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Zvyagina JY, Safiullin RR, Boginskaya IA, Slipchenko EA, Afanas‘ev KN, Sedova MV, Krylov VB, Yashunsky DV, Argunov DA, Nifantiev NE, Ryzhikov IA, Merzlikin AM, Lagarkov AN. Selective Detection of Fungal and Bacterial Glycans with Galactofuranose (Galf) Residues by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering and Machine Learning Methods. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:4218. [PMID: 40362455 PMCID: PMC12071545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26094218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2025] [Revised: 04/24/2025] [Accepted: 04/25/2025] [Indexed: 05/15/2025] Open
Abstract
Specific monosaccharide residue, β-D-galactofuranose (Galf) featuring a five-membered ring structure, is found in the glycans of fungi and bacteria, but is normally absent in healthy mammals and humans. In this study, synthetic oligosaccharides mimicking bacterial and fungal glycans were investigated by SERS (Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering) techniques for the first time to distinguish between different types of glycan chains. SERS spectra of oligosaccharides related to fungal α-(1→2)-mannan, β-(1→3)-glucan, β-(1→6)-glucan, galactomannan of Aspergillus, galactan I of Klebsiella pneumoniae, and diheteroglycan of Enterococcus faecalis were measured. To analyze the spectra, a number of machine learning methods were used that complemented each other: principal component analysis (PCA), confidence interval estimation (CIE), and logistic regression with L1 regularization. Each of the methods has shown own effectiveness in analyzing spectra. Namely, PCA allows the visualization of the divergence of spectra in the principal component space, CIE visualizes the degree of overlap of spectra through confidence interval analysis, and logistic regression allows researchers to build a model for determining the belonging of the analyte to a given class of carbohydrate structures. Additionally, the methods complement each other, allowing the determination of important features representing the main differences in the spectra containing and not containing Galf residue. The developed mathematical models enabled the reliable identification of Galf residues within glycan compositions. Given the high sensitivity of SERS, this spectroscopic technique serves as a promising basis for developing diagnostic test systems aimed at detecting biomarkers of fungal and bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Yu. Zvyagina
- Institute for Theoretical and Applied Electromagnetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 125412 Moscow, Russia; (J.Y.Z.); (R.R.S.); (E.A.S.); (K.N.A.); (M.V.S.); (I.A.R.); (A.M.M.); (A.N.L.)
| | - Robert R. Safiullin
- Institute for Theoretical and Applied Electromagnetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 125412 Moscow, Russia; (J.Y.Z.); (R.R.S.); (E.A.S.); (K.N.A.); (M.V.S.); (I.A.R.); (A.M.M.); (A.N.L.)
| | - Irina A. Boginskaya
- Institute for Theoretical and Applied Electromagnetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 125412 Moscow, Russia; (J.Y.Z.); (R.R.S.); (E.A.S.); (K.N.A.); (M.V.S.); (I.A.R.); (A.M.M.); (A.N.L.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Slipchenko
- Institute for Theoretical and Applied Electromagnetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 125412 Moscow, Russia; (J.Y.Z.); (R.R.S.); (E.A.S.); (K.N.A.); (M.V.S.); (I.A.R.); (A.M.M.); (A.N.L.)
| | - Konstantin N. Afanas‘ev
- Institute for Theoretical and Applied Electromagnetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 125412 Moscow, Russia; (J.Y.Z.); (R.R.S.); (E.A.S.); (K.N.A.); (M.V.S.); (I.A.R.); (A.M.M.); (A.N.L.)
| | - Marina V. Sedova
- Institute for Theoretical and Applied Electromagnetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 125412 Moscow, Russia; (J.Y.Z.); (R.R.S.); (E.A.S.); (K.N.A.); (M.V.S.); (I.A.R.); (A.M.M.); (A.N.L.)
| | - Vadim B. Krylov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Yashunsky
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Argunov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay E. Nifantiev
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya A. Ryzhikov
- Institute for Theoretical and Applied Electromagnetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 125412 Moscow, Russia; (J.Y.Z.); (R.R.S.); (E.A.S.); (K.N.A.); (M.V.S.); (I.A.R.); (A.M.M.); (A.N.L.)
| | - Alexander M. Merzlikin
- Institute for Theoretical and Applied Electromagnetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 125412 Moscow, Russia; (J.Y.Z.); (R.R.S.); (E.A.S.); (K.N.A.); (M.V.S.); (I.A.R.); (A.M.M.); (A.N.L.)
| | - Andrey N. Lagarkov
- Institute for Theoretical and Applied Electromagnetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 125412 Moscow, Russia; (J.Y.Z.); (R.R.S.); (E.A.S.); (K.N.A.); (M.V.S.); (I.A.R.); (A.M.M.); (A.N.L.)
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Li X, Wu Y, Duan R, Yu H, Liu S, Bao Y. Research Progress in the Extraction, Structural Characteristics, Bioactivity, and Commercial Applications of Oat β-Glucan: A Review. Foods 2024; 13:4160. [PMID: 39767105 PMCID: PMC11675617 DOI: 10.3390/foods13244160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2024] [Revised: 12/15/2024] [Accepted: 12/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025] Open
Abstract
Oats (Avena sativa L.) are an important cereal crop with diverse applications in both food and forage. Oat β-glucan has gained attention for its beneficial biological activities, such as reducing cardiovascular risk, preventing diabetes, and enhancing intestinal health. Despite its potential, more comprehensive research is required to explore its preparation, modification, bioactivities, and applications. This review highlights recent advancements in the determination and preparation of oat β-glucan, explores its biological activities and mechanisms, and examines the impact of food processing techniques on its properties. This review is intended to provide a theoretical foundation and reference for the development and application of oat β-glucan in the functional food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yicheng Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Ruilin Duan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Haoran Yu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Siyao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yulong Bao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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Gening ML, Polyanskaya AV, Kuznetsov AN, Titova AD, Yudin VI, Yashunskiy DV, Tsvetkov YE, Yudina ON, Krylov VB, Nifantiev NE. Characterization of Carbohydrate Specificity of Monoclonal Antibodies to Fungal Antigenic Markers Using Biotinylated Oligosaccharides as Coating Antigens. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:2194-2203. [PMID: 39865032 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924120083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2024] [Revised: 10/21/2024] [Accepted: 10/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2025]
Abstract
Mannan and β-(1→3)-glucan are two polysaccharide markers that are characteristic for a number of fungal pathogens, including Candida albicans, which is the most common cause of invasive mycoses in humans. In this study, we examined epitope specificity of two monoclonal antibodies, CM532 and FG70, which recognize certain oligosaccharide fragments of these fungal polysaccharides. Using a panel of biotinylated oligosaccharides as coating antigens, we found that the CM532 antibody obtained by immunization with the pentamannoside β-Man-(1→2)-β-Man-(1→2)-α-Man-(1→2)-α-Man-(1→2)-α-Man KLH conjugate, selectively recognizes the trisaccharide β-Man-(1→2)-α-Man-(1→2)-α-Man epitope. Another antibody, FG70, obtained by immunization with heptaglucan β-Glc-(1→3)-[β-Glc-(1→3)]5-β-Glc conjugate with KLH, interacts with the linear β-(1→3)-linked pentaglucoside fragment, and presence of 3,6-branches within this epitope does not significantly affect the interaction efficiency. The data obtained indicate that the monoclonal antibodies under consideration could be used to create effective diagnostics for detection of fungal infections, which are not available at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina L Gening
- Laboratory of Synthetic Glycovaccines, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alina V Polyanskaya
- Laboratory of Synthetic Glycovaccines, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Anton N Kuznetsov
- Laboratory of Synthetic Glycovaccines, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alexandra D Titova
- Laboratory of Synthetic Glycovaccines, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Viktor I Yudin
- Laboratory of Synthetic Glycovaccines, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Yashunskiy
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Yury E Tsvetkov
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Olga N Yudina
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Vadim B Krylov
- Laboratory of Synthetic Glycovaccines, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Nikolay E Nifantiev
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Sun A, Gou X, Zhu Y, Lv H, Ge Y. Identification of Talaromyces marneffei Infection in an HIV-Negative Patient by ITS Sequencing. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:5275-5282. [PMID: 37601563 PMCID: PMC10438431 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s418174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Disseminated ankle mycosis is a life-threatening systemic infection caused by the emerging opportunistic and lethal fungal pathogen Talaromyces marneffei which is more common in HIV-positive patients. However, an increasing number of infections are occurring in HIV-negative patients. Here, we report a case of Talaromyces marneffei infection in HIV-negative patient. A 50s HIV-negative male patient with fever, cough, bloody sputum expectoration, pulmonary sarcoidosis and body rashes was hospitalized at Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital. CT scanning showed pulmonary multiple nodules with apical bronchial occlusion, patchy infiltration and pathological biopsy demonstrated bronchiolitis obliterans with organized pneumonia and chronic active inflammation of lung tissue with infiltration of numerous lymphocytes, plasma cells, phagocytes and neutrophils. Laboratory tests revealed significantly increased white blood cells count 18.3 ×109/L, neutrophil count 15.34 ×109/L, monocyte count 0.66 ×109/L, platelet count 517 ×109/L, C-reactive protein 116 mg/L, erythrocyte sedimentation rate 112mm/h. The β-D-glucan test was negative (33.06 pg/mL) while fungal culture of broncho alveolar lavage fluid revealed colonies with temperature-dependent dimorphic growth character and Talaromyces marneffei was confirmed by ITS sequencing of the colonies. The patient exhibited radiological improvement and clinical recuperation after intravenously guttae of voriconazole. Talaromycosis in immunocompetent and HIV-negative individuals is relatively rare and is characterized by an insidious onset, various clinical manifestations, and is clinically challenging. Fungal culture and ITS sequencing are warranted for diagnosis Talaromyces marneffei infection. This is the first report on identification of Talaromyces marneffei infection in an HIV-negative patient with skin involvement by ITS sequencing in Zhejiang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Sun
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, People’s Republic of China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310059, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Gou
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, People’s Republic of China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310059, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongze Zhu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huoyang Lv
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yumei Ge
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, People’s Republic of China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310059, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biomarkers and in vitro Diagnosis Translation of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, People’s Republic of China
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Xu Z, Zhang L, Han R, Ding C, Shou H, Duan X, Zhang S. A Candidemia Case Caused by a Novel Drug-Resistant Candida auris with the Y132F Mutation in Erg11 in Mainland China. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:3065-3072. [PMID: 37222986 PMCID: PMC10202200 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s409708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Candida auris is a pathogen first found in external ear canal, becoming a major threat to global health. Here, we describe a candidemia case caused by a novel drug-resistant Candida auris strain. Case Presentation An 80-year-old patient, with multiple serious medical conditions, was suffered from candidemia caused by Candida auris, died 9 days after admission in our hospital. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that this C. auris isolate (designated BJCA003) belongs to the South Asian clade, carries the Y132F mutation in the protein Erg11. And antibiotic susceptibility test indicated that BJCA003 is resistant to fluconazole and amphotericin B, not susceptible to caspofungin. In addition, this strain has multiple colony and cellular morphologies under different culture conditions. Conclusion Strain BJCA003 is a novel drug resistant C. auris strain in mainland China, the Y132F mutation in Erg11 may attribute to fluconazole-resistance, alarming that we still face more challenges about C. auris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ran Han
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengwei Ding
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haochang Shou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueguang Duan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengwei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Development of a Highly Sensitive β-Glucan Detection System Using Scanning Single-Molecule Counting Method. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115977. [PMID: 34205910 PMCID: PMC8198189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To overcome the limitations of the Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay method for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infection, we applied a reaction system combining recombinant β-glucan binding proteins and a scanning single-molecule counting (SSMC) method. A novel (1→3)-β-D-glucan recognition protein (S-BGRP) and a (1→6)-β-glucanase mutant protein were prepared and tested for the binding of (1→6)-branched (1→3)-β-D-glucan from fungi. S-BGRP and (1→6)-β-glucanase mutant proteins reacted with β-glucan from Candida and Aspergillus spp. Although LAL cross-reacted with plant-derived β-glucans, the new detection system using the SSMC method showed low sensitivity to plant (1→3)-β-D-glucan, which significantly improved the appearance of false positives, a recognized problem with the LAL method. Measurement of β-glucan levels by the SSMC method using recombinant β-glucan-binding proteins may be useful for the diagnosis of fungal infections. This study shows that this detection system could be a new alternative diagnostic method to the LAL method.
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Outstanding Contributions of LAL Technology to Pharmaceutical and Medical Science: Review of Methods, Progress, Challenges, and Future Perspectives in Early Detection and Management of Bacterial Infections and Invasive Fungal Diseases. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050536. [PMID: 34064994 PMCID: PMC8150811 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The blue blood of the horseshoe crab is a natural, irreplaceable, and precious resource that is highly valued by the biomedical industry. The Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) obtained from horseshoe crab blood cells functions as a surprisingly sophisticated sensing system that allows for the extremely sensitive detection of bacterial and fungal cell-wall components. Notably, LAL tests have markedly contributed to the quality control of pharmaceutical drugs and medical devices as successful alternatives to the rabbit pyrogen test. Furthermore, LAL-based endotoxin and (1→3)-β-D-glucan (β-glucan) assay techniques are expected to have optimal use as effective biomarkers, serving as adjuncts in the diagnosis of bacterial sepsis and fungal infections. The innovative β-glucan assay has substantially contributed to the early diagnosis and management of invasive fungal diseases; however, the clinical significance of the endotoxin assay remains unclear and is challenging to elucidate. Many obstacles need to be overcome to enhance the analytical sensitivity and clinical performance of the LAL assay in detecting circulating levels of endotoxin in human blood. Additionally, there are complex interactions between endotoxin molecules and blood components that are attributable to the unique physicochemical properties of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this regard, while exploring the potential of new LPS-sensing technologies, a novel platform for the ultrasensitive detection of blood endotoxin will enable a reappraisal of the LAL assay for the highly sensitive and reliable detection of endotoxemia.
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Affinity characteristics of anti-β-(1→3)-d-glucan monoclonal antibody 3G11 by fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Russ Chem Bull 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-021-3175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Yamanaka D, Kurita S, Hanayama Y, Adachi Y. Split Enzyme-Based Biosensors for Structural Characterization of Soluble and Insoluble β-Glucans. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1576. [PMID: 33557290 PMCID: PMC7915705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Glucan is widely distributed in various plants and microorganisms and is composed of β-1,3-linked d-glucose units. It may have a branched short or long side chain of glucose units with β-1,6- or β-1,4-linkage. Numerous studies have investigated different β-glucans and revealed their bioactivities. To understand the structure-function relationship of β-glucan, we constructed a split-luciferase complementation assay for the structural analysis of long-chain β-1,6-branched β-1,3-glucan. The N- and C-terminal fragments of luciferase from deep-sea shrimp were fused to insect-derived β-1,3-glucan recognition protein and fungal endo-β-1,6-glucanase (Neg1)-derived β-1,6-glucan recognition protein, respectively. In this approach, two β-glucan recognition proteins bound to β-glucan molecules come into close proximity, resulting in the assembly of the full-length reporter enzyme and induction of transient luciferase activity, indicative of the structure of β-glucan. To test the applicability of this assay, β-glucan and two β-glucan recognition proteins were mixed, resulting in an increase in the luminescence intensity in a β-1,3-glucan with a long polymer of β-1,6-glucan in a dose-dependent manner. This simple test also allows the monitoring of real-time changes in the side chain structure and serves as a convenient method to distinguish between β-1,3-glucan and long-chain β-1,6-branched β-1,3-glucan in various soluble and insoluble β-glucans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yoshiyuki Adachi
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (D.Y.); (S.K.); (Y.H.)
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