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Zalewska-Piątek B. Phage Therapy-Challenges, Opportunities and Future Prospects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1638. [PMID: 38139765 PMCID: PMC10747886 DOI: 10.3390/ph16121638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing drug resistance of bacteria to commonly used antibiotics creates the need to search for and develop alternative forms of treatment. Phage therapy fits this trend perfectly. Phages that selectively infect and kill bacteria are often the only life-saving therapeutic option. Full legalization of this treatment method could help solve the problem of multidrug-resistant infectious diseases on a global scale. The aim of this review is to present the prospects for the development of phage therapy, the ethical and legal aspects of this form of treatment given the current situation of such therapy, and the benefits of using phage products in persons for whom available therapeutic options have been exhausted or do not exist at all. In addition, the challenges faced by this form of therapy in the fight against bacterial infections are also described. More clinical studies are needed to expand knowledge about phages, their dosage, and a standardized delivery system. These activities are necessary to ensure that phage-based therapy does not take the form of an experiment but is a standard medical treatment. Bacterial viruses will probably not become a miracle cure-a panacea for infections-but they have a chance to find an important place in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Zalewska-Piątek
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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2
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Kaur S, Singh D. A Sojourn on Liposomal Delivery System: Recent Advances and Future Prospects. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2023; 21:48-64. [PMID: 36856471 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2022.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Liposomes are unique novel drug delivery carriers that favor the effective transportation of pharmaceuticals. These vesicles acquire one or more phospholipid bilayer membranes, and an inner aqueous core can carry both aqueous and lipid drugs. While hydrophilic molecules can be confined in the aqueous core, hydrophobic molecules are injected into the bilayer membrane. Liposomes have many benefits as a drug delivery method, including biocompatibility, the capacity to carry large drug payloads, and a variety of physicochemical and biological parameters that can be altered to influence their biological characteristics. In addition, being a size of 10-100 nm range can have numerous additional benefits, including enhanced pharmacokinetics, clever escape from the reticuloendothelial system, greater in vivo stability, longer and site-specific administration, and increased internalization in tumor tissue (enhanced permeability and retention impact). The current review focuses on the structural composition of liposomes, formulation technologies, and suitable case studies for optimizing biopharmaceutical performance. Moreover, clinical trials and marketed formulations of liposomes have been also stated in the prior art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simranjeet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Dilpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
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Noronha MA, D'Angelo NA, Pérez-Sánchez G, Severino P, Ann Foglio M, Greaves TL, F. B. Pereira J, Lopes AM. Self-assembling micelles of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) for loading hydrophobic (bio)molecules. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.121154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Khan MRI, Thangarasu M, Kang H, Hwang I. Plant produced endotoxin binding recombinant proteins effectively remove endotoxins from protein samples. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16377. [PMID: 36180579 PMCID: PMC9525263 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20776-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are highly toxic compounds, even at a trace amount. When recombinant proteins are produced in E. coli, it is inevitable that LPS contaminates. However, LPS removal is still technically challenging and costly due to the high degree of solubility in a wide range of solvents. In this study, we explored the possibility of using the N-terminal region containing cysteine-rich, EGF-like, and sushi1–3 domains (CES3) of Factor C from the horseshoe crab Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda to develop a platform to remove LPS from recombinant proteins. We expressed CES3 as part of a recombinant protein, BiP:NT:CBM3:SUMO:CES3:His:HDEL, in Nicotiana benthamiana and found that purified or microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) bead-immobilised CES3 showed strong binding to LPS-containing E. coli. To produce CES3:CBM3 in an LPS-free environment, we generated Arabidopsis transgenic plants harbouring a recombinant gene, BiP:NT:SUMO:CES3:CBM3:HDEL, and found that transgenic plants mainly produce CES3:CBM3:His:HDEL, a truncated version of BiP:NT:SUMO:CES3:CBM3:HDEL via endogenous protease-mediated proteolytic processing in vivo. CES3:CBM3:HDEL purified from Arabidopsis plant extracts and immobilised onto MCC beads removed LPS contamination from protein samples. We propose that the CES3:CBM3 fusion protein produced in plants and immobilised on MCC beads can be a robust and easy platform for LPS removal from recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rezaul Islam Khan
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | | | - Hyangju Kang
- R&D Center, BioApplications Inc., Technopark Complex, Pohang, 37668, Korea
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea.
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5
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Anwar M, Muhammad F, Aslam B, Saleemi MK. Isolation, characterization and in-vitro antigenicity studies of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of Salmonella gallinarum coated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Immunobiology 2021; 226:152131. [PMID: 34461389 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of biomimetic nanoparticles by combining the natural cellular material with synthetic nanoparticles has inspired innovative therapeutic strategies as compared to traditional line of therapeutics. Therefore, the research was conducted to prepare the outer membrane proteins (OMPs) from Salmonella gallinarum and coated on to the surface of synthetic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The size of the final product was characterized by Zeta sizer and Zeta potential. The coating of outer membrane proteins onto the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The sterility, stability and safety of the prepared antigen was confirmed by standard culture media, in biological buffer solution and in-vitro pyrogenic testing, respectively. In-vitro antigenicity of outer membrane protein alone and coated with gold nanoparticles were observed through macrophage phagocytosis assay. On the basis of results, it was anticipated that bacterial outer membrane protein has immunogenic antigenic properties and coating of bacterial outer membrane protein on the surfaces of synthetic gold nanoparticles not only preserved the complex biological characteristics of bacteria but also provided greater immune responses as compared to outer membrane protein alone. So, it was concluded that the coating of bacterial outer membrane proteins on the surface of synthetic gold nanoparticles have synergistic effects to induce the immune responses and promising potential to develop the effective antibacterial vaccine against salmonellosis in poultry birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Anwar
- Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Faqir Muhammad
- Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Bilal Aslam
- Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Gupta I, Chakraborty J, Roy S, Farinas ET, Mitra S. Nanocarbon immobilized membranes for generating bacteria and endotoxin free water via membrane distillation. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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7
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Tagaya M, Oda Y, Kimura A, Irifune R, Okano S, Murataka T, Handa H, Takahashi S. An easy disinfection strategy for pipes connecting hemodialysis equipment. Int J Artif Organs 2020; 44:385-392. [PMID: 33222595 DOI: 10.1177/0391398820975034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A hemodialysis room has pipes connecting the console and central fluid equipment. While these pipes require disinfection, reports detailing disinfection strategies are unavailable. Therefore, we aimed to compare two easy disinfection strategies differing in sanitization frequency and sanitizer concentration. METHODS Reverse osmosis water (ROW) purifying equipment and six dialysis consoles were connected by 20 m of pipes. Only ROW flowed through these pipes, because the dialysate solution was constituted at each console. The pipes were sanitized by two strategies: (1) strong and monthly (hypochlorite concentration: 100 ppm) or (2) weak and weekly (5 ppm). Both strategies were easy because the sodium hypochlorite was simply added to the ROW tank. To estimate sanitization efficacy, endotoxin counts at the ROW tank outlet, the end of the pipe, and the pipe after the endotoxin-cutting filter in each console were measured monthly for six continuous months. These counts were compared between the two sanitization strategies. RESULTS The endotoxin counts at the ROW tank outlet and the end of the pipe were 0.004-0.017 and 0.012-0.081 EU/mL, respectively, in the strong and monthly strategy, and 0.001-0.003 and 0.001-0.005 EU/mL, respectively, in the weak and weekly strategy. The endotoxin counts at the pipe after the endotoxin-cutting filter were less than 0.001 EU/mL during the study period in both strategies. CONCLUSION A weekly disinfection strategy was more effective than a monthly one, despite the lower hypochlorite concentration. The present study suggests that frequency is the most important factor in the disinfection of pipes in a dialysis room.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Tagaya
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center, Kure, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yosuke Oda
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center, Kure, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Aki Kimura
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center, Kure, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ryuji Irifune
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center, Kure, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shinya Okano
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center, Kure, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takuo Murataka
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center, Kure, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroki Handa
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center, Kure, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Takahashi
- Department of Nephrology, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center, Kure, Hiroshima, Japan
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8
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Møller-Olsen C, Ross T, Leppard KN, Foisor V, Smith C, Grammatopoulos DK, Sagona AP. Bacteriophage K1F targets Escherichia coli K1 in cerebral endothelial cells and influences the barrier function. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8903. [PMID: 32483257 PMCID: PMC7264188 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65867-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial neonatal meningitis results in high mortality and morbidity rates for those affected. Although improvements in diagnosis and treatment have led to a decline in mortality rates, morbidity rates have remained relatively unchanged. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics in this clinical setting further underlines the need for developing other technologies, such as phage therapy. We exploited an in vitro phage therapy model for studying bacterial neonatal meningitis based on Escherichia coli (E. coli) EV36, bacteriophage (phage) K1F and human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMECs). We show that phage K1F is phagocytosed and degraded by constitutive- and PAMP-dependent LC3-assisted phagocytosis and does not induce expression of inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-6, IL-8 or IFNβ. Additionally, we observed that phage K1F temporarily decreases the barrier resistance of hCMEC cultures, a property that influences the barrier permeability, which could facilitate the transition of immune cells across the endothelial vessel in vivo. Collectively, we demonstrate that phage K1F can infect intracellular E. coli EV36 within hCMECs without themselves eliciting an inflammatory or defensive response. This study illustrates the potential of phage therapy targeting infections such as bacterial neonatal meningitis and is an important step for the continued development of phage therapy targeting antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections generally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toby Ross
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
| | - Keith N Leppard
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
| | - Veronica Foisor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
| | - Corinne Smith
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
| | - Dimitris K Grammatopoulos
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
- Institute of Precision Diagnostics and Translational Medicine, Dept of Pathology, UHCW NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, CV2 2DX, Coventry, UK
| | - Antonia P Sagona
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK.
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL, UK.
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9
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Schneier M, Razdan S, Miller AM, Briceno ME, Barua S. Current technologies to endotoxin detection and removal for biopharmaceutical purification. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2588-2609. [PMID: 32333387 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxins are the major contributors to the pyrogenic response caused by contaminated pharmaceutical products, formulation ingredients, and medical devices. Recombinant biopharmaceutical products are manufactured using living organisms, including Gram-negative bacteria. Upon the death of a Gram-negative bacterium, endotoxins (also known as lipopolysaccharides) in the outer cell membrane are released into the lysate where they can interact with and form bonds with biomolecules, including target therapeutic compounds. Endotoxin contamination of biologic products may also occur through water, raw materials such as excipients, media, additives, sera, equipment, containers closure systems, and expression systems used in manufacturing. The manufacturing process is, therefore, in critical need of methods to reduce and remove endotoxins by monitoring raw materials and in-process intermediates at critical steps, in addition to final drug product release testing. This review paper highlights a discussion on three major topics about endotoxin detection techniques, upstream processes for the production of therapeutic molecules, and downstream processes to eliminate endotoxins during product purification. Finally, we have evaluated the effectiveness of endotoxin removal processes from a perspective of high purity and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason Schneier
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri
| | - Sidharth Razdan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri
| | - Allison M Miller
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri
| | - Maria E Briceno
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri
| | - Sutapa Barua
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri
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10
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Styles KM, Thummeepak R, Leungtongkam U, Smith SE, Christie GS, Millard A, Moat J, Dowson CG, Wellington EMH, Sitthisak S, Sagona AP. Investigating Bacteriophages Targeting the Opportunistic Pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9040200. [PMID: 32331271 PMCID: PMC7235909 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9040200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The multi-drug resistance of the opportunistic pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii is of growing concern, with many clinical isolates proving to be resistant to last resort as well as front line antibiotic treatments. The use of bacteriophages is an attractive alternative to controlling and treating this emerging nosocomial pathogen. In this study, we have investigated bacteriophages collected from hospital wastewater in Thailand and we have explored their activity against clinical isolates of A. baumannii. Bacteriophage vB_AbaM_PhT2 showed 28% host range against 150 multidrug resistant (MDR) isolates and whole genome sequencing did not detect any known virulence factors or antibiotic resistance genes. Purified vB_AbaM_PhT2 samples had endotoxin levels below those recommended for preclinical trials and were not shown to be directly cytotoxic to human cell lines in vitro. The treatment of human brain and bladder cell lines grown in the presence of A. baumannii with this bacteriophage released significantly less lactate dehydrogenase compared to samples with no bacteriophage treatment, indicating that vB_AbaM_PhT2 can protect from A. baumannii induced cellular damage. Our results have also indicated that there is synergy between this bacteriophage and the end line antibiotic colistin. We therefore propose bacteriophage vB_AbaM_PhT2 as a good candidate for future research and for its potential development into a surface antimicrobial for use in hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M. Styles
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (K.M.S.); (S.E.S.); (J.M.); (C.G.D.); (E.M.H.W.)
| | - Rapee Thummeepak
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Muang, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand; (R.T.); (U.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Udomluk Leungtongkam
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Muang, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand; (R.T.); (U.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Sophie E. Smith
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (K.M.S.); (S.E.S.); (J.M.); (C.G.D.); (E.M.H.W.)
| | | | - Andrew Millard
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK;
| | - John Moat
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (K.M.S.); (S.E.S.); (J.M.); (C.G.D.); (E.M.H.W.)
- Warwick Antimicrobial Screening Facility, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Christopher G. Dowson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (K.M.S.); (S.E.S.); (J.M.); (C.G.D.); (E.M.H.W.)
- Warwick Antimicrobial Screening Facility, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Elizabeth M. H. Wellington
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (K.M.S.); (S.E.S.); (J.M.); (C.G.D.); (E.M.H.W.)
| | - Sutthirat Sitthisak
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Muang, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand; (R.T.); (U.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Antonia P. Sagona
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (K.M.S.); (S.E.S.); (J.M.); (C.G.D.); (E.M.H.W.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Araujo LDCT, Rodriguez-Fernández DE, Wibrantz M, Karp SG, Junior GD, Souza EMD, Soccol CR, Thomaz-Soccol V. Recovery of recombinant proteins CFP10 and ESAT6 from Escherichia coli inclusion bodies for tuberculosis diagnosis: a statistical optimization approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biori.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Hu R, Li H, Lei Z, Han Q, Yu X, Zhou N, Zhang X, Mao Y, Wang X, Irwin DM, Niu G, Tan H. Construction of a sensitive pyrogen-testing cell model by site-specific knock-in of multiple genes. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2652-2661. [PMID: 31180145 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A pyrogen test is crucial for evaluating the safety of drugs and medical equipment, especially those involved in injections. As existing pyrogen tests, including the rabbit pyrogen test, the limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) test and the monocyte activation test have limitations, development of new models for pyrogen testing is necessary. Here we develop a sensitive cell model for pyrogen test based on the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) signal pathway. TLR4, MD2, and CD14 play key roles in the LPS-mediated pyrogen reaction. We established a new TLR4/MD2/CD14-specific overexpressing knock-in cell model using the CRISPR/CAS9 technology and homologous recombination to detect LPS. Stimulation of our TLR4/CD14/MD2 knock-in cell line model with LPS leads to the release of the cytokines IL-6 and TNF-alpha, with a detection limit of 0.005 EU/ml, which is greatly lower than the lower limit of 0.015 EU/ml detected by the Tachypleus amebocyte lysate (TAL) assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruobi Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Lei
- Beijing N&N Genetech Company, Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Qing Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuyan Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuehui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqing Mao
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - David M Irwin
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gang Niu
- Beijing N&N Genetech Company, Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Huanran Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
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13
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Teixeira-Pinto RGR, Molino JVD, Santos-Ebinuma VC, Pessoa A, Valentini SR, Pereira JFB, Lopes AM. Effect of electrolytes as adjuvants in GFP and LPS partitioning on aqueous two-phase systems: 2. Nonionic micellar systems. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Lopes AM, Molino JVD, dos Santos-Ebinuma VC, Pessoa A, Valentini SR, Pereira JFB. Effect of electrolytes as adjuvants in GFP and LPS partitioning on aqueous two-phase systems: 1. Polymer-polymer systems. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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15
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Chen L, Glass JJ, De Rose R, Sperling C, Kent SJ, Houston ZH, Fletcher NL, Rolfe BE, Thurecht KJ. Influence of Charge on Hemocompatibility and Immunoreactivity of Polymeric Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 1:756-767. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua J. Glass
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Robert De Rose
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Claudia Sperling
- Institute Biofunctional Polymer Materials, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Dresden D-01069, Germany
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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16
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Prasad P, Sachan S, Suman S, Swayambhu G, Gupta S. Regenerative Core-Shell Nanoparticles for Simultaneous Removal and Detection of Endotoxins. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:7396-7403. [PMID: 29806945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Detection and removal of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from food and pharmaceutical preparations is important for their safe intake and administration to avoid septic shock. We have developed an abiotic system for reversible capture, removal, and detection of LPS in aqueous solutions. Our system comprises long C18 acyl chains tethered to Fe3O4/Au/Fe3O4 nanoflowers (NFs) that act as solid supports during the separation process. The reversible LPS binding is mediated by facile hydrophobic interactions between the C18 chains and the bioactive lipid A component present on the LPS molecule. Various parameters such as pH, solvent, sonication time, NF concentration, alkane chain length, and density are optimized to achieve a maximum LPS capture efficiency. The NFs can be reused at least three times by simply breaking the NF-LPS complexes in the presence of food-grade surfactants, making the entire process safe, efficient, and scalable. The regenerated particles also serve as colorimetric labels in dot blot bioassays for simple and rapid estimation of the LPS removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Prasad
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi , New Delhi 110016 , India
| | - Siddharth Sachan
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi , New Delhi 110016 , India
| | - Sneha Suman
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi , New Delhi 110016 , India
| | - Girish Swayambhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi , New Delhi 110016 , India
| | - Shalini Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi , New Delhi 110016 , India
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He Q, Gao H, Xu LM, Lu Y, Wang C, Rui J, Fan H, Wang XY, Wang JZ. Analysis of IL-6 and IL-1β release in cryopreserved pooled human whole blood stimulated with endotoxin. Innate Immun 2018; 24:316-322. [PMID: 29793382 PMCID: PMC6830915 DOI: 10.1177/1753425918777596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To overcome the lack of availability of fresh human whole blood for pyrogen
detection, we explored the feasibility of utilizing cryopreserved pooled human
blood to detect the responses of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β
to LPS. Whole blood was obtained from five donors and incubated with LPS. The
quantities of pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured using ELISA, and the
results were compared among the samples. After the blood was cryopreserved with
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (10% v/v) and stored for 4 mo at –196℃, the detection
limits of the IL-6/IL-1β responses to LPS were 0.2/0.4 endotoxin units (EU)/ml,
respectively, and IL-6/IL-1β release increased in response to LPS in a
dose-dependent manner. When these experiments were performed in three separate
laboratories, the within-laboratory reproducibility of the IL-6/IL-1β responses
was 100%/86.7%, 93.3%/100%, and 86.7%/80%, and the inter-laboratory
reproducibility was 92.9%/85.7%, 64.3%/63.6%, and 57.1%/66.7%, respectively. The
sensitivity (the probability of correctly classifying positive samples) and
specificity (the probability of correctly classifying negative samples) of the
IL-6/IL-1β tests were 81.7%/82.5% and 100%/100%, respectively. The results of
this study suggest that cryopreserved pooled blood is a convenient and viable
alternative for evaluating in vitro pyrogenicity. Additionally,
maintaining cryopreserved pooled blood promotes safety for the user because it
is released only after pretesting for infection parameters and has lower
variation than fresh donations from a variety of donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing He
- 1 National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Gao
- 1 National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ming Xu
- 1 National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Lu
- 1 National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chong Wang
- 2 Tianjin Institute for Drug Control, China
| | - Jing Rui
- 2 Tianjin Institute for Drug Control, China
| | - Hua Fan
- 3 Liaoning Institute for Drug Control, China
| | | | - Jun-Zhi Wang
- 1 National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
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18
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Liebers V, Kendzia B, Stubel H, Borowitzki G, Gering V, Monsé C, Hagemeyer O, Merget R, Brüning T, Raulf M. Cell Activation and Cytokine Release Ex Vivo: Estimation of Reproducibility of the Whole-Blood Assay with Fresh Human Blood. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1108:25-36. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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19
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Sugo K, Okuyama T. Hydroxyapatite chromatographic procedures for phospholipids: Endotoxin purification methods. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2017.1397025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Sugo
- Research and Development Department, HOYA Technosurgical Corporation, Akishima-shi, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Van Belleghem JD, Merabishvili M, Vergauwen B, Lavigne R, Vaneechoutte M. A comparative study of different strategies for removal of endotoxins from bacteriophage preparations. J Microbiol Methods 2017; 132:153-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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21
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Il’ina AV, Varlamov VP. Determination of residual protein and endotoxins in chitosan (review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683816050082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Elvers KT, Williams AJK. Molecular Methods and Protein Synthesis for Definition of Autoantibody Epitopes. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1433:179-207. [PMID: 27032951 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2016_339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Epitope mapping is the process of experimentally identifying the binding sites, or "epitopes," of antibodies on their target antigens. Understanding the antibody-epitope interaction provides a basis for the rational design of potential preventative vaccines. Islet autoantibodies are currently the best available biomarkers for predicting future type 1 diabetes. These include autoantibodies to the islet beta cell proteins, insulin and the tyrosine phosphatase islet antigen-2 (IA-2) which selectively bind to a small number of dominant epitopes associated with increased risk of disease progression. The major epitope regions of insulin and IA-2 autoantibodies have been identified, but need to be mapped more precisely. In order to characterize these epitopes more accurately, this article describes the methods of cloning and mutagenesis of insulin and IA-2 and subsequent purification of the proteins that can be tested in displacement analysis and used to monitor immune responses, in vivo, to native and mutated proteins in a humanized mouse model carrying the high-risk HLA class II susceptibility haplotype DRB1*04-DQ8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen T Elvers
- Diabetes and Metabolism Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Alistair J K Williams
- Diabetes and Metabolism Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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23
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Tagaya M, Matsuda M, Ryugo M, Takasaki T, Kurita S, Handa H, Hara K. Is using an open-reservoir cardiopulmonary bypass circuit after 6 days on standby safe? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2015; 22:155-60. [PMID: 26573764 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivv302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the sterility and biocompatibility of a stored open-reservoir cardiopulmonary bypass circuit maintained on standby. METHODS A total of four cardiopulmonary bypass circuits were assembled, primed and left to recirculate. One unit was placed in a positive-pressure operating room and the other three were placed in the intensive care unit. The primed solutions, which employed Ringer's acetate, hydroxyethylated starch and hydrate steroid, were sampled after 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 h in all cardiopulmonary bypass circuits to measure the bacteria count, endotoxin count and chemical substances within the primed solution. Chemical substances were detected by assessing the following: the total organic carbon by the combustion oxidation infrared spectrometry, and molecular weight spread by gel permeation chromatography. The environments were left unattended and were uncovered during the storage period to mimic the clinical scenario. RESULTS There were no bacteria in any of the primed solutions, and only very minute concentrations of endotoxins were detected, both in the operating room and in the intensive care unit. The total organic carbon concentration was slightly more concentrated in the 144-h samples when compared with that in the 0-h samples. However, the molecular weight spread of the 0-h sample was identical to that in the 144-h sample. DISCUSSION With regard to the presence of bacteria and endotoxins, we noted that the hardshell reservoirs in the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit were effectively sealed and not invaded by bacteria. With regard to the presence of chemical substances, we noted that an increase in total organic carbon concentration was caused by bedewing, and that there was no release of chemical substances such as a polymer-coating agent, or other molecular materials in the primed solution. CONCLUSIONS There was no contamination or release of chemical substances in 6-day old cardiopulmonary bypass circuits maintained on standby, confirming that they are safe to use in terms of sterility and biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Tagaya
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Centre and Chugoku Cancer Centre, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Morihiro Matsuda
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Centre and Chugoku Cancer Centre, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ryugo
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Centre and Chugoku Cancer Centre, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Taiichi Takasaki
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Centre and Chugoku Cancer Centre, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Kurita
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Centre and Chugoku Cancer Centre, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroki Handa
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Centre and Chugoku Cancer Centre, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Hara
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Centre and Chugoku Cancer Centre, Hiroshima, Japan
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24
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Avula M, Jones D, Rao AN, McClain D, McGill LD, Grainger DW, Solzbacher F. Local release of masitinib alters in vivo implantable continuous glucose sensor performance. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 77:149-56. [PMID: 26402593 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors are often advocated as a clinical solution to improve long-term glycemic control in the context of diabetes. Subcutaneous sensor inflammatory response, fouling and fibrous encapsulation resulting from the host foreign body response (FBR) reduce sensor sensitivity to glucose, eventually resulting in sensor performance compromise and device failure. Several combination device strategies load CGM sensors with drug payloads that release locally to tissue sites to mitigate FBR-mediated sensor failure. In this study, the mast cell-targeting tyrosine kinase inhibitor, masitinib, was released from degradable polymer microspheres delivered from the surfaces of FDA-approved human commercial CGM needle-type implanted sensors in a rodent subcutaneous test bed. By targeting the mast cell c-Kit receptor and inhibiting mast cell activation and degranulation, local masitinib penetration around the CGM to several hundred microns sought to reduce sensor fibrosis to extend CGM functional lifetimes in subcutaneous sites. Drug-releasing and control CGM implants were compared in murine percutaneous implant sites for 21 days using direct-wire continuous glucose reporting. Drug-releasing implants exhibited no significant difference in CGM fibrosis at implant sites but showed relatively stable continuous sensor responses over the study period compared to blank microsphere control CGM implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Avula
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - D Jones
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - A N Rao
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - D McClain
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - L D McGill
- Associated Regional and University Pathologist Laboratories, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - D W Grainger
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - F Solzbacher
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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25
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Haile LA, Puig M, Kelley-Baker L, Verthelyi D. Detection of innate immune response modulating impurities in therapeutic proteins. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125078. [PMID: 25901912 PMCID: PMC4406594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins can contain multiple impurities, some of which are variants of the product, while others are derived from the cell substrate and the manufacturing process. Such impurities, even when present at trace levels, have the potential to activate innate immune cells in peripheral blood or embedded in tissues causing expression of cytokines and chemokines, increasing antigen uptake, facilitating processing and presentation by antigen presenting cells, and fostering product immunogenicity. Currently, while products are tested for host cell protein content, assays to control innate immune response modulating impurities (IIRMIs) in products are focused mainly on endotoxin and nucleic acids, however, depending on the cell substrate and the manufacturing process, numerous other IIRMI could be present. In these studies we assess two approaches that allow for the detection of a broader subset of IIRMIs. In the first, we use commercial cell lines transfected with Toll like receptors (TLR) to detect receptor-specific agonists. This method is sensitive to trace levels of IIRMI and provides information of the type of IIRMIs present but is limited by the availability of stably transfected cell lines and requires pre-existing knowledge of the IIRMIs likely to be present in the product. Alternatively, the use of a combination of macrophage cell lines of human and mouse origin allows for the detection of a broader spectrum of impurities, but does not identify the source of the activation. Importantly, for either system the lower limit of detection (LLOD) of impurities was similar to that of PBMC and it was not modified by the therapeutic protein tested, even in settings where the product had inherent immune modulatory properties. Together these data indicate that a cell-based assay approach could be used to screen products for the presence of IIRMIs and inform immunogenicity risk assessments, particularly in the context of comparability exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Asrat Haile
- Laboratory of Immunology, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Montserrat Puig
- Laboratory of Immunology, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Logan Kelley-Baker
- Laboratory of Immunology, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniela Verthelyi
- Laboratory of Immunology, Division of Biotechnology Review and Research III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Removal of endotoxins from bacteriophage preparations by extraction with organic solvents. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122672. [PMID: 25811193 PMCID: PMC4374689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin, pyrogen) constitutes a very troubling contaminant of crude phage lysates produced in Gram-negative bacteria. Toxicity of LPS depends on the strong innate immunity response including the cytokines. Therefore, its removal is important for bacteriophage applications. In this paper, we present a procedure for extractive removal of endotoxin from bacteriophage preparations with water immiscible solvents (1-octanol or 1-butanol). During extraction most of the phage lytic activity is retained in the aqueous phase, while endotoxin accumulates in the organic solvent. The levels of endotoxin (expressed as endotoxin units, EU) in the aqueous bacteriophage-containing fraction determined by limulus amebocyte lysate or EndoLISA assay were exceptionally low. While the initial endotoxin levels in the crude phage lysates ranged between 103 and 105 EU/ml the average level after organic extraction remaining in the aqueous fraction was 5.3 EU/ml. These values when related to phage titers decreased from 103-105 EU/109 PFU (plaque forming units) down to an average of 2.8 EU/109 PFU. The purification procedure is scalable, efficient and applicable to all the bacteriophages tested: T4, HAP1 (E. coli) and F8 (P. aeruginosa).
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27
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Avula MN, Rao AN, McGill LD, Grainger DW, Solzbacher F. Foreign body response to subcutaneous biomaterial implants in a mast cell-deficient Kit(w-Sh) murine model. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:1856-63. [PMID: 24406200 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs)_are recognized for their functional role in wound-healing and allergic and inflammatory responses - host responses that are frequently detrimental to implanted biomaterials if extended beyond acute reactivity. These tissue reactions impact especially on the performance of sensing implants such as continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices. Our hypothesis that effective blockade of MC activity around implants could alter the host foreign body response (FBR) and enhance the in vivo lifetime of these implantable devices motivated this study. Stem cell factor and its ligand c-KIT receptor are critically important for MC survival, differentiation and degranulation. Therefore, an MC-deficient sash mouse model was used to assess MC relationships to the in vivo performance of CGM implants. Additionally, local delivery of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) that inhibits c-KIT activity was also used to evaluate the role of MCs in modulating the FBR. Model sensor implants comprising polyester fibers coated with a rapidly dissolving polymer coating containing drug-releasing degradable microspheres were implanted subcutaneously in sash mice for various time points, and the FBR was evaluated for chronic inflammation and fibrous capsule formation around the implants. No significant differences were observed in the foreign body capsule formation between control and drug-releasing implant groups in MC-deficient mice. However, fibrous encapsulation was significantly greater around the drug-releasing implants in sash mice compared to drug-releasing implants in wild-type (e.g. MC-competent) mice. These results provide insights into the role of MCs in the FBR, suggesting that MC deficiency provides alternative pathways for host inflammatory responses to implanted biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Avula
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - A N Rao
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - L D McGill
- Associated Regional and University Pathologist Laboratories, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - D W Grainger
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - F Solzbacher
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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28
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Avula MN, Rao AN, McGill LD, Grainger DW, Solzbacher F. Modulation of the foreign body response to implanted sensor models through device-based delivery of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, masitinib. Biomaterials 2013; 34:9737-46. [PMID: 24060424 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The host foreign body response (FBR) adversely effects the performance of numerous implanted biomaterials especially biosensors, including clinically popular glucose-monitoring sensors. Reactive formation of a fibrous capsule around implanted sensors hinders the transport of essential analytes to the sensor from the surrounding tissue, resulting in loss of glucose response sensitivity and eventual sensor failure. Several strategies have sought to mitigate the foreign body response's effects on CGM sensors through the use of local delivery of pharmaceuticals and biomolecules with limited success. This study describes release of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor - masitinib - from the sensor implant to target tissue resident mast cells as key mediators of the FBR. Model implants are coated with a composite polymer hydrophilic matrix that rapidly dissolves upon tissue implantation to deposit slower-degrading polymer microparticles containing masitinib. Matrix dissolution limits coating interference with sensor function while establishing a local controlled-release delivery depot formulation to alter implant tissue pharmacology and addressing the FBR. Drug efficacy was evaluated in a murine subcutaneous pocket implant model. Drug release extends to more than 30 days in vitro. The resulting FBR in vivo, evaluated by implant capsule thickness and inflammatory cell densities at 14, 21, and 28 days, displays statistically significant reduction in capsule thickness around masitinib-releasing implant sites compared to control implant sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahender Nath Avula
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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29
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Skogstrand K, Thysen AH, Jørgensen CS, Rasmussen EM, Andersen AB, Lillebaek T, Hougaard DM, Houen G. Antigen-induced cytokine and chemokine release test for tuberculosis infection using adsorption of stimulated whole blood on filter paper and multiplex analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2012; 72:204-11. [PMID: 22283828 DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2011.649014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro stimulation of whole blood or isolated blood cells with specific antigens is used for several purposes. Immediately following incubation with antigens, samples have to be centrifuged to stop the reactions by remaining cells and the supernatant refrigerated or analysed directly to preserve the analytes of interest, which makes samples difficult to prepare outside laboratories. We have tested whether spotting whole blood on filter paper after activation can be used in one of the tests for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (MTI), the QuantiFERON®-TB Gold In Tube test (QFT), where the spotting technique can make it suitable for use in locations without facilities like a centrifuge and a refrigerator. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples from 22 individuals undergoing screening for MTI and 10 healthy controls were incubated, centrifuged and IFN-γ measured by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), as described in the kit insert. In parallel, activated blood was spotted on filter paper (Schleicher & Schuell) and dried. The dried blood spot samples were analysed for 21 inflammatory markers with an in-house assay based on Luminex technology. RESULTS Our multiplex measurements of inflammatory markers in samples from suspected MTI patients confirmed the IFN-γ findings in the QFT. IL-2, GM-CSF, IL-5, and IL-1β were also found as useful markers for MTI. We were not able to distinguish between active tuberculosis and latent MTI. CONCLUSION Applying blood on filter paper after incubation makes in vitro stimulation tests feasible in locations where heat and electricity is unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Skogstrand
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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30
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Assessment of lipopolysaccharide microleakage at conical implant-abutment connections. Clin Oral Investig 2011; 16:1377-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-011-0646-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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31
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Lopes AM, Magalhães PO, Mazzola PG, Rangel-Yagui CO, de Carvalho JC, Penna TC, Pessoa A. Green fluorescent protein extraction and LPS removal from Escherichia coli fermentation medium using aqueous two-phase micellar system. Sep Purif Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2011.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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33
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Werner L, Tetz M, Mentak K, Aldred M, Zwisler W. Detection of pyrogens adsorbed to intraocular lenses. J Cataract Refract Surg 2009; 35:1273-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2009.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Liebers V, Stubel H, Düser M, Brüning T, Raulf-Heimsoth M. Standardization of whole blood assay for determination of pyrogenic activity in organic dust samples. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2009; 212:547-56. [PMID: 19395310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To characterize bioaerosol exposure at workplaces standardized methods are necessary. Activity of endotoxin, one component of organic dust, can be quantified with the Limulus-Amoebocyte Lysat test (LAL test). Further information with respect to pyrogenic activity of the organic dust can be achieved by measuring cytokine release of human blood after stimulation with the dust or its extract (whole blood assay). The aim of our study was the standardization of the whole blood assay (WBA) while using cryo-preserved human blood (Qualis Laboratorium) and to compare the outcome of the different cytokines determined by incubation of the blood cells with extracts from dust samples collected at various workplaces. Cytokine release (IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha, MCP-1) was measured by ELISA after stimulation of fresh blood from ten donors as well as cryo-preserved human blood. In both cases blood was stimulated with E. coli endotoxin as well as with 30 dust filter extracts from various workplaces. All dust filter extracts were investigated in the WBA using cryo-preserved blood as well as with LAL test. E. coli endotoxin stimulated the release of IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha and MCP-1 in a dose-dependent manner in fresh as well as cryo-preserved human whole blood. 200 pg/ml E. coli endotoxin induced maximal cytokine release in cryo-preserved blood (mean value for IL-1 beta 2509+/-418 pg/ml; n=13 experiments) whereas fresh blood of single donors reached a maximum release when stimulated with 50 ng/ml endotoxin (mean value of ten donors 1125+/-553 pg/ml IL-1beta). Using cryo-preserved blood the coefficient of variation (CV) regarding the interassay variability was below 21% for all cytokines measured. Regarding 26 dust sample extracts correlation coefficient r2 for LAL test and WBA was between 0.90 and 0.93 (Pearson) for IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha whereas correlation for MCP-1 was lower (r(2)=0.59). Two dust sample extracts which showed similar reactivity patterns in LAL test as well as in WBA with respect to IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha could be differentiated by measuring MCP-1. In conclusion, cryo-preserved blood pools are suitable to standardize WBA. Combination of different outcome variables like IL-1 beta and MCP-1 improve the characterization from the inflammatory potency of workplace related dust samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Liebers
- BGFA-Research Institute of Occupational Medicine of German Social Accident; Insurance, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany.
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35
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High sensitivity pyrogen testing in water and dialysis solutions. J Immunol Methods 2008; 336:64-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2008.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Revised: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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