Brain oxidative stress in rat with chronic iron or copper overload

The physiological role of copper: Dietary sources, metabolic regulation, and safety concerns

Copper plays an important physiological role in the body, with both deficiency and excess potentially impacting overall health. The body maintains a stringent copper metabolism mechanism to oversee absorption, utilization, storage, and elimination. Dietary consumption serves as the principal source of copper. The dietary factors may interfere with the absorption and metabolism of copper, leading to fluctuation of copper levels in the body. However, these dietary factors can also be strategically employed to facilitate the precise regulation of copper. This paper delved into the advancements in research concerning copper in food processing, including dietary sources of copper, the regulatory processes of copper metabolism and health implications of copper. The safety and its underlying mechanisms of excess copper were also highlighted. In particular, the paper examines the influence of dietary factors on the absorption and metabolism of copper, aiming to provide direction for accurate copper regulation and the creation of functional foods and pharmaceuticals.

Nano-mediated Management of Metal Toxicity-induced Neurodegeneration: A Critical Review

Heavy metals, omnipresent in the environment, though imperative in trace quantities for human physiology, become a serious health hazard due to their toxicity. Copper, arsenic, lead, iron, and mercury are some examples of the heavy metals responsible for oxidative stress, which is one of the primary factors behind neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurodegeneration is caused by toxicity due to environmental exposure to these toxic substances or genetic variation. Conventional therapies, relying on chelation and antioxidants, suffer from the broader perspective of metal removal in a non-selective manner and poor targeting of the brain. In this respect, treatments based on nanotechnology that employ nanoparticles such as dendrimers, micelles, and liposomes constitute a promising interest in enhancing drug delivery with minimal neurotoxicity. The present review outlines the heavy metals responsible for neurodegenerative diseases, their pathophysiology, management strategies available at present, and the scope of nanotechnology intervention in overcoming shortcomings of conventional therapies. The genetic influence of heavy metals on neurological health is also part of this article.

Glutathione Attenuates Copper Levels and Alleviates Hepatic Injury in TX Mice

Wilson's disease (WD) is an inherited disorder that is characterized by abnormal copper metabolism, and treatment of this condition in the clinic focuses on promoting copper ion excretion. Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide compound whose active group is a sulfhydryl group, which is involved in many important biochemical reactions. Thus, the antioxidant and integrative detoxification effects of GSH have attracted attention. Whether GSH promotes copper ion excretion and reduces oxidative stress to alleviate WD-related liver injury is the focus of this study. Here, we used toxic milk (TX) mice as a model to study WD, and we treated these mice with GSH. We observed that GSH was effective at promoting copper excretion by TX mice. In addition, GSH has been shown to be effective in attenuating liver injury, including improving the structure and morphology of stem tissue and reducing hepatocyte necrosis. The effects of GSH on hepatic oxidative stress were determined by measuring catalase, malondialdehyde and total superoxide dismutase. The results showed that GSH could increase hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities, reduce lipid peroxidation levels and attenuate liver injury. In conclusion, GSH may exert its hepatic benefits by promoting copper ion excretion and preventing oxidative stress.

Aloe vera Leaf Extract Reduced BBB Permeability and Improved Neurological Results after Traumatic Brain Injury: The Role of Oxidative Stress

Introduction

Recognizing the importance of medicinal plants and the absence of specific medications for traumatic brain injury (TBI) treatment, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of an aqueous extract of Aloe vera on oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and neurological scores following TBI.

Materials and Methods

Adult male rats were categorized into five groups: sham, TBI, vehicle, low-dose Aloe vera (LA), and high-dose Aloe vera (HA). We induced diffuse TBI using the Marmaro model and administered the aqueous Aloe vera leaf extract, as well as vehicle, via intraperitoneal injection half an hour after TBI. Neurological outcomes were assessed both before and several hours after TBI. Additionally, oxidative stress factors were measured 24 hr after TBI, and Evans blue content (a BBB permeability index) was determined 5 hr after TBI in both serum and brain.

Results

Both LA and HA reduced the increase in BBB permeability after TBI, with HA having a more pronounced effect than LA. Both Aloe vera doses decreased brain MDA levels, increased brain TAC, and lowered both serum and brain PC levels. The impact of Aloe vera on brain oxidative parameters was more significant than on serum. HA also counteracted the declining effects of TBI on neurological outcomes at 4 and 24 hr post-TBI.

Conclusion

This study suggests that Aloe vera extract may reduce BBB permeability and improve neurological outcomes after TBI by decreasing oxidative factors and increasing antioxidant factors.

Reversal of atherosclerosis by restoration of vascular copper homeostasis

Atherosclerosis has traditionally been considered as a disorder characterized by the accumulation of cholesterol and thrombotic materials within the arterial wall. However, it is now understood to be a complex inflammatory disease involving multiple factors. Central to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis are the interactions among monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils, which play pivotal roles in the initiation, progression, and destabilization of atherosclerotic lesions. Recent advances in our understanding of atherosclerosis pathogenesis, coupled with results obtained from experimental interventions, lead us to propose the hypothesis that atherosclerosis may be reversible. This paper outlines the evolution of this hypothesis and presents corroborating evidence that supports the potential for atherosclerosis regression through the restoration of vascular copper homeostasis. We posit that these insights may pave the way for innovative therapeutic approaches aimed at the reversal of atherosclerosis.

Sex-dependent effect of sublethal copper concentrations on de novo cholesterol synthesis in astrocytes and their possible links to variations in cholesterol and amyloid precursor protein levels in neuronal membranes

BACKGROUND

Cholesterol (Cho) is an essential lipophilic molecule in cells; however, both its decrease and its increase may favor the development of neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although copper (Cu) is an essential trace metal for cells, the increased plasma concentration of its free form has been linked with AD development and severity. AD affects aged people, but its prevalence and severity are higher in women than in men. We have previously shown that Cu promotes Cho de novo synthesis in immature neurons as well as increased Cho in membrane rafts and Aβ levels in culture medium, but there are no results yet regarding sex differences in the effects of sublethal Cu exposure on Cho de novo synthesis.

METHODS

We examined the potential sex-specific impact of sublethal Cu concentrations on de novo Cho synthesis in primary cultures of male and female astrocytes. We also explored whether this had any correlation with variations in Cho and APP levels within neuronal membrane rafts.

RESULTS

Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that Cu treatment leads to a greater increase in ROS levels in female astrocytes than in males. Furthermore, through RT-PCR analysis, we observed an upregulation of SREBP-2 and HMGCR. Consistently, we observed an increase in de novo Cho synthesis. Finally, western blot analysis indicated that the levels of ABCA1 increase after Cu treatment, accompanied by a higher release of radiolabeled Cho and an elevation in Cho and APP levels in neuronal membrane rafts. Importantly, all these results were significantly more pronounced in female astrocytes than in males.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings confirm that Cu stimulates Cho synthesis in astrocytes, both in a ROS-dependent and -independent manner. Moreover, female astrocytes displayed elevated levels of HMGCR, and de novo Cho synthesis compared to males following TBH and Cu treatments. This corresponds with higher levels of Cho released into the culture medium and a more significant Cho and APP rise within neuronal rafts. We consider that the increased risk of AD in females partly arises from sex-specific responses to metals and/or exogenous substances, impacting key enzyme regulation in various biochemical pathways, including HMGCR.

Сhanges of trace elements in the cerebellum and their influence on the rats behavior in elevated plus maze in the acute period of mild blast-induced brain injury

BACKGROUND

In connection with the widespread use of explosive devices in military conflicts, in particular in Ukraine, is relevant to detect the biometals changes in the cerebellum and determine the presence of their influence on the behavior changes of rats in the elevated plus maze in the acute period of a mild blast-traumatic brain injury (bTBI).

METHODS

The selected rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: Group I - Experimental with bTBI (with an excess pressure of 26-36 kPa), Group II - Sham and Group III - Intact. Behavior studies was in the elevated plus maze. Brain spectral analysis was with using of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis, after obtaining the quantitative mass fractions of biometals, the ratios of Cu/Fe, Cu/Zn, Zn/Fe were calculated and the data between the three groups were compared.

RESULTS

The results showed an increase in mobility in the experimental rats, which indicates functional disorders of the cerebellum in the form of maladaptation in space. Changes in cognitive activity also is an evidence of cerebellum suppression, which is indicated by changes in vertical locomotor activity. Grooming time was shortened. We established a significant increase in Cu/Fe and Zn/Fe ratios in the cerebellum, a decrease in Cu/Zn.

CONCLUSIONS

Changes in the Cu/Fe, Cu/Zn, and Zn/Fe ratios in the cerebellum correlate with impaired locomotor and cognitive activity in rats in the acute posttraumatic period. Accumulation of Fe on the 1st and 3rd day leads to disturbance of the Cu and Zn balance on the 7th day and starts a "vicious cycle" of neuronal damage. Cu/Fe, Cu/Zn, and Zn/Fe imbalances are secondary factors in the pathogenesis of brain damage as a result of primary bTBI.

Exposure to copper activates mitophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis in chicken (Gallus gallus) cerebrum

A large amount of copper (Cu) used in production activities can lead to the enrichment of Cu in the environment, which can cause toxicity to animals. However, the toxicity mechanism of Cu on the cerebrum is still uncertain. Hence, a total of 240 chickens were separated into four groups in this study to reveal the potential connection between mitophagy and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis in the chicken cerebrum in the case of excess Cu exposure. The cu exposure situation was simulated by diets containing various levels of copper (11 mg/kg, control group; 110 mg/kg, group I; 220 mg/kg, group II and 330 mg/kg, group III) for 49 days. The results of histology showed that vacuolar degeneration was observed in the treated groups, and the mitochondria swell and autophagosomes formation were found under excess Cu treatment. Additionally, the expression of mitophagy (PINK1, Parkin, LC3I, LC3II and p62) and ER stress (GRP78, PERK, ATF6, IRE1α, XBP1, CHOP, and JNK) indexes were significantly upregulated under excess Cu exposure. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein expression of Bcl-2 were decreased, while Bak1, Bax, Caspase12, and Caspase3 were increased compared to the control group. In summary, this study demonstrated that an overdose of Cu could induce mitophagy and ER stress-mediated apoptosis in the chicken cerebrum. These findings revealed an important potential connection between Cu toxicity and cerebrum damage, which provided a new insight into Cu neurotoxicity.

Melatonin ameliorates chronic copper-induced lung injury

Copper (Cu) is an important trace element required for several biological processes. The use of copper is increasing gradually in several applications. Previous studies suggest that excess levels of copper are attributed to induce oxidative stress and inflammation, mediating tissue damage. Inline, melatonin the hormone of darkness has been reported to exhibit various therapeutic effects including strong free radical scavenging properties and anti-inflammatory effects. However, its effects against pulmonary injury promoted by copper are not explored and remain unclear so far. Therefore, the present study was aimed to investigate the protective effect of melatonin against copper-induced lung damage. Female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were exposed to 250 ppm of copper in drinking water for 16 weeks and treated with melatonin (i.p.) 5 and 10 mg/kg from the week (13-16th). The extent of tissue damage was assessed by tissue oxidative stress parameters, metal estimation and histological analysis. Copper-challenged rats showed altered oxidative stress variables. In addition, metal analysis revealed increased copper accumulation in the lungs and histological staining results further indicated severe tissue injury and inflammatory cell infiltration in copper-exposed rats. To this side, treatment with melatonin showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities evidenced by reduced oxidative stress, tissue inflammation and collagen deposition as compared to copper-exposed animals. Moreover, spectral findings suggested melatonin treatment modulated the frequency sift, as compared to copper-challenged animals. Altogether, the present results suggest that melatonin might play a potential role in preventing copper-induced lung aberrations via inhibiting the ROS-mediated oxidative stress and inflammation.

Biochemical regulatory processes in the control of oxidants and antioxidants production in the brain of rats with iron and copper chronic overloads

Iron [Fe(II)] and copper [Cu(II)] overloads in rat brain are associated with oxidative stress and damage. The purpose of this research is to study whether brain antioxidant enzymes are involved in the control of intracellular redox homeostasis in the brain of rats male Sprague-Dawley rats (80-90 g) that received drinking water supplemented with either 1.0 g/L of ferrous chloride (n = 24) or 0.5 g/L cupric sulfate (n = 24) for 42 days. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione transferase (GT) activities in brain were determined by spectrophotometric methods and NO production by the content of nitrite concentration in the organ. Chronic treatment with Fe(II) and Cu(II) led to a significant decrease of nitrite content and SOD activity in brain. Activity of NADPH oxidase increased with Cu(II) treatment. Concerning Fe(II), catalase and GT activities increased in brain after 28 and 4 days of treatment, respectively. In the case of Cu(II), catalase activity decreased whereas GT activity increased after 2 and 14 days, respectively. The regulation of redox homeostasis in brain involves changes of the activity of these enzymes to control the steady state of oxidant species related to redox signaling pathways upon Cu and Fe overload. NO may serve to detoxify cells from superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide with the concomitant formation of peroxynitrite. However, the latest is a powerful oxidant which leads to oxidative modifications of biomolecules. These results suggest a common pathway to oxidative stress and damage in brain for Cu(II) and Fe(II).

Associations between prenatal multiple metal exposure and preterm birth: Comparison of four statistical models

BACKGROUND

Exposure to some heavy metals has been demonstrated to be related to the risk of preterm birth (PTB). However, the effects of multi-metal mixture are seldom assessed. Thus, we aimed to investigate the associations of maternal exposure to metal mixture with PTB, and to identify the main contributors to PTB from the mixture.

METHODS

The population in the nested case-control study was from a prospective cohort enrolled in Wuhan, China between 2012 and 2014. Eighteen metals were measured in maternal urine collected before delivery. Logistic regression, elastic net regularization (ENET), weighted quantile sum regression (WQSR), and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were used to estimate the overall effect and identify important mixture components that drive the associations with PTB.

RESULTS

Logistic regression found naturally log-transformed concentrations of 13 metals were positively associated with PTB after adjusting for the covariates, and only V, Zn, and Cr remained the significantly positive associations when additionally adjusting for the 13 metals together. ENET identified 11 important metals for PTB, and V (β = 0.23) had the strongest association. WQSR determined the positive combined effect of metal mixture on PTB (OR: 1.44, 95%CI: 1.32, 1.57), and selected Cr and V (weighted 0.41 and 0.32, respectively) as the most weighted metals. BKMR analysis confirmed the overall mixture was positively associated with PTB, and the independent effect of V was the most significant. Besides, BKMR showed the non-linear relationships of V and Cu with PTB, and the potential interaction between Zn and Cu.

CONCLUSION

Applying different statistical models, the study found that exposure to the metal mixture was associated with a higher risk of PTB, and V was identified as the most important risk factor among co-exposed metals for PTB.

Hypoxia, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation: Three Faces of Neurodegenerative Diseases

The cerebral hypoxia-ischemia can induce a wide spectrum of biologic responses that include depolarization, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, and result in neurodegeneration. Several adaptive and survival endogenous mechanisms can also be activated giving an opportunity for the affected cells to remain alive, waiting for helper signals that avoid apoptosis. These signals appear to help cells, depending on intensity, chronicity, and proximity to the central hypoxic area of the affected tissue. These mechanisms are present not only in a large list of brain pathologies affecting commonly older individuals, but also in other pathologies such as refractory epilepsies, encephalopathies, or brain trauma, where neurodegenerative features such as cognitive and/or motor deficits sequelae can be developed. The hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) is a master transcription factor driving a wide spectrum cellular response. HIF-1α may induce erythropoietin (EPO) receptor overexpression, which provides the therapeutic opportunity to administer pharmacological doses of EPO to rescue and/or repair affected brain tissue. Intranasal administration of EPO combined with other antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds could become an effective therapeutic alternative, to avoid and/or slow down neurodegenerative deterioration without producing adverse peripheral effects.

Systemic Copper Disorders Influence the Olfactory Function in Adult Rats: Roles of Altered Adult Neurogenesis and Neurochemical Imbalance

Disrupted systemic copper (Cu) homeostasis underlies neurodegenerative diseases with early symptoms including olfactory dysfunction. This study investigated the impact of Cu dyshomeostasis on olfactory function, adult neurogenesis, and neurochemical balance. Models of Cu deficiency (CuD) and Cu overload (CuO) were established by feeding adult rats with Cu-restricted diets plus ip. injection of a Cu chelator (ammonium tetrathiomolybdate) and excess Cu, respectively. CuD reduced Cu levels in the olfactory bulb (OB), subventricular zone (SVZ), rostral migratory stream (RMS), and striatum, while CuO increased Cu levels in these areas. The buried pellet test revealed both CuD and CuO prolonged the latency to uncover food. CuD increased neural proliferation and stem cells in the SVZ and newly differentiated neurons in the OB, whereas CuO caused opposite alterations, suggesting a "switch"-type function of Cu in regulating adult neurogenesis. CuO increased GABA in the OB, while both CuD and CuO reduced DOPAC, HVA, 5-HT and the DA turnover rate in olfactory-associated brain regions. Altered mRNA expression of Cu transport and storage proteins in tested brain areas were observed under both conditions. Together, results support an association between systemic Cu dyshomeostasis and olfactory dysfunction. Specifically, altered adult neurogenesis along the SVZ-RMS-OB pathway and neurochemical imbalance could be the factors that may contribute to olfactory dysfunction.

Activation of the ROS/HO-1/NQO1 signaling pathway contributes to the copper-induced oxidative stress and autophagy in duck renal tubular epithelial cells

The aim of this study was to investigate the crosstalk between oxidative stress and autophagy through the ROS/HO-1/NQO1 pathway caused by copper (Cu). Duck renal tubular epithelial cells were treated in Cu sulfate (CuSO₄) (0, 100 and 200 μM) for 12 h, and in the combination of CuSO₄ (200 μM) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger (butyl hydroxyanisole, BHA, 100 μM), or HO-1 inhibitor (zinc protoporphyrin, ZnPP, 10 μM) for 12 h. Results revealed that Cu could significantly elevate the levels of intracellular ROS, superoxide dismutase, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, glutathione, simultaneously reduce catalase and glutathione peroxidase levels, and upregulate HO-1, SOD-1, CAT, NQO1, GCLM mRNA levels and HO-1, SOD-1 protein levels. Additionally, Cu could observably increase the number of autophagosomes, acidic vesicle organelles (AVOs) and LC3 puncta; upregulate mRNA levels of mTOR, Beclin-1, ATG7, ATG5, ATG3, LC3II and protein levels of Beclin-1, LC3II/LC3I, downregulate LC3I mRNA level. Both treatments with BHA and ZnPP could significantly alleviate the changes of antioxidant indexes levels and ROS accumulation, reduce the increase of the number of autophagosomes, AVOs and LC3 puncta, and mitigate the above changed oxidative stress and autophagy related mRNA and protein levels induced by Cu. In summary, our findings indicated that excessive Cu could induce oxidative stress and autophagy by activating the ROS/HO-1/NQO1 pathway, and inhibition of HO-1 might attenuate Cu-induced oxidative stress and autophagy in duck renal tubular epithelial cells.

A matter of concern - Trace element dyshomeostasis and genomic stability in neurons

Neurons are post-mitotic cells in the brain and their integrity is of central importance to avoid neurodegeneration. Yet, the inability of self-replenishment of post-mitotic cells results in the need to withstand challenges from numerous stressors during life. Neurons are exposed to oxidative stress due to high oxygen consumption during metabolic activity in the brain. Accordingly, DNA damage can occur and accumulate, resulting in genome instability. In this context, imbalances in brain trace element homeostasis are a matter of concern, especially regarding iron, copper, manganese, zinc, and selenium. Although trace elements are essential for brain physiology, excess and deficient conditions are considered to impair neuronal maintenance. Besides increasing oxidative stress, DNA damage response and repair of oxidative DNA damage are affected by trace elements. Hence, a balanced trace element homeostasis is of particular importance to safeguard neuronal genome integrity and prevent neuronal loss. This review summarises the current state of knowledge on the impact of deficient, as well as excessive iron, copper, manganese, zinc, and selenium levels on neuronal genome stability.

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Post-mitotic neurons show an increased vulnerability to oxidative stress.

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Trace element dyshomeostasis impairs neuronal genome maintenance, affecting DNA damage response as well as DNA repair.

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The review summarises the effects of excessive and deficient trace element levels neuronal genome stability maintenance.

The Role of Copper in Tau-Related Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease

All tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), are characterized by the intracellular accumulation of abnormal forms of tau protein in neurons and glial cells, which negatively affect microtubule stability. Under physiological conditions, tubulin-associated unit (Tau) protein is intrinsically disordered, almost without secondary structure, and is not prone to aggregation. In AD, it assembles, and forms paired helical filaments (PHFs) that further build-up neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Aggregates are composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein that is more prone to aggregation. The pathology of AD is also linked to disturbed copper homeostasis, which promotes oxidative stress (OS). Copper imbalance is widely observed in AD patients. Deregulated copper ions may initiate and exacerbate tau hyperphosphorylation and formation of β-sheet-rich tau fibrils that ultimately contribute to synaptic failure, neuronal death, and cognitive decline observed in AD patients. The present review summarizes factors affecting the process of tau aggregation, conformational changes of small peptide sequences in the microtubule-binding domain required for these motifs to act as seeding sites in aggregation, and the role of copper in OS induction, tau hyperphosphorylation and tau assembly. A better understanding of the various factors that affect tau aggregation under OS conditions may reveal new targets and novel pharmacological approaches for the therapy of AD.

The Role of Fe, Zn, and Cu in Pregnancy

Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) are microelements essential for the proper functioning of living organisms. These elements participatein many processes, including cellular metabolism and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory defenses, and also influence enzyme activity, regulate gene expression, and take part in protein synthesis. Fe, Cu, and Zn have a significant impact on the health of pregnant women and in the development of the fetus, as well as on the health of the newborn. A proper concentration of these elements in the body of women during pregnancy reduces the risk of complications such as anemia, induced hypertension, low birth weight, preeclampsia, and postnatal complications. The interactions between Fe, Cu, and Zn influence their availability due to their similar physicochemical properties. This most often occurs during intestinal absorption, where metal ions compete for binding sites with transport compounds. Additionally, the relationships between these ions have a great influence on the course of reactions in the tissues, as well as on their excretion, which can be stimulated or delayed. This review aims to summarize reports on the influence of Fe, Cu, and Zn on the course of single and multiple pregnancies, and to discuss the interdependencies and mechanisms occurring between Fe, Cu, and Zn.

Arsenic (III) and/or copper (II) induces oxidative stress in chicken brain and subsequent effects on mitochondrial homeostasis and autophagy

As two quite complicated substances, arsenic (As) and copper (Cu) have polluted to the environment. As is highly toxic and could cause nerve damage. Cu is involved in the occurrence of oxidative stress. The brain is one of the main target organs of heavy metal toxicity, but the damage mechanism activated by As and/or Cu in the chicken brain has not been precisely researched. This study is designed to analyze the nervous system damage induced by As and/or Cu exposure from both structural and molecular levels. Under the As and/or Cu stress, local hemorrhage, inflammatory infiltration and mitochondrial damage were observed. Enzymes and non-enzyme antioxidants clearly show that the redox balance is deviated gradually. The results of real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting revealed that there may be a cascading effect between oxidative stress and disruption of mitochondrial dynamics, the key protein of mitochondrial fusion has decreased and the fission protein has increased. The superposition of these two types of damage may activate the celluar autophagy pathway, the up-regulation of autophagy related genes (ATGs) levels could be observed. All data indicated that excessive As and/or Cu in the environment may pose a threat to the nervous system of poultry. These findings have neurophysiological meaning for exploring cross-contamination of As and Cu in the environment, and offering precautions to economic losses and negative effects on the health of animals and humans. In addition, it provides a reference for feed preparation and environmental protection in agricultural production.