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Lei Y, Yu H, Ding S, Liu H, Liu C, Fu R. Molecular mechanism of ATF6 in unfolded protein response and its role in disease. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25937. [PMID: 38434326 PMCID: PMC10907738 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), an important signaling molecule in unfolded protein response (UPR), plays a role in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including diseases such as congenital retinal disease, liver fibrosis and ankylosing spondylitis. After endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), ATF6 is activated after separation from binding immunoglobulin protein (GRP78/BiP) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and transported to the Golgi apparatus to be hydrolyzed by site 1 and site 2 proteases into ATF6 fragments, which localize to the nucleus and regulate the transcription and expression of ERS-related genes. In these diseases, ERS leads to the activation of UPR, which ultimately lead to the occurrence and development of diseases by regulating the physiological state of cells through the ATF6 signaling pathway. Here, we discuss the evidence for the pathogenic importance of ATF6 signaling in different diseases and discuss preclinical results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shaoxue Ding
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Sayaf K, Zanotto I, Gabbia D, Alberti D, Pasqual G, Zaramella A, Fantin A, De Martin S, Russo FP. Sex Drives Functional Changes in the Progression and Regression of Liver Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16452. [PMID: 38003640 PMCID: PMC10671597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a common and reversible feature of liver damage associated with many chronic liver diseases, and its onset is influenced by sex. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of liver fibrosis and regeneration, focusing on understanding the mechanistic gaps between females and males. We injected increasing doses of carbon tetrachloride into female and male mice and maintained them for a washout period of eight weeks to allow for liver regeneration. We found that male mice were more prone to developing severe liver fibrosis as a consequence of early chronic liver damage, supported by the recruitment of a large number of Ly6Chigh MoMφs and neutrophils. Although prolonged liver damage exacerbated the fibrosis in mice of both sexes, activated HSCs and Ly6Chigh MoMφs were more numerous and active in the livers of female mice than those of male mice. After eight weeks of washout, only fibrotic females reported no activated HSCs, and a phenotype switching of Ly6Chigh MoMφs to anti-fibrogenic Ly6Clow MoMφs. The early stages of liver fibrosis mostly affected males rather than females, while long-term chronic liver damage was not influenced by sex, at least for liver fibrosis. Liver repair and regeneration were more efficient in females than in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Sayaf
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zanotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy (D.G.); (S.D.M.)
| | - Daniela Gabbia
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy (D.G.); (S.D.M.)
| | - Dafne Alberti
- Laboratory of Synthetic Immunology, Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy (G.P.)
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Pasqual
- Laboratory of Synthetic Immunology, Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy (G.P.)
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Alice Zaramella
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Gastroenterology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Alberto Fantin
- Gastroenterology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Sara De Martin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy (D.G.); (S.D.M.)
| | - Francesco Paolo Russo
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Guilliams M, Scott CL. Liver macrophages in health and disease. Immunity 2022; 55:1515-1529. [PMID: 36103850 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell and spatial transcriptomic technologies have revealed an underappreciated heterogeneity of liver macrophages. This has led us to rethink the involvement of macrophages in liver homeostasis and disease. Identification of conserved gene signatures within these cells across species and diseases is enabling the correct identification of specific macrophage subsets and the generation of more specific tools to track and study the functions of these cells. Here, we discuss what is currently known about the definitions of these different macrophage populations, the markers that can be used to identify them, how they are wired within the liver, and their functional specializations in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Guilliams
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Biology in Tissue Homeostasis and Regeneration, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, Ghent 9052, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Charlotte L Scott
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Biology in Tissue Damage and Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, Ghent 9052, Belgium; Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, County Limerick, Ireland.
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Wang Q, Zhu X, Li Z, Feng M, Liu X. ATF6 promotes liver fibrogenesis by regulating macrophage-derived interleukin-1α expression. Cell Immunol 2021; 367:104401. [PMID: 34229282 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages contribute to liver fibrogenesis by the production of a large variety of cytokines. ATF6 is associated with the activation of macrophages. The present study aimed to investigate the role of ATF6 in the expression of macrophage-derived cytokines and liver fibrogenesis after acute liver injury. Following thioacetamide (TAA)-induced acute liver injury, the characteristics of the occurrence of liver fibrosis and the secretion of cytokines by macrophages were first described. Then, the role of various cytokines secreted by macrophages in activating hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) was tested in vitro. Finally, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER-stress) signals in macrophages were detected following liver injury. siRNA was used to interfere with the expression of ATF6 in macrophages to verify the influence of ATF6 on cytokine expression and liver fibrogenesis after liver injury. A single intraperitoneal injection of TAA induced acute liver injury. The depletion of macrophages attenuated acute liver injury, while it inhibited liver fibrogenesis. During acute liver injury, macrophages secrete a variety of cytokines. Most of these cytokines promoted the activation of HSCs, but the effect of IL-1α was most significant. In the early stage of acute liver injury, ER-stress signals in macrophages were activated. Interference of ATF6 expression suppressed the secretion of cytokines by macrophages and attenuated liver fibrogenesis. Overall, in the early stage of acute liver injury, ATF6 signals promoted the expression of macrophage-derived cytokines to participate in liver fibrogenesis, and IL-1α exhibited the most significant role in promoting the activation of HSCs and liver fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanrongzi Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinya Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zijian Li
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xisheng Liu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Stegelmeier AA, Darzianiazizi M, Hanada K, Sharif S, Wootton SK, Bridle BW, Karimi K. Type I Interferon-Mediated Regulation of Antiviral Capabilities of Neutrophils. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4726. [PMID: 33946935 PMCID: PMC8125486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are induced by viruses and are the main regulators of the host antiviral response. They balance tissue tolerance and immune resistance against viral challenges. Like all cells in the human body, neutrophils possess the receptors for IFNs and contribute to antiviral host defense. To combat viruses, neutrophils utilize various mechanisms, such as viral sensing, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and antigen presentation. These mechanisms have also been linked to tissue damage during viral infection and inflammation. In this review, we presented evidence that a complex cross-regulatory talk between IFNs and neutrophils initiates appropriate antiviral immune responses and regulates them to minimize tissue damage. We also explored recent exciting research elucidating the interactions between IFNs, neutrophils, and severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2, as an example of neutrophil and IFN cross-regulatory talk. Dissecting the IFN-neutrophil paradigm is needed for well-balanced antiviral therapeutics and development of novel treatments against many major epidemic or pandemic viral infections, including the ongoing pandemic of the coronavirus disease that emerged in 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Byram W. Bridle
- Correspondence: (B.W.B.); (K.K.); Tel.: +1-(519)-824-4120 (ext. 54657) (B.W.B.); +1-(519)-824-4120 (ext. 54668) (K.K.)
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Correspondence: (B.W.B.); (K.K.); Tel.: +1-(519)-824-4120 (ext. 54657) (B.W.B.); +1-(519)-824-4120 (ext. 54668) (K.K.)
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Unveiling the depletion of Kupffer cells in experimental hepatocarcinogenesis through liver macrophage subtype-specific markers. J Hepatol 2019; 71:631-633. [PMID: 31213365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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7
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Borst K, Graalmann T, Kalinke U. Reply to: "Unveiling the depletion of Kupffer cells in experimental hepatocarcinogenesis through liver macrophage subtype-specific markers". J Hepatol 2019; 71:633-635. [PMID: 31227257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Borst
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Graalmann
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Hanover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany; Clinic for Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Hanover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany; Cluster of Excellence - Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Borst K, Graalmann T, Kalinke U. Reply to: "Lack of Kupffer cell depletion in diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatic inflammation". J Hepatol 2019; 70:815-816. [PMID: 30712975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Borst
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Graalmann
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Hanover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, RESIST, Cluster of Excellence 2155, Hanover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Hanover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, RESIST, Cluster of Excellence 2155, Hanover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hanover, Germany.
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Kessler SM, Hoppstädter J, Hosseini K, Laggai S, Haybaeck J, Kiemer AK. Lack of Kupffer cell depletion in diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatic inflammation. J Hepatol 2019; 70:813-815. [PMID: 30686611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja M Kessler
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jessica Hoppstädter
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Kevan Hosseini
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Stephan Laggai
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexandra K Kiemer
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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