of the two hospitals located in Lahore. A total of 39,750 samples that were both male and female were collected. Escherichia and Klebsiella were found in 234 samples based on biochemical characterization, growth on CLED agar, and white blood cell/pus cell (WBC) microscopy. In comparison to males, female samples had a higher number of uropathogens (1:1.29). From the samples of Shaikh Zayed Hospital (SZH), the ratio of Klebsiella to Escherichia (1:1.93) was reported, while this ratio was 1.84:1 from the Children Hospital (CH). The incidence of UTI was higher in the month of September. Randomly selected Escherichia and Klebsiella were verified via a 16S rRNA sequence. Antibiotic resistance profiling of isolated bacterial strains was done against 23 antibiotics. The most efficient antibiotics against Klebsiella and Escherichia were colistin sulphate (100% sensitivity against bacteria from CH; 99.3% against strains from SZH) and polymyxin B (100% sensitivity against strains from SZH; 98.8% against strains from CH). Sensitivity of the total tested strains against meropenem (74%, SZH; 70% CH), Fosfomycin (68%, SZH; 73% CH strains), amikacin (74% SZH; 55% CH), and nitrofurantoin (71% SZH;67% CH) was found, Amoxicillin, ampicillin, and cefuroxime showed 100 to ≥90% resistance and are the least effective.
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Mahmud H, Keenan JD, Gonzales J, Schallhorn J, Chan M, Arnold B, Cavallino V, Lietman TM, Doan T, Seitzman GD. Ocular Rosacea microBiome Study (ORBS)-sub-microbial versus antibiotic dosing of doxycycline versus placebo in treatment of symptomatic ocular rosacea: study protocol for a parallel-arm randomized clinical trial. Trials 2022; 23:1033. [PMID: 36539810 PMCID: PMC9769060 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06948-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ocular rosacea is common and is often managed with long-term antibiotic treatment. Doxycycline is the most commonly selected antibiotic for the treatment of rosacea. As there is no established standard of care treatment dose for rosacea, prescribed doses of doxycycline vary widely. The FDA classifies 40 mg daily dose of doxycycline for ocular rosacea as sub-microbial in comparison to an antibiotic dose of 200 mg daily. However, this "sub-microbial" dose has never been evaluated in patients with ocular rosacea, and even the sub-microbial dose has potential to alter systemic mucosa flora. Here, we present a randomized controlled trial using RNA sequencing to fully characterize the impact of sub-microbial antibiotic dosing of doxycycline on antimicrobial resistance and bacterial composition of the ocular and gut flora. METHODS In a triple-masked parallel randomized control trial, patients with ocular rosacea will be randomized to three arms: a 40-mg dose of doxycycline, a 200-mg antibiotic dose of doxycycline, or placebo. Collected rectal and lower eyelid samples will be compared for frequency of antimicrobial resistance genetic determinants and microbiome diversity. A subjective ocular surface disease index survey and objective tear breakup time measurement will be determined. DISCUSSION These results will enhance our understanding of the overall systemic impact of long-term systemic sub-microbial antibiotic dosing for the treatment of chronic recurrent ocular inflammatory diseases. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was registered on ClinicalTrials.org (NCT05296837) on March 22, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidah Mahmud
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811San Francisco School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA ,grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Jeremy D. Keenan
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA ,grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - John Gonzales
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA ,grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Julie Schallhorn
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA ,grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Matilda Chan
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Benjamin Arnold
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Victoria Cavallino
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Thomas M. Lietman
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA ,grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA ,grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Thuy Doan
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Gerami D. Seitzman
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA ,grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
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Management of Pediatric Urinary Tract Infections: A Delphi Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11081122. [PMID: 36009990 PMCID: PMC9404756 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11081122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infectious diseases in the pediatric population and represents a major cause of antibiotic consumption and hospitalization in children. Considering the ongoing controversies on the management of pediatric UTI and the challenges due to increasing antimicrobial resistance, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the level of agreement on UTI management in pediatric age in Emilia-Romagna Region, Italy, and to assess on the basis of recent studies whether there is the need to change current recommendations used by primary care pediatricians, hospital pediatricians, and pediatric surgeons in everyday clinical practice to possibly improve outcomes. This consensus provides clear and shared indications on UTI management in pediatric age, based on the most updated literature. This work represents, in our opinion, the most complete and up-to-date collection of statements on procedures to follow for pediatric UTI, in order to guide physicians in the management of the patient, standardize approaches, and avoid abuse and misuse of antibiotics. Undoubtedly, more randomized and controlled trials are needed in the pediatric population to better define the best therapeutic management in cases with antimicrobial resistance and real usefulness of long-term antibiotic prophylaxis.
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Antimicrobial Prophylaxis for Urologic Procedures in Paediatric Patients: A RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method Consensus Study in Italy. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030296. [PMID: 35326760 PMCID: PMC8944721 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The main aim of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis (SAP) in urologic procedures is to prevent bacteraemia, surgical site infections (SSIs), and postoperative urinary tract infections (ppUTIs). Guidelines for SAP in paediatric urology are lacking. Only some aspects of this complex topic have been studied, and the use of antibiotic prophylaxis prior to surgical procedures seems to be more often linked to institutional schools of thought or experts’ opinions than to rules dictated by studies demonstrating the most correct and preferred management. Therefore, the aim of this Consensus document realized using the RAND/UCLA appropriateness method is to provide clinicians with a series of recommendations on SAP for the prevention of bacteraemia, SSIs, and ppUTIs after urologic imaging and surgical procedures in paediatric patients. Despite the few available studies, experts agree on some basilar concepts related to SAP for urologic procedures in paediatric patients. Before any urological procedure is conducted, UTI must be excluded. Clean procedures do not require SAP, with the exception of prosthetic device implantation and groin and perineal incisions where the SSI risk may be increased. In contrast, SAP is needed in clean-contaminated procedures. Studies have also suggested the safety of eliminating SAP in paediatric hernia repair and orchiopexy. To limit the emergence of resistance, every effort to reduce and rationalize antibiotic consumption for SAP must be made. Increased use of antibiotic stewardship can be greatly effective in this regard.
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