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Alsabbagh MM. Cytokines in psoriasis: From pathogenesis to targeted therapy. Hum Immunol 2024; 85:110814. [PMID: 38768527 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2024.110814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a multifactorial disease that affects 0.84% of the global population and it can be associated with disabling comorbidities. As patients present with thick scaly lesions, psoriasis was long believed to be a disorder of keratinocytes. Psoriasis is now understood to be the outcome of the interaction between immunological and environmental factors in individuals with genetic predisposition. While it was initially thought to be solely mediated by cytokines of type-1 immunity, namely interferon-γ, interleukin-2, and interleukin-12 because it responds very well to cyclosporine, a reversible IL-2 inhibitor; the discovery of Th-17 cells advanced the understanding of the disease and helped the development of biological therapy. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the role of cytokines in psoriasis, highlighting areas of controversy and identifying the connection between cytokine imbalance and disease manifestations. It also presents the approved targeted treatments for psoriasis and those currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manahel Mahmood Alsabbagh
- Princess Al-Jawhara Center for Molecular Medicine and Inherited Disorders and Department of Molecular Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.
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2
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Chen X, Fu C, Zheng Y, Li X, Liao Y, Zheng Y, Liang W, Zhao Y, Huang J, Huang T, Bu J, Shen E. Intermittent fasting alleviates IMQ-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis via reduced γδT17 and monocytes in mice. Arch Dermatol Res 2024; 316:176. [PMID: 38758283 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-024-02886-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic immune mediated inflammatory skin disease with systemic manifestations. It has been reported that caloric restriction could improve severity of psoriasis patients. However, the mechanism of intermittent fasting effects on psoriasis has not been investigated. Caloric restriction is known to reduce the number of circulating inflammatory monocytes in a CCL2-dependent manner. However, it is still unknown whether caloric restriction can improve psoriasis by regulating monocytes through CCL2. In this study, we used imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like mouse model to explore the effects and the mechanisms of intermittent fasting on psoriasis-like dermatitis. We found that intermittent fasting could significantly improve IMQ-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis, and reduce the number of γδT17 cells and IL-17 production in draining lymph nodes and psoriatic lesion via inhibiting proliferation and increasing death of γδT17 cells. Furthermore, intermittent fasting could significantly decrease monocytes in blood, and this was associated with decreased monocytes, macrophages and DC in psoriasis-like skin inflammation. Reduced monocytes in circulation and increased monocytes in BM of fasting IMQ-induced psoriasis-like mice is through reducing the production of CCL2 from BM to inhibit monocyte egress to the periphery. Our above data shads light on the mechanisms of intermittent fasting on psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangming Chen
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Fu
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanling Zheng
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Liao
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- National Center for STD Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 200042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenting Liang
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuyang Zhao
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jijun Huang
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Huang
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Bu
- National Center for STD Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 200042, Jiangsu, China.
- Hospital for Skin Disease (Institute of Dermatology), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Erxia Shen
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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3
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Nazimek K, Bryniarski K. Macrophage Functions in Psoriasis: Lessons from Mouse Models. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5306. [PMID: 38791342 PMCID: PMC11121292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a systemic autoimmune/autoinflammatory disease that can be well studied in established mouse models. Skin-resident macrophages are classified into epidermal Langerhans cells and dermal macrophages and are involved in innate immunity, orchestration of adaptive immunity, and maintenance of tissue homeostasis due to their ability to constantly shift their phenotype and adapt to the current microenvironment. Consequently, both macrophage populations play dual roles in psoriasis. In some circumstances, pro-inflammatory activated macrophages and Langerhans cells trigger psoriatic inflammation, while in other cases their anti-inflammatory stimulation results in amelioration of the disease. These features make macrophages interesting candidates for modern therapeutic strategies. Owing to the significant progress in knowledge, our review article summarizes current achievements and indicates future research directions to better understand the function of macrophages in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krzysztof Bryniarski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Krakow, Poland;
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Xu L, Chen F, Fan W, Saito S, Cao D. The role of γδT lymphocytes in atherosclerosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1369202. [PMID: 38774876 PMCID: PMC11106432 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1369202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis poses a significant threat to human health, impacting overall well-being and imposing substantial financial burdens. Current treatment strategies mainly focus on managing low-density lipids (LDL) and optimizing liver functions. However, it's crucial to recognize that Atherosclerosis involves more than just lipid accumulation; it entails a complex interplay of immune responses. Research highlights the pivotal role of lipid-laden macrophages in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. These macrophages attract lymphocytes like CD4 and CD8 to the inflamed site, potentially intensifying the inflammatory response. γδ T lymphocytes, with their diverse functions in innate and adaptive immune responses, pathogen defense, antigen presentation, and inflammation regulation, have been implicated in the early stages of Atherosclerosis. However, our understanding of the roles of γδ T cells in Atherosclerosis remains limited. This mini-review aims to shed light on the characteristics and functions of γδ T cells in Atherosclerosis. By gaining insights into the roles of γδ T cells, we may uncover a promising strategy to mitigate plaque buildup and dampen the inflammatory response, thereby opening new avenues for effectively managing this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiMin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Entry-Exit Frontier Inspection Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fanfan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Suguru Saito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - DuoYao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Hu W, Zhang X, Sheng H, Liu Z, Chen Y, Huang Y, He W, Luo G. The mutual regulation between γδ T cells and macrophages during wound healing. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:840-851. [PMID: 37493223 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are the main cells shaping the local microenvironment during wound healing. As the prime T cells in the skin, γδ T cells participate in regulating microenvironment construction, determining their mutual regulation helps to understand the mechanisms of wound healing, and explore innovative therapeutic options for wound repair. This review introduced their respective role in wound healing firstly, and then summarized the regulatory effect of γδ T cells on macrophages, including chemotaxis, polarization, apoptosis, and pyroptosis. Last, the retrograde regulation on γδ T cells by macrophages was also discussed. The main purpose is to excavate novel interventions for treating wound and provide new thought for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wengang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), ShaPingBa District, Chongqing 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, ShaPingBa District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), ShaPingBa District, Chongqing 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, ShaPingBa District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Hao Sheng
- Urology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), XinQiao District, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Zhongyang Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, ErQi District, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Yunxia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), ShaPingBa District, Chongqing 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, ShaPingBa District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), ShaPingBa District, Chongqing 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, ShaPingBa District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Weifeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), ShaPingBa District, Chongqing 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, ShaPingBa District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Gaoxing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), ShaPingBa District, Chongqing 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, ShaPingBa District, Chongqing 400038, China
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Hu Y, Hu Q, Li Y, Lu L, Xiang Z, Yin Z, Kabelitz D, Wu Y. γδ T cells: origin and fate, subsets, diseases and immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:434. [PMID: 37989744 PMCID: PMC10663641 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01653-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The intricacy of diseases, shaped by intrinsic processes like immune system exhaustion and hyperactivation, highlights the potential of immune renormalization as a promising strategy in disease treatment. In recent years, our primary focus has centered on γδ T cell-based immunotherapy, particularly pioneering the use of allogeneic Vδ2+ γδ T cells for treating late-stage solid tumors and tuberculosis patients. However, we recognize untapped potential and optimization opportunities to fully harness γδ T cell effector functions in immunotherapy. This review aims to thoroughly examine γδ T cell immunology and its role in diseases. Initially, we elucidate functional differences between γδ T cells and their αβ T cell counterparts. We also provide an overview of major milestones in γδ T cell research since their discovery in 1984. Furthermore, we delve into the intricate biological processes governing their origin, development, fate decisions, and T cell receptor (TCR) rearrangement within the thymus. By examining the mechanisms underlying the anti-tumor functions of distinct γδ T cell subtypes based on γδTCR structure or cytokine release, we emphasize the importance of accurate subtyping in understanding γδ T cell function. We also explore the microenvironment-dependent functions of γδ T cell subsets, particularly in infectious diseases, autoimmune conditions, hematological malignancies, and solid tumors. Finally, we propose future strategies for utilizing allogeneic γδ T cells in tumor immunotherapy. Through this comprehensive review, we aim to provide readers with a holistic understanding of the molecular fundamentals and translational research frontiers of γδ T cells, ultimately contributing to further advancements in harnessing the therapeutic potential of γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hu
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Qinglin Hu
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Ligong Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Zhinan Yin
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China.
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Yangzhe Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China.
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Spiteri AG, van Vreden C, Ashhurst TM, Niewold P, King NJC. Clodronate is not protective in lethal viral encephalitis despite substantially reducing inflammatory monocyte infiltration in the CNS. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1203561. [PMID: 37545511 PMCID: PMC10403146 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1203561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM)-derived monocytes induce inflammation and tissue damage in a range of pathologies. In particular, in a mouse model of West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis (WNE), nitric oxide-producing, Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes from the BM are recruited to the central nervous system (CNS) and contribute to lethal immune pathology. Reducing the migration of these cells into the CNS using monoclonal antibody blockade, immune-modifying particles or CSF-1R inhibitors reduces neuroinflammation, improving survival and/or clinical outcomes. Macrophages can also be targeted more broadly by administration of clodronate-encapsulated liposomes, which induce apoptosis in phagocytes. In this study, clodronate reduced the inflammatory infiltrate by 70% in WNE, however, surprisingly, this had no effect on disease outcome. More detailed analysis demonstrated a compensatory increase in neutrophils and enhanced activation status of microglia in the brain. In addition, we observed increased numbers of Ly6Chi BM monocytes with an increased proliferative capacity and expression of SCA-1 and CD16/32, potentially indicating output of immature cells from the BM. Once in the brain, these cells were more phagocytic and had a reduced expression of antigen-presenting molecules. Lastly, we show that clodronate also reduces non-myeloid cells in the spleen and BM, as well as ablating red blood cells and their proliferation. These factors likely impeded the therapeutic potential of clodronate in WNE. Thus, while clodronate provides an excellent system to deplete macrophages in the body, it has larger and broader effects on the phagocytic and non-phagocytic system, which must be considered in the interpretation of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna G. Spiteri
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Caryn van Vreden
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas M. Ashhurst
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paula Niewold
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Nicholas J. C. King
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Pinget GV, Tan JK, Ni D, Taitz J, Daien CI, Mielle J, Moore RJ, Stanley D, Simpson S, King NJC, Macia L. Dysbiosis in imiquimod-induced psoriasis alters gut immunity and exacerbates colitis development. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111191. [PMID: 35977500 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis has long been associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); however, a causal link is yet to be established. Here, we demonstrate that imiquimod-induced psoriasis (IMQ-pso) in mice disrupts gut homeostasis, characterized by increased proportions of colonic CX3CR1hi macrophages, altered cytokine production, and bacterial dysbiosis. Gut microbiota from these mice produce higher levels of succinate, which induce de novo proliferation of CX3CR1hi macrophages ex vivo, while disrupted gut homeostasis primes IMQ-pso mice for more severe colitis with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) challenge. These results demonstrate that changes in the gut environment in psoriasis lead to greater susceptibility to IBD in mice, suggesting a two-hit requirement, that is, psoriasis-induced altered gut homeostasis and a secondary environmental challenge. This may explain the increased prevalence of IBD in patients with psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Veronica Pinget
- The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Chronic Diseases Theme, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jian Kai Tan
- The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Chronic Diseases Theme, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Duan Ni
- The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Chronic Diseases Theme, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jemma Taitz
- The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Chronic Diseases Theme, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Claire Immediato Daien
- The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; CHRU Montpellier, University of Montpellier & INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR, PhyMedExp, 9214 Montpellier, France
| | - Julie Mielle
- The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; CHRU Montpellier, University of Montpellier & INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR, PhyMedExp, 9214 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Dragana Stanley
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Kawana, QLD 4701, Australia
| | - Stephen Simpson
- The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nicholas Jonathan Cole King
- The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Chronic Diseases Theme, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Laurence Macia
- The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Chronic Diseases Theme, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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