1
|
Afonso MB, Marques V, van Mil SW, Rodrigues CM. Human liver organoids: From generation to applications. Hepatology 2024; 79:1432-1451. [PMID: 36815360 PMCID: PMC11095893 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, research into human hepatology has been revolutionized by the development of mini human livers in a dish. These liver organoids are formed by self-organizing stem cells and resemble their native counterparts in cellular content, multicellular architecture, and functional features. Liver organoids can be derived from the liver tissue or pluripotent stem cells generated from a skin biopsy, blood cells, or renal epithelial cells present in urine. With the development of liver organoids, a large part of previous hurdles in modeling the human liver is likely to be solved, enabling possibilities to better model liver disease, improve (personalized) drug testing, and advance bioengineering options. In this review, we address strategies to generate and use organoids in human liver disease modeling, followed by a discussion of their potential application in drug development and therapeutics, as well as their strengths and limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta B. Afonso
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vanda Marques
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Saskia W.C. van Mil
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilia M.P. Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Adegunsoye A, Gonzales NM, Gilad Y. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Disease Biology and the Evidence for Their In Vitro Utility. Annu Rev Genet 2023; 57:341-360. [PMID: 37708421 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-022123-090319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Many human phenotypes are impossible to recapitulate in model organisms or immortalized human cell lines. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer a way to study disease mechanisms in a variety of differentiated cell types while circumventing ethical and practical issues associated with finite tissue sources and postmortem states. Here, we discuss the broad utility of iPSCs in genetic medicine and describe how they are being used to study musculoskeletal, pulmonary, neurologic, and cardiac phenotypes. We summarize the particular challenges presented by each organ system and describe how iPSC models are being used to address them. Finally, we discuss emerging iPSC-derived organoid models and the potential value that they can bring to studies of human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji Adegunsoye
- Genetics, Genomics, and Systems Biology, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, and the Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA;
| | - Natalia M Gonzales
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; ,
| | - Yoav Gilad
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA; ,
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ncube A, Bewersdorf L, Spitzhorn LS, Loerch C, Bohndorf M, Graffmann N, May L, Amzou S, Fromme M, Wruck W, Strnad P, Adjaye J. Generation of two Alpha-I antitrypsin deficiency patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell lines ISRM-AATD-iPSC-1 (HHUUKDi011-A) and ISRM-AATD-iPSC-2 (HHUUKDi012-A). Stem Cell Res 2023; 71:103171. [PMID: 37506509 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2023.103171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
SIX2-positive urine derived renal progenitor cells were isolated from a male and female alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) patients both harboring the homozygous PiZZ genotype. The cells were reprogrammed to generate two integration-free induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines by transfecting episomal-based plasmids expressing OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, c-MYC, KLF4 and LIN28. Pluripotency was confirmed by immunocytochemistry for associated markers and embryoid body-based differentiation into the three germ layers. The iPSC lines carried the parental PiZZ genotype. Comparative transcriptome analyses with human embryonic stem cell line H9 revealed a Pearson correlation of 0.945 for ISRM-AATD-iPSC-1 and 0.939 for ISRM-AATD-iPSC-2 respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Ncube
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lisa Bewersdorf
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lucas-Sebastian Spitzhorn
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christiane Loerch
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martina Bohndorf
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nina Graffmann
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lea May
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Samira Amzou
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Malin Fromme
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wasco Wruck
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - James Adjaye
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; University College London (UCL), EGA Institute for Women's Health, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Diseases in Children (ZCR), 20 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1DZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Giuli L, Santopaolo F, Pallozzi M, Pellegrino A, Coppola G, Gasbarrini A, Ponziani FR. Cellular therapies in liver and pancreatic diseases. Dig Liver Dis 2023; 55:563-579. [PMID: 36543708 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, developments in regenerative medicine in gastroenterology have been greatly enhanced by the application of stem cells, which can self-replicate and differentiate into any somatic cell. The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells has opened remarkable perspectives on tissue regeneration, including their use as a bridge to transplantation or as supportive therapy in patients with organ failure. The improvements in DNA manipulation and gene editing strategies have also allowed to clarify the physiopathology and to correct the phenotype of several monogenic diseases, both in vivo and in vitro. Further progress has been made with the development of three-dimensional cultures, known as organoids, which have demonstrated morphological and functional complexity comparable to that of a miniature organ. Hence, owing to its protean applications and potential benefits, cell and organoid transplantation has become a hot topic for the management of gastrointestinal diseases. In this review, we describe current knowledge on cell therapies in hepatology and pancreatology, providing insight into their future applications in regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Giuli
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Santopaolo
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Pallozzi
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pellegrino
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gaetano Coppola
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Romana Ponziani
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Garcia-Llorens G, Martínez-Sena T, Pareja E, Tolosa L, Castell JV, Bort R. A robust reprogramming strategy for generating hepatocyte-like cells usable in pharmaco-toxicological studies. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:94. [PMID: 37072803 PMCID: PMC10114490 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03311-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-throughput pharmaco-toxicological testing frequently relies on the use of established liver-derived cell lines, such as HepG2 cells. However, these cells often display limited hepatic phenotype and features of neoplastic transformation that may bias the interpretation of the results. Alternate models based on primary cultures or differentiated pluripotent stem cells are costly to handle and difficult to implement in high-throughput screening platforms. Thus, cells without malignant traits, optimal differentiation pattern, producible in large and homogeneous amounts and with patient-specific phenotypes would be desirable. METHODS We have designed and implemented a novel and robust approach to obtain hepatocytes from individuals by direct reprogramming, which is based on a combination of a single doxycycline-inducible polycistronic vector system expressing HNF4A, HNF1A and FOXA3, introduced in human fibroblasts previously transduced with human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). These cells can be maintained in fibroblast culture media, under standard cell culture conditions. RESULTS Clonal hTERT-transduced human fibroblast cell lines can be expanded at least to 110 population doublings without signs of transformation or senescence. They can be easily differentiated at any cell passage number to hepatocyte-like cells with the simple addition of doxycycline to culture media. Acquisition of a hepatocyte phenotype is achieved in just 10 days and requires a simple and non-expensive cell culture media and standard 2D culture conditions. Hepatocytes reprogrammed from low and high passage hTERT-transduced fibroblasts display very similar transcriptomic profiles, biotransformation activities and show analogous pattern behavior in toxicometabolomic studies. Results indicate that this cell model outperforms HepG2 in toxicological screening. The procedure also allows generation of hepatocyte-like cells from patients with given pathological phenotypes. In fact, we succeeded in generating hepatocyte-like cells from a patient with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, which recapitulated accumulation of intracellular alpha-1 antitrypsin polymers and deregulation of unfolded protein response and inflammatory networks. CONCLUSION Our strategy allows the generation of an unlimited source of clonal, homogeneous, non-transformed induced hepatocyte-like cells, capable of performing typical hepatic functions and suitable for pharmaco-toxicological high-throughput testing. Moreover, as far as hepatocyte-like cells derived from fibroblasts isolated from patients suffering hepatic dysfunctions, retain the disease traits, as demonstrated for alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, this strategy can be applied to the study of other cases of anomalous hepatocyte functionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillem Garcia-Llorens
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental y Trasplante Hepático, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitario y Politecnico La Fe, Torre A. Lab 6.08, Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Martínez-Sena
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental y Trasplante Hepático, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitario y Politecnico La Fe, Torre A. Lab 6.08, Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eugenia Pareja
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental y Trasplante Hepático, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitario y Politecnico La Fe, Torre A. Lab 6.08, Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Cirugía General y Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laia Tolosa
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental y Trasplante Hepático, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitario y Politecnico La Fe, Torre A. Lab 6.08, Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingenieria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-Bbn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José V Castell
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental y Trasplante Hepático, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitario y Politecnico La Fe, Torre A. Lab 6.08, Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Roque Bort
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental y Trasplante Hepático, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitario y Politecnico La Fe, Torre A. Lab 6.08, Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Association of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Pi*Z Allele Frequency and Progressive Liver Fibrosis in Two Chronic Hepatitis C Cohorts. J Clin Med 2022; 12:jcm12010253. [PMID: 36615054 PMCID: PMC9821389 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12010253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The inherited alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency variant 'Pi*Z' emerged as a genetic modifier of chronic liver disease. Controversial data exist on the relevance of heterozygous Pi*Z carriage ('Pi*MZ' genotype) as an additional risk factor in patients with chronic viral hepatitis C to develop progressive liver fibrosis. (2) Methods: Two prospectively recruited cohorts totaling 572 patients with therapy-naïve chronic viral hepatitis C (HCV) were analyzed. The Frankfurt cohort included 337 patients and a second cohort from Leipzig included 235 patients. The stage of liver fibrosis was assessed by liver biopsy, AST-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) score and Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) score (Frankfurt) as well as liver stiffness measurement (LSM) via transient elastography (Leipzig). All patients were genotyped for the Pi*Z variant (rs28929474) of the SERPINA1 gene. (3) Results: In the Frankfurt cohort, 16/337 (4.7%) patients carried the heterozygous Pi*Z allele while 10/235 (4.3%) in the Leipzig cohort were Pi*Z carriers. In both cohorts, there was no higher proportion of Pi*Z heterozygosity in patients with cirrhosis compared to patients without cirrhosis or patients with cirrhosis vs. no liver fibrosis. Accordingly, Pi*Z frequency was not different in histological or serological stages of liver fibrosis (F0-F4) and showed no clear association with LSM. (4) Conclusions: Evaluation in two representative HCV cohorts does not indicate Pi*Z heterozygosity as a clinically relevant disease modifier in chronic HCV infection. However, validation in even larger cohorts with longitudinal follow-up is warranted.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kaserman JE, Werder RB, Wang F, Matte T, Higgins MI, Dodge M, Lindstrom-Vautrin J, Bawa P, Hinds A, Bullitt E, Caballero IS, Shi X, Gerszten RE, Brunetti-Pierri N, Liesa M, Villacorta-Martin C, Hollenberg AN, Kotton DN, Wilson AA. Human iPSC-hepatocyte modeling of alpha-1 antitrypsin heterozygosity reveals metabolic dysregulation and cellular heterogeneity. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111775. [PMID: 36476855 PMCID: PMC9780780 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals homozygous for the "Z" mutation in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency are known to be at increased risk for liver disease. It has also become clear that some degree of risk is similarly conferred by the heterozygous state. A lack of model systems that recapitulate heterozygosity in human hepatocytes has limited the ability to study the impact of a single Z alpha-1 antitrypsin (ZAAT) allele on hepatocyte biology. Here, we describe the derivation of syngeneic induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) engineered to determine the effects of ZAAT heterozygosity in iPSC-hepatocytes (iHeps). We find that heterozygous MZ iHeps exhibit an intermediate disease phenotype and share with ZZ iHeps alterations in AAT protein processing and downstream perturbations including altered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial morphology, reduced mitochondrial respiration, and branch-specific activation of the unfolded protein response in cell subpopulations. Our model of MZ heterozygosity thus provides evidence that a single Z allele is sufficient to disrupt hepatocyte homeostatic function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Kaserman
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM) of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA,The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Rhiannon B. Werder
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM) of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Feiya Wang
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM) of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Taylor Matte
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM) of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Michelle I. Higgins
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM) of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Mark Dodge
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM) of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jonathan Lindstrom-Vautrin
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM) of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Pushpinder Bawa
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM) of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Anne Hinds
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Esther Bullitt
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Ignacio S. Caballero
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM) of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Xu Shi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Robert E. Gerszten
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Nicola Brunetti-Pierri
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy,Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marc Liesa
- Departments of Medicine, Endocrinology, and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carlos Villacorta-Martin
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM) of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Anthony N. Hollenberg
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Darrell N. Kotton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM) of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA,The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Andrew A. Wilson
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM) of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA,The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA,Lead contact,Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Khodayari N, Oshins R, Aranyos AM, Duarte S, Mostofizadeh S, Lu Y, Brantly M. Characterization of hepatic inflammatory changes in a C57BL/6J mouse model of alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 323:G594-G608. [PMID: 36256438 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00207.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is a genetic disease caused by a hepatic accumulation of mutant alpha-1 antitrypsin (ZAAT). Individuals with AATD are prone to develop a chronic liver disease that remains undiagnosed until late stage of the disease. Here, we sought to characterize the liver pathophysiology of a human transgenic mouse model for AATD with a manifestation of liver disease compared with normal transgenic mice model. Male and female transgenic mice for normal (Pi*M) and mutant variant (Pi*Z) human alpha-1 antitrypsin at 3 and 6 mo of age were subjected to this study. The progression of hepatic ZAAT accumulation, hepatocyte injury, steatosis, liver inflammation, and fibrotic features were monitored by performing an in vivo study. We have also performed a Next-Gene transcriptomic analysis of the transgenic mice liver tissue 16 h after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration to delineate liver inflammatory response in Pi*Z mice as compared with Pi*M. Our results show hepatic ZAAT accumulation, followed by hepatocyte ballooning and liver steatosis developed at 3 mo in Pi*Z mice compared with the mice carrying normal variant of human alpha-1 antitrypsin. We observed higher levels of hepatic immune cell infiltrations in both 3- and 6-mo-old Pi*Z mice compared with Pi*M as an indication of liver inflammation. Liver fibrosis was observed as accumulation of collagen in 6-mo-old Pi*Z liver tissues compared with Pi*M control mice. Furthermore, the transcriptomic analysis revealed a dysregulated liver immune response to LPS in Pi*Z mice compared with Pi*M. Of particular interest for translational work, this study aims to establish a mouse model of AATD with a strong manifestation of liver disease that will be a valuable in vivo tool to study the pathophysiology of AATD-mediated liver disease. Our data suggest that the human transgenic mouse model of AATD could provide a suitable model for the evaluation of therapeutic approaches and preventive reagents against AATD-mediated liver disease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We have characterized a mouse model of human alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency with a strong manifestation of liver disease that can be used as an in vivo tool to test preventive and therapeutic reagents. Our data explores the altered immunophenotype of alpha-1 antitrypsin-deficient liver macrophages and suggests a relationship between acute inflammation, immune response, and fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazli Khodayari
- Division of Pulmonary, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Regina Oshins
- Division of Pulmonary, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Alek M Aranyos
- Division of Pulmonary, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sergio Duarte
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sayedamin Mostofizadeh
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Yuanqing Lu
- Division of Pulmonary, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Mark Brantly
- Division of Pulmonary, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tomaz RA, Zacharis ED, Bachinger F, Wurmser A, Yamamoto D, Petrus-Reurer S, Morell CM, Dziedzicka D, Wesley BT, Geti I, Segeritz CP, de Brito MC, Chhatriwala M, Ortmann D, Saeb-Parsy K, Vallier L. Generation of functional hepatocytes by forward programming with nuclear receptors. eLife 2022; 11:71591. [PMID: 35959725 PMCID: PMC9374437 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of large quantities of hepatocytes remains a major challenge for a number of clinical applications in the biomedical field. Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) provides an advantageous solution and a number of protocols have been developed for this purpose. However, these methods usually follow different steps of liver development in vitro, which is time consuming and requires complex culture conditions. In addition, HLCs lack the full repertoire of functionalities characterising primary hepatocytes. Here, we explore the interest of forward programming to generate hepatocytes from hPSCs and to bypass these limitations. This approach relies on the overexpression of three hepatocyte nuclear factors (HNF1A, HNF6, and FOXA3) in combination with different nuclear receptors expressed in the adult liver using the OPTi-OX platform. Forward programming allows for the rapid production of hepatocytes (FoP-Heps) with functional characteristics using a simplified process. We also uncovered that the overexpression of nuclear receptors such as RORc can enhance specific functionalities of FoP-Heps thereby validating its role in lipid/glucose metabolism. Together, our results show that forward programming could offer a versatile alternative to direct differentiation for generating hepatocytes in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rute A Tomaz
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ekaterini D Zacharis
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fabian Bachinger
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Annabelle Wurmser
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Yamamoto
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Petrus-Reurer
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carola M Morell
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dominika Dziedzicka
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Brandon T Wesley
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Imbisaat Geti
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Charis-Patricia Segeritz
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel C de Brito
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mariya Chhatriwala
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Ortmann
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kourosh Saeb-Parsy
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
D'Acunto E, Gianfrancesco L, Serangeli I, D'Orsi M, Sabato V, Guadagno NA, Bhosale G, Caristi S, Failla AV, De Jaco A, Cacci E, Duchen MR, Lupo G, Galliciotti G, Miranda E. Polymerogenic neuroserpin causes mitochondrial alterations and activates NFκB but not the UPR in a neuronal model of neurodegeneration FENIB. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:437. [PMID: 35864382 PMCID: PMC9304071 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04463-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The neurodegenerative condition FENIB (familiar encephalopathy with neuroserpin inclusion bodies) is caused by heterozygous expression of polymerogenic mutant neuroserpin (NS), with polymer deposition within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of neurons. We generated transgenic neural progenitor cells (NPCs) from mouse fetal cerebral cortex stably expressing either the control protein GFP or human wild type, polymerogenic G392E or truncated (delta) NS. This cellular model makes it possible to study the toxicity of polymerogenic NS in the appropriated cell type by in vitro differentiation to neurons. Our previous work showed that expression of G392E NS in differentiated NPCs induced an adaptive response through the upregulation of several genes involved in the defence against oxidative stress, and that pharmacological reduction of the antioxidant defences by drug treatments rendered G392E NS neurons more susceptible to apoptosis than control neurons. In this study, we assessed mitochondrial distribution and found a higher percentage of perinuclear localisation in G392E NS neurons, particularly in those containing polymers, a phenotype that was enhanced by glutathione chelation and rescued by antioxidant molecules. Mitochondrial membrane potential and contact sites between mitochondria and the ER were reduced in neurons expressing the G392E mutation. These alterations were associated with a pattern of ER stress that involved the ER overload response but not the unfolded protein response. Our results suggest that intracellular accumulation of NS polymers affects the interaction between the ER and mitochondria, causing mitochondrial alterations that contribute to the neuronal degeneration seen in FENIB patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E D'Acunto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - L Gianfrancesco
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - I Serangeli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - M D'Orsi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - V Sabato
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - N A Guadagno
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - G Bhosale
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - S Caristi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - A V Failla
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - A De Jaco
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - E Cacci
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - M R Duchen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - G Lupo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - G Galliciotti
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - E Miranda
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
- Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lu Y, Wang LR, Lee J, Mohammad NS, Aranyos AM, Gould C, Khodayari N, Oshins RA, Moneypenny CG, Brantly ML. The unfolded protein response to PI*Z alpha-1 antitrypsin in human hepatocellular and murine models. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:2354-2367. [PMID: 35621045 PMCID: PMC9426387 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha‐1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency (AATD) is an inherited disease caused by mutations in the serpin family A member 1 (SERPINA1, also known as AAT) gene. The most common variant, PI*Z (Glu342Lys), causes accumulation of aberrantly folded AAT in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of hepatocytes that is associated with a toxic gain of function, hepatocellular injury, liver fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular response to improperly folded proteins meant to alleviate ER stress. It has been unclear whether PI*Z AAT elicits liver cell UPR, due in part to limitations of current cellular and animal models. This study investigates whether UPR is activated in a novel human PI*Z AAT cell line and a new PI*Z human AAT (hAAT) mouse model. A PI*Z AAT hepatocyte cell line (Huh7.5Z) was established using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 gene editing of the normal ATT (PI*MM) gene in the Huh7.5 cell line. Additionally, novel full‐length genomic DNA PI*Z hAAT and PI*M hAAT transgenic mouse models were established. Using these new models, UPR in Huh7.5Z cells and PI*Z mice were comprehensively determined. Robust activation of UPR was observed in Huh7.5Z cells compared to Huh7.5 cells. Activated caspase cascade and apoptosis markers, increased chaperones, and autophagy markers were also detected in Z hepatocytes. Selective attenuation of UPR signaling branches was observed in PI*Z hAAT mice in which the protein kinase R‐like ER kinase and inositol‐requiring enzyme1α branches were suppressed while the activating transcription factor 6α branch remained active. This study provides direct evidence that PI*Z AAT triggers canonical UPR and that hepatocytes survive pro‐apoptotic UPR by selective suppression of UPR branches. Our data improve understanding of underlying pathological molecular mechanisms of PI*Z AATD liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqing Lu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Liqun R Wang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Jungnam Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Naweed S Mohammad
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Alek M Aranyos
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Calvin Gould
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Nazli Khodayari
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Regina A Oshins
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Craig G Moneypenny
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Mark L Brantly
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Papendorf JJ, Krüger E, Ebstein F. Proteostasis Perturbations and Their Roles in Causing Sterile Inflammation and Autoinflammatory Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091422. [PMID: 35563729 PMCID: PMC9103147 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteostasis, a portmanteau of the words protein and homeostasis, refers to the ability of eukaryotic cells to maintain a stable proteome by acting on protein synthesis, quality control and/or degradation. Over the last two decades, an increasing number of disorders caused by proteostasis perturbations have been identified. Depending on their molecular etiology, such diseases may be classified into ribosomopathies, proteinopathies and proteasomopathies. Strikingly, most—if not all—of these syndromes exhibit an autoinflammatory component, implying a direct cause-and-effect relationship between proteostasis disruption and the initiation of innate immune responses. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular pathogenesis of these disorders and summarize current knowledge of the various mechanisms by which impaired proteostasis promotes autoinflammation. We particularly focus our discussion on the notion of how cells sense and integrate proteostasis perturbations as danger signals in the context of autoinflammatory diseases to provide insights into the complex and multiple facets of sterile inflammation.
Collapse
|
13
|
Hurrell T, Naidoo J, Scholefield J. Hepatic Models in Precision Medicine: An African Perspective on Pharmacovigilance. Front Genet 2022; 13:864725. [PMID: 35495161 PMCID: PMC9046844 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.864725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are indispensable to healthcare as the burgeoning global population is challenged by diseases. The African continent harbors unparalleled genetic diversity, yet remains largely underrepresented in pharmaceutical research and development, which has serious implications for pharmaceuticals approved for use within the African population. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are often underpinned by unique variations in genes encoding the enzymes responsible for their uptake, metabolism, and clearance. As an example, individuals of African descent (14–34%) harbor an exclusive genetic variant in the gene encoding a liver metabolizing enzyme (CYP2D6) which reduces the efficacy of the breast cancer chemotherapeutic Tamoxifen. However, CYP2D6 genotyping is not required prior to dispensing Tamoxifen in sub-Saharan Africa. Pharmacogenomics is fundamental to precision medicine and the absence of its implementation suggests that Africa has, to date, been largely excluded from the global narrative around stratified healthcare. Models which could address this need, include primary human hepatocytes, immortalized hepatic cell lines, and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived hepatocyte-like cells. Of these, iPSCs, are promising as a functional in vitro model for the empirical evaluation of drug metabolism. The scale with which pharmaceutically relevant African genetic variants can be stratified, the expediency with which these platforms can be established, and their subsequent sustainability suggest that they will have an important role to play in the democratization of stratified healthcare in Africa. Here we discuss the requirement for African hepatic models, and their implications for the future of pharmacovigilance on the African continent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Hurrell
- Bioengineering and Integrated Genomics Group, Next Generation Health Cluster, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jerolen Naidoo
- Bioengineering and Integrated Genomics Group, Next Generation Health Cluster, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Janine Scholefield
- Bioengineering and Integrated Genomics Group, Next Generation Health Cluster, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Janine Scholefield,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chambers JE, Zubkov N, Kubánková M, Nixon-Abell J, Mela I, Abreu S, Schwiening M, Lavarda G, López-Duarte I, Dickens JA, Torres T, Kaminski CF, Holt LJ, Avezov E, Huntington JA, George-Hyslop PS, Kuimova MK, Marciniak SJ. Z-α 1-antitrypsin polymers impose molecular filtration in the endoplasmic reticulum after undergoing phase transition to a solid state. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm2094. [PMID: 35394846 PMCID: PMC8993113 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm2094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Misfolding of secretory proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) features in many human diseases. In α1-antitrypsin deficiency, the pathogenic Z variant aberrantly assembles into polymers in the hepatocyte ER, leading to cirrhosis. We show that α1-antitrypsin polymers undergo a liquid:solid phase transition, forming a protein matrix that retards mobility of ER proteins by size-dependent molecular filtration. The Z-α1-antitrypsin phase transition is promoted during ER stress by an ATF6-mediated unfolded protein response. Furthermore, the ER chaperone calreticulin promotes Z-α1-antitrypsin solidification and increases protein matrix stiffness. Single-particle tracking reveals that solidification initiates in cells with normal ER morphology, previously assumed to represent a healthy pool. We show that Z-α1-antitrypsin-induced hypersensitivity to ER stress can be explained by immobilization of ER chaperones within the polymer matrix. This previously unidentified mechanism of ER dysfunction provides a template for understanding a diverse group of related proteinopathies and identifies ER chaperones as potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Chambers
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Nikita Zubkov
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Markéta Kubánková
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Jonathon Nixon-Abell
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ioanna Mela
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Susana Abreu
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Max Schwiening
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Giulia Lavarda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Ismael López-Duarte
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Jennifer A. Dickens
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Clemens F. Kaminski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Liam J. Holt
- Institute for Systems Genetics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 E 30th St, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Edward Avezov
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - James A. Huntington
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Peter St George-Hyslop
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
- Taub Institute For Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Ageing Brain, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irvine Medical Center, 630 West 1/68 Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Marina K. Kuimova
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Stefan J. Marciniak
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0AY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fromme M, Schneider CV, Trautwein C, Brunetti-Pierri N, Strnad P. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: A re-surfacing adult liver disorder. J Hepatol 2022; 76:946-958. [PMID: 34848258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) arises from mutations in the SERPINA1 gene encoding alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) that lead to AAT retention in the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes, causing proteotoxic liver injury and loss-of-function lung disease. The homozygous Pi∗Z mutation (Pi∗ZZ genotype) is responsible for the majority of severe AATD cases and can precipitate both paediatric and adult liver diseases, while the heterozygous Pi∗Z mutation (Pi∗MZ genotype) is an established genetic modifier of liver disease. We review genotype-related hepatic phenotypes/disease predispositions. We also describe the mechanisms and factors promoting the development of liver disease, as well as approaches to evaluate the extent of liver fibrosis. Finally, we discuss emerging diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the clinical management of this often neglected disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malin Fromme
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Liver Disorders (ERN RARE LIVER), Aachen, Germany
| | - Carolin V Schneider
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Liver Disorders (ERN RARE LIVER), Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Liver Disorders (ERN RARE LIVER), Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicola Brunetti-Pierri
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, 80078 Naples, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Health Care Provider of the European Reference Network on Rare Liver Disorders (ERN RARE LIVER), Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Graffmann N, Scherer B, Adjaye J. In vitro differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into hepatocyte like cells - basic principles and current progress. Stem Cell Res 2022; 61:102763. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2022.102763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
|
17
|
Liedtke C, Nevzorova YA, Luedde T, Zimmermann H, Kroy D, Strnad P, Berres ML, Bernhagen J, Tacke F, Nattermann J, Spengler U, Sauerbruch T, Wree A, Abdullah Z, Tolba RH, Trebicka J, Lammers T, Trautwein C, Weiskirchen R. Liver Fibrosis-From Mechanisms of Injury to Modulation of Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:814496. [PMID: 35087852 PMCID: PMC8787129 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.814496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Transregional Collaborative Research Center "Organ Fibrosis: From Mechanisms of Injury to Modulation of Disease" (referred to as SFB/TRR57) was funded for 13 years (2009-2021) by the German Research Council (DFG). This consortium was hosted by the Medical Schools of the RWTH Aachen University and Bonn University in Germany. The SFB/TRR57 implemented combined basic and clinical research to achieve detailed knowledge in three selected key questions: (i) What are the relevant mechanisms and signal pathways required for initiating organ fibrosis? (ii) Which immunological mechanisms and molecules contribute to organ fibrosis? and (iii) How can organ fibrosis be modulated, e.g., by interventional strategies including imaging and pharmacological approaches? In this review we will summarize the liver-related key findings of this consortium gained within the last 12 years on these three aspects of liver fibrogenesis. We will highlight the role of cell death and cell cycle pathways as well as nutritional and iron-related mechanisms for liver fibrosis initiation. Moreover, we will define and characterize the major immune cell compartments relevant for liver fibrogenesis, and finally point to potential signaling pathways and pharmacological targets that turned out to be suitable to develop novel approaches for improved therapy and diagnosis of liver fibrosis. In summary, this review will provide a comprehensive overview about the knowledge on liver fibrogenesis and its potential therapy gained by the SFB/TRR57 consortium within the last decade. The kidney-related research results obtained by the same consortium are highlighted in an article published back-to-back in Frontiers in Medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Liedtke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yulia A Nevzorova
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Complutense University Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tom Luedde
- Medical Faculty, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Henning Zimmermann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniela Kroy
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Berres
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Chair of Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacob Nattermann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Spengler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tilman Sauerbruch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Wree
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zeinab Abdullah
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - René H Tolba
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jonel Trebicka
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Twan Lammers
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Heckenberg E, Steppe JT, Coyne CB. Enteroviruses: The role of receptors in viral pathogenesis. Adv Virus Res 2022; 113:89-110. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
19
|
Tilson SG, Morell CM, Lenaerts AS, Park SB, Hu Z, Jenkins B, Koulman A, Liang TJ, Vallier L. Modeling PNPLA3-Associated NAFLD Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Hepatology 2021; 74:2998-3017. [PMID: 34288010 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS NAFLD is a growing public health burden. However, the pathogenesis of NAFLD has not yet been fully elucidated, and the importance of genetic factors has only recently been appreciated. Genomic studies have revealed a strong association between NAFLD progression and the I148M variant in patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3). Nonetheless, very little is known about the mechanisms by which this gene and its variants can influence disease development. To investigate these mechanisms, we have developed an in vitro model that takes advantage of the unique properties of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and the CRISPR/CAS9 gene editing technology. APPROACH AND RESULTS We used isogenic hiPSC lines with either a knockout (PNPLA3KO ) of the PNPLA3 gene or with the I148M variant (PNPLA3I148M ) to model PNPLA3-associated NAFLD. The resulting hiPSCs were differentiated into hepatocytes, treated with either unsaturated or saturated free fatty acids to induce NAFLD-like phenotypes, and characterized by various functional, transcriptomic, and lipidomic assays. PNPLA3KO hepatocytes showed higher lipid accumulation as well as an altered pattern of response to lipid-induced stress. Interestingly, loss of PNPLA3 also caused a reduction in xenobiotic metabolism and predisposed PNPLA3KO cells to be more susceptible to ethanol-induced and methotrexate-induced toxicity. The PNPLA3I148M cells exhibited an intermediate phenotype between the wild-type and PNPLA3KO cells. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results indicate that the I148M variant induces a loss of function predisposing to steatosis and increased susceptibility to hepatotoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha G Tilson
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Carola M Morell
- Wellcome Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - An-Sofie Lenaerts
- Wellcome Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Seung Bum Park
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Zongyi Hu
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Benjamin Jenkins
- Wellcome Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Koulman
- Wellcome Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - T Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Werder RB, Kaserman JE, Packer MS, Lindstrom-Vautrin J, Villacorta-Martin C, Young LE, Aratyn-Schaus Y, Gregoire F, Wilson AA. Adenine Base Editing Reduces Misfolded Protein Accumulation and Toxicity in Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficient Patient iPSC-Hepatocytes. Mol Ther 2021; 29:3219-3229. [PMID: 34217893 PMCID: PMC8571173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is most commonly caused by the Z mutation, a single-base substitution that leads to AAT protein misfolding and associated liver and lung disease. In this study, we apply adenine base editors to correct the Z mutation in patient induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and iPSC-derived hepatocytes (iHeps). We demonstrate that correction of the Z mutation in patient iPSCs reduces aberrant AAT accumulation and increases its secretion. Adenine base editing (ABE) of differentiated iHeps decreases ER stress in edited cells, as demonstrated by single-cell RNA sequencing. We find ABE to be highly efficient in iPSCs and do not identify off-target genomic mutations by whole-genome sequencing. These results reveal the feasibility and utility of base editing to correct the Z mutation in AATD patient cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon B Werder
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Joseph E Kaserman
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | | | | | - Carlos Villacorta-Martin
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | | | | | | | - Andrew A Wilson
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ordóñez A, Harding HP, Marciniak SJ, Ron D. Cargo receptor-assisted endoplasmic reticulum export of pathogenic α1-antitrypsin polymers. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109144. [PMID: 34010647 PMCID: PMC8149808 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating polymers of α1-antitrypsin (α1AT) are neutrophil chemo-attractants and contribute to inflammation, yet cellular factors affecting their secretion remain obscure. We report on a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen for genes affecting trafficking of polymerogenic α1ATH334D. A CRISPR enrichment approach based on recovery of single guide RNA (sgRNA) sequences from phenotypically selected fixed cells reveals that cells with high-polymer content are enriched in sgRNAs targeting genes involved in "cargo loading into COPII-coated vesicles," where "COPII" is coat protein II, including the cargo receptors lectin mannose binding1 (LMAN1) and surfeit protein locus 4 (SURF4). LMAN1- and SURF4-disrupted cells display a secretion defect extending beyond α1AT monomers to polymers. Polymer secretion is especially dependent on SURF4 and correlates with a SURF4-α1ATH334D physical interaction and with their co-localization at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These findings indicate that ER cargo receptors co-ordinate progression of α1AT out of the ER and modulate the accumulation of polymeric α1AT not only by controlling the concentration of precursor monomers but also by promoting secretion of polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Ordóñez
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
| | - Heather P. Harding
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Stefan J. Marciniak
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - David Ron
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Karatas E, Raymond AA, Leon C, Dupuy JW, Di-Tommaso S, Senant N, Collardeau-Frachon S, Ruiz M, Lachaux A, Saltel F, Bouchecareilh M. Hepatocyte proteomes reveal the role of protein disulfide isomerase 4 in alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100297. [PMID: 34151245 PMCID: PMC8192868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims A single point mutation in the Z-variant of alpha 1-antitrypsin (Z-AAT) alone can lead to both a protein folding and trafficking defect, preventing its exit from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and the formation of aggregates that are retained as inclusions within the ER of hepatocytes. These defects result in a systemic AAT deficiency (AATD) that causes lung disease, whereas the ER-retained aggregates can induce severe liver injury in patients with ZZ-AATD. Unfortunately, therapeutic approaches are still limited and liver transplantation represents the only curative treatment option. To overcome this limitation, a better understanding of the molecular basis of ER aggregate formation could provide new strategies for therapeutic intervention. Methods Our functional and omics approaches here based on human hepatocytes from patients with ZZ-AATD have enabled the identification and characterisation of the role of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) A4/ERP72 in features of AATD-mediated liver disease. Results We report that 4 members of the PDI family (PDIA4, PDIA3, P4HB, and TXNDC5) are specifically upregulated in ZZ-AATD liver samples from adult patients. Furthermore, we show that only PDIA4 knockdown or alteration of its activity by cysteamine treatment can promote Z-AAT secretion and lead to a marked decrease in Z aggregates. Finally, detailed analysis of the Z-AAT interactome shows that PDIA4 silencing provides a more conducive environment for folding of the Z mutant, accompanied by reduction of Z-AAT-mediated oxidative stress, a feature of AATD-mediated liver disease. Conclusions PDIA4 is involved in AATD-mediated liver disease and thus represents a therapeutic target for inhibition by drugs such as cysteamine. PDI inhibition therefore represents a potential therapeutic approach for treatment of AATD. Lay summary Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family members, and particularly PDIA4, are upregulated and involved in alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD)-mediated liver disease in adults. PDI inhibition upon cysteamine treatment leads to improvements in features of AATD and hence represents a therapeutic approach for treatment of AATD-mediated liver disease. PDIA4 is upregulated and involved in alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD)-mediated liver disease in adults. Knockdown of PDIA4 by siRNA or inhibition upon cysteamine treatment leads to improvements in features of AATD. RNA interference against PDIA4 or cysteamine represent approaches for treatment of AATD-mediated liver disease.
Collapse
Key Words
- AAT, alpha 1-antitrypsin
- AATD, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
- Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
- CF, cystic fibrosis
- CFTR, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
- Cysteamine
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FFPE, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded
- FKBP10, FK506-binding protein (FKBP) isoform 10
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- IP, immunoprecipitation
- Liver damage
- NHK, null Hong Kong variant of AAT
- P4HB, prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit beta/PDIA1
- PDI, protein disulfide isomerase
- PDIA3, protein disulfide isomerase family A member 3/ERP57
- PDIA4
- PDIA4, protein disulfide isomerase family A member 4/ERP70/ERP72
- PDIi, PDI inhibitors
- Protein disulfide isomerase
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SURF4, proteins Surfeit 4
- Scr, scramble
- TRX, thioredoxin
- TXNDC5, thioredoxin domain containing 5/PDIA15
- Treatment
- WT, wild-type
- Z-AAT, alpha 1-antitrypsin Z variant
- ZZ, homozygosis for the Z mutant allele
- siRNA, small RNA interference
- ΔF508-CFTR, most common mutation of CFTR, which deletes phenylalanine508
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esra Karatas
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, BaRITOn, U1053, Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne-Aurélie Raymond
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, BaRITOn, U1053, Bordeaux, France.,Oncoprot, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, TBM-Core, UMS 3427, US 5, Bordeaux, France
| | - Céline Leon
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, BaRITOn, U1053, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Sylvaine Di-Tommaso
- Oncoprot, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, TBM-Core, UMS 3427, US 5, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nathalie Senant
- Plateforme d'histopathologie, TBM-Core US 005, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sophie Collardeau-Frachon
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Hépatologie, Gastroentérologie et Nutrition pédiatriques, Centre de référence de l'atrésie des voies biliaires et cholestases génétiques, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Est, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Mathias Ruiz
- Hépatologie, Gastroentérologie et Nutrition pédiatriques, Centre de référence de l'atrésie des voies biliaires et cholestases génétiques, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany.,Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Est, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Alain Lachaux
- Hépatologie, Gastroentérologie et Nutrition pédiatriques, Centre de référence de l'atrésie des voies biliaires et cholestases génétiques, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany.,Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Est, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Saltel
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, BaRITOn, U1053, Bordeaux, France.,Oncoprot, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, TBM-Core, UMS 3427, US 5, Bordeaux, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Poothong J, Jang I, Kaufman RJ. Defects in Protein Folding and/or Quality Control Cause Protein Aggregation in the Endoplasmic Reticulum. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 59:115-143. [PMID: 34050864 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67696-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein aggregation is now a common hallmark of numerous human diseases, most of which involve cytosolic aggregates including Aβ (AD) and ⍺-synuclein (PD) in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. However, it is also evident that protein aggregation can also occur in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that leads to specific diseases due to loss of protein function or detrimental effects on the host cell, the former is inherited in a recessive manner where the latter are dominantly inherited. However, the mechanisms of protein aggregation, disaggregation and degradation in the ER are not well understood. Here we provide an overview of factors that cause protein aggregation in the ER and how the ER handles aggregated proteins. Protein aggregation in the ER can result from intrinsic properties of the protein (hydrophobic residues in the ER), oxidative stress or nutrient depletion. The ER has quality control mechanisms [chaperone functions, ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) and autophagy] to ensure only correctly folded proteins exit the ER and enter the cis-Golgi compartment. Perturbation of protein folding in the ER activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) that evolved to increase ER protein folding capacity and efficiency and degrade misfolded proteins. Accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER to a level that exceeds the ER-chaperone folding capacity is a major factor that exacerbates protein aggregation. The most significant ER resident protein that prevents protein aggregation in the ER is the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) homologue, BiP/GRP78, which is a peptide-dependent ATPase that binds unfolded/misfolded proteins and releases them upon ATP binding. Since exogenous factors can also reduce protein misfolding and aggregation in the ER, such as chemical chaperones and antioxidants, these treatments have potential therapeutic benefit for ER protein aggregation-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juthakorn Poothong
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Insook Jang
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jagger AM, Waudby CA, Irving JA, Christodoulou J, Lomas DA. High-resolution ex vivo NMR spectroscopy of human Z α 1-antitrypsin. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6371. [PMID: 33311470 PMCID: PMC7732992 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic mutations predispose the serine protease inhibitor α1-antitrypsin to misfolding and polymerisation within hepatocytes, causing liver disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This misfolding occurs via a transiently populated intermediate state, but our structural understanding of this process is limited by the instability of recombinant α1-antitrypsin variants in solution. Here we apply NMR spectroscopy to patient-derived samples of α1-antitrypsin at natural isotopic abundance to investigate the consequences of disease-causing mutations, and observe widespread chemical shift perturbations for methyl groups in Z AAT (E342K). By comparison with perturbations induced by binding of a small-molecule inhibitor of misfolding we conclude that they arise from rapid exchange between the native conformation and a well-populated intermediate state. The observation that this intermediate is stabilised by inhibitor binding suggests a paradoxical approach to the targeted treatment of protein misfolding disorders, wherein the stabilisation of disease-associated states provides selectivity while inhibiting further transitions along misfolding pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alistair M Jagger
- UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London and School of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, University of London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Christopher A Waudby
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London and School of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, University of London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - James A Irving
- UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK.
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London and School of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, University of London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - John Christodoulou
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London and School of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, University of London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - David A Lomas
- UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK.
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London and School of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, University of London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Huang D, Gibeley SB, Xu C, Xiao Y, Celik O, Ginsberg HN, Leong KW. Engineering liver microtissues for disease modeling and regenerative medicine. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:1909553. [PMID: 33390875 PMCID: PMC7774671 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201909553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The burden of liver diseases is increasing worldwide, accounting for two million deaths annually. In the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in the basic and translational research of liver tissue engineering. Liver microtissues are small, three-dimensional hepatocyte cultures that recapitulate liver physiology and have been used in biomedical research and regenerative medicine. This review summarizes recent advances, challenges, and future directions in liver microtissue research. Cellular engineering approaches are used to sustain primary hepatocytes or produce hepatocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells and other adult tissues. Three-dimensional microtissues are generated by scaffold-free assembly or scaffold-assisted methods such as macroencapsulation, droplet microfluidics, and bioprinting. Optimization of the hepatic microenvironment entails incorporating the appropriate cell composition for enhanced cell-cell interactions and niche-specific signals, and creating scaffolds with desired chemical, mechanical and physical properties. Perfusion-based culture systems such as bioreactors and microfluidic systems are used to achieve efficient exchange of nutrients and soluble factors. Taken together, systematic optimization of liver microtissues is a multidisciplinary effort focused on creating liver cultures and on-chip models with greater structural complexity and physiological relevance for use in liver disease research, therapeutic development, and regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dantong Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Sarah B. Gibeley
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Cong Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Yang Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ozgenur Celik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Henry N. Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kam W. Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Laffranchi M, Elliston EL, Miranda E, Perez J, Ronzoni R, Jagger AM, Heyer-Chauhan N, Brantly ML, Fra A, Lomas DA, Irving JA. Intrahepatic heteropolymerization of M and Z alpha-1-antitrypsin. JCI Insight 2020; 5:135459. [PMID: 32699193 PMCID: PMC7453904 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.135459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The α-1-antitrypsin (or alpha-1-antitrypsin, A1AT) Z variant is the primary cause of severe A1AT deficiency and forms polymeric chains that aggregate in the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes. Around 2%-5% of Europeans are heterozygous for the Z and WT M allele, and there is evidence of increased risk of liver disease when compared with MM A1AT individuals. We have shown that Z and M A1AT can copolymerize in cell models, but there has been no direct observation of heteropolymer formation in vivo. To this end, we developed a monoclonal antibody (mAb2H2) that specifically binds to M in preference to Z A1AT, localized its epitope using crystallography to a region perturbed by the Z (Glu342Lys) substitution, and used Fab fragments to label polymers isolated from an MZ heterozygote liver explant. Glu342 is critical to the affinity of mAb2H2, since it also recognized the mild S-deficiency variant (Glu264Val) present in circulating polymers from SZ heterozygotes. Negative-stain electron microscopy of the Fab2H2-labeled liver polymers revealed that M comprises around 6% of the polymer subunits in the MZ liver sample. These data demonstrate that Z A1AT can form heteropolymers with polymerization-inert variants in vivo with implications for liver disease in heterozygous individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Laffranchi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,UCL Respiratory and the Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Lk Elliston
- UCL Respiratory and the Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Miranda
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin' and Pasteur Institute - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Juan Perez
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Riccardo Ronzoni
- UCL Respiratory and the Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair M Jagger
- UCL Respiratory and the Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nina Heyer-Chauhan
- UCL Respiratory and the Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark L Brantly
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Annamaria Fra
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - David A Lomas
- UCL Respiratory and the Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James A Irving
- UCL Respiratory and the Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kaserman JE, Hurley K, Dodge M, Villacorta-Martin C, Vedaie M, Jean JC, Liberti DC, James MF, Higgins MI, Lee NJ, Washko GR, San Jose Estepar R, Teckman J, Kotton DN, Wilson AA. A Highly Phenotyped Open Access Repository of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:242-255. [PMID: 32619491 PMCID: PMC7363960 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with the genetic disorder alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) are at risk of developing lung and liver disease. Patient induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been found to model features of AATD pathogenesis but only a handful of AATD patient iPSC lines have been published. To capture the significant phenotypic diversity of the patient population, we describe here the establishment and characterization of a curated repository of AATD iPSCs with associated disease-relevant clinical data. To highlight the utility of the repository, we selected a subset of iPSC lines for functional characterization. Selected lines were differentiated to generate both hepatic and lung cell lineages and analyzed by RNA sequencing. In addition, two iPSC lines were targeted using CRISPR/Cas9 editing to accomplish scarless repair. Repository iPSCs are available to investigators for studies of disease pathogenesis and therapeutic discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Kaserman
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM) of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Killian Hurley
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM) of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Mark Dodge
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM) of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Carlos Villacorta-Martin
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM) of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Marall Vedaie
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM) of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jyh-Chang Jean
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM) of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Derek C Liberti
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM) of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Marianne F James
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM) of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Michelle I Higgins
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM) of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Nora J Lee
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM) of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | | | | | | | - Darrell N Kotton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM) of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Andrew A Wilson
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM) of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yao Y, Wang X, Zhou D, Li H, Qian H, Zhang J, Jiang L, Wang B, Lin Q, Zhu X. Loss of AKR1B10 promotes colorectal cancer cells proliferation and migration via regulating FGF1-dependent pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:13059-13075. [PMID: 32615540 PMCID: PMC7377871 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignancy worldwide with poor prognosis and survival rates. The aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10 (AKR1B10) plays an important role in metabolism, cell proliferation and mobility, and is downregulated in CRC. We hypothesized that AKR1B10 would promote CRC genesis via a noncanonical oncogenic pathway and is a novel therapeutic target. In this study, AKR1B10 expression levels in 135 pairs of CRC and para-tumor tissues were examined, and its oncogenic role was determined using in vitro and in vivo functional assays following genetic manipulation of CRC cells. AKR1B10 was downregulated in CRC tissues compared to the adjacent normal colorectal tissues, and associated with the clinicopathological status of the patients. AKR1B10 depletion promoted the proliferation and migration of CRC cells in vitro, while its ectopic expression had the opposite effect. AKR1B10 was also significantly correlated with FGF1 gene and protein levels. Knockdown of AKR1B10 promoted tumor growth in vivo, and increased the expression of FGF1. Finally, AKR1B10 inhibited FGF1, and suppressed the proliferation and migration ability of CRC cells in an FGF1-dependent manner. In conclusion, AKR1B10 acts as a tumor suppressor in CRC by inactivating FGF1, and is a novel target for combination therapy of CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Yao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuchao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Diyuan Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huan Qian
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiawen Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Linhua Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Lin
- Suzhou Emergency Center, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinguo Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bouchecareilh M. Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency-Mediated Liver Toxicity: Why Do Some Patients Do Poorly? What Do We Know So Far? CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES (MIAMI, FLA.) 2020; 7:172-181. [PMID: 32558486 PMCID: PMC7857713 DOI: 10.15326/jcopdf.7.3.2019.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is a rare genetic disease caused by mutations in the SERPINA1 gene and is associated with a decreased level of circulating alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT). Among all the known mutations in the SERPINA1 gene, homozygous for the Z allele is well-known to result in both lung and liver disease. Unlike the lung injury that occurs in adulthood with the environment (notably, tobacco) as a co-factor, the hepatic damage is more complicated. Despite a common underlying gene mutation, the liver disease associated with AATD presents a considerable variability in the age-of-onset and severity, ranging from transient neonatal cholestasis (in early childhood) to cirrhosis and liver cancer (in childhood and adulthood). Given that all the cofactors- genetics and/or environmental- have not been fully identified, it is still impossible to predict which individuals with AATD may develop severe liver disease. The discovery of these modifiers represents the major challenge for the detection, diagnosis, and development of new therapies to provide alternative options to liver transplantation. The aim of this current review is to provide an updated overview of our knowledge on why some AATD patients associated with liver damage progress poorly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Bouchecareilh
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), University Bordeaux, Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wang C, Zhao P, Sun S, Teckman J, Balch WE. Leveraging Population Genomics for Individualized Correction of the Hallmarks of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES-JOURNAL OF THE COPD FOUNDATION 2020; 7:224-246. [PMID: 32726074 DOI: 10.15326/jcopdf.7.3.2019.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Deep medicine is rapidly moving towards a high-definition approach for therapeutic management of the patient as an individual given the rapid progress of genome sequencing technologies and machine learning algorithms. While considered a monogenic disease, alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency (AATD) patients present with complex and variable phenotypes we refer to as the "hallmarks of AATD" that involve distinct molecular mechanisms in the liver, plasma and lung tissues, likely due to both coding and non-coding variation as well as genetic and environmental modifiers in different individuals. Herein, we briefly review the current therapeutic strategies for the management of AATD. To embrace genetic diversity in the management of AATD, we provide an overview of the disease phenotypes of AATD patients harboring different AAT variants. Linking genotypic diversity to phenotypic diversity illustrates the potential for sequence-specific regions of AAT protein fold design to play very different roles during nascent synthesis in the liver and/or function in post-liver plasma and lung environments. We illustrate how to manage diversity with recently developed machine learning (ML) approaches that bridge sequence-to-function-to-structure knowledge gaps based on the principle of spatial covariance (SCV). SCV relationships provide a deep understanding of the genotype to phenotype transformation initiated by AAT variation in the population to address the role of genetic and environmental modifiers in the individual. Embracing the complexity of AATD in the population is critical for risk management and therapeutic intervention to generate a high definition medicine approach for the patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California
| | - Pei Zhao
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California
| | - Shuhong Sun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California
| | - Jeffrey Teckman
- Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Saint Louis University, and Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - William E Balch
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kakinuma S, Watanabe M. Analysis of the mechanism underlying liver diseases using human induced pluripotent stem cells. Immunol Med 2019; 42:71-78. [PMID: 31498713 DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2019.1657254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Results of recent studies have shown that disease models using human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have recapitulated the pathophysiology of genetic liver diseases, viral hepatitis and hepatic fibrosis. The utilization of human iPS cells as a model of liver diseases has several substantial advantages compared with primary hepatocytes and cancer cell lines, such as the potential for unlimited expansion and similarity of biological characteristics to normal liver cells. In this review, we have focused on modeling liver diseases using human iPS cells and discussed the experimental evidence that supports the utility of such disease models, including that in our recent studies. Genetically modified or patient-derived human iPS cells can mimic congenital liver disease phenotypes. Human iPS-derived hepatic cells can be infected with the hepatitis viruses. The co-culture of human iPS-derived hepatocytes and mesenchyme partially mimics the process of liver fibrosis. Human iPS cell-derived hepatic cells and the co-culture system of such cells will contribute to the progress of studies on the pathophysiology of genetic and non-genetic liver diseases and development of novel therapeutic strategies for treating liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sei Kakinuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) , Tokyo , Japan.,Department of Liver Disease Control, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) , Tokyo , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yamashita T, Takayama K, Hori M, Harada-Shiba M, Mizuguchi H. Pharmaceutical Research for Inherited Metabolic Disorders of the Liver Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell and Genome Editing Technologies. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:312-318. [PMID: 30828061 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Orthotopic liver transplantation, rather than drug therapy, is the major curative approach for various inherited metabolic disorders of the liver. However, the scarcity of donated livers is a serious problem. To resolve this, there is an urgent need for novel drugs to treat inherited metabolic disorders of the liver. This requirement, in turn, necessitates the establishment of suitable disease models for many inherited metabolic disorders of the liver that currently lack such models for drug development. Recent studies have shown that human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells generated from patients with inherited metabolic disorders of the liver are an ideal cell source for models that faithfully recapitulate the pathophysiology of inherited metabolic disorders of the liver. By using patient iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells, drug efficacy evaluation and drug screening can be performed. In addition, genome editing technology has enabled us to generate functionally recovered patient iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells in vitro. It is also possible to identify the genetic mutations responsible for undiagnosed liver diseases using iPS cell and genome editing technologies. Finally, a combination of exhaustive analysis, iPS cells, and genome editing technologies would be a powerful approach to accelerate the identification of novel genetic mutations responsible for undiagnosed liver diseases. In this review, we will discuss the usefulness of iPS cell and genome editing technologies in the field of inherited metabolic disorders of the liver, such as alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and familial hypercholesterolemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Yamashita
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency.,Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition
| | - Mika Hori
- Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
| | - Mariko Harada-Shiba
- Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University.,Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition.,Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Trehalose: is it a potential inhibitor of antithrombin polymerization? Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190567. [PMID: 31147454 PMCID: PMC6579975 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
SERine Protease INhibitorS (Serpins) are a superfamily of proteins that are characterized by having a similar three-dimensional structure. The native conformation is not most thermodynamically stable, so polymerization is the main consequence when its stability is altered as a result of certain mutations. The polymerization of serpins has been a research topic for many years. Different mechanisms have been proposed and in the same way different compounds or strategies have been studied to prevent polymerization. A recent paper published in Bioscience Reports by Naseem et al. [Biosci. Rep. (2019) 5, 39] studies the role of trehalose in the prevention of the polymerization of antithrombin, which belongs to the serpin superfamily. The main consequence of the antithrombin polymerization is the increased thrombotic risk, since antithrombin is the main inhibitor of the coagulation cascade. The authors demonstrate that trehalose is able to prevent the in vitro polymerization of antithrombin, under conditions in which it usually tends to polymerize, and demonstrate it by using different techniques. However, the binding site of trehalose in antithrombin should be defined by site-directed mutagenesis. On the other hand, it is not clear if all serpins polymerize in vivo through the same mechanism and it is also not clear if the same serpin can even polymerize through different mechanisms. Therefore, there are still doubts about the potential of trehalose or its derivatives to prevent in vivo antithrombin polymerization and, therefore, reduce thrombotic risk, as well as whether trehalose would be able to reduce polymerization in other serpins.
Collapse
|
34
|
Eggenschwiler R, Patronov A, Hegermann J, Fráguas-Eggenschwiler M, Wu G, Cortnumme L, Ochs M, Antes I, Cantz T. A combined in silico and in vitro study on mouse Serpina1a antitrypsin-deficiency mutants. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7486. [PMID: 31097772 PMCID: PMC6522476 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain point-mutations in the human SERPINA1-gene can cause severe α1-antitrypsin-deficiency (A1AT-D). Affected individuals can suffer from loss-of-function lung-disease and from gain-of-function liver-disease phenotypes. However, age of onset and severity of clinical appearance is heterogeneous amongst carriers, suggesting involvement of additional genetic and environmental factors. The generation of authentic A1AT-D mouse-models has been hampered by the complexity of the mouse Serpina1-gene locus and a model with concurrent lung and liver-disease is still missing. Here, we investigate point-mutations in the mouse Serpina1a antitrypsin-orthologue, which are homolog-equivalent to ones known to cause severe A1AT-D in human. We combine in silico and in vitro methods and we find that analyzed mutations do introduce potential disease-causing properties into Serpina1a. Finally, we show that introduction of the King’s-mutation causes inactivation of neutrophil elastase inhibitory-function in both, mouse and human antitrypsin, while the mouse Z-mutant retains activity. This work paves the path to generation of better A1AT-D mouse-models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reto Eggenschwiler
- Research Group Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany.
| | - Atanas Patronov
- Protein Modelling Group, Department of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany.,TUM School of Life Sciences, Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Technical University Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Jan Hegermann
- Research Core Unit Electron Microscopy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany.,Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany.,Imaging Platform of the Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Mariane Fráguas-Eggenschwiler
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany.,TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Guangming Wu
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Cell and Developmental Biology, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Leon Cortnumme
- Research Group Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Matthias Ochs
- Research Core Unit Electron Microscopy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany.,Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany.,Imaging Platform of the Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany.,Institute of Vegetative Anatomy Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, 10115, Germany
| | - Iris Antes
- Protein Modelling Group, Department of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany.,TUM School of Life Sciences, Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Technical University Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Tobias Cantz
- Research Group Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Cell and Developmental Biology, Münster, 48149, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chambers JE, Dickens JA, Marciniak SJ. Measuring the effects of α 1 -antitrypsin polymerisation on the structure and biophysical properties of the endoplasmic reticulum. Biol Cell 2018; 110:249-255. [PMID: 30129166 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201800023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An important function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is to serve as a site of secretory protein folding. When the accumulation of misfolded proteins threatens to disturb luminal homoeostasis, the cell is said to experience ER stress. By contrast, the accumulation of well-folded proteins inside the ER leads to a distinct form of strain called ER overload. The serpins comprise a large family of proteins whose folding has been studied in great detail. Some mutant serpins misfold to cause ER stress, whereas others fold but then polymerise to cause ER overload. We discuss recent advances in the use of dynamic fluorescence imaging to study these phenomena. We also discuss a new technique that we recently published, rotor-based organelle viscosity imaging (ROVI), which promises to shed more light on the biophysical features of ER stress and ER overload.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Chambers
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Jennifer A Dickens
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Stefan J Marciniak
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Disease Modelling and Regeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1144:91-99. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|