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Aretaki MA, Desmet J, Viana M, van Drooge BL. Comprehensive methodology for semi-volatile organic compound determination in ambient air with emphasis on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons analysis by GC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1730:465086. [PMID: 38941797 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are air pollutants that affect the human health and the environment, and their accurate determination in outdoor and indoor environments is important. This study presents a methodology for sampling and analysis of semi-volatile compounds in ambient air with emphasis on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, collected with low-volume pumps (4.8 m3) in unconditioned solid phase extraction cartridges (Isolute ENV+). Sampling in SPE cartridges with low-volume pumps allows the collection of both gas and particulate phase compounds in indoor as well as outdoor environments, and reduces the number of extraction steps required as well as the solvent volume used for extraction. Analysis of the 16 US-EPA priority PAHs after extraction was conducted by GC-MS/MS with recoveries of the PAHs 40-118 %. No breakthrough was detected during sampling. Moreover, the methodology includes storage test to assess the conservation of PAHs in the SPE cartridges in heat-sealable Kapac bags; simulating transport from sampling sites to laboratory, and storage under room, cold and frozen conditions at different time-intervals, up to 3 months after sampling. The results showed that concentration levels remained constant across various storage time intervals and temperatures, with naphthalene and acenaphthylene being the only exceptions, showing high blank levels for the first and losses at room temperature for the later. The method quantification limits, including sampling, storage and GC-MS/MS analysis ranged from 2000 pg m-3 for naphthalene and 300 pg m-3 for phenanthrene to less than 20.0 pg m-3 for higher molecular and less volatile PAHs, such as benzo[a]pyrene (LOQ = 8.0 pg m-3). The feasibility of the method was tested by sampling indoors under urban background air conditions, showing individual PAH concentrations 4 to 10 times higher than their method quantification limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Aretaki
- Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, Barcelona, 08034, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry and the Environment, PhD program of University of Barcelona (UB), Martí I Franqués 1-11, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Judith Desmet
- Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, Barcelona, 08034, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry and the Environment, PhD program of University of Barcelona (UB), Martí I Franqués 1-11, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Mar Viana
- Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - Barend L van Drooge
- Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, Barcelona, 08034, Spain.
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2
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Zuo ZC, Zhang L, Ni J, Zhang XY, Lang XP, He Z, Yang GP. Occurrence of halogenated organic contaminants in surface sediments of the Yangtze River estuary and its adjacent marine area. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118579. [PMID: 38423497 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Halogenated organic contaminants, such as chlorinated and brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Cl/Br-PAHs), are some of the most important emerging environmental pollutants. However, empirical data on Cl/Br-PAHs in estuarine and marine ecosystems are limited, rendering assessments of Cl/Br-PAH contamination in estuarine and offshore environments uncertain. Here the occurrence, sources, and ecological risks of 7 Cl-PAHs and 18 Br-PAHs were determined in surface sediments of the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE), a highly urbanized and industrialized area, and its adjacent marine area. The concentrations of Cl-PAHs ranged from 4.50 to 18.38 ng g-1 (average 7.19 ng g-1), while those of Br-PAHs ranged from 4.80 to 61.18 ng g-1 (average 14.11 ng g-1). The dominant Cl-PAH and Br-PAH in surface sediment were 9-chlorofluorene (17.79%) and 9-bromofluorene (58.49%), respectively. The distributions and compositions of Cl/Br-PAHs in the surface sediments varied considerably due to complex hydrodynamic and depositional conditions in the YRE and its adjacent marine area, as well as differences in physicochemical properties of different Cl/Br-PAHs. Positive matrix factorization revealed that the primary sources of Cl/Br-PAHs in the study area were e-waste dismantling (33.6%), waste incineration (23.2%), and metal smelting (11.0%). According to the risk quotient, the Cl/Br-PAHs in sediments posed no toxic risk to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Cen Zuo
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Ecosystem and Bioresource & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Resources, Environment and Sustainable Development, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536000, China
| | - Jie Ni
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Lang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Zhen He
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, and Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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3
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Zhang Z, Chen Q, Bai C, Zhu Y, She J, Ge X, Li M, Li L, Yu Y. Identification and seasonal variation of specific particulate bound (halogenated) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air from different metal industrial parks in Northwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:41914-41925. [PMID: 38853229 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33883-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
During the process of industrial heating, a large amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their halogenated compounds (Cl/Br-PAHs) can be formed. However, there is still limited understanding of the chemicals from different metal smelting industrial parks. This study evaluated the seasonal variations, composition profiles, and source allocations of the atmospheric particulate-bound PAHs and Cl/Br-PAHs in different metal industrial parks in a typical industrial city in northwest China. The results showed that the main PAHs produced by metal smelting were low molecular weight isomers, and the concentrations of Cl-PAHs were lower compared to Br-PAHs. The main Br-PAHs were 1-Br-Pyr and 4-Br-Pyr, while 9-Cl-Fle, 1-Cl-Pyr, and 6-Cl-BaP were the dominated Cl-PAH isomers. No significant difference was found in the concentrations among the sites, whereas the levels of the target chemicals were higher during cold months compared to warm months. The main source of PAHs was coal combustion and gasoline vehicle emission during metal smelting, and that of Cl/Br-PAHs was also industrial coal burning. In addition to the primary source, the secondary chlorination of parent PAHs was also a significant source of Cl-PAHs in the production of high purity aluminum. This study suggests that Cl-PAHs and Br-PAHs may behave differently in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Zhang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Chen
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P.R. China
| | - Chifei Bai
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yuhuan Zhu
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P.R. China
| | - Jing She
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Ge
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Meibao Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Liangzhong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China.
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Udomkun P, Boonupara T, Sumitsawan S, Khan E, Pongpichan S, Kajitvichyanukul P. Airborne Pesticides-Deep Diving into Sampling and Analysis. TOXICS 2023; 11:883. [PMID: 37999535 PMCID: PMC10674914 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11110883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The escalating utilization of pesticides has led to pronounced environmental contamination, posing a significant threat to agroecosystems. The extensive and persistent global application of these chemicals has been linked to a spectrum of acute and chronic human health concerns. This review paper focuses on the concentrations of airborne pesticides in both indoor and outdoor environments. The collection of diverse pesticide compounds from the atmosphere is examined, with a particular emphasis on active and passive air sampling techniques. Furthermore, a critical evaluation is conducted on the methodologies employed for the extraction and subsequent quantification of airborne pesticides. This analysis takes into consideration the complexities involved in ensuring accurate measurements, highlighting the advancements and limitations of current practices. By synthesizing these aspects, this review aims to foster a more comprehensive and informed comprehension of the intricate dynamics related to the presence and measurement of airborne pesticides. This, in turn, is poised to significantly contribute to the refinement of environmental monitoring strategies and the augmentation of precise risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patchimaporn Udomkun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.U.); (T.B.); or (S.S.)
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Thirasant Boonupara
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.U.); (T.B.); or (S.S.)
| | - Sulak Sumitsawan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.U.); (T.B.); or (S.S.)
| | - Eakalak Khan
- Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction Department, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4015, USA;
| | - Siwatt Pongpichan
- NIDA Center for Research and Development of Disaster Prevention and Management, Graduate School of Social Development and Management Strategy, National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA), Bangkok 10240, Thailand
| | - Puangrat Kajitvichyanukul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.U.); (T.B.); or (S.S.)
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Yoon SJ, Hong S, Lee J, Lee J, Kim Y, Lee MJ, Ryu J, Choi K, Kwon BO, Hu W, Wang T, Khim JS. Historical trends of traditional, emerging, and halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons recorded in core sediments from the coastal areas of the Yellow and Bohai seas. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 178:108037. [PMID: 37354882 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Historical trends of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination were reconstructed from eleven sediment cores located in intertidal zones of the Yellow and Bohai seas for a period encompassing the last 80 years. The analysis encompassed 15 traditional PAHs (t-PAHs), 9 emerging PAHs (e-PAHs), and 30 halogenated PAHs (Hl-PAHs), including 10 chlorinated PAHs (Cl-PAHs) and 20 brominated PAHs (Br-PAHs). Concentrations of target PAHs were highest in industrial and municipal areas situated along the coast of the Bohai Sea, including Huludao, Yingkou, Tianjin, and Dandong, constituting a substantial mass inventory. All target PAHs showed increasing trends since the 1950s, reflecting the development history of South Korea and China. High molecular weight PAHs accumulated in sampling sites more than low molecular weight PAHs. A positive matrix factorization model showed that the PAH sources were coal and gasoline combustion (35%), diesel combustion (33%), and biomass combustion (32%). Over the last 80 years, the contribution of coal and gasoline combustion increased in all regions, while diesel combustion and biomass combustion varied across regions and over time. Toxicity equivalence values were highest for t-PAHs (>99% contribution), followed by Cl-PAHs, Br-PAHs, and e-PAHs. Concentrations of t-PAHs in Eastern Asia seas have increased since the 1900s, particularly in intertidal areas compared to subtidal areas. The intertidal zone removed 83% of the total flux of PAHs originating from land and thus appears to serve as a buffer zone against marine pollution. Overall, this study provides novel knowledge on the historical trends and sources of PAHs on a large scale, along with insights for future coastal management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Joon Yoon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junghyun Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongmin Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngnam Kim
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo Joon Lee
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Anyang University, Incheon, Ganghwagun 23038, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongseong Ryu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Anyang University, Incheon, Ganghwagun 23038, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsik Choi
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Oh Kwon
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenyou Hu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Tieyu Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Zhao C, Li A, Zhang G, Pan Y, Meng L, Yang R, Li Y, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Parent and Halogenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Serum of Coal-Fired Power Plant Workers: Levels, Sex Differences, Accumulation Trends, and Risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12431-12439. [PMID: 36001868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Workers in coal-fired power plants are at a high risk of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their halogenated derivatives (HPAHs), yet no studies have investigated such exposure of HPAHs. In this study, 12 PAHs and 8 chlorinated PAHs, but no brominated PAHs, were detected in >80% of serum samples from workers of a coal-fired power plant in eastern China. Serum HPAH concentrations were higher in plant workers (16-273 ng/g lipid) than in people without occupational exposure (12-51 ng/g lipid), and serum PAH and HPAH concentrations both in male and female workers were positively correlated with the occupational exposure duration, with an estimated doubling time of 11-17 years. Correlations were found between concentrations of ∑8HPAHs and ∑12PAHs but not between 7-chlorobenz[a]anthracene (7-ClBaA) and 1-chloropyrene (1-ClPyr) and their respective parent PAHs. In males, total concentrations of PAHs and HPAHs were positively correlated with pulmonary hypofunction and hypertension but not with abnormal electrocardiogram. The benzo[a]pyrene equivalents ratio of ∑8HPAHs/∑12PAHs was 0.3 ± 0.1. Among the HPAHs in the serum, 9-chlorophenanthrene, 7-ClBaA, and 1-ClPyr showed high health risks. This study is the first report on HPAH exposure in coal-fired power plant workers and provides new evidence on the health risks of PAHs and HPAHs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuxuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - An Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Gaoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Ministry of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lan Zhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Yiyao Pan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingling Meng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province 250014, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Wang Y, Su P, Ge X, Ren H, Ma S, Shen G, Chen Q, Yu Y, An T. Identification of specific halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soils of petrochemical, flame retardant, and electronic waste dismantling industrial parks. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129160. [PMID: 35605502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Cl/Br-PAHs) have received tremendous attention due to their high toxicity. To identify the emission pattern of Cl/Br-PAHs from various industrial productions, understand the formation mechanisms and the influence on the surroundings, this study investigated the surface soils of three typical industrial parks. Generally, traces of Cl-PAHs were much lower than Br-PAHs. The mean Cl-PAH concentrations followed the trend of petrochemical industrial park (3.12 ng/g), brominated flame retardant (BFR) manufacturing park (1.48 ng/g), and electronic waste dismantling park (0.26 ng/g). However, the BFR manufacturing park had the highest mean Br-PAH concentration (21.6 ng/g), significantly higher than the other two parks. Generally, higher levels of the chemicals were found in the parks than in their surroundings, except for the electronic waste dismantling park. The massive addition of chlorine additives in crude oil and its by-products, plus the enormous quantity of brominated brines used in BFR productions, favor Cl/Br-PAH formation. Analyzing the homolog compositions of Cl/Br-PAHs suggested that 3- or 4-ring Cl/Br-PAHs were typically come from the petrochemical industrial park and electronic waste dismantling park. Contrarily, 4- or 5-ring Cl/Br-PAHs were predominantly come from the BFR manufacturing activity. This study provides fingerprints to trace the Cl/Br-PAH emissions during industrial production and analyzes the formation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Wang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Peixin Su
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiang Ge
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Helong Ren
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Qiang Chen
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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8
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Zhang S, Zhao W, Yang C, Li Y, Liu M, Meng XZ, Cai M. Assessment of currently used organochlorine pesticides in surface water and sediments in Xiangjiang river, a drinking water source in China: Occurrence and distribution characteristics under flood events. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 304:119133. [PMID: 35334348 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Xiangjiang (XJ) is a typical urban inland river that serves as a drinking water source, which may be affected by the currently used organochlorine pesticides (CUOCPs) originating from agricultural activities in the vicinity. On this basis, this study comprehensively explored the occurrence and distribution characteristics of CUOCPs in surface water and sediments under long-term precipitation and subsequent floods. Considering the low concentration of CUOCPs in water, a technique combining high-throughput organic analysis with high-volume solid phase extraction (High-throat/Hi-volume SPE) was introduced for effective analysis of CUCOPs. The results showed that the concentration of CUOCPs in the water and sediments of XJ ranged from 2.33 to 6.40 ng L-1 (average of 3.93 ± 1.15 ng L-1) and from 1.52 to 21.2 ng g-1 (average of 6.60 ± 4.31 ng g-1 dw), respectively. The distribution of CUOCPs in water was consistent throughout XJ, but that in sediments was not uniform, indicating a stronger impact of floods on water than on sediments. Water-sediment partition coefficients were generally >2 L g-1, showing a tendency of CUOCP dominance in sediments. The results of principal component analysis and cluster analysis showed that the occurrence of CUOCPs is significantly affected by exogenous disturbance, which could be flood events; meanwhile, clusters of CUOCPs were found in both water and sediments in the source-limited middle reaches in urban areas. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that CUOCP occurrences were not positively correlated with nutrient elements (nitrogen and phosphorus), but related to pH and dissolved oxygen (DO), indicating complex sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China
| | - Wenyu Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yanxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Mengyue Liu
- School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Xiang Zhou Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - MingHong Cai
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China; Antarctic Great Wall Ecology National Observation and Research Station, Polar Research Institute of China, 1000 Xuelong Road, Shanghai, 201209, China; School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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9
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Wang P, Qi A, Huang Q, Wang Y, Tuo X, Zhao T, Duan S, Gao H, Zhang W, Xu P, Zhang T, Zhang X, Wang W, Yang L. Spatial and temporal variation, source identification, and toxicity evaluation of brominated/chlorinated/nitrated/oxygenated-PAHs at a heavily industrialized area in eastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 822:153542. [PMID: 35101518 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Some derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as chlorinated and brominated PAHs (Cl/BrPAHs), nitrated and oxygenated PAHs (N/OPAHs) have attracted significant concern due to their high toxicity. Knowledge of the profiles, formation mechanisms, and potential sources of these toxic chemicals near the industrial complexes is essential for their pollution control and management. In this study, we monitored Cl/BrPAHs, N/OPAHs, and PAHs at 24 sampling sites near a heavily industrialized area (steel, chemical, and rubber plants) using passive air samplers during the heating period (7 December 2019 to 15 April 2020) and the non-heating period (2 June 2020 to 4 October 2020). The total average concentrations of 16 BrPAHs, 8 ClPAHs, 17 NPAHs, 6 OPAHs, and 18 PAHs during both sampling periods were 471 pg/m3, 229 pg/m3, 312 pg/m3, 2120 pg/m3, and 63.1 ng/m3, respectively. Except for NPAHs, BrPAHs, ClPAHs, OPAHs, and PAHs all showed higher levels during the heating period. The spatial distributions of Cl/BrPAHs, N/OPAHs, and PAHs exhibited a similar pattern, with the highest concentrations detected in the vicinity of the steel industry. Congener profiles of PAH derivatives indicated that mono-substituted low molecular weight compounds (2-3 rings) were dominant. The major formation mechanisms of halogenated PAHs were discussed by correlation analysis and relative Gibbs free energies, and direct bromination of parent PAHs could be the major formation mechanism of BrPAHs in this study. Diagnostic ratios showed that NPAHs were mainly derived from primary emissions, but the contribution of secondary formation was increased at heavily contaminated sites. The positive matrix factorization model extracted four Cl/BrPAHs, three N/OPAHs, and four PAHs factors, and the result showed that PAHs and their derivatives mainly derived from industrial and combustion sources, photochemical reactions, vehicle emissions, and crude oil volatilization, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Anan Qi
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Xiong Tuo
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Shengfei Duan
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Hongliang Gao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Wan Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Xiongfei Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
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10
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Wang Y, Qi A, Wang P, Tuo X, Huang Q, Zhang Y, Xu P, Zhang T, Zhang X, Zhao T, Wang W, Yang L. Temporal profiles, source analysis, and health risk assessments of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAHs) and their derivatives (NPAHs, OPAHs, ClPAHs, and BrPAHs) in PM 2.5 and PM 1.0 from the eastern coastal region of China: Urban coastal area versus coastal background area. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 292:133341. [PMID: 34929283 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The eastern coastal region of China is the area with the highest emission of PAHs in China. Therefore, understanding the sources and health risk of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAHs) and their derivatives in eastern coastal cities of China is the main basis for air pollution control. In this study, we measured the concentrations of 18 parent PAHs, 17 nitrated PAHs, 7 oxygenated PAHs, 8 chlorinated PAHs, and 13 brominated PAHs in PM1.0 and PM2.5 samples collected at an urban coastal city site and a coastal background site in 2019. We analyzed the temporal distribution, molecular composition, and sources and performed health risk assessments for both winter and summer samples. The average concentration of the PPAHs and their derivatives (all 63 compounds combined) in the PM1.0 samples accounted for 75.57% of the PAHs concentration in PM2.5 samples. The average concentration of PM2.5- and PM1.0- bound PPAHs in winter was 114.70 times higher than in summer, and their derivatives was 27.51 times. Both the combined concentrations of the 18 PPAHs and the combined concentrations of the 45 derivatives were higher in the coastal city compared to the background site during the winter (1.90 and 1.48 times, respectively), but they were comparable during the summer. The positive matrix factorization analysis indicated that the compounds mainly originated from coal/biomass combustion, industrial sources, vehicle emissions, and secondary formation. In addition, the concentration-weighted trajectories model revealed that the PAHs were mainly emitted locally in Shandong Province and surrounding areas, such as Hebei Province, Henan Province, and Bohai Sea. The compounds 1-NPYR, 2+9-BrPHE, 9,10-Cl2PHE, and 1-ClPYR dominantly contributed to the derivatives of TEQ during the winter due to their high concentrations or the high TEFs of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Anan Qi
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xiong Tuo
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xiongfei Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China.
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11
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Park J, Kim Y, Jeon HJ, Kim K, Kim C, Lee S, Son J, Lee SE. Acute and developmental toxic effects of mono-halogenated and halomethyl naphthalenes on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos: Cardiac malformation after 2-bromomethyl naphthalene exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 297:118786. [PMID: 34990738 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HPAHs) represent a major environmental concern due to their persistency and toxicity. Among them, mono-halogenated (HNs) and halomethyl naphthalenes (HMNs) are not well-studied, and the toxicity of many HNs to fishes has not been reported. In this study, we exposed zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos to naphthalene and five HNs at concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 2.0 mg L-1 to assess acute toxicities and developmental effects. Among them, 2-bromomethyl naphthalene (2-BMN) produced moderate lethal effects (96-h LC50 = 1.4 mg L-1) and significantly reduced hatchability. Abnormal phenotypes, including pericardial edema, spine curvature, and shortened body length, were also induced by 2-BMN (96-h EC50 = 0.45 mg L-1). Treatments of 0.5-2.0 mg L-1 2-BMN evoked cardiac malformations via significant down-regulation of the cacna1c gene, which codes the voltage-dependent calcium channel, at 72 hpf and up-regulation of the nppa gene, responsible for the expression of natriuretic peptides, at 96 hpf in zebrafish. One presumable toxic photo-dissociated metabolite of 2-BMN, the 2-naphthylmethyl radical, may be responsible for the toxic effect on zebrafish embryos. HPAHs must be monitored and managed due to their adverse effects on living organisms at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungeun Park
- Department of Integrative Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yurim Kim
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwang-Ju Jeon
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongnam Kim
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaeeun Kim
- Department of Integrative Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungki Lee
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jino Son
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Lee
- Department of Integrative Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea; Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Vuong QT, Son JM, Thang PQ, Ohura T, Choi SD. Application of gas chromatographic retention times to determine physicochemical properties of nitrated, oxygenated, and parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 294:118644. [PMID: 34875266 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs and OPAHs) are receiving attention because of their high toxicity compared with parent PAHs. However, the experimental data of their physicochemical properties has been limited. This study proposed the gas chromatographic retention time (GC-RT) technique as an effective alternative one to determine octanol-air partition coefficients (KOA) and sub-cooled liquid vapor pressures (PL) for 11 NPAHs, 10 OPAHs, and 19 parent PAHs. The slopes and intercepts of the linear regressions between temperature versus KOA and PL were provided and can be used to estimate KOA and PL for the 40 targeted compounds at any temperature. The internal energies of phase transfer (ΔUOA) and enthalpies of vaporization (ΔHL) for all targeted compounds were also calculated using the GC-RT technique. High-molecular-weight compounds may release or absorb higher heat energy to transform between different phases. NPAHs and OPAHs had a non-ideal solution behavior with activity in octanol (γoct) in the range of 19-53 and 18-1,078, respectively, which is larger than the unity threshold. A comparison among four groups of PAH derivatives showed that a functional group (nitro-, oxygen-, chloro-, and bromo-) in PAH derivatives increased γoct for corresponding parent PAHs by tens (mono-group) to hundreds of times (di-group). This study suggests that the GC-RT method is applicable for indirectly measuring the physicochemical properties of various groups of organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang Tran Vuong
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Min Son
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Phan Quang Thang
- Institute of Environmental Technology (IET), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Takeshi Ohura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Su CH, Chen SP, Chen LY, Yang JJ, Lee YC, Lee SS, Chen HH, Ng YY, Kuan YH. 3-Bromofluoranthene-induced cardiotoxicity of zebrafish and apoptosis in the vascular endothelial cells via intrinsic and extrinsic caspase-dependent pathways. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 228:112962. [PMID: 34775346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fluoranthene, a high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), is widely present in air pollutants, including fine inhalable particulate matter. 3-Bromofluoranthene (3-BrFlu), which is a brominated fluoranthene and halogenated PAH, is generated from waste combustion, metallurgical processes, cement production, e-waste dismantling, and photoreaction. Vascular endothelial cells have key functions in the homeostasis and the development of the cardiovascular system. The zebrafish model has been widely employed to study cardiotoxicity and embryotoxicity. However, no evidence has indicated that 3-BrFlu induces cytotoxicity in vascular endothelial cells, or cardiotoxicity and embryotoxicity in zebrafish. In this study, 3-BrFlu induced concentration-dependent changes in embryo- and cardiotoxicity. Cytotoxicity was also induced by 3-BrFlu in a concentration-dependent manner through apoptosis and necrosis in vascular endothelial cells, SVEC4-10 cells. The activities of caspase-3, -8, and -9 were induced by 3-BrFlu via an intrinsic pathway constituting Bcl-2 downregulation, Bad upregulation, and mitochondrial dysfunction; the extrinsic pathway included the expression of death receptors, including tumour necrosis factor α and Fas receptors. These results indicated that 3-BrFlu caused cardio- and embryotoxicity in zebrafish through vascular endothelial cells cytotoxicity resulting from caspase-dependent apoptosis through intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hung Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Pin Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-You Chen
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Education, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jiann-Jou Yang
- Department of BioMedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Chia Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shiuan-Shinn Lee
- School of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsin-Hung Chen
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asia University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC; School of Medicine, Institute of Medicine and public health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC; Chung Sheng Clinic, Nantou, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yan-Yan Ng
- Department of Pediatric, Chung Kang branch, Cheng Ching Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Hsiang Kuan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
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14
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Nguyen TNT, Park MK, Son JM, Choi SD. Spatial distribution and temporal variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in runoff and surface water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 793:148339. [PMID: 34175601 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the spatial distribution of and temporal variation in the phase distribution, emission sources, and ecological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in runoff and in surface water mixed with runoff discharge. The samples were collected at semi-rural, residential, and industrial sites in Ulsan, South Korea, from April to October 2016. The industrial site had the highest PAH concentrations in the runoff and surface water due to the higher PAH levels found in the surrounding environmental media. The PAH phase distributions were relatively similar between the sampling sites, with dissolved PAHs (2- to 4-ring species) dominant. In July, the PAHs in the surface water were more commonly found in the dissolved phase due to the higher water temperature and dissolved organic carbon concentration. The emission sources for the PAHs were identified using principal component analysis (PCA), a dimension reduction technique, and the k-nearest neighbor (KNN) classifier, a supervised learning algorithm. It was determined that the PAHs in the runoff and surface water were likely to share similar petrogenic and pyrolysis sources for most of the sampling periods. The ecological risk of the surface water was 1.5-4.5 times lower after being mixed with runoff water, mainly due to dilution effects. The ecological risk for surface water was highest in July because of the higher PAH concentrations. This study contributes to the understanding of PAHs in runoff and in surface water affected by runoff discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuyet Nam Thi Nguyen
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Park
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Min Son
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea..
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15
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Xie J, Tao L, Wu Q, Lei S, Lin T. Environmental profile, distributions and potential sources of halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126164. [PMID: 34323730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HPAHs) are high lipophilic and degradation-resistant, which have been detected in the air, water, sediment and biota. HPAHs tend to have strong adverse effects on animals and humans. Although we have realized HPAHs are emerging contaminants which needs to be paid attention, there is still a lack of their individual commercial standards. This makes it difficult for understanding HPAHs comprehensively. This review is devoted to collect all the results have reported, and give a systemic look of their global distributions, influence factors and sources. Compared with air, studies on other environmental matrices (water and sediment) are more limited. The researches on organisms are fewest. Comparing the studied congeners, there are more studies on ClPAHs than BrPAHs. Human activities contribute mostly to their occurrence. Further, we then also introduce the toxicity and analytical methods to better understand HPAHs. The future research directions are also provided. Through this review, we can conclude there is an urgent need to develop analysis methods and ecologic risk assessment for better exploring HPAHs. Effective methods should be done to control HPAHs. Therefore, this review can provide a good basis for researchers to understand and control global pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqian Xie
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Skate Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ling Tao
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Shiming Lei
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Tian Lin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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16
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Sei K, Wang Q, Tokumura M, Miyake Y, Amagai T. Accurate and ultrasensitive determination of 72 parent and halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a variety of environmental samples via gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 271:129535. [PMID: 33453482 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their halogenated derivatives (XPAHs) are ubiquitous in various environmental media. Analytical problems, however, make it difficult to accurately determine their concentrations. To develop a satisfactory analytical method suitable for a diversity of PAHs and XPAHs in multiple environmental samples, we evaluated three commercial analytical columns (DB-5MS, Select PAH, and Rxi-PAH) for better chromatographic separation and optimized the analytical conditions for gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Comparison of the abilities of the columns to separate peaks revealed that the Rxi-PAH was the best column for both PAH and XPAH analyses. Optimization of analytical conditions for GC-MS/MS resulted in sensitivities for PAHs and XPAHs that were 4.2-fold-2600-fold higher than the sensitivities of GC-high-resolution MS (GC-HRMS) (an example of a traditional analytical method). Although there were no statistically significant differences between the instrumental detection limits (IDLs) of PAHs and XPAHs measured by GC-HRMS, the IDLs of XPAHs were significantly lower than those of PAHs when measured by GC-MS/MS. This difference could be attributed to the unique ionization patterns of XPAHs in the GC-MS/MS analysis, which suppressed background noise and increased the analytical sensitivity. Analyses of PAHs and XPAHs in grilled chicken, vehicle exhaust, sea sediment, ambient air, and indoor dust via the analytical method optimized in this study revealed that the proposed method was sufficiently sensitive, comprehensive, and versatile for risk assessment purposes, and could eliminate interferences associated with the co-elution of target PAHs and XPAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Sei
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Qi Wang
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tokumura
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuichi Miyake
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Takashi Amagai
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
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17
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Armada D, Celeiro M, Martinez-Fernandez A, Nurerk P, Dagnac T, Llompart M. Miniaturized active air sampling method for the analysis of tire rubber pollutants from indoor and outdoor places. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:1694-1705. [PMID: 33566448 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202001249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An effective, quick, and sustainable air analysis method was developed to analyze 41 volatiles and semivolatile organic compounds present in tire rubber and crumb rubber materials. The proposed method, based on active sampling using a sorbent material followed by an ultrasound assisted extraction, was developed with the aim of obtaining a fast and simple procedure to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, plasticizers, antioxidants, and vulcanization agents in air. A small amount of sorbent (25 mg) was used, and the analytes were recovered in only 1 mL of solvent. An experimental design was applied to study the influence of main factors such as type of sorbent and type of solvent, extraction technique (ultrasound-assisted extraction and vortex extraction), extraction time, as well as the factor interactions. Under optimal conditions, no breakthrough occurs in the studied interval (up to 4 m3 ). Linearity was demonstrated in a wide concentration range. Accuracy of the total sampling-extraction analysis was evaluated obtaining satisfactory recoveries as well as good precision. The method was successfully applied to different outdoor and indoor air environments, including a recycled rubber synthetic turf football pitch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Armada
- CRETUS Institute, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Celeiro
- CRETUS Institute, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antia Martinez-Fernandez
- CRETUS Institute, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Piyaluk Nurerk
- CRETUS Institute, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Functional Materials and Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, School of Science, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Thierry Dagnac
- Agronomic and Agrarian Research Centre (AGACAL-CIAM), Unit of Organic Contaminants, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Maria Llompart
- CRETUS Institute, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Seo SH, Kwon HO, Park MK, Lee IS, Choi SD. Contamination characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in river and coastal sediments collected from the multi-industrial city of Ulsan, South Korea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 160:111666. [PMID: 33181941 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
River and coastal sediments were collected at 17 stations in Ulsan, the largest industrial city in South Korea, to evaluate the levels, profiles, emission sources, and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The mean concentration of Σ16 PAHs was 722 ng/g, and fluoranthene was a predominant compound. PAHs with 4-6 rings showed higher proportions than PAHs with 2-3 rings. The stations located near industrial complexes showed elevated levels of indicator compounds for petroleum, coal, coke, and fuel combustion. Therefore, petrochemical industries, coal pier, non-ferrous industries, and vehicles were identified as the emission sources. As industrialization and urbanization progressed, an increase in PAH levels and profile changes were observed as a result of the increasing industrial fuel consumption and the increasing number of vehicles. This is the first study that confirmed the change of PAHs in sediment caused by the change of emission sources over time in Ulsan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hee Seo
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Hye-Ok Kwon
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Park
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Seok Lee
- Southeast Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Tongyeong 53085, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Wania F, Shunthirasingham C. Passive air sampling for semi-volatile organic chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1925-2002. [PMID: 32822447 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00194e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
During passive air sampling, the amount of a chemical taken up in a sorbent from the air without the help of a pump is quantified and converted into an air concentration. In an equilibrium sampler, this conversion requires a thermodynamic parameter, the equilibrium sorption coefficient between gas-phase and sorbent. In a kinetic sampler, a time-averaged air concentration is obtained using a sampling rate, which is a kinetic parameter. Design requirements for kinetic and equilibrium sampling conflict with each other. The volatility of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) varies over five orders of magnitude, which implies that passive air samplers are inevitably kinetic samplers for less volatile SVOCs and equilibrium samplers for more volatile SVOCs. Therefore, most currently used passive sampler designs for SVOCs are a compromise that requires the consideration of both a thermodynamic and a kinetic parameter. Their quantitative interpretation depends on assumptions that are rarely fulfilled, and on input parameters, that are often only known with high uncertainty. Kinetic passive air sampling for SVOCs is also challenging because their typically very low atmospheric concentrations necessitate relatively high sampling rates that can only be achieved without the use of diffusive barriers. This in turn renders sampling rates dependent on wind conditions and therefore highly variable. Despite the overall high uncertainty arising from these challenges, passive air samplers for SVOCs have valuable roles to play in recording (i) spatial concentration variability at scales ranging from a few centimeters to tens of thousands of kilometers, (ii) long-term trends, (iii) air contamination in remote and inaccessible locations and (iv) indoor inhalation exposure. Going forward, thermal desorption of sorbents may lower the detection limits for some SVOCs to an extent that the use of diffusive barriers in the kinetic sampling of SVOCs becomes feasible, which is a prerequisite to decreasing the uncertainty of sampling rates. If the thermally stable sorbent additionally has a high sorptive capacity, it may be possible to design true kinetic samplers for most SVOCs. In the meantime, the passive air sampling community would benefit from being more transparent by rigorously quantifying and explicitly reporting uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada.
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Vuong QT, Thang PQ, Nguyen TNT, Ohura T, Choi SD. Seasonal variation and gas/particle partitioning of atmospheric halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the effects of meteorological conditions in Ulsan, South Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114592. [PMID: 33618474 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Halo-PAHs) and parent PAHs were monitored in Ulsan, South Korea for one year (January‒December 2015) to investigate their seasonal patterns, gas/particle partitioning behavior, and the impact of meteorological conditions. The mean concentrations of 24 chlorinated PAHs, 11 brominated PAHs, and 13 parent PAHs in the gaseous and particulate phases were 8.64 and 9.64 pg/m3, 11.6 and 1.62 pg/m3, and 2.17 and 2.40 ng/m3, respectively. Winter had the highest ClPAH and PAH levels, with significant contributions from poly-chlorine groups and high-molecular-weight compounds. However, BrPAHs showed reverse patterns with the highest concentration in summer and the dominant gaseous fraction throughout the year. This finding could be explained by the strong local sources of BrPAHs, related to automobile and petrochemical industries. In contrast, the effects of the temperature inversion layer and atmospheric transport from the outside of Ulsan were more apparent for ClPAHs and PAHs, particularly in winter and spring. Regarding gas/particle partitioning, Halo-PAHs exhibited different seasonal behaviors from those of parent PAHs. The sorption pathway of Halo-PAHs seemed to shift from absorption as the sole dominant mechanism in winter and spring to both adsorption and absorption in summer and fall, while both partitioning mechanisms contributed equally for parent PAHs during the entire year. This study implies that Halo-PAHs and parent PAHs might not share the same atmospheric behavior, possibly due to different characteristics in atmospheric reactions with other chemicals and particle-size distribution. However, there have been limited studies about the formation of Halo-PAHs and their physicochemical properties; hence, further in-depth investigations are of vital importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang Tran Vuong
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Phan Quang Thang
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea; Institute of Environmental Technology (IET), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tuyet Nam Thi Nguyen
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Takeshi Ohura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Tang J, Ma S, Liu R, Yue C, Li G, Yu Y, Yang Y, An T. The pollution profiles and human exposure risks of chlorinated and brominated PAHs in indoor dusts from e-waste dismantling workshops: Comparison of GC-MS, GC-MS/MS and GC × GC-MS/MS determination methods. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 394:122573. [PMID: 32278123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The toxicities of some chlorinated and brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (X-PAHs) are higher than their corresponding parent PAHs. However, the identification and quantitation of X-PAHs in environment are still changeable and limitedly reported. To develop a robust method for routine analysis of X-PAHs in environmental samples, the determination of 34 X-PAHs was performed and compared using different instruments, including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) in both electron ionization (EI) and negative chemical ionization (NCI) modes, and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometer (GC × GC-MS/MS). GC-EI-MS/MS possessed the highest sensitivity with method detection limits of 2.00-40.0 and 2.00-20.0 pg/g dry weight (dw) for Cl-PAHs and Br-PAHs, respectively. This validated method was then applied to analyze X-PAHs in indoor dusts from a typical e-waste dismantling workshop, and the concentrations of Σ18Br-PAHs (8.80-399 ng/g dw) were higher than Σ16Cl-PAHs (7.91-137 ng/g dw). The toxicity equivalency quantities (TEQs) of Cl-PAHs at e-waste dismantling workshop and Br-PAHs at raw materials crushing workshop showed the highest values of 176 and 453 pg·TEQ/g, respectively. Cl-PAHs and Br-PAHs posed a potential health risk to workers through dust ingestion in workshops. Further attention should be payed to the formation mechanism of X-PAHs and the health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, 515100, China
| | - Ranran Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Congcong Yue
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, 515100, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, 515100, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Nguyen TNT, Kwon HO, Lammel G, Jung KS, Lee SJ, Choi SD. Spatially high-resolved monitoring and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an industrial city. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 393:122409. [PMID: 32143159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were monitored at 20 sites in semi-rural, urban, and industrial areas of Ulsan, the largest industrial city in South Korea, for one year. The target compounds were the 16 priority PAHs designated by the US Environmental Protection Agency except for naphthalene, acenaphthene, and acenaphthylene. Gaseous PAHs collected using polyurethane foam-based passive air samplers (PUF-PASs) and particulate PAHs predicted using gas/particle partitioning models were used to estimate the human health risks. The mean total cancer risk through inhalation intake and dermal absorption for all target age groups (children, adolescents, adults, and lifetime) ranged from 0.10 × 10-7 to 2.62 × 10-7, lower than the acceptable risk level (10-6), thus representing a safe level for residents. The cancer risk through dermal absorption and inhalation intake was predicted to be highest in winter, mostly due to the higher concentrations of PAHs, especially high-molecular-weight species with greater toxicity. Additionally, gaseous and particulate PAHs contributed more to dermal absorption and inhalation intake, respectively. As a consequence of local emissions and advection, the risks were higher in the industrial and semi-rural areas. This study suggests that human health risks can be cost-effectively mapped on a local scale using passive air sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuyet Nam Thi Nguyen
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ok Kwon
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg1, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kun-Sik Jung
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jin Lee
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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