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Smolkin B, Levi N, Chen R. Efficient Decontamination of HD by an Electrophilic Iodine/Carboxylate Composite as an Active Sorbent. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:25329-25336. [PMID: 35910097 PMCID: PMC9330146 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of new and efficient decontamination methods has become more relevant in recent years, especially with regard to solid-based decontamination and detoxification systems. The majority of powders used today are dealing with the physical adsorption of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and their removal from sites without actively destroying them. In this work, we have designed and developed an active solid composite matrix combining organic carboxylate salts and N-iodosuccinimide (NIS) for HD decontamination via oxidation. All the reactions and mechanistic studies for the sorption and degradation of CWAs were conducted using direct polarization and cross polarization solid-state magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Performance toward the sorption and detoxification of HD was tested, exhibiting oxidation within minutes in a mild and selective manner to the nontoxic sulfoxide derivative followed by visible formation of iodine. The results indicate that carboxylate moieties in the matrix are important for stabilizing the positively charged sulfonium ion intermediate and for supplying oxygen for hydrolysis in a water-deficient environment. The NaOBz/NIS composite was shown to be the most efficient in sorbing and converting the water-insoluble agent HD to its nontoxic, water-soluble sulfoxide, which could then be removed from the site with mere water, resulting in less environmental damage and quick remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Smolkin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Noam Levi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Ravit Chen
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
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2
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Degradation of chemical warfare agents by nickel doped titanium dioxide powders: Enhanced surface activity. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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3
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Guo Y, Kong L, Lei M, Xin Y, Zuo Y, Chen W. Effect of crystallographic structure of MnO2 on degradation of 2-CEES. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Balasubramanian S, Kulandaisamy AJ, Babu KJ, Das A, Balaguru Rayappan JB. Metal Organic Framework Functionalized Textiles as Protective Clothing for the Detection and Detoxification of Chemical Warfare Agents—A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c06096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Selva Balasubramanian
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613 401, India
- School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (SEEE), SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613 401, India
| | | | - K. Jayanth Babu
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613 401, India
- School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (SEEE), SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613 401, India
| | - Apurba Das
- Department of Textile & Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi, 110 016, India
| | - John Bosco Balaguru Rayappan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613 401, India
- School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (SEEE), SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613 401, India
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5
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Tayebee R, Nasr AH. Studying adsorption and detoxification of sulfur mustard chemical warfare onto ZnO nanostructures. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Šťastný M, Štengl V, Henych J, Tolasz J, Kormunda M, Ederer J, Issa G, Janoš P. Synthesis and characterization of TiO2/Mg(OH)2 composites for catalytic degradation of CWA surrogates. RSC Adv 2020; 10:19542-19552. [PMID: 35515455 PMCID: PMC9054062 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00944j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface catalyzed reactions can be a convenient way to deactivate toxic chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and remove them from the contaminated environment. In this study, pure titanium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, and their composites TiO2/Mg(OH2) were prepared by thermal decomposition and precipitation of the titanium peroxo-complex and/or magnesium nitrate in an aqueous solution. The as-prepared composites were examined by XRD, XPS, HRTEM, and nitrogen physisorption. Their decontamination ability was tested on CWA surrogates and determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP) was used as a G simulant for the nerve agents sarin (GB) and soman (GD) while 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (2-CEES) and 2-chloroethyl phenyl sulfide (2-CEPS) were used as surrogates of sulfur mustard (HD). The activity of the as-prepared composites was correlated with acid–base properties determined by potentiometric titrations and pyridine adsorption studied by in situ DRIFTS. The mixing of Ti and Mg led to an increase of the surface area and the amount of surface –OH groups (with an increasing amount of Ti) that caused improved degradation of DMMP. Surface catalyzed reactions can be a convenient way to deactivate toxic chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and remove them from the contaminated environment.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Šťastný
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- Czech Republic
- Faculty of Environment
- University of Jan Evangelista Purkyně in Ústí nad Labem
- 400 96 Ústí nad Labem
| | - Václav Štengl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Henych
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Tolasz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- Czech Republic
- Faculty of Environment
- University of Jan Evangelista Purkyně in Ústí nad Labem
- 400 96 Ústí nad Labem
| | - Martin Kormunda
- Faculty of Science
- University of Jan Evangelista Purkyně in Ústí nad Labem
- 400 96 Ústí nad Labem
- Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Ederer
- Faculty of Environment
- University of Jan Evangelista Purkyně in Ústí nad Labem
- 400 96 Ústí nad Labem
- Czech Republic
| | - Gloria Issa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
- Sofia
- Bulgaria
| | - Pavel Janoš
- Faculty of Environment
- University of Jan Evangelista Purkyně in Ústí nad Labem
- 400 96 Ústí nad Labem
- Czech Republic
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7
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Henych J, Janoš P, Kormunda M, Tolasz J, Štengl V. Reactive adsorption of toxic organophosphates parathion methyl and DMMP on nanostructured Ti/Ce oxides and their composites. ARAB J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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8
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Colón-Ortiz J, Landers JM, Gordon WO, Balboa A, Karwacki CJ, Neimark AV. Disordered Mesoporous Zirconium (Hydr)oxides for Decomposition of Dimethyl Chlorophosphate. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:17931-17939. [PMID: 30945841 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A facile method for the formation of mesoporosity within nonporous zirconium hydr(oxides) (ZrO2/Zr(OH)4) is presented and their detoxifying capabilities against dimethyl chlorophosphate (DMCP) are investigated. Nanoaggregates of ZrO2/Zr(OH)4 appear to be deposited on larger thin flakes of the same material. H2O2 is used to induce surface oxygen vacancies of synthesized ZrO2/Zr(OH)4 and, as a consequence, mesopores with an average diameter of 3.1 nm were formed. A surface area of H2O2-treated ZrO2/Zr(OH)4 was increased by an order of magnitude and shows enhanced reactivity toward DMCP. DRIFTS spectroscopy is employed to assess the reactivity differences between the H2O2-treated and untreated ZrO2/Zr(OH)4. Peaks at 1175 and 1144 cm-1 indicate the presence of asymmetric stretching of the O-P-O moiety within dimethyl phosphonate (DMHP), a decomposition product from DMCP, and a zirconium-bound methoxy group, respectively. It is suggested that the decomposition of DMCP proceeds through the consumption of bridged hydroxyl groups (b-OH) for both the untreated and H2O2-treated samples, as well as an additional hydrolytic decomposition pathway for the H2O2-treated sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Colón-Ortiz
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Department , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
| | - John M Landers
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center , Aberdeen Proving Ground , Gunpowder , Maryland 21010 , United States
| | - Wesley O Gordon
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center , Aberdeen Proving Ground , Gunpowder , Maryland 21010 , United States
| | - Alex Balboa
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center , Aberdeen Proving Ground , Gunpowder , Maryland 21010 , United States
| | - Christopher J Karwacki
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center , Aberdeen Proving Ground , Gunpowder , Maryland 21010 , United States
| | - Alexander V Neimark
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Department , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
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9
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Shen Z, Zhong JY, Yang JC, Cui Y, Zheng H, Wang LY, Wang JL. Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents by Zn2+ and Ge4+ co-doped TiO2 nanocrystals at sub-zero temperatures: A solid-state NMR and GC study. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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DFT and TD-DFT study of the adsorption and detection of sulfur mustard chemical warfare agent by the C 24 , C 12 Si 12 , Al 12 N 12 , Al 12 P 12 , Be 12 O 12 , B 12 N 12 and Mg 12 O 12 nanocages. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Štengl V, Št’astný M, Janoš P, Mazanec K, Perez-Diaz JL, Štenglová-Netíková IR. From the Decomposition of Chemical Warfare Agents to the Decontamination of Cytostatics. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Václav Štengl
- Department
of Material Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry ASCR v.v.i., 250
68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
- Department
of Oncology,first Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Kateřinská 32, Praha 2 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Št’astný
- Department
of Material Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry ASCR v.v.i., 250
68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
- Faculty
of the Environment, J. E. Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Králova Výšina 7, 400 96 Ústí nad
Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Janoš
- Faculty
of the Environment, J. E. Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Králova Výšina 7, 400 96 Ústí nad
Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Mazanec
- Military Research Institute, Veslařská
230 637 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Irena R. Štenglová-Netíková
- Department
of Oncology,first Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Kateřinská 32, Praha 2 128 00, Czech Republic
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12
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Štenglová Netíková IR, Slušná M, Tolasz J, Št'astný M, Popelka Š, Štengl V. A new possible way of anthracycline cytostatics decontamination. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj03051c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytostatics decontamination based on using an active sorbent of titania, which can adsorb and completely degrade anthracycline anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michaela Slušná
- Department of Material Chemistry
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry ASCR v.v.i
- 250 68 Husinec-Rez
- Czech Republic
- Faculty of the Environment
| | - Jakub Tolasz
- Department of Material Chemistry
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry ASCR v.v.i
- 250 68 Husinec-Rez
- Czech Republic
| | - Martin Št'astný
- Department of Material Chemistry
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry ASCR v.v.i
- 250 68 Husinec-Rez
- Czech Republic
- Faculty of the Environment
| | - Štěpán Popelka
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioanalogous Polymer Systems
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry ASCR v.v.i
- 162 06 Praha 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Václav Štengl
- 1st Faculty of Medicine
- Charles University in Prague
- Department of Oncology
- 116 36 Praha 1
- Czech Republic
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13
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Janoš P, Henych J, Pelant O, Pilařová V, Vrtoch L, Kormunda M, Mazanec K, Štengl V. Cerium oxide for the destruction of chemical warfare agents: A comparison of synthetic routes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 304:259-268. [PMID: 26561750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Four different synthetic routes were used to prepare active forms of cerium oxide that are capable of destroying toxic organophosphates: a sol-gel process (via a citrate precursor), homogeneous hydrolysis and a precipitation/calcination procedure (via carbonate and oxalate precursors). The samples prepared via homogeneous hydrolysis with urea and the samples prepared via precipitation with ammonium bicarbonate (with subsequent calcination at 500°C in both cases) exhibited the highest degradation efficiencies towards the extremely dangerous nerve agents soman (O-pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate) and VX (O-ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate) and the organophosphate pesticide parathion methyl. These samples were able to destroy more than 90% of the toxic compounds in less than 10 min. The high degradation efficiency of cerium oxide is related to its complex surface chemistry (presence of surface OH groups and surface non-stoichiometry) and to its nanocrystalline nature, which promotes the formation of crystal defects on which the decomposition of organophosphates proceeds through a nucleophilic substitution mechanism that is not dissimilar to the mechanism of enzymatic hydrolysis of organic phosphates by phosphotriesterase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Janoš
- Faculty of the Environment, University of Jan Evangelista Purkyně, Králova Výšina 7, 400 96 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Henych
- Faculty of the Environment, University of Jan Evangelista Purkyně, Králova Výšina 7, 400 96 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic; Institute of Inorganic Chemistry AS CR v.v.i., 25068 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Pelant
- Faculty of the Environment, University of Jan Evangelista Purkyně, Králova Výšina 7, 400 96 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Věra Pilařová
- Faculty of the Environment, University of Jan Evangelista Purkyně, Králova Výšina 7, 400 96 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Luboš Vrtoch
- Faculty of the Environment, University of Jan Evangelista Purkyně, Králova Výšina 7, 400 96 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kormunda
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Jan Evangelista Purkyně, České Mládeže 8, 400 96 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Mazanec
- Military Research Institute, Veslařská 230, 637 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Štengl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry AS CR v.v.i., 25068 Řež, Czech Republic
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14
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Štengl V, Henych J, Janoš P, Skoumal M. Nanostructured Metal Oxides for Stoichiometric Degradation of Chemical Warfare Agents. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 236:239-258. [PMID: 26423076 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20013-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Metal oxides have very important applications in many areas of chemistry, physics and materials science; their properties are dependent on the method of preparation, the morphology and texture. Nanostructured metal oxides can exhibit unique characteristics unlike those of the bulk form depending on their morphology, with a high density of edges, corners and defect surfaces. In recent years, methods have been developed for the preparation of metal oxide powders with tunable control of the primary particle size as well as of a secondary particle size: the size of agglomerates of crystallites. One of the many ways to take advantage of unique properties of nanostructured oxide materials is stoichiometric degradation of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) pollutants on their surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Štengl
- Material Chemistry Department, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry AS CR v.v.i., 250 68, Řež, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Henych
- Material Chemistry Department, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry AS CR v.v.i., 250 68, Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Janoš
- Faculty of the Environment, University of Jan Evangelista Purkyně, Králova Výšina 7, 400 96, Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
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15
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Cerium dioxide as a new reactive sorbent for fast degradation of parathion methyl and some other organophosphates. J RARE EARTH 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1002-0721(14)60079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Štengl V, Grygar TM, Opluštil F, Olšanská M. Decontamination of Sulfur Mustard from Printed Circuit Board Using Zr-Doped Titania Suspension. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie302711u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Václav Štengl
- Department
of Solid State Chemisty, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry AS CR v.v.i., 250
68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Matys Grygar
- Department
of Solid State Chemisty, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry AS CR v.v.i., 250
68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - František Opluštil
- Military Technical Institute of Protection Brno, Veslařská
230, 628 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Olšanská
- Military Technical Institute of Protection Brno, Veslařská
230, 628 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Stengl V, Grygar TM, Henych J, Kormunda M. Hydrogen peroxide route to Sn-doped titania photocatalysts. Chem Cent J 2012; 6:113. [PMID: 23035821 PMCID: PMC3531300 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-6-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The work aims at improving photocatalytic activity of titania under Vis light irradiation using modification by Sn ions and an original, simple synthesis method. Tin-doped titania catalysts were prepared by thermal hydrolysis of aqueous solutions of titanium peroxo-complexes in the presence of SnCl4 or SnCl2 using an original, proprietary "one pot" synthesis not employing organic solvents, metallo-organic precursors, autoclave aging nor post-synthesis calcination. The products were characterized in details by powder diffraction, XPS, UV–vis, IR, and Raman spectroscopies, electron microscopy and surface area and porosity measurements Results The presence of tin in synthesis mixtures favors the formation of rutile and brookite at the expense of anatase, decreases the particle size of all formed titania polymorphs, and extends light absorption of titania to visible light region >400 nm by both red shift of the absorption edge and introduction of new chromophores. The photocatalytic activity of titania under UV irradiation and >400 nm light was tested by decomposition kinetics of Orange II dye in aqueous solution Conclusions Doping by Sn improves titania photoactivity under UV light and affords considerable photoactivity under >400 nm light due to increased specific surface area and a phase heterogeneity of the Sn-doped titania powders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Stengl
- Department of Solid State Chemistry and Analytical Laboratory, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry AS CR v,v,i,, 250 68, ŘeŽ, Czech Republic.
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18
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Stengl V, Grygar TM, Opluštil F, Němec T. Ge4+ doped TiO2 for stoichiometric degradation of warfare agents. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 227-228:62-67. [PMID: 22640824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Germanium doped TiO(2) was prepared by homogeneous hydrolysis of aqueous solutions of GeCl(4) and TiOSO(4) with urea. The synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, EDS analysis, specific surface area (BET) and porosity determination (BJH). Ge(4+) doping increases surface area and content of amorphous phase in prepared samples. These oxides were used in an experimental evaluation of their reactivity with chemical warfare agent, sulphur mustard, soman and agent VX. Ge(4+) doping worsens sulphur mustard degradation and improves soman and agent VX degradation. The best degree of removal (degradation), 100% of soman, 99% of agent VX and 95% of sulphur mustard, is achieved with sample with 2 wt.% of germanium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Stengl
- Department of Solid State Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry AS CR vvi, Řež, Czech Republic.
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Štengl V, Opluštil F, Němec T. In3+-doped TiO2 and TiO2/In2S3 Nanocomposite for Photocatalytic and Stoichiometric Degradations. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:265-76. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.01052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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