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Sekhavati Y, Strait D. Estimating ancestral ranges and biogeographical processes in early hominins. J Hum Evol 2024; 191:103547. [PMID: 38781711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Historical biogeography provides crucial insights into understanding the evolutionary history of hominins. We applied maximum-likelihood and biogeographical stochastic mapping to infer the ancestral ranges of hominins and estimate the frequency of biogeographical events. These events were inferred using two time-calibrated phylogenetic trees that differ in the position of Australopithecus sediba. Results suggest that regardless of which phylogeny was selected, Northcentral Africa was the preferred ancestral region for the ancestor of the Homo-Pan clade, as well as the ancestor of Sahelanthropus and later hominins. The northern and middle part of eastern Africa was the preferred ancestral region for several clades originating at subsequent deep nodes of the trees (∼5-4 Ma). The choice of tree topology had one important effect on results: whether hominin ancestors appearing after ∼4 Ma were widespread or endemic. These different patterns highlight the biogeographic significance of the phylogenetic relationships of A. sediba. Overall, the results showed that dispersal, local extinction, and sympatry played vital roles in creating the hominin distribution, whereas vicariance and jump dispersal were not as common. The results suggested symmetry in the directionality of dispersals. Distance probably influenced how rapidly taxa colonized a new region, and dispersals often followed the closest path. These findings are potentially impacted by the imperfection of the fossil record, suggesting that the results should be interpreted cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeganeh Sekhavati
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | - David Strait
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Cnr Kingsway and University Road Auckland Park, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
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Mussi M, Skinner MM, Melis RT, Panera J, Rubio-Jara S, Davies TW, Geraads D, Bocherens H, Briatico G, Le Cabec A, Hublin JJ, Gidna A, Bonnefille R, Di Bianco L, Méndez-Quintas E. Early Homo erectus lived at high altitudes and produced both Oldowan and Acheulean tools. Science 2023:eadd9115. [PMID: 37824630 DOI: 10.1126/science.add9115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
In Africa, the scarcity of hominin remains found in direct association with stone tools has hindered attempts to link Homo habilis and Homo erectus with particular lithic industries. The infant mandible discovered in level E at Garba IV (Melka Kunture) on the highlands of Ethiopia is critical to this issue due to its direct association with an Oldowan lithic industry. Here, we use synchrotron imaging to examine the internal morphology of the unerupted permanent dentition and confirm its identification as Homo erectus. Additionally, we utilize new palaeomagnetic ages to show that (i) the mandible in level E is ca. 2 million-years-old, and represents one of the earliest Homo erectus fossils, and (ii) that overlying level D, ca. 1.95 million-years-old, contains the earliest known Acheulean assemblage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Mussi
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Antichità, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
- Italo-Spanish Archaeological Mission at Melka Kunture and Balchit, Italy-Spain
- ISMEO - The International Association for Mediterranean and Oriental Studies, 00186 Roma, Italy
| | - Matthew M Skinner
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, UK
- Centre for the Exploration of the Deep Human Journey (CSDHJ), University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2000, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rita T Melis
- Italo-Spanish Archaeological Mission at Melka Kunture and Balchit, Italy-Spain
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Joaquín Panera
- Italo-Spanish Archaeological Mission at Melka Kunture and Balchit, Italy-Spain
- Departamento de Prehistoria, Historia Antigua y Arqueología, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Prof. Aranguren, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- IDEA, Instituto de Evolución en África, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, 28010 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Rubio-Jara
- Italo-Spanish Archaeological Mission at Melka Kunture and Balchit, Italy-Spain
- Departamento de Prehistoria, Historia Antigua y Arqueología, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Prof. Aranguren, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- IDEA, Instituto de Evolución en África, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, 28010 Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, 09002 Burgos, Spain
| | - Thomas W Davies
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, UK
| | - Denis Geraads
- Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie - Paris, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Hervé Bocherens
- Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Briatico
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Antichità, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
- Italo-Spanish Archaeological Mission at Melka Kunture and Balchit, Italy-Spain
- Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Adeline Le Cabec
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA (UMR 5199), F-33600 Pessac, France
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Chaire de Paléoanthropologie, CIRB (UMR 7241-U1050), Collège de France, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Agness Gidna
- Department of Cultural Heritage, Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Raymonde Bonnefille
- CEREGE, Université Aix-Marseille, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Technopole Arbois-Méditerranée, 13545 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 04, France
| | - Luca Di Bianco
- Italo-Spanish Archaeological Mission at Melka Kunture and Balchit, Italy-Spain
| | - Eduardo Méndez-Quintas
- Italo-Spanish Archaeological Mission at Melka Kunture and Balchit, Italy-Spain
- IDEA, Instituto de Evolución en África, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, 28010 Madrid, Spain
- GEAAT, Grupo de Estudos de Arqueoloxía, Antigüidade e Territorio. Universidade de Vigo, Facultade de Historia, Campus As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
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Edwards TR, Pickering R, Mallett TL, Herries AIR. Challenging the antiquity of the Cradle of Humankind, South Africa: Geochronological evidence restricts the age of Eurotomys bolti and Parapapio to less than 2.3 Ma at Waypoint 160, Bolt's Farm. J Hum Evol 2023; 178:103334. [PMID: 36931115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Waypoint 160 is a paleocave at Bolt's Farm in the 'Cradle of Humankind,' South Africa. It is known for the novel murid taxa Eurotomys bolti, argued to be morphologically intermediate between Eurotomys pelomyoides from Langebaanweg (∼5.1 Ma) and the earliest Otomyinae from Makapansgat Limeworks (∼3.0-2.6 Ma). Based on the presence of this specimen, an age of ∼4.5 Ma was inferred for Waypoint 160, making it far older than other Cradle sites. This biochronological age was used to argue that Parapapio and Cercopithecoides fossils from Waypoint 160 were the oldest in the region. Here, we provide a detailed sedimentological context for the in-situ deposits at Waypoint 160. We have identified interior cave deposits, in contrast to other sites at Bolt's Farm. Petrography confirms that one unit (facies D) contains in-situ microfaunal fossils, indicating the likely provenience of the E. bolti specimen. Palaeomagnetic analysis shows four periods of magnetic polarity in the sequence. Using U-Pb ages as chronological pins, we argue that the upper part of the sequence records a polarity change at the end of the Olduvai subChron (1.78 Ma). The lower part of the sequence records a polarity shift from normal to reversed that likely relates to the Feni subChron (2.16-2.12 Ma), based on a basal flowstone U-Pb age of 2.269 ± 0.075 Ma. Together this points to a depositional window of ∼500 ka, with the Parapapio and E. bolti tentatively attributed to the micromammal fossil-bearing layers dating to ∼2.27-2.07 Ma. This has significant implications for other biochronological dates in South Africa, as E. bolti is now less than ∼2.27 Ma, younger than the oldest Otomyinae at Makapansgat Limeworks and thus not ancestral to them. This chronology for Waypoint 160 challenges the presence of older, early to mid-Pliocene deposits >3.20 Ma in the Gauteng portion of the Cradle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara R Edwards
- Department of Geological Sciences, Human Evolution Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa; Human Evolution Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa.
| | - Robyn Pickering
- Department of Geological Sciences, Human Evolution Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa; Human Evolution Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa
| | - Tom L Mallett
- The Australian Archaeomagnetism Laboratory, Dept. Archaeology and History, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, 3086, Australia
| | - Andy I R Herries
- The Australian Archaeomagnetism Laboratory, Dept. Archaeology and History, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, 3086, Australia; Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006 Johannesburg, South Africa
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Mesfin I, Benjamim MH, Lebatard AE, Saos T, Pleurdeau D, Matos J, Lotter M. Evidence for Earlier Stone Age 'coastal use': The site of Dungo IV, Benguela Province, Angola. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0278775. [PMID: 36827267 PMCID: PMC9955982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between Earlier Stone Age (ESA) hominins and the southern African coastal environment has been poorly investigated, despite the high concentration of open-air sites in marine and fluvial terraces of the coastal plain from c. 1Ma onward during the Mid-Pleistocene Transition. Southern Africa provides some of the earliest evidence of coastal subsistence strategies since the end of the Middle Pleistocene, during the Middle Stone Age (MSA). These coastal MSA sites showcase the role of coastal environments in the emergence and development of modern human behaviors. Given the high prevalence of coastal ESA sites throughout the region, we seek to question the relationship between hominins and coastal landscapes much earlier in time. In this regard, the +100 m raised beaches of the Benguela Province, Angola, are key areas as they are well-preserved and contain a dense record of prehistoric occupation from the beginning of the Middle Pleistocene, including sites like Dungo, Mormolo, Sombreiro, Macaca and Punta das Vacas. Accordingly, this paper provides a critical review of the coastal ESA record of southern Africa and a detailed presentation of the Dungo IV site, through a qualitative technological analysis coupled with a quantitative inter-site comparison with contemporary southern African coastal plain sites. Through our detailed technological analyses, we highlight the influence of coastal lithological resources on the technical behaviors of hominin groups, and we propose the existence of a "regional adaptive strategy" in a coastal landscape more than 600 000 years ago. Finally, we argue for the integration of coastal landscapes into hominins' territories, suggesting that adaptation to coastal environments is actually a slower process which begins with "territorialization" well before the emergence and development of Homo sapiens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isis Mesfin
- Fyssen Foundation - Museu Nacional de Arqueologia de Benguela, Benguela, Angola
- UMR 7194 Histoire Naturelle de l’Homme Préhistorique – CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Université Perpignan Via Domitia – Alliance Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- * E-mail: ,
| | | | | | - Thibaud Saos
- UMR 7194 Histoire Naturelle de l’Homme Préhistorique – CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Université Perpignan Via Domitia – Alliance Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - David Pleurdeau
- UMR 7194 Histoire Naturelle de l’Homme Préhistorique – CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Université Perpignan Via Domitia – Alliance Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jorge Matos
- Instituto Superior Politecnico Jean Piaget, Bairro Nossa Senhora da Graça, Benguela, Angola
| | - Matt Lotter
- Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Leece AB, Martin JM, Baker S, Wilson C, Strait DS, Schwartz GT, Herries AIR. New hominin dental remains from the ∼2.04-1.95 Ma Drimolen Main Quarry, South Africa. Ann Hum Biol 2023; 50:407-427. [PMID: 37812213 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2023.2261849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Drimolen Palaeocave site is situated within the UNESCO Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa World Heritage Area and has yielded numerous hominin fossils since its discovery in 1992. Most of these fossils are represented by isolated dental elements, which have been attributed to either of two distinct hominin genera, Paranthropus and Homo. AIM This paper provides morphological descriptions for a further 19 specimens that have been recovered from the ∼2.04-1.95 Ma Drimolen Main Quarry (DMQ) deposits since 2008. This paper also discusses the two primary hypotheses used to explain Paranthropus robustus variation: sexual dimorphism, and micro-evolution within a lineage. SUBJECTS AND METHODS These 19 fossils are represented by 47 dental elements and expand the sample of DMQ early Homo from 13 to 15, and the sample of Paranthropus robustus from 69 to 84. RESULTS The evidence presented in this paper was found to be inconsistent with the sexual dimorphism hypothesis. CONCLUSION Some support was found for the micro-evolution hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Leece
- Palaeoscience, Department of Archaeology and History, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- Geoarchaeology and Archaeometry Research Group, Southern Cross GeoScience, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - J M Martin
- Palaeoscience, Department of Archaeology and History, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - S Baker
- Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - C Wilson
- Palaeoscience, Department of Archaeology and History, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - D S Strait
- Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Anthropology, WA University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - G T Schwartz
- Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, AZ State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - A I R Herries
- Palaeoscience, Department of Archaeology and History, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Grine FE, Mongle CS, Fleagle JG, Hammond AS. The taxonomic attribution of African hominin postcrania from the Miocene through the Pleistocene: Associations and assumptions. J Hum Evol 2022; 173:103255. [PMID: 36375243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Postcranial bones may provide valuable information about fossil taxa relating to their locomotor habits, manipulative abilities and body sizes. Distinctive features of the postcranial skeleton are sometimes noted in species diagnoses. Although numerous isolated postcranial fossils have become accepted by many workers as belonging to a particular species, it is worthwhile revisiting the evidence for each attribution before including them in comparative samples in relation to the descriptions of new fossils, functional analyses in relation to particular taxa, or in evolutionary contexts. Although some workers eschew the taxonomic attribution of postcranial fossils as being less important (or interesting) than interpreting their functional morphology, it is impossible to consider the evolution of functional anatomy in a taxonomic and phylogenetic vacuum. There are 21 widely recognized hominin taxa that have been described from sites in Africa dated from the Late Miocene to the Middle Pleistocene; postcranial elements have been attributed to 17 of these. The bones that have been thus assigned range from many parts of a skeleton to isolated elements. However, the extent to which postcranial material can be reliably attributed to a specific taxon varies considerably from site to site and species to species, and is often the subject of considerable debate. Here, we review the postcranial remains attributed to African hominin taxa from the Late Miocene to the Middle and Late Pleistocene and place these assignations into categories of reliability. The catalog of attributions presented here may serve as a guide for making taxonomic decisions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick E Grine
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-4364, USA; Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-4364, USA.
| | - Carrie S Mongle
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-4364, USA; Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024-5192, USA; Turkana Basin Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-4364, USA
| | - John G Fleagle
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-4364, USA
| | - Ashley S Hammond
- Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024-5192, USA; New York Consortium of Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, NY 10024, USA
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Leece AB, Martin JM, Herries AIR, Riga A, Menter CG, Moggi‐Cecchi J. New hominin dental remains from the Drimolen Main Quarry, South Africa (1999–2008). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 179:240-260. [PMCID: PMC9796117 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Twenty‐four dental specimens from the Drimolen Main Quarry (DMQ) are described. This increases the number of DMQ Paranthropus robustus specimens from 48 to 63 and DMQ Homo specimens from 8 to 12. This allows reassessment of the proposed differences between the DMQ P. robustus assemblage and that of Swartkrans. Analysis conducted assesses intraspecific and inter‐locality variation. Materials and Methods We examined the P. robustus and early Homo assemblages from South Africa. Morphology was observed using a hand lens and a binocular microscope. Mesiodistal and buccolingual measurements were taken using plastic‐tipped calipers. Summary statistics were generated and patterns of variability in P. robustus were assessed through box plots and Mann–Whitney U tests. Results Comparison between the expanded DMQ and Swartkrans P. robustus assemblages demonstrates overlap in size. Ten dental variables show statistically significant differences. Discussion The expanded P. robustus sample allowed us to re‐examine previous analyses of differences in tooth size between the samples. While analyses presented here show a high degree of overlap in the MD and BL dimensions of the two assemblages, significant differences were found in the mean values of these variables in the postcanine maxillary teeth—consistent with previous analyses. Two current hypotheses may explain this pattern: 1) dental size increase through the P. robustus lineage or 2) different sample composition between the two sites. Small sample sizes for all permanent dental classes in the DMQ assemblage represents a limitation on this analysis and interpretations thereof. Any addition to the DMQ or the Swartkrans samples may alter these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeline B. Leece
- Palaeoscience Labs, Department of Archaeology and HistoryLa Trobe University, Melbourne CampusBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jesse M. Martin
- Palaeoscience Labs, Department of Archaeology and HistoryLa Trobe University, Melbourne CampusBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Andy I. R. Herries
- Palaeoscience Labs, Department of Archaeology and HistoryLa Trobe University, Melbourne CampusBundooraVictoriaAustralia
- Palaeo Research Institute, Humanities Research VillageUniversity of JohannesburgAuckland ParkSouth Africa
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Vainer S, Matmon A, Ben Dor Y, Verrecchia EP, Eckardt F. Eolian chronology reveals causal links between tectonics, climate, and erg generation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5714. [PMID: 36175430 PMCID: PMC9522826 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33316-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluating the impact and implications of eolian repositories that mark large-scale climatic transitions requires knowledge about the timing of their emplacement and the mechanisms responsible for their production, which remain highly uncertain. Here we apply numerical modeling of cosmogenic nuclide data, measured in the largest continuous terrestrial body of sand on Earth, to determine settings under which the sand was generated, by constraining the timing of sand introduction into the interior of southern Africa. Our findings reveal that major events of sand formation and accumulation in the Kalahari Basin occurred between ~2.2 and 1 Myr ago. The establishment of the Kalahari sand field corresponds to regional, continental, and global scale morphotectonic and climatic changes that contributed to the mass production and widespread dispersion of sand. These changes substantially altered existing habitats, thus constituting a crucial milestone for flora, fauna, and hominins in southern Africa during the Pleistocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomy Vainer
- Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 919040, Jerusalem, Israel. .,Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Collège de France, IRD, INRA, CEREGE, 13545, Aix-en-Provence, France.
| | - Ari Matmon
- Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 919040, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yoav Ben Dor
- Geological Survey of Israel, 32 Yesha'ayahu Leibowitz, 9692100, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eric P Verrecchia
- Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frank Eckardt
- Dept. Environ. & Geog. Sci., University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
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Abstract
The origins of Homo, as well as the diversity and biogeographic distribution of early Homo species, remain critical outstanding issues in paleoanthropology. Debates about the recognition of early Homo, first appearance dates, and taxonomic diversity within Homo are particularly important for determining the role that southern African taxa may have played in the origins of the genus. The correct identification of Homo remains also has implications for reconstructing phylogenetic relationships between species of Australopithecus and Paranthropus, and the links between early Homo species and Homo erectus. We use microcomputed tomography and landmark-free deformation-based three-dimensional geometric morphometrics to extract taxonomically informative data from the internal structure of postcanine teeth attributed to Early Pleistocene Homo in the southern African hominin-bearing sites of Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Drimolen, and Kromdraai B. Our results indicate that, from our sample of 23 specimens, only 4 are unambiguously attributed to Homo, 3 of them coming from Swartkrans member 1 (SK 27, SK 847, and SKX 21204) and 1 from Sterkfontein (Sts 9). Three other specimens from Sterkfontein (StW 80 and 81, SE 1508, and StW 669) approximate the Homo condition in terms of overall enamel-dentine junction shape, but retain Australopithecus-like dental traits, and their generic status remains unclear. The other specimens, including SK 15, present a dominant australopith dental signature. In light of these results, previous dietary and ecological interpretations can be reevaluated, showing that the geochemical signal of one tooth from Kromdraai (KB 5223) and two from Swartkrans (SK 96 and SKX 268) is consistent with that of australopiths.
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Abstract
Sterkfontein is the most prolific single source of Australopithecus fossils, the vast majority of which were recovered from Member 4, a cave breccia now exposed by erosion and weathering at the landscape surface. A few other Australopithecus fossils, including the StW 573 skeleton, come from subterranean deposits [T. C. Partridge et al., Science 300, 607-612 (2003); R. J. Clarke, K. Kuman, J. Hum. Evol. 134, 102634 (2019)]. Here, we report a cosmogenic nuclide isochron burial date of 3.41 ± 0.11 million years (My) within the lower middle part of Member 4, and simple burial dates of 3.49 ± 0.19 My in the upper middle part of Member 4 and 3.61 ± 0.09 My in Jacovec Cavern. Together with a previously published isochron burial date of 3.67 ± 0.16 My for StW 573 [D. E. Granger et al., Nature 522, 85-88 (2015)], these results place nearly the entire Australopithecus assemblage at Sterkfontein in the mid-Pliocene, contemporaneous with Australopithecus afarensis in East Africa. Our ages for the fossil-bearing breccia in Member 4 are considerably older than the previous ages of ca. 2.1 to 2.6 My interpreted from flowstones associated with the same deposit. We show that these previously dated flowstones are stratigraphically intrusive within Member 4 and that they therefore underestimate the true age of the fossils.
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Fujioka T, Benito-Calvo A, Mora R, McHenry L, Njau JK, de la Torre I. Direct cosmogenic nuclide isochron burial dating of early Acheulian stone tools at the T69 Complex (FLK West, Olduvai Bed II, Tanzania). J Hum Evol 2022; 165:103155. [PMID: 35303498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Fujioka
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Burgos, Spain; Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Sydney, Australia.
| | - Alfonso Benito-Calvo
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Burgos, Spain
| | - Rafael Mora
- Facultat de Lletres, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lindsay McHenry
- Department of Geosciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3209 N. Maryland Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53217, USA
| | - Jackson K Njau
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Indiana University, 1001 E 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; The Stone Age Institute, 1392 W. Dittemore Rd, Bloomington, IN 47407, USA
| | - Ignacio de la Torre
- Instituto de Historia, CSIC-National Research Council, Albasanz 26-28, 28037 Madrid, Spain.
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Hanon R, Patou-Mathis M, Péan S, Prat S, Cohen BF, Steininger C. Early Pleistocene hominin subsistence behaviors in South Africa: Evidence from the hominin-bearing deposit of Cooper's D (Bloubank Valley, South Africa). J Hum Evol 2021; 162:103116. [PMID: 34915399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Evidence of the consumption of meat through hunting or scavenging by Early Pleistocene hominins is scarce, particularly in South Africa. Moreover, the interpretations of taphonomic evidence are subject to an important discussion commonly called the 'hunting-vs-scavenging debate.' Until today, only the Swartkrans Members 1-3 site has yielded a butchered bone assemblage large enough to permit reconstruction of carcass acquisition strategies by Early Pleistocene hominins in South Africa. This leaves an information gap between 1.4 and 1.0 Ma. Here, we provide the first evidence of meat consumption by hominins during this gap, based on the zooarchaeological study of the large mammal bone assemblage recovered from the Cooper's D site, South Africa. Based on skeletal part representation, our results show density-mediated attrition of bovid bones due to predepositional and postdepositional destruction. We argue that this attrition is the result of both abiotic (i.e., decalcification) and biotic (i.e., carnivore ravaging) processes. Bovid mortality profiles point out the involvement of ambush predators such as large felids. Bone surface modifications also indicate that the assemblage has been accumulated mostly by carnivores but with some hominin involvement as well. We observe all the stages of animal carcass processing (skinning, disarticulation, defleshing, marrow extraction) as well as the exploitation of a diversity of prey size classes at both Swartkrans Members 1-3 and Cooper's D. Thus, our study shows the importance of the Cooper's D bone assemblage for understanding Early Pleistocene hominin subsistence behaviors. Moreover, this article highlights the need for including long bone flake specimens in the analysis of large bone assemblages from South African caves to better understand the Early Pleistocene hominin bone damage record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Hanon
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa; UMR 7194, HNHP, MNHN/CNRS/UPVD, Alliance Sorbonne Université, Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, 1 rue René Panhard, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Marylène Patou-Mathis
- UMR 7194, HNHP, MNHN/CNRS/UPVD, Alliance Sorbonne Université, Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, 1 rue René Panhard, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Stephane Péan
- UMR 7194, HNHP, MNHN/CNRS/UPVD, Alliance Sorbonne Université, Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, 1 rue René Panhard, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Prat
- UMR 7194, HNHP, MNHN/CNRS/UPVD, Alliance Sorbonne Université, 17 place du Trocadéro, 75116 Paris, France
| | - Brigette F Cohen
- National Museum of Bloemfontein, P.O Box 266, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Christine Steininger
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre of Excellence in Palaeosciences, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Abstract
The earliest South African hominids (humans and their ancestral kin) belong to the genera Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and Homo, with the oldest being a ca. 3.67 million-year-old nearly complete skeleton of Australopithecus (StW 573) from Sterkfontein Caves. This skeleton has provided, for the first time in almost a century of research, the full anatomy of an Australopithecus individual with indisputably associated skull and postcranial bones that give complete limb lengths. The three genera are also found in East Africa, but scholars have disagreed on the taxonomic assignment for some fossils owing to historical preconceptions. Here we focus on the South African representatives to help clarify these debates. The uncovering of the StW 573 skeleton in situ revealed significant clues concerning events that had affected it over time and demonstrated that the associated stalagmite flowstones cannot provide direct dating of the fossil, as they are infillings of voids caused by postdepositional collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J. Clarke
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, WITS 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Travis Rayne Pickering
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, WITS 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Jason L. Heaton
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, WITS 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Biology, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, Alabama 35254, USA
| | - Kathleen Kuman
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, WITS 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa
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Bowland LA, Scott JE, Kivell TL, Patel BA, Tocheri MW, Orr CM. Homo naledi pollical metacarpal shaft morphology is distinctive and intermediate between that of australopiths and other members of the genus Homo. J Hum Evol 2021; 158:103048. [PMID: 34340120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Homo naledi fossils from the Rising Star cave system provide important insights into the diversity of hand morphology within the genus Homo. Notably, the pollical (thumb) metacarpal (Mc1) displays an unusual suite of characteristics including a median longitudinal crest, a narrow proximal base, and broad flaring intrinsic muscle flanges. The present study evaluates the affinities of H. naledi Mc1 morphology via 3D geometric morphometric analysis of shaft shape using a broader comparative sample (n = 337) of fossil hominins, recent humans, apes, and cercopithecoid monkeys than in prior work. Results confirm that the H. naledi Mc1 is distinctive from most other hominins in being narrow at the proximal end but surmounted by flaring muscle flanges distally. Only StW 418 (Australopithecus cf. africanus) is similar in these aspects of shape. The gracile proximal shaft is most similar to cercopithecoids, Pan, Pongo, Australopithecus afarensis, and Australopithecus sediba, suggesting that H. naledi retains the condition primitive for the genus Homo. In contrast, Neandertal Mc1s are characterized by wide proximal bases and shafts, pinched midshafts, and broad distal flanges, while those of recent humans generally have straight shafts, less robust muscle flanges, and wide proximal shafts/bases. Although uncertainties remain regarding character polarity, the morphology of the H. naledi thumb might be interpreted as a retained intermediate state in a transformation series between the overall gracility of the shaft and the robust shafts of later hominins. Such a model suggests that the addition of broad medial and lateral muscle flanges to a primitively slender shaft was the first modification in transforming the Mc1 into the overall more robust structure exhibited by other Homo taxa including Neandertals and recent Homo sapiens in whose shared lineage the bases and proximal shafts became expanded, possibly as an adaptation to the repeated recruitment of powerful intrinsic pollical muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna A Bowland
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Jill E Scott
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Denver, CO, 80217, USA; Centre for the Exploration of the Deep Human Journey, University of the Witwatersrand, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tracy L Kivell
- Centre for the Exploration of the Deep Human Journey, University of the Witwatersrand, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, UK; Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Biren A Patel
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA; Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Matthew W Tocheri
- Department of Anthropology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, P7K 1L8, Canada; Human Origins Program, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, 20560, USA; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Caley M Orr
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, 80217, USA.
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